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Transcript of CURS 1 - MD
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CURS 1CURS 1
G E N E T I C AG E N E T I C A6 octombrie 2010
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10/9/2010 CURS 1 - GENETICA MD 2
EREDITATE
EERREEDDIITTAATTEE
VARIABILITATE
VVAARRIIAABBIILLIITTAATTEE
GENETICAGENETICA
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10/9/2010 CURS 1 - GENETICA MD 3
Defineste însusirea unui individ de a transmite ladescendenti caracterele speciei careia îi apartine,
precum si o parte dintre caracterele personale.
Defineste însusirea unui individ de a transmite ladescendenti caracterele speciei careia îi apartine,
precum si o parte dintre caracterele personale.
Este un proces informational.
EREDITATEAEREDITATEA
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10/9/2010 CURS 1 - GENETICA MD 4
MESAJUL GENETIC SE TRANSMITE IN SUCCESIUNEA GENERATIIL .MESAJUL GENETIC SE TRANSMITE IN SUCCESIUNEA GENERATIIL .
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EREDITATEEREDITATE
STOCAREInformatie genetica
STOCARESTOCAREInformatie genetica
ADNADNEXPRIMAREEXPRIMAREEXPRIMARE TRANSMITERETRANSMITERETRANSMITERE
CodonCodonCodon TranscriptieTranscriptie
TranslatieTranslatie
REPLICAREREPLICAREREPLICARE
DiviziunecelularaDiviziuneDiviziunecelularacelulara
ARNmARNm
proteinaproteina
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VARIABILITATEAVARIABILITATEAVARIABILITATEA
Reprezinta ansamblul fenomenelor care produc diferentele
genetice dintre indiviziiunei populatii.
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VARIABILITATEVARIABILITATE
RECOMBINAREGENETICA
RECOMBINAREGENETICA
MEIOZARecombinare intracromozomialaRecombinare intercromozomiala
FECUNDATIERecombinare genomica
MEIOZARecombinare intracromozomialaRecombinare intercromozomiala
FECUNDATIERecombinare genomica
MUTATIIMUTATII
GeniceCromozomiale
GenomiceMitocondriale
GeniceCromozomiale
GenomiceMitocondriale
MIGRATIIMIGRATII
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GENOTIP, FENOTIP, CARACTER
GENOTIP, FENOTIP, CARACTER
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Dublul helix ADN
p – bratul scurt
CentromerCROMOZOM
Proteine histonice
ADN
q – bratul lung
APARATUL GENETIC
NUCLEU
MITOCONDRIE
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BAZELE MOLECULARE ALE EREDITATII
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NATURA MATERIALULUI
EREDITAR:
1.Unde este stocata informatia genetica
in celula Ek?
EXPERIMENTUL LUI HAMMERLING
2.Ce component nuclear are rolul
important in ereditate?
EXPERIMENTUL LUI GRIFFITHEXPERIMENTUL LUI AVERY
EXPERIMENTUL LUI HERSHEY&CHASEü
üü
ü
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Experimentul lui HAMMERLINGFoloseste alga monocelulara marina
Acetabularia
Experimentul lui HAMMERLINGFoloseste alga monocelulara marina
Acetabularia
Regiunebazala
Acetabularia crenulataAcetabularia mediterranea
Interschimb nuclear
Nucleu Nucleu
NucleulNucleul regenereazaregenereaza““palariapalaria””
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CONCLUZIE
La Ekinformatia genetica este
stocata in nucleu.
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CE COMPONENT NUCLEAR ARE ROL IN
EREDITATE?1. ACIZII NUCLEICI 2. PROTEINELE SAU
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Experimentul luiDiplococcus (streptococcus) pneumoniae
Experiment de controlExperiment de control
TipulTipul R (rough): R (rough): BacteriiBacterii necapsulatenecapsulate,,nevirulentenevirulente, , coloniicolonii cu aspect cu aspect rugosrugos
TipulTipul S (smooth): S (smooth): bacteriibacterii capsulate,capsulate,VirulenteVirulente, , coloniicolonii cu aspect cu aspect netedneted
TipulTipul S S omoratomorat prinprin incalzireincalzire
AmestecAmestec tip Rtip Rsisi tip S tip S omoratomoratprinprin calduracaldura
IzolareIzolare de de bacteriibacterii tip S vii,tip S vii,virulentevirulente
GRIFFITH
In vivoIn vivo
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§
§
§
§
§
Intre cele doua tipuri de bacterii se produce o interactiune.
Tipul S transforma tipul R in celule vii, virulente de tip S.
Fenomenul este numit TRANSFORMARE ,
dar nu a putu fi explicat.
Soarecii au avut un rol pasiv in experiment.
CONCLUZIE
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BacteriiBacterii tip Stip SEXPERIMENT EXPERIMENT ““IN VITROIN VITRO””
CelulaCelula bacterianabacteriana esteeste descomdescom--pusapusa in in componentelecomponentele
esentialeesentiale
ARNARN proteinaproteina ADNADN lipidlipid carbohidratcarbohidrat
BacteriiBacterii tip Rtip RBacteriiBacteriitip Rtip R
BacteriiBacteriitip Stip S
BacteriiBacteriitip Rtip R
BacteriiBacterii tip Rtip R
Testarea capacitatii de transformare a diferitelor tipuri de molecule
AVERY, MACLEOD, MCCARTYClarifica principiul transformarii
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CONCLUZIE
q
q
ADN are capacitate de transformare.
ADN este materialulgenetic.
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Transferul informatiei genetice de la o celula la alta cu ajutorul ADN.
TRANSFORMAREGENETICA
Transformarile sunt specifice,definitivesi ereditare.
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BACTERIOFAGUL T2BACTERIOFAGUL T2
ADNADN
InvelisInvelisProteicProteic
((capsidacapsida))
CAPCAP
GATGAT
COADACOADA
crosetecrosete
CapCap
coadacoada
crosetecrosete
ADNADNCelulaCelula gazdagazdaE.coliE.coli
EXPERIMENTUL LUI HERSHEY&CHASE
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EXPERIMENTUL LUI ADN viral ADN viral marcatmarcat cu cu 3232PP
CapsidaCapsida viralaviralamarcatamarcata cu cu 3535SS
BacteriofagiiBacteriofagii infecteazainfecteazacelulacelula gazdagazda((E.coliE.coli) )
CeluleleCelulele bacterienebacteriene infectateinfectatesuntsunt pusepuse intrintr--unun
agitator agitator pentrupentru a a desprindedesprindecapsidacapsida viralavirala
MediuMediu celularcelular radioactivradioactiv cu cu CelulaCelula bacterianabacteriana radioactivaradioactiva cu cu
HERSHEY&CHASE
3535SS3232PP
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10/9/2010 CURS 1 - GENETICA MD 22
CONCLUZIECONCLUZIE
ADN viralTrecerea in celula bacterianasemnifica, in fapt, trecerea informatiei
genetice virale in celula gazda.
Celula bacteriana (celula gazda) s-a transformat si produce ADN viral si
proteine virale.
Celula bacteriana (celula gazda) s-a transformat si produce ADN viral si
proteine virale.
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10/9/2010 CURS 1 - GENETICA MD 23
EXPERIMENTUL LUI CONRAT & SINGER
Foloseste ribovirusurile:VMT (virusul mozaicul tutunului)
HR (virusul Holmes ribgrass)
Foloseste ribovirusurile:VMT (virusul mozaicul tutunului)
HR (virusul Holmes ribgrass)
ARN viral poarta mesajul genetic
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10/9/2010 CURS 1 - GENETICA MD 24
FrunzaFrunza de de tutuntutun normalanormala versus versus frunzafrunza de de tutuntutun infectatainfectata
EXPERIMENTUL
LUI
CONRA&SINGER
HRHR
VMTVMT
ProteinaProteina VMTVMT
DegradareDegradare
IzolareIzolare VMTVMT
Virus Virus hibridhibrid
infectatainfectata
LeziuniLeziuni de tip VMTde tip VMT
ARN VMTARN VMT
ProteiaProteia HRHR
ARN HRARN HRDegradareDegradare
FrunzaFrunza de de tutuntutun
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10/9/2010 CURS 1 - GENETICA MD 25
CONCLUZIECONCLUZIE•ARN
poarta mesajul genetic si nu proteina;
•ARNpoarta mesajul
genetic si nu proteina;
•ARNeste materialul
genetic alribovirusurilor.
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Pentru ilustrarea experimentelorprezentate in curs
s-au folosit imagini de pe site-ul:http://images.google.com