Curs 3, Misc Cel, Nucleu, Cromos, Md 2011-2012
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CURSUL 3
5.3. Mişcări bazate pe motoare celulare care interacţionează cu
microtubulii
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5.3.2. Mişcările cililor şi flagelilor
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• Mişc. din cili se realizează în 2 timpi:– “bătaia cililui“
(activ), -unidirecţional
– “revenire”(pasiv),
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Epit. Respirator
Epit.trompeloruterine
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Structura axonemei cililor şi flagelilor
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5.4. Organite de coordonare a mişcărilor celulare şi a polimerizării tubulinei
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Apl. medicale
• Sdr cililor imobili (sdr. Kartagener- când se asociază şi situs inversus)
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Cap. 7NUCLEUL
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• Este component al tuturor celulelor eucariote (există excepţii: eritrocitele)
2 funcţii principale: • Stochează majoritatea informaţiei genetice• Coord. act. celulelor• este «centrul vital» al celulei
celulei.
Nucleul – caracteristici generale
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Structura este diferită, în fct. de faza ciclului celular:
• -În cursul interfazei “nucleulmetabolic” (cromosomii nu sunt vizibili);
• În cursul diviziunii- “nucleulgenetic”
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- microscopia în contrast de fază: • Învelişului nuclear, • Cromatina • Nucleolul (refringent)• Carioplasma (matrice nucleară)
- Vizualizarea mişc. prin înregistrări video
Structura nucleului în interfază
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- Voluminos, ovoid
- Caract. prin : Dimensiuneformă
numărpoziţie
Morfologia nucleului fixat
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Dimensiune nuclei:• În medie: 4 -12 µm; • extreme:
• spermatozoizi: 4 µm• ovule 25 µm.
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Poziţia nucleului:bazal în acinul pancreaticla perif. celulei în adipocite
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Fibra musculară, celulele adipoase
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• Volumul – raportul nucleo-citopl.V nucleu/ V citopl. (normal: 1/3= 0,33)
• > 0,33 celule tinere (celule canceroase);• < 0,15 celule adulte
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1. Învelişul nuclear, 2. Ribosomi, 3. Pori nucleari, 4. Nucleol, 5. Cromatina, 6. Nucleu,7. Reticul endoplasmic rugos, 8.Nucleoplasma
Nucleul şi reticulul endopl.
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I. Învelişul nuclear
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A. Membrana internăB. Membrana externă C. Spaţiul intermembranarD. Complexul porului
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D) Porul nuclear
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În interiorul unei celule de mamifer:►cca. 1 MILLION de molecule
traversează complexele porilor într-un minut
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• Proteinele cu GM > 40kDa au un semnal de localizare nucleară (NLS) care este recunoscut de receptori specifici şi cu care intră în nucleu
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II. Cromatina nucleară
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1. Eucromatina- forma relaxată,
activă metabolic
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2. Heterocromatina mai compactă
a) H. constitutivă- regiuni ale ADN care nu se exprimă (metabolic inactivă)
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b) H. facultativă, conţine gene exprimate doar în anumite condiţii. ex.: Corpusculul Barr,
- vizibil în cca 20% din celulele epit. provenite de la mamifere de sex fem.
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Aplicatii--- felinele tricolore sunt de sex fem.
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III. Nucleolul
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Exam. de micoscopie electronică:descrie 3 zone
• Granulară -precursori ai ribosomilor,
• Fibrilară: molecule de ARN şi ADN(organizator nucleolar),
• O zonă amorfă
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IV. Matricea nucleară- lichid cu consistenţă gelatinoasă care conţine :– apă,– Ioni,– subst micromoleculare– proteine:
a) proteine fibrilare (nucleoplasmina), b) proteine non-histonice (enzime, factori de transcriere, etc).
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Cromosomii la eucariote
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Nucleul in cursul diviziunii şi resp. în interfază(microscopie de fluorescenţă)
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Funcţiile cromosomilor
1. Depozitarea inf. gentice
2. Transmiterea inf. genetie
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3. Exprimarea inf. genetice:
Transcriere TraducereADN --------------------- mARN ---------------------- Proteine
4. Evoluţia informaţiei genetice (variabiliatea între specii)
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• 1. Centromerul, uneşte cele 2 cromatide
Morfologia generală a cromosomilor
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Cinetocorul, centromerul
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• 2. Constricţia secundară• 3. Sateliţii
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• 4. Telomerele– structuri speciale aflate la extremităţile cromosomilor; aceste regiuni corespund unor regiuni de ADN repetitiv care protejează extremităţile cromosomilor de deterioare.
• Scurtarea telomerelor este implicată în limitarea numărului de diviziuni celulare, fiind astfel implicată în îmbătrânirea celulară. Telomerele sunt similare capetelor de
plastic ale şireturilor care devin astfel protectoare împotriva “deşirării”
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Premiul Nobel în fiziologie şi medicină, 5 oct. 2009
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Tipuri de cromosomi..in fct de poziţia centromerului:Metacentrici– La jumătatea lungimii
cromatidelor; forma literei V.Sub-metacentrici- Centromerul va da forma literei L cromosomului.Acrocentrici- Centromerul este lângă una din extremităţile cromos; Telocentrici- Centromerul este la una dintre extremităţile cromos; cromosomulare forma literei literei l.
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Bandare de tipGiemsa ….
Şi prin utilizarea fluorocromilor:
CARIOTIPUL
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A. Anomalii numerice• Sindromul
Down(trisomia 21)
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• SindromulKlinefelter (47,XXY)
• Cromosomul X supranumerar apare ca urmare a non-disjuncţiei din cursul meiozei (formarea gameţilor)
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Sindromul Turner (45, XO),
statură mică, prezenţa unei plici cutanate latero-cervical, amenoree sterilitate, malf. cardiace congenitale, ş.a.
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B. Anomalii cromosmiale structurale• 1. Deleţia: lipsa unui fragment cromosomial
• 2. inserţia:
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•3. Cromosomul inelar, format după pierderea
extremităţilor unui cromosom:s
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4. Translocaţia: schimbul a 2 fragmente între 2 cromosomidiferiţi:
• Ex: cromosomul Philadelphia – rezultă după o translocaţie între cromosomul 9 şi 22, modificare răspunzătoare de apariţia unor forme de leucemii.
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5. Duplicarea cromosomială:
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Compoziţia, ultrastructura şi organizarea moleculară a cromatinei
• 2 m ADNA ---este împachetat în nucleul celular care are cca 6-10 μm în diametru;(similar compactării unui şirag de 40Km într-o minge de tenis)
• Gradul de compactare: 400000 ori.
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Cromatina conţine:a) ADNb) ARNc) Proteine (histone şi prot. nehistonice)
• Micr. Electronică:– eucromatina, mai puţin
densă, conţine genele active;
– Heterocromatina, densă.
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Nivele de organizare moleculară a cromatinei
1. Nucleosomul
Histonele - prot. bazice2x (H2A, H2B, H3, H4),
--- formează o structură de tip ‘şirag de perle’
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Proteinele din octamer –histoneH1- proteină care asigură compactarea
nucleosomilor în înşiruirea lor
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Compactarea fibrei subţiri de cromatină
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2. Filamentul subţire de cromatină(diam. de 11 nm).
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2. Filamentul subţire de cromatină(diam. de 11 nm)
3. Fibra groasă de cromatină(diam. de 30 nm)
4. Domeniul sau bucla de cromatină (unit. funcţională a transcrierii)
5. Banda cromosomială
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Regiunile proteice de ataşare a cromatinei la eşafodul cromosomului determină formarea buclei de cromatină
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