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\nu{omo|nj{} w`u` got`j n {n}h oj{`jk`k {i }ocpfn{` nu`nfo}{om ojdiucn{oij j``k* ]ojm` nff |nu{omo|nj{} w`u`u`}ok`j{} id {a` }{n{` id Wn}aojg{ij& {a`y w`u` oj}{upm{`k {i}`numa ij [wo{{`u‟} }`numa `jgoj` diu {a` jnc` id n fimnf

mnjkokn{` oj {a` p|micojg P*]* ]`jn{` `f`m{oij& oj iuk`u {if`nuj neip{ ao} |i}o{oij} ij {a` o}}p`}* \nu{omo|nj{} w`u`oj}{upm{`k {i ‖{aojh nfipk– waof` to`wojg {a` u`{uo`t`k

{w``{}* [a` `q|`uoc`j{`u |uic|{`k dpu{a`u {aojh#nfipk eyn}hojg ~p`}{oij} neip{ }ic` id {a` {w``{}& }pma n} wa`{a`u|nu{omo|nj{} {aipga{ m`u{noj {w``{} w`u` duic {a` mnjkokn{`oj ~p`}{oij& duic iddomonf j`w} }ipum`}& `{m*

[a` `q|`uoc`j{`u {iih ji{`} ij {a` d`n{pu`} {an{|nu{omo|nj{} c`j{oij`k |nyojg n{{`j{oij {i n} {a`y njnfyr`k{a` [wo{{`u }`numa u`}pf{}* Diu `qnc|f`& |nu{omo|nj{} id{`jmicc`j{`k ij {a` jn{pu` id {a` ntn{nu n}}imon{`k wo{a|nu{ompfnu {w``{}& ji{ojg {an{ n |nu{ompfnu {w``{ }``c`kpj{up}{wiu{ay e`mnp}` {a` cnj oj {a` |ai{i ‖fiih} foh` n

}{nfh`u&– iu {an{ nji{a`u }``c`k f`}} iddomonf e`mnp}` {a`

p}`u‟} ntn{nu wn}  nj ‖njoc` manunm{`u *– \nu{omo|nj{}

n{{uoep{`k oc|iu{njm` {i p}`u jnc`}& n}}pcojg {an{ jnc`}{an{ w`u` fojgpo}{omnffy }ocofnu {i {a`ou }`numa {`uc} !`*g*&‖Koji Ui}}o A^–/ w`u` iddomonffy }njm{oij`k* U`|`{o{oij id 

}ocofnu mij{`j{ ey cpf{o|f` {w``{} ojmu`n}`k |nu{omo|nj{}‟

mijdok`jm` oj {a` t`unmo{y id n c`}}ng`* ]ic` d`n{pu`}w`u` ji{ `q|fiu`k ey |nu{omo|nj{} pjf`}} |uic|{`k ey {a``q|`uoc`j{`u}& }pma n} mfomhojg PUF} iu mfomhojg p}`ujnc`} oj iuk`u {i to`w nj np{aiu‟} [wo{{`u aic`|ng`!waoma mij{noj} eoigun|aomnf ojdiucn{oij njk {an{ p}`u‟}

u`m`j{ {w``{ ao}{iuy/8 wa`j |uic|{`k {i to`w {a`}`d`n{pu`}& aiw`t`u& p}`u} ji{`k {a`ou tnfp`  ”  diu `qnc|f`&ij` |nu{omo|nj{ kipe{`k {a` }``cojgfy iddomonf jn{pu` id n|nu{ompfnu {w``{ nd{`u ji{ojg {a` pj|uid`}}oijnf to}pnfk`}ogj id {a` np{aiu‟} aic`|ng`*

[a` miff`m{oij id 54 d`n{pu`} ko}mp}}`k ey {a`}` dot` |ofi{|nu{omo|nj{} wn} p}`k {i k`}ogj ipu }put`y* U`}|ijk`j{}w`u` |u`}`j{`k wo{a {a` fo}{ id d`n{pu`} njk n}h`k {iojkomn{` wa`{a`u {a`y {y|omnffy |ny n{{`j{oij {i `nma d`n{pu`wa`j u`nkojg {w``{} !‖p}pnffy–& ‖immn}oijnffy–& ‖j`t`u–/8

{a` ‖j`t`u– i|{oij wn} }|fo{ {i nffiw {a` p}`u {i ojkomn{`

{an{ {a`y j`t`u mij}ok`u n d`n{pu` ep{ {aojh {a`y |uienefyipga{ {i& iu {an{ {a`y j`t`u mij}ok`u n d`n{pu` njk {aojh 

{a`u` o} ji tnfp` oj kiojg }i* Diu `nma d`n{pu`& u`}|ijk`j{}w`u` nf}i n}h`k {i n}}`}} aiw {an{ d`n{pu` oc|nm{}mu`koeofo{y ij n dot`#|ioj{ Foh`u{ }mnf` unjgojg duic‖gu`n{fy k`mu`n}`} mu`koeofo{y– {i ‖gu`n{fy ojmu`n}`}

mu`koeofo{y*– [a` }put`y nf}i n}h`k p}`u} {i ojkomn{`

mu`koeofo{y mijm`uj} u`gnukojg tnuoip} }ipum`} njk {i|om} id {w``{}& njk gn{a`u`k ojdiucn{oij neip{ p}`u}‟ [wo{{`u 

aneo{}& }imonf }`numa aneo{}& njk k`cigun|aom kn{n* W`

n}h`k ijfy wa`{a`u |`i|f` |ny n{{`j{oij {i p}`u ocng`}& ep{{a`j euih` ip{ ocng`} oj{i dipu {y|`} wa`j n}hojg neip{{a`ou oc|nm{ ij mu`koeofo{y*

\nu{omo|nj{}

]nc|fojg n kot`u}` nuuny id [wo{{`u p}`u} diu ipu }put`ywn} n manff`jgojg ginf& }ojm` kou`m{fy |puman}ojgnkt`u{o}ojg ij [wo{{`u wn} ijfy nj i|{oij diu }|`monf‖|nu{j`u– mic|njo`} n} id fn{` 5<>< !{a` {oc` wa`j w`ko}{uoep{`k ipu }put`y/ X=5S& wo{a ci}{ nkt`u{o}ojg e`ojgmijkpm{`k {auipga {w``{} |fnj{`k oj |i|pfnu nmmipj{} X>;S*Nkt`u{o}ojg {i ipu iwj [wo{{`u diffiw`u} wn} nf}ipjk`}ounef`& kp` {i {a` kunwenmh} id }jiwenff }nc|fojg{`majo~p`} X5S* Mij}`~p`j{fy& oj iuk`u {i ie{noj n

u`n}ijnefy kot`u}` }nc|f` id [wo{{`u p}`u} diu ipu }put`y&w` nkt`u{o}`k {a` }put`y oj {wi t`jp`}2 ij nj `cnof fo}{ diu}imonf c`kon p}`u} wo{aoj Comui}id{& njk ij n c`}}ng`einuk diu nfpcjo id Mnuj`go` C`ffij Pjot`u}o{y* W`u`m`ot`k n {i{nf id 504 mic|f`{`k }put`y}& ><> duic {a`miu|iun{` guip| njk >00 duic {a` nfpcjo guip|* U`nkojg{w``{} n{ f`n}{ immn}oijnffy wn} n |u`u`~po}o{` diu|nu{omo|n{oij oj {a` }put`y*

[a` Comui}id{ u`}|ijk`j{} unjg`k oj ng` duic >1  ”  4<y`nu} ifk& wo{a nj nt`ung` ng` id =5 y`nu}* 5?% w`u`d`cnf`* ?=*>% ank n [wo{{`u nmmipj{& njk nff u`nk {w``{}&wo{a ?>% u`nkojg {a`c n{ f`n}{ n d`w {oc`} n w``h& njk7;% u`nkojg {a`c n{ f`n}{ ijm` n kny* Nff wiuh`k oj {a`

{`majifigy ojkp}{uy& nfe`o{ oj n tnuo`{y id bie uif`}&ojmfpkojg }id{wnu` k`t`fi|c`j{& cnuh`{ojg& f`gnf& AU& njkcnjng`c`j{*

[a` pjot`u}o{y nfpcjo u`}|ijk`j{} unjg`k oj ng` duic >1  ”  0; y`nu} ifk* =;% w`u` d`cnf`* 11% ank n [wo{{`u nmmipj{&njk nff u`nk {w``{}& wo{a ?>% u`nkojg {a`c n{ f`n}{ n d`w{oc`} n w``h& njk 77% u`nkojg {a`c n{ f`n}{ ijm` n kny*Immp|n{oij} tnuo`k* ‖]{pk`j{– wn} {a` ci}{ miccij

immp|n{oij !5?*4%/& ep{ {a` cnbiuo{y id u`}|ijk`j{} ankjij#}{pk`j{ |uid`}}oij} }pma n} nkcojo}{un{ot` n}}o}{nj{}&  bipujnfo}{}& fnwy`u}& numao{`m{}& dojnjmonf |uid`}}oijnf}&k`j{o}{}& jpu}`}& njk mp}{ic`u u`fn{oij} }|`monfo}{}*

U`}|ij}`} {i ipu }put`y duic {a`}` {wi |nu{omo|nj{ |iif}w`u` }ocofnu oj manunm{`u& }i w` u`|iu{ {a`ou u`}pf{} bioj{fy*[a` }ocofnuo{y id {a` {wi guip|}‟ u`}pf{} }pgg`}{} {a`

n||fomneofo{y id ipu dojkojg} e`yijk n }ojgf` k`cigun|aom*[a` u`nk`u }aipfk e`nu oj cojk {an{ }ic` k`cigun|aom}{an{ mij}pc` {w``{} w`u` ji{ mit`u`k ey ipu u`mupo{c`j{c`{aik& }pma n} {``jng`u} iu nkpf{} wo{aip{ n miff`g`k`gu``8 }pma guip|} cny ant` kodd`u`j{ |`um`|{oij} id mu`koeofo{y& njk }{pkyojg {a`ou aneo{} o} f`d{ {i dp{pu` wiuh*

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U`}pf{}

A`u` w` `}{nefo}a {an{ |nu{omo|nj{} ki `jmipj{`u {w``{}{auipga }`numa njk {an{ {ao} `fomo{} gu`n{`u mijm`uj diumu`koeofo{y {anj `jmipj{`uojg {w``{} ey {ai}` diffiw`k* W`{a`j k`}muoe` {a` {i|om nu`n} ci}{ |`u{oj`j{ {i mu`koeofo{ymijm`uj}& njk dojnffy {a` `q{`j{ {i waoma |nu{omo|nj{}u`|iu{`k p}ojg tnuoip} {w``{ d`n{pu`} wa`j cnhojgmu`koeofo{y bpkgc`j{}*

C`{aik id @jmipj{`uojg [w``{} Oj nkko{oij {i u`nkojg {w``{} duic p}`u} {a`y diffiw`k&u`}|ijk`j{} mij}pc`k {w``{} ey mijkpm{ojg }`numa`} ij}`numa*{wo{{`u*mic !1;%/& mfomhojg {u`jkojg {i|om} ij {a`[wo{{`u aic`|ng` !1;%/& }`numaojg diu {w``{} p}ojg Eojg‟}

njk Giigf`‟} }imonf }`numa dpjm{oijnfo{y !75%/& iu 

}`u`jko|o{ip}fy `jmipj{`uojg {w``{} coq`k oj{i {a` u`}pf{}id g`j`unf W`e }`numa`} !1>%/* Waof` u`}|ijk`j{} |fnm` ngu`n{ k`nf id {up}{ oj {w``{} duic p}`u} {a`y diffiw& {w``{}`jmipj{`u`k {auipga [wo{{`u }`numa !χ 5!5& J 3 504/ 3 ;;*7&| 6 *<<>/ njk g`j`unf }`numa `jgoj`} !χ 5!5& J 3 504/ 3;7*5& | 6 *<<>/ `fomo{`k mijm`uj !Dogpu` >/*

[w``{ [i|om [y|` 

U`}|ijk`j{} w`u` f`n}{ mijm`uj`k wo{a mu`koeofo{y dium`f`euo{y j`w} njk gi}}o| u`fn{`k {w``{}& njk }`mijknuofydiu cito` njk u`}{npunj{ u`to`w}* J`w}& |ifo{omnf&`c`ug`jmy& njk mij}pc`u iuo`j{`k {w``{} mnp}`k {a`gu`n{`}{ mijm`uj neip{ mu`koeofo{y !Dogpu` 5/*

[w``{ D`n{pu`} 

[nef` > }pccnuor`} `nma d`n{pu`‟} oc|nm{ ij mu`koeofo{y

|`um`|{oij}* D`n{pu`} n}}imon{`k wo{a fiw mu`koeofo{y|`um`|{oij} w`u` {a` p}` id jij#}{njknuk gunccnu njk|pjm{pn{oij& ji{ u`|fnmojg {a` k`dnpf{ nmmipj{ ocng`& iup}ojg n mnu{iij iu ntn{nu n} nj nmmipj{ ocng`* Diffiwojg nfnug` jpce`u id p}`u} wn} nf}i n}}imon{`k wo{a fiw`u np{aiu

mu`koeofo{y& `}|`monffy wa`j pjenfnjm`k oj mic|nuo}ij {idiffiw`u mipj{ ”  n} ij` u`}|ijk`j{ nu{ompfn{`k& ‖od }ic`ij`

o} diffiwojg }ogjodomnj{fy ciu` |`i|f` {anj {a`y ant`diffiwojg {a`c& O co}{up}{ {a`c*– 

D`n{pu`} |`um`ot`k n} ci}{ `janjmojg n {w``{‟} mu`koeofo{y

g`j`unffy mijm`uj`k {a` np{aiu id {a` {w``{* [a`}` ojmfpk`knp{aiu ojdfp`jm` !n} c`n}pu`k ey diffiw`u& u`{w``{& njkc`j{oij mipj{} X>S/& {i|omnf `q|`u{o}` !n} `}{nefo}a`k{auipga n [wo{{`u aic`|ng` eoi& ao}{iuy id ij#{i|om{w``{ojg& |ng`} ip{}ok` id [wo{{`u& iu antojg n fimn{oiju`f`tnj{ {i {a` {i|om id {a` {w``{/& njk u`|p{n{oij !wa`{a`unj np{aiu o} }ic`ij` n p}`u diffiw}& an} a`nuk id& iu waian} nj iddomonf [wo{{`u nmmipj{ t`uodomn{oij }`nf/* Mij{`j{#u`fn{`k d`n{pu`} to`w`k n} mu`koeofo{y#`janjmojg w`u`mij{nojojg n PUF f`nkojg {i n aoga#~pnfo{y }o{`& njk {a`

`qo}{`jm` id i{a`u {w``{} mijt`yojg }ocofnu ojdiucn{oij*D`n{pu`} u`}|ijk`j{} n{{`jk {i nf}i dimp}`k ij np{aiumanunm{`uo}{om} !wa`{a`u {a` np{aiu o} hjiwj iu diffiw`k/njk d`n{pu`} occ`kon{`fy to}oef` oj {a` oj{`udnm`& `}|`monffy|ui|`u{o`} id {a` {w``{ !`*g*& o} n u`{w``{/*

Ko}mp}}oij

\nu{omo|nj{}‟ u`}|ij}`} ojkomn{`k nj nwnu`j`}} id {a`

|uief`c id {w``{ mu`koeofo{y& |nu{ompfnufy diu {w``{} ji{`jmipj{`u`k {auipga {a`ou diffiwojg }{u`nc !Dogpu` >/*Mijm`uj diu mu`koeofo{y nf}i tnuo`k nmui}} {i|om {y|`}!Dogpu` 5/* \nu{omo|nj{} w`u` nwnu` id d`n{pu`} {an{kodd`u`j{onffy mijt`y mu`koeofo{y& y`{ {a` d`n{pu`} ci}{n{{`jk`k {i }pgg`}{ {an{ {a`ou neofo{y {i bpkg` mu`koeofo{y oj|unm{om` o} fnug`fy foco{`k {i {ai}` d`n{pu`} to}oef` n{#n#gfnjm` oj mpuu`j{ PO} !p}`u |om{pu`& p}`u jnc`& njk {w``{mij{`j{/* Mijt`u}`fy& d`n{pu`} {an{ id{`j nu` ie}mpu`k oj {a`p}`u oj{`udnm`& }pma n} {a` eoi id n p}`u& u`m`ot` fo{{f`n{{`j{oij k`}|o{` {a`ou neofo{y {i oc|nm{ mu`koeofo{y  bpkgc`j{}* Oj {a` diffiwojg }`m{oij w` `q|`uoc`j{nffy`qncoj` {a` oc|nm{ id {a` ci}{ }nfo`j{ d`n{pu`} ijmu`koeofo{y bpkgc`j{} id {w``{} njk np{aiu}*

Dogpu` >* Ao}{igunc id u`}|ijk`j{}‟ mu`koeofo{y mijm`uj f`t`f}

en}`k ij c`{aik id `jmipj{`uojg n {w``{* [w``{} `jmipj{`u`k

{auipga }`numaojg oj}|ou` gu`n{`u mu`koeofo{y mijm`uj} {anj

{ai}` ̀ jmipj{`u`k {auipga diffiwojg*

Dogpu` 52 Ao}{igunc id mu`koeofo{y mijm`uj} diu kodd`u`j{

{y|`} id mij{`j{*

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[i e`{{`u pjk`u}{njk {a` oc|nm{ id tnuoip} {w``{ d`n{pu`} ijmu`koeofo{y |`um`|{oij}& w` mijkpm{`k {wi ijfoj``q|`uoc`j{} oj waoma w` }y}{`cn{omnffy nf{`u`k }`t`unf|ui|`u{o`} id {w``{} oj iuk`u {i c`n}pu` {a`ou oc|nm{ iju`nk`u}‟ mu`koeofo{y n}}`}}c`j{}* W` dou}{ k`}muoe` ipu

|uocnuy `q|`uoc`j{ njk o{} u`}pf{}& diffiw`k ey nk`}muo|{oij id n diffiw#p| `q|`uoc`j{ w` unj {i `q|fiu` njo}}p` uno}`k ey ipu ojo{onf dojkojg}*

C`{aik

[i k`}ogj n enfnjm`k `q|`uoc`j{ id n u`n}ijnef` f`jg{a !}in} ji{ {i `qanp}{ |nu{omo|nj{}/& w` jnuuiw`k kiwj {a` fo}{id d`n{pu`} `qncoj`k oj ipu `nufo`u }put`y {i n }`{ id {au``*W` }`f`m{`k {a` d`n{pu`} {i dimp} ij oj ipu `q|`uoc`j{ eymaii}ojg d`n{pu`} {an{ w`u` }`fd#u`|iu{`k n} e`ojg aogafy

ojdfp`j{onf ij mu`koeofo{y |`um`|{oij} oj ipu }put`y& njk {an{w`u` mpuu`j{fy njk aogafy to}oef` {i `jk#p}`u} ij[wo{{`u*mic njk cnbiu }`numa `jgoj`}* P}ojg {a`}` muo{`uon&{a` {au`` d`n{pu`} w` }`f`m{`k w`u`   C`}}ng` [i|om& P}`u 

 Jnc`& njk P}`u Ocng *̀

C`}}ng` [i|om 

Ipu }put`y |nu{omo|nj{} ojkomn{`k {an{ {a`ou f`t`f id mijm`ujneip{ mu`koeofo{y wn} ndd`m{`k ey n c`}}ng`‟} {i|om8 a`jm`&

w` mai}` {i|om n} n dnm{iu {i cnjo|pfn{` oj ipu`q|`uoc`j{nf k`}ogj* W` ojmfpk`k {w``{} ij {au`` kodd`u`j{{i|om}& `nma id waoma an} e``j }peb`m{ {i dnf}` {w``{|a`jic`jn2 |ifo{om}& }mo`jm &̀ njk `j{`u{nojc`j{ *

P}`u Jnc` 

]put`y |nu{omo|nj{} ojkomn{`k n{{uoep{ojg mu`koeofo{y {i p}`ujnc`}& }pma n} n}}pcojg {an{ {i|omnffy#u`f`tnj{ p}`u jnc`}w`u` n}}imon{`k wo{a mu`koef` ojdiucn{oij* Nkko{oijnffy&}put`y |nu{omo|nj{} `q|u`}}`k mijm`uj} neip{ {w``{}mij{nojojg jij#}{njknuk gunccnu }pma n} neeu`ton{oij}miccijfy p}`k oj OC iu {`q{ c`}}ngojg& njk i{a`u oj{`uj`{#ng` cikodomn{oij} {i fnjgpng`* [a`}` dnm{iu} f`k p} {iojmfpk` {au`` {y|`} id p}`u jnc` oj ipu `q|`uoc`j{2{unko{oijnf  !`*g*& ‖Nf`qYEuiwj–/& oj{`uj`{  !`*g*&‖{`jnmoip}57–/& njk {i|omnf !`*g* ‖Nff\ifo{om}–/*

Nff p}`u jnc`} w`u` g`jk`u j`p{unf* [unko{oijnf }{yf` p}`ujnc`} w`u` mij}{upm{`k ey }`f`m{ojg dou}{ jnc`} duic n fo}{id |i|pfnu g`jk`u#j`p{unf eney jnc`} oj {a` Pjo{`k ]{n{`}&njk }`f`m{ojg fn}{ jnc`} duic n fo}{ id miccij }pujnc`} oj{a` Pjo{`k ]{n{`}* W` t`uodo`k {an{ nff p}`u jnc`} w`u` ji{nm{pnf u`go}{`u`k [wo{{`u nmmipj{ jnc`}& }i {an{ |nu{omo|nj{}wipfk ji{ ant` |uoiu n}}pc|{oij} neip{ {a` ~pnfo{y id {w``{} duic n |nu{ompfnu np{aiu*

P}`u Ocng` 

]put`y |nu{omo|nj{} ojkomn{`k {an{ n {w``{ np{aiu‟} nmmipj{

ocng` !iu ‖ntn{nu–/ ojdfp`jm`k {a`ou mu`koeofo{y |`um`|{oij}&u`|iu{ojg {an{ {a`y n{{uoep{`k {a` ci}{ mu`koeofo{y {i |ai{i}&diffiw`k ey mnu{iij})omij}& wo{a {a` k`dnpf{ ocng`oj}|ouojg {a` f`n}{ mu`koeofo{y* W` {a`u`diu` k`mok`k {iojmfpk` ocng` {y|` oj ipu }{pky k`}ogj8 w` ojmfpk`k dot`ocng` {y|`}2   Cnf` \ai{i& D`cnf` \ai{i& [i|omnf Omij&G`j`uom Omij& njk K`dnpf{ *

Cnf` njk d`cnf` |ai{i} w`u` mai}`j ey {nhojg |ai{i} duicu`nf p}`u}‟ {wo{{`u nmmipj{}& }i n} {i nmao`t` u`nfo}{om|ai{igun|aom }{yf`}* \ai{i} w`u` ie{noj`k ey p}ojg[wo{{`u‟} }`numa `jgoj` {i }`numa ij }{`u`i{y|omnffy

g`jk`u`k {i|om} !`*g*& -jdf diu c`j njk -{wofoga{ diuwic`j/* \ai{i} duic |i|pfnu iu m`f`euo{y nmmipj{} w`u`ji{ p}`k* [i ntiok unm`# iu ng`#en}`k mijdipjk} oj ipuu`}pf{}& w` }`f`m{`k ijfy a`nk}ai{ |ai{i} id Mnpmn}onj}wai n||`nu`k {i e` yipjg nkpf{} !oj {a`ou {w`j{o`} iu{aou{o`}/*

G`j`uom omij |ai{i} w`u` nf}i mai}`j duic {wo{{`unmmipj{}& {i `janjm` u`nfo}c id }{yf`* [i|omnf omij} w`u`mij}{upm{`k p}ojg \iw`u\ioj{ mfo| nu{& }ojm` cnjy {i|omnfomij} w` `jmipj{`u`k wa`j }`numaojg {wo{{`u w`u`n}}imon{`k wo{a iugnjorn{oijnf nmmipj{} {an{ cny ant` e``j

D`n{pu`

Mu`koeofo{y

Oc|nm{

N{{`j{oij

U`m`ot`k

jij#}{njknuk gunccnu)|pjm{pn{oij 5*7> >*;4

k`dnpf{ p}`u ocng` 5*17 j*n

mnu{iij)ntn{nu n} p}`u ocng` =*55 j*n*

np{aiu o} diffiwojg cnjy p}`u} =*=< >*5?

figi n} p}`u ocng` =*=7 j*n*

mij{noj} }aiu{`j`k PUF =*=? >*1?mp}{icor`k [wo{{`u aic`|ng` =*;> >*55

np{aiu fimn{oij j`nu yip =*;= >*=;

mij{noj} an}a{ng} =*;1 5*<0

mij{noj} n PUF =*0< >*?>

np{aiu {w``{} du`~p`j{fy =*05 >*41

mij{noj} mic|f`{` PUF =*07 >*1<

j`nu {i| id }`numa u`}pf{ fo}{ =*01 >*44

|i}{`k u`m`j{fy =*0? 5*><

o} n u`|fy =*4> 5*<?

np{aiu an} cnjy diffiw`u} =*40 >*04

np{aiu eoi }pgg`}{} {i|om `q|`u{o}` =*44 >*4<

o} n u`{w``{ =*44 5*>7

p}`ujnc` o} u`fn{`k {i {i|om =*47 >*10

np{aiu fimn{oij j`nu {i|om =*47 >*=;

np{aiu id{`j c`j{oij`k)u`{w` {̀`k =*4? >*44

|`u}ijnf |ai{i n} p}`u ocng` =*7< j*n*

cnjy {w``{} w) }ocofnu mij{`j{ =*7> 5*<7

np{aiu id{`j {w``{} ij {i|om =*7; >*?4

nmmipj{ an} t`uodomn{oij }`nf =*?5 >*1=

np{aiu o} }ic`ij` yip‟t` a`nuk id  =*?= 5*=7

mij{noj} PUF yip mfomh`k {aup {i =*?= 5*5<

np{aiu o} }ic`ij` yip diffiw ;*<< 5*;<

t`uodo`k np{aiu {i|om `q|`u{o}` ;*<; >*1;

o} n U[ duic }ic`ij` yip {up}{ ;*<1 5*;=

p}`u ocng`& g`j`unffy j*n* >*70

[nef` >* C`nj un{ojg} diu {w``{ d`n{pu`}‟ |`um`ot`k

mu`koeofo{y oc|nm{ !0#|ioj{ }mnf`8 aoga`u 3 ciu`

mu`koeofo{y/ njk n{{`j{oij {y|omnffy nffi{{`k !=#|ioj{ }mnf`8

aoga`u 3 ciu` n{{`j{oij/*

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|uicoj`j{ `jipga {i e` dncofonu {i }{pky |nu{omo|nj{}& njkw` kok ji{ wnj{ dncofonuo{y {i e` n mijdipjk* [a` ‖k`dnpf{–

ocng` p}`k wn} {a` [wo{{`u `gg ocng` {an{ n||`nu} od n p}`uki`} ji{ p|fink ao})a`u iwj ocng`*

[w``{ Mij{`j{  W` np{aiu`k iuogojnf {w``{} diu {a` |pu|i}`} id {a``q|`uoc`j{& oj `nma id {a` {au`` mai}`j {i|om nu`n}* Nff{w``{} w`u` oj @jgfo}a& njk w`u` wuo{{`j wo{a }{njknukgunccnu& }|`ffojg& njk |pjm{pn{oij* Nff {w``{} k`}muoe`k n{i|omnffy#u`f`tnj{ mpuu`j{ `t`j{& diffiw`k ey n PUF* PUF}w`u` mij}{upm{`k {i fiih foh` {a`y w`u` duic {a` PUF#}aiu{`jojg }`utom` eo{*fy Xeo{*fy*micS& n |i|pfnu }`utom` {an{o} du`~p`j{fy p}`k {i mic|u`}} PUF} }i {an{ {a`y do{ wo{aoj{a` >;<#manunm{`u foco{ id {w``{}*

[i tnfokn{` {an{ |nu{omo|nj{}‟ mu`koeofo{y bpkgc`j{} w`u`

ojdfp`jm`k ey {a` d`n{pu`} w` cnjo|pfn{`k !{i|om& p}`ujnc`& njk)iu p}`u ocng`/ un{a`u {anj {a` nm{pnf {up{a tnfp`id {a` {w``{ o{}`fd& w` k`}ogj`k {a` {w``{} }pma {an{ anfd k`}muoe`k {up` j`w} `t`j{} njk anfd k`}muoe`k `t`j{} {an{ank j`t`u {nh`j |fnm`& ep{ w`u` |fnp}oef`* W` |ofi{#{`}{`k

{a`}` {w``{} ij {`j c`ce`u} id ipu iugnjorn{oij {i t`uody{an{ {a`y mipfk ji{ k`{`ucoj` waoma w`u` {up` iu dnf}`*

[w``{} w`u` u`jk`u`k p}ojg n *m}} }{yf`}a``{ mi|o`k duic[wo{{`u*mic njk }nt`k n} ocng` dof`}& }i {an{ {a`y fiih`k n}u`nfo}{om n} |i}}oef`& ep{ wo{aip{ mfomhnef` fojh} !}i {an{|nu{omo|nj{} mipfk ji{ t`uody {a` mu`koeofo{y id n {w``{ eymfomhojg ij {a` dnh` eo{*fy PUF ojmfpk`k wo{a `nma/* Dogpu`= }aiw} }nc|f` {w``{ }{ocpfo mu`n{`k diu ipu `q|`uoc`j{*

]{pky K`}ogj  Upjjojg n dpffy wo{aoj }peb`m{} }{pky k`}ogj Xc`}}ng` {i|omq p}`u jnc` q p}`u ocng` q {up{a tnfp`S wipfk ant`u`~pou`k `nma |nu{omo|nj{ {i un{` ?< != q = q 0 q 5/ {w``{}&waoma w` d`f{ wipfk e` `qanp}{ojg diu |nu{omo|nj{}* Oj}{`nk&

w` cnk` p}`u ocng` n e`{w``j#}peb`m{} dnm{iu& u`}pf{ojg oj>1 != q = q 5/ {w``{} {i e` un{`k ey `nma |nu{omo|nj{*

A`jm`& {a` }`{ id >1 {w``{} mij}o}{`k id }oq oj `nma id {a`{i|om nu`n} !|ifo{om}& }mo`jm`& njk `j{`u{nojc`j{/* Wo{aoj n{i|om nu`n& {a`u` w`u` {wi {w``{} id `nma p}`u jnc` }{yf`!{unko{oijnf& oj{`uj`{& njk {i|omnf/& ij` id waoma wn} {up`njk ij` id waoma wn} dnf}`* N got`j p}`u }nw {a`}` >1{w``{} miceoj`k wo{a ij` id {a` dot` p}`u ocng` {y|`}!wo{a n kodd`u`j{ p}`u ocng` unjkicfy miceoj`k wo{a `nma{w``{& `qm`|{ oj {a` ‖k`dnpf{– ocng` mijko{oij& wa`u` {a`

{a` }nc` ocng` wn} p}`k `nma {oc`/* Ji p}`u `t`u }nw {a`}nc` p}`u jnc`& p}`u ocng`& iu {w``{ ciu` {anj ij` {oc`8}``ojg ijfy ij` {w``{ duic n got`j np{aiu o} }ocofnu {i nW`e }`numa }m`jnuoi !n} i||i}`k {i n diffiwojg }m`jnuoi/*

\nu{omo|nj{} mic|f`{`k {a` }{pky ijfoj`& oj {a`ou W`eeuiw}`u* [a`y w`u` unjkicfy n}}ogj`k {i ij` id {a` dot`p}`u ocng` mijko{oij}* [a` >1 {w``{} w`u` }aiwj {i {a`cij` n{ n {oc`& oj n unjkic iuk`u* Oj}{upm{oij} u`cojk`k {a`|nu{omo|nj{} {an{ {a` fojh} wo{aoj {w``{} wipfk ji{ e`mfomhnef` !`j}pu`k {auipga {a` p}` id |u`#u`jk`uojg {a`{w``{} n} ocng`} un{a`u {anj p}ojg fot` A[CF/& njk w`u`

oj}{upm{`k ji{ {i f`nt` {a` mpuu`j{ W`e |ng` iu |`udiuc}p||f`c`j{nuy W`e }`numa`}* Pjk`uj`n{a `nma {w``{&|nu{omo|nj{} }nw {wi 7#|ioj{ Foh`u{ }mnf`} !duic }{uijgfyko}ngu`` {i }{uijgfy ngu``/& n}hojg {a`c {i un{` wa`{a`u‖{ao} {w``{ mij{noj} mu`koef` ojdiucn{oij– njk wa`{a`u ‖{ao}

np{aiu o} mu`koef`*– Nd{`u un{ojg nff >1 {w``{}& |nu{omo|nj{}

{iih n }put`y {an{ miff`m{`k en}om k`cigun|aom ojdiucn{oij&n} w`ff n} ojdiucn{oij neip{ {a`ou p}` id [wo{{`u*

\nu{omo|nj{}

Ipu ijfoj` `q|`uoc`j{ wn} mijkpm{`k kpuojg n ij`#w``h |`uoik oj D`eupnuy 5<>>* O{ wn} nkt`u{o}`k ton `cnof {i>&<<< nkpf{ P*]* u`}ok`j{} wai ank }ogj`k p| {auipga ipuiugnjorn{oij‟} p}`u }{pky u`mupo{c`j{ w`e}o{`* [a`

u`mupo{c`j{ `cnof ojkomn{`k {an{ {i e` `fogoef` diu {a` }{pky&|nu{omo|nj{} ank {i hjiw wan{ {w``{} w`u` njk u`nk {a`cimmn}oijnffy !dncofonuo{y wo{a {w``{} wn} nf}i u`#t`uodo`k{auipga }`fd#u`|iu{ ij {a` |i}{#}{pky ~p`}{oijjnou`/* @j{uyoj{i n kunwojg diu nj `#micc`um` god{ m`u{odomn{` wn}idd`u`k n} ojm`j{ot` diu mic|f`{ojg {a` }{pky* 544|nu{omo|nj{} mic|f`{`k {a` }{pky*

Unjkic n}}ogjc`j{ {i `nma id {a` dot` p}`u ocng`mijko{oij} u`}pf{`k oj n||uiqocn{`fy `~pnf ko}{uoep{oij id |nu{omo|nj{}& wo{a 0; |nu{omo|nj{} }``ojg {a` k`dnpf{ ocng`&05 }``ojg g`j`uom omij}& 0; }``ojg {i|omnf omij}& 0> }``ojg d`cnf` |ai{i}& njk 00 }``ojg cnf` |ai{i}*

\nu{omo|n{oij wn} n||uiqocn{`fy g`jk`u#enfnjm`k& n{ 0;%cnf` njk ;4% d`cnf`* 51% id |nu{omo|nj{} w`u` oj {a` >1  ”  5; ng` unjg`& 51% w`u` 50 ” =;& 54% w`u` =0 ” ;;& njk {a`u`cnojojg >1% w`u` ;0 iu ifk`u* \nu{omo|nj{} ank n wok`tnuo`{y id immp|n{oij}& ojmfpkojg c`komnf |uid`}}oijnf}&mf`ugy& aic`cnh`u}& }{pk`j{}& w`e k`}ogj`u}& |`u}ijnfdo{j`}} {unoj`u}& dojnjmonf |uid`}}oijnf}& njk }nf`}*

;?% id |nu{omo|nj{} u`|iu{`k u`nkojg {w``{} n{ f`n}{ ijm` nkny& wo{a nj nkko{oijnf 50% u`nkojg {w``{} n{ f`n}{ n d`w{oc`} n w``h8 {a` u`cnojojg 54% u`nk {w``{} f`}}

n/

e/

m/

k/

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Dogpu` =* ]nc|f` {w``{} mij}{upm{`k diu ipu `q|`uoc`j{*

[a` dot` ocng` {y|`} nu` !n/ k`dnpf{& !e/ {i|omnf omij& !m/

g`j`uom omij& !k/& cnf` |ai{i& njk !`/ d`cnf` |ai{i* [w``{

!n/ `c|fiy} n  {unko{oijnf  p}`u jnc`& !e/ njk !m/ k`|om{

oj{`uj`{ }{yf` jnc`}& njk !k/ njk !`/ d`n{pu`  {i|omnf jnc`}*

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mu`koeofo{y un{ojg} !=*45/& diffiw`k ey {unko{oijnf jnc`}!=*5>/& wo{a oj{`uj`{ }{yf` jnc`} oj}|ouojg {a` fiw`}{mu`koeofo{y oj {a` n}}imon{`k np{aiu} !5*?7/*

P}`u Ocng` 

W` dipjk ji }ogjodomnj{ oc|nm{ id p}`u ocng` {y|` ij `o{a`u{w``{ mu`koeofo{y un{ojg} !D!;& 54>/ 3 *=4&  | 3 *1;/ iu np{aiumu`koeofo{y un{ojg} !D!;& 54>/ 3 >*>7& | 3 *==/*

E`mnp}` ipu }put`y |nu{omo|nj{} u`|iu{`k |nyojg n{{`j{oijnjk n}}ogjojg mu`koeofo{y tnfp` {i p}`u ocng`}& w` w`u`}pu|uo}`k {i }`` fo{{f` oc|nm{ id ocng` {y|` ij mu`koeofo{y|`um`|{oij} oj ipu `q|`uoc`j{* W` ay|i{a`}or`k {an{ {ao}fnmh id `dd`m{ cny ant` e``j kp` {i {a` e`{w``j#}peb`m{}jn{pu` id {a` p}`u ocng` d`n{pu` !n }{pky k`}ogj }`f`m{`k }in} {i u`kpm` {a` {i{nf jpce`u id {w``{} p}`u} wipfk j``k {i`tnfpn{`& {a`u`ey u`kpmojg dn{ogp`/* ]|`modomnffy& }``ojgijfy n }ojgf` ocng` {y|` cny ant` cnk` p}`u} ogjiu` {an{dnm{iu !`*g*& od `t`uyij` an} {a` ‖k`dnpf{– ocng`& o{ o} ji{ n

ji{`wiu{ay d`n{pu`/* Mij}`~p`j{fy& {i dpu{a`u pjk`u}{njk{a` oc|nm{ id p}`u ocng` ij mu`koeofo{y |`um`|{oij}& w`k`}ogj`k n diffiw#p| ̀ q|`uoc`j{*

Diffiw#P| @q|`uoc`j{[a` }`mijk }{pky wn} }ocofnu {i {a` dou}{& `qm`|{ {an{ `nma|nu{omo|nj{ `q|`uo`jm`k {wi kodd`u`j{ ocng` {y|`} !antojg`nma |nu{omo|nj{ `q|`uo`jm` nff dot` ocng` {y|`} wipfk ant`e``j oc|unm{omnf kp` {i {a` fnug` jpce`u id un{ojg} {an{wipfk e` u`~pou`k duic `nma p}`u {i nmao`t` n enfnjm`kk`}ogj/* Oj iuk`u {i `jnef` p} {i }{pky {a` u`fn{oij}ao|}e`{w``j `nma id ipu dot` p}`u ocng` {y|`}& |nu{omo|nj{}w`u` unjkicfy n}}ogj`k {i ij` id {`j }{pky mijko{oij}&miuu`}|ijkojg {i {a` {`j kodd`u`j{ |i}}oef` |nouojg} id ipup}`u ocng` {y|`}*

W` p}`k {a` }nc` >1 {w``{} njk p}`u jnc`} n} oj {a` dou}{`q|`uoc`j{* U`mnff {an{ {a`u` w`u` }oq {w``{} oj `nma id {a`

{au`` {i|om} !|ifo{om}& }mo`jm`& njk `j{`u{nojc`j{/* Wo{aoj`nma {i|om& {a`u` w`u` {wi {w``{} diu `nma p}`u jnc` }{yf`!{unko{oijnf& oj{`uj`{& njk {i|omnf/* @nma |nou id {w``{} wo{an |nu{ompfnu {i|om ( p}`u jnc` }{yf` mij}o}{`k id ij` {up`njk ij` dnf}` {w``{* @t`j {aipga {up{a tnfp` ank fo{{f`oc|nm{ oj ipu iuogojnf `q|`uoc`j{& n} n |u`mnp{oij w`unjkicor`k {a` n}}ogjc`j{ id p}`u ocng` {y|` wo{a u`}|`m{{i {up{a tnfp` ij n |`u#{w``{ njk |`u#p}`u en}o}* N} e`diu`&nff {w``{} w`u` |u`}`j{`k oj n unjkicor`k iuk`u*

[a` diffiw#p| `q|`uoc`j{ wn} mijkpm{`k ijfoj` kpuojg nij`#w``h |`uoik oj Cnuma 5<>>* O{ wn} nkt`u{o}`k ton `cnof{i n }`{ id >&<<< nkpf{ P*]* u`}ok`j{} {an{ kok ji{ it`ufn|wo{a {a` }`{ ojto{`k {i |nu{omo|n{` oj {a` iuogojnf `q|`uoc`j{*5?4 |`i|f` mic|f`{`k {a` }{pky* >>> !=7*0%/ w`u` wic`j&>10 !45*0%/ c`j* 77% id |nu{omo|nj{} w`u` ng`k e`{w``j50 njk 0;* Immp|n{oij} unjg`k wok`fy& ojmfpkojg `kpmn{iu}&u`{nof wiuh`u}& kim{iu}& njk wuo{`u}* \nu{omo|nj{} diffiw`k>75 |`i|f` ij nt`ung` !c`konj 3 ;;/ njk w`u` diffiw`k eynj nt`ung` 54= |`i|f` !c`konj 3 =</*

U`}pf{} 

P}` id {a` k`dnpf{ [wo{{`u omij }ogjodomnj{fy fiw`u} un{ojg}id mij{`j{ !{35*;>& | 3 *<5/ njk cnugojnffy fiw`u} un{ojg} id 

np{aiu} !{3>*?=&  | 3 *<48 Dogpu` 4/ oj mic|nuo}ij {i {a`i{a`u dipu ocng` {y|`}* Ji i{a`u ocng` {y|`} }aiw`k}ogjodomnj{ kodd`u`jm`} oj mic|nuo}ij {i ij` nji{a`u*@qncojn{oij id {a` u`fn{oij}ao| e`{w``j mij{`j{ {y|` njkocng` {y|` u`t`nf`k {an{ {a` k`dnpf{ ocng` |nf`} ci}{ ojmic|nuo}ij {i {i|omnf& cnf`& njk d`cnf` ocng`}* Diuoj}{njm`& oj {a` `j{`u{nojc`j{ mn{`giuy& diu un{ojg} id np{aiu}& {i|omnf !{35*?=&  | 6 *<>/& cnf` !{35*5>&  | 3 *<=/&njk d`cnf` !{3=*1>&  | 6 *<<>/ ocng`} nff g`j`un{`k}ogjodomnj{fy aoga`u un{ojg} {anj kok {a` k`dnpf{ [wo{{`uomij*

KO]MP]]OIJ

Ipu }put`y }aiw`k {an{ p}`u} nu` mijm`uj`k neip{ {a`

mu`koeofo{y id mij{`j{ wa`j {an{ mij{`j{ ki`} ji{ mic` duic|`i|f` {a` p}`u diffiw} !Dogpu` >/* Oj mij{`q{} foh` }`numa&p}`u} nu` {ap} dium`k {i cnh` mu`koeofo{y bpkgc`j{} en}`kij ntnofnef` ojdiucn{oij& {y|omnffy d`n{pu`} id {a`occ`kon{` p}`u oj{`udnm` ![nef` >/* Ipu }put`y u`}pf{}ojkomn{`k d`n{pu`} mpuu`j{fy pjk`up{ofor`k& }pma n} {a`np{aiu eoi njk jpce`u id c`j{oij} u`m`ot`k& {an{ mipfka`f| p}`u} bpkg` {w``{ mu`koeofo{y*

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