Curs Anti Fumat
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Transcript of Curs Anti Fumat
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FUMATUL…ESTE CHIAR ATÂT DE NOCIV?
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EŞTI FUMĂTOR?ESTE ŞI ACEASTA O OPŢIUNE,
DAR DE OBICEI ÎN NECUNOŞTIINŢĂ DE CAUZĂ
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ISTORIC• Cristofor Columb a fost, probabil, primul european
care a văzut, în 1492, în insulele din Marea Caraibilor, indigeni care fumau foi de tutun sub formă de rulouri.
• Tutunul a fost introdus apoi în Franţa, în 1559 de Jean Nicot, ambasadorul Franţei în Portugalia;
• De la numele acestuia — Nicot — a fost denumită şi principala substanţă toxică din tutun, nicotină.
• Treptat, obiceiul de a fuma s-a introdus în toată Europa, cu toate protestele unora şi altora, care au rămas în van.
• Fumatul a devenit în prezent un obicei pentru mulţi oameni din întreaga lume
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Tutunul - Planta
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Tipul produselor din tutun
• Ţigarete
• Trabuc
• Tutun tăiat fin
• Tutun pentru pipă
• Tutun pentru narghilea
• Alte produse din tutun
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SUBSTANŢE CHIMICE DIN ŢIGĂRI
• Vezi site-ul oficial al Ministerului Sănătăţii din România:
• http://www.ms.ro• Programe (în partea stângă mijloc) – Controlul
tutunului • http://www.ms.ro/?pag=138&id=3262• http://substantepericuloase.protectiamuncii.ro/fis
e_tehnice_securitate.html• Vezi tabele EXCEL cu detalii şi explicaţii
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LISTA cuprinzând avertismente de sănătate adiţionale, conform art. 6 alin. (2) lit. d)
• 1. Fumătorii mor mai tineri. • 2. Fumatul blochează circulaţia sângelui în artere, provoacă infarct
miocardic şi accident vascular cerebral.• 3. Fumatul provoacă cancer pulmonar, care este letal. • 4. Fumatul în timpul sarcinii dăunează copilului dumneavoastră. • 5. Protejaţi copiii: nu-i lăsaţi să respire fumul dumneavoastră! • 6. Doctorul sau farmacistul dumneavoastră vă poate ajuta să vă lăsaţi de
fumat.• 7. Fumatul dă dependenţă, nu începeţi să fumaţi! • 8. Oprirea fumatului scade riscul de îmbolnăviri cardiace sau pulmonare
fatale. • 9. Fumatul poate provoca o moarte lentă şi dureroasă. • 10. Pentru a renunţa la fumat, consultaţi doctorul/farmacistul
dumneavoastră.• 11. Fumatul încetineşte circulaţia sângelui şi provoacă impotenţă. • 12. Fumatul provoacă îmbătrânirea tenului (pielii). • 13. Fumatul poate dăuna calităţii spermei şi scade fertilitatea. • 14. Fumul de ţigară conţine benzen, nitrozamine, formaldehidă şi
cianuri.
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Trei substanţe mortale
• Ţigaretele puse în circulaţie comercializate sau fabricate nu vor avea un conţinut mai mare de:
• a) 10 mg/ţigaretă, pentru gudron; • b) 1 mg/ţigaretă, pentru nicotină; • c) 10 mg/ţigaretă, pentru monoxid de carbon.
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NICOTINAhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotina
• Nicotina (alfa 3 piridil-N-metilpirolidina)este un alcaloid pirolidinic extras din frunzele , speciilor de Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana rustica, Nicotiana americana
• Este un toxic puternic şi cu acţiune rapidă; iniţial se măreşte activitatea ganglionară, iar în faza următoare se produce o inhibare a ganglionilor, când apare acţiunea depresivă şi paralizantă
• Mecanismele dependenţei: dependenţa comportamentală şi socială, psihică şi fizică
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NICOTINA
• Acţiune farmacologică asupra sistemului nervos şi a vaselor de sânge.
• Asupra acestora nicotină are o acţiune caso-constrictoare (de unde şi paloarea fumătorului), inclusiv asupra vaselor coronariene, care asigură circulaţia şi oxigenarea muşchiului inimii
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NICOTINA - Toxicologie• Historically, most cases of nicotine poisoning have
been the result of use of nicotine as an insecticide; however, such use is less frequent now than previously. Sixty milligrams of nicotine, the amount in about five cigarettes or half a cigar, has the potential to kill an adult who is not a smoker if all of the nicotine were absorbed.
• The LD50 (Lethal dose) of nicotine is 50 mg/kg for rats and 3 mg/kg for mice.
• 0.5-1.0 mg/kg can be a lethal dosage for adult humans, and 10 mg for children.
• Nicotine therefore has a high toxicity in comparison to many other alkaloids such as cocaine, which in mice has an LD50 of 95.1 mg/kg.
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The median lethal dose, LD50
• Vezi tabel WORD LD50
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Organul sau sistemul afectat
Tipul bolii
Aparat respiratorcancer pulmonar, cancer laringeal, reducerea capacităţii respiratorii, pneumonie, bronşită cronică, embolie pulmonară, astm
Aparat cardiovascular
puls accelerat, aritmie cardiacă, HTA, circulaţie sanguină proastă, criză cardiacă, angor pectoris, arterită, flebite
ORLlaringită, faringită, sinuzită, alergii respiratorii, cancer esofagian, cancer la gât
Creier şi Sistem nervos
embolie cerebrală
Sistem digestiv
cancerul limbii, cancer gastric, gingivită, distrugerea enzimelor digestive, hiperaciditate stomacală, gastrită, ulcer duodenal, ulcer stomacal, cancer de colon
Sistem excretor cancer renal, cancer vezical, cancer de prostată
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INTOXICAŢIA CU NICOTINĂ
• Intoxicaţie supraacută – de obicei accidentală, care se produce la ingerarea accidentală, moartea survine instantaneu, prin convulsii puternice
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INTOXICAŢIA CU NICOTINĂ
Intoxicaţia acută care se produce la ingerare. Se manifestă prin: – tulburări digestive – tulburări nervoase: cefalee, paloare, convulsii
cu mişcări musculare necontrolate, transpiraţie abundentă, delir asfixie
– tulburări cardiace: puls neregulat, HTA, respiraţia se îngreunează, poate surveni moartea prin sincopa cardiacă, sau prin paralizia muşchilor respiratori şi a centrului respirator bulbar.
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INTOXICAŢIA CU NICOTINĂ
Intoxicaţia cronică este foarte întâlnită în rândul fumătorilor: la fumătorii începători se observă tulburări nervoase şi vasomotorii, palpitaţii, tulburări digestive, greţuri, tulburări care pot duce in final la toxicomanie (nicotinism).
Fumatul suprimă senzaţia de foame, la fumătorii cronici 90-98% din nicotina inhalată este reţinută în plămâni şi constituie alături de gudroanele rezultate din ardere, una din cauzele principale de creştere a cancerului pulmonar.
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CO – MONOXID DE CARBON
• Combinaţia între un atom de carbon şi un atom de oxigen (formula chimică: CO). Este un gaz asfiant, toxic, incolor şi inodor, care ia naştere printr-o ardere (oxidare) incompletă a substanţelor care conţin carbon.
• Acest proces are loc în cazul arderii la temperaturi înalte într-un loc sărac în oxigen, formându-se monoxidul în locul bioxidului de cardon
• Monoxidul de carbon este un gaz inflamabil care arde cu o flacără albastră.
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CO – MONOXID DE CARBON
• Timpul în care omul moare este determinat de concentraţia de monoxid de carbon din oxigen:
• 0.1% — moarte într-o oră • 1% — moarte în 15 minute • 10% — moarte instantanee• Este un gaz foarte toxic omului, deoarece se
leag[ ireversibil cu hemoglobina din sânge, astfel persoana murind prin asfixiere.
• Carboxihemoglobina (COHb) • Monoxidul de carbon are o afinitate fata de
hemoglobina de 250 de ori mai mare decat oxigenul.• Fumătorii prezintă o anemie funcţională severă
(scăderea oxigenării tisulare şi scăderea capacităţii de efort)
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GUDRON• Dintre acestea, peste 60 sunt cunoscute drept
cancerigene:gudron – lichid vascos ce contine majoritatea substantelor cancerigene» benzen – solvent industrial, ce provine din petrolul brut» arsenic – cunoscut in special drept cauza a cancerului de piele si pulmonar. Se pare ca arsenicul de pe frunzele de tutun este unul dintre principalii agenti cancerigeni din tigari.» cadmiu – utilizat pentru fabricarea bateriilor» formaldehida – utilizat pentru conservarea cadavrelor» poloniu-210 – element radioactiv» crom – utilizat pentru fabricarea vopselelor si a aliajelor» 1,3-butadiena – utilizata pentru fabricarea cauciucului» hidrocarburile aromatice policiclice » acroleina – folosita in trecut drept arma chimica
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GUDRON• Un reziduu negru si vascos, compus din
sute de substante chimice, dintre care mai multe sunt considerate cancerigene. Printre acestea se numara in special hidrocarburile aromatice policiclice, aminele aromatice si compusii anorganici.
• http://www.bihon.ro/stiri/Youtube/articol/experiment-gudronul-din-400-de-tigari/cn/news-20100329-03091416
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LISTA cuprinzând avertismente de sănătate adiţionale, conform art. 6 alin. (2) lit. d)
• 1. Fumătorii mor mai tineri.
• 2. Fumatul blochează circulaţia sângelui în artere, provoacă infarct miocardic şi accident vascular cerebral.
• 11. Fumatul încetineşte circulaţia sângelui şi provoacă impotenţă.
• 14. Fumul de ţigară conţine benzen, nitrozamine, formaldehidă şi cianuri.
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Aparatul cardio-vascular
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Aparatul cardio-vascular
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Fumatul - sistemul imunitar• Leucocitoza (creste numarul globulelor albe). • Limfocitoza (creste numarul limfocitelor). • Modificarea echilibrului dintre diferite sub-
seturi de limfocite. • Scaderea numarului celulelor Natural Killer
(NK) care au un rol important in apararea organismului impotriva cancerului.
• Scaderea numarului celulelor Langhans (importante componente ale sistemului imunitar la nivelul epiteliului colului uterin) - motiv pentru care fumatul contribuie la aparitia displaziei colului.
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Cavitatea bucală
• Halenă
• Gingivită
• Dinţi galbeni
• Carii
• Inflamaţii ale mucoasei bucale, limbii, amigdale, orofaringe
• Cancer – buză, cavitate bucală, planşeu bucal, obraji, limbă, orofaringe
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Aparat respirator
• Cavitate nazală
• Nazofaringe şi laringe
• Căi repiratorii
• Plămâni
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Aparat respirator
1. Fumătorii mor mai tineri. 3. Fumatul provoacă cancer pulmonar, care este letal. 5. Protejaţi copiii: nu-i lăsaţi să respire fumul dumneavoastră! 6. Doctorul sau farmacistul dumneavoastră vă poate ajuta să vă lăsaţi de fumat. 7. Fumatul dă dependenţă, nu începeţi să fumaţi! 8. Oprirea fumatului scade riscul de îmbolnăviri cardiace sau pulmonare fatale. 9. Fumatul poate provoca o moarte lentă şi dureroasă. 10. Pentru a renunţa la fumat, consultaţi doctorul/farmacistul dumneavoastră.
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Aparat respirator
• Rinite• Sinuzite• Traheo-bronşite• Emfizem pulmonar• Bronşită cronică• BPOC - Bronhopneumopatia obstructiva cronică • Fibroză pumlmonară• Cord pulmonar cronic• Infecţii – pneumonii, bronho-pneumonii, TBC
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Emphysema (Pink puffer)
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Chronic bronchitis (Blue bloaters)
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Aparat respirator
• 3. Fumatul provoacă cancer pulmonar, care este letal.
• Cancer laringian
• Cancer bronho-pulmonar
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Aparatul digestiv
• Vezi caviate bucală – buze, limbă, dinţi, orofaringe
• Esofag – esofagite, boală de reflux gastro-esofagian, cancer esofagian
• Stomac – gastrite, ulcere, cancer• Ficat şi căi biliare – stază, calculi, cancer• Pancreas – pancreatite, cancer• Intestin subţire şi colon – enterocolite,
tulburări de absorbţie, cancere
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Aparatul uro-genital
• Rinichi – infecţii, disfuncţii renale, cancere
• Căi urinare: ureter, vezică urinară, uretră – cistite, uretrite, cancere
• Aparat reproducător masculin – infecţii, cancere, impotenţă, infertilitate
• Aparat reproducător feminin – infecţii, cancere, infertilitate, avoruri spontane, naşteri premature, copii malformaţi
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LISTA cuprinzând avertismente de sănătate adiţionale, conform art. 6 alin. (2) lit. d)
• 4. Fumatul în timpul sarcinii dăunează copilului dumneavoastră.
• 5. Protejaţi copiii: nu-i lăsaţi să respire fumul dumneavoastră!
• 11. Fumatul încetineşte circulaţia sângelui şi provoacă impotenţă.
• 13. Fumatul poate dăuna calităţii spermei şi scade fertilitatea.
• 14. Fumul de ţigară conţine benzen, nitrozamine, formaldehidă şi cianuri.
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Impotenţa
• Fumatul distruge viata sexuala! Impotenta sau disfunctia erectila este incapacitatea repetata de a avea sau a mentine o erectie. In Romania, prevalenta disfunctiei erectile este de 25% in populatia generala, ceea ce inseamna ca unul din patru barbati sufera de impotenta. Studii realizate de Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) si British Medical Association (BMA) arata ca fumatul creste riscul impotentei cu 50%, risc care poate fi chiar mai mare in cazul asocierii fumatului cu factori de stress. In cadrul veteranilor din Vietnam s-a demonstrat ca a existat un risc cu 80% mai mare de aparitie a imptentei in cazul fumatorilor decat in cazul nefumatorilor.
• http://www.eurespir.info/ro/efectele-fumatului.html
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Impotenţa
• Pe langa impotenta, printre problemele cauzate in mod direct de fumat se numara reducerea volumului de ejaculare, micsorarea numarului de spermatozoizi ejaculati precum si aparitia unor forme anormale si a unei mobilitati reduse a spermatozoizilor. Cu toate acestea, cercetarile realizate de MORI pentru ASH au aratat ca 88% dintre fumatori nu cunosc riscurile de natura sexuala la care se expun.
• http://www.eurespir.info/ro/efectele-fumatului.html
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Impotenţa
• Etichetele de pe pachetele de tigari ar trebui sa avertizeze consumatorii asupra riscului impotentei. O noua directiva a Uniunii Europene o va inlocui in curand pe cea existenta (89/622/EEC) care contine specificatii asupra avertismentelor actuale de pe pachetele de tigari si reclamele asociate acestora. Tigarile vandute in Tailanda au acum mentionate avertismente asupra riscurilor impotentei cauzate de fumat iar ideea este aprig disputata in Hong Kong. Noua directiva va impune urmatoarele avertismente: Warning: Smoking Causes Male Sexual Impotente, Warning: Smoking Damages Sperm, Warning: Smoking May Damage Your Sex-Life.
• http://www.eurespir.info/ro/efectele-fumatului.html
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Impotenţa• Fumatul nu reduce numai speranta de viata ci si calitatea vietii.
Fumatorii impotenti sufera de obicei in tacere cu constiinta incarcata de faptul ca totul ar fi putut fi prevenit. ( David. J. Ralph BSc Ms FRCS (Urol) / Institute of Urology / University College, London )
• Este evident faptul ca fumatorii sunt predispusi la impotenta. Acest lucru este un rezultat al actiunii substantelor din fumul de tigara asupra capilarelor sangvine dar si al actiunii directe asupra musculaturii penisului. ( Roger Kirby / Consultant Urologist / St. George's Hospital, London )
• Tabagismul are efecte dramatice imediate si de lunga durata asupra erectiei. Renuntarea la fumat conduce adesea la imbunatatiri substantiale. Este surprinzator ca impotenta nu este citata mai des ca factor motivator pentru a renunta la fumat. ( Alain Gregoire: ABC Of Sexual Health / British Medical Journal )
• http://www.eurespir.info/ro/efectele-fumatului.html
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Infertilitatea
• Fumatul produce infertilitate atat la femei cat si la barbati!
• La barbati, infertilitatea se datoreaza efectelor nicotinei asupra aparatului circulator, ceea ce provoaca, pe langa impotenta, reducerea volumului de ejaculare, micsorarea numarului de spermatozoizi ejaculati precum si aparitia unor forme anormale si a unei mobilitati reduse a spermatozizilor.
• http://www.eurespir.info/ro/efectele-fumatului.html
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Piele şi ţesut subcutanat
• 12. Fumatul provoacă îmbătrânirea tenului (pielii).
• Infecţii, dermatite, alergii
• Cancere tegumentare
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MAGZINELE ETNOBOTANICENU CĂLCAŢI PE “IARBĂ”, FUMAŢI-”O”
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CE NE OFERĂ MEDICINA VIITORULUI?
• Cum putem trata bolile considerate în prezent incurabile: cancerul, HIV/SIDA, bolile genetice, bolile neurodegenerative, etc.?
• MEDICINĂ MOLECULARĂ• TERAPIE CU CELULE STEM• TERAPIE GENICĂ• BIOBANKING – organe, ţesuturi, celule,
tumori, acizi nucleci: ADN, ARN, gene• NANOMEDICINĂ ŞI NANOŞTIINŢE
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NU FUMAŢI “CARPAŢI(I)”, VIZITAŢI-I
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MAI EŞTI FUMĂTOR?ESTE ŞI ACEASTA O OPŢIUNE,
DAR ACUM ŞTII...