UNDP Cambodia: Cambodia Disaster Loss and Damage Analysis Report 1996 - 2013
Competitiveness: Which Model Should Cambodia Follow? · PDF fileCOMPETITIVENESS: Which Model...
-
Upload
nguyenduong -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
2
Transcript of Competitiveness: Which Model Should Cambodia Follow? · PDF fileCOMPETITIVENESS: Which Model...
1
COMPETITIVENESS:Which Model Should Cambodia Follow?
Mr. CHAN Vuthy
EIC’s Researcher
For Distinguished Members of the National Assembly and Senate
March 02, 2005 from 14h30 to 17h30HIMAWARI Hotel
2
Agenda
• Economic Evolutions
• Theory of National Competitiveness
• The Competitiveness of Nation (Michael E. Porter’s Theory)
• Competitiveness Challenges for Cambodia
• Conclusions
3
Classic Keynes Modern
Neo-Classic
WW I (1914-1918)
WW II (1941-1945)
Industrial Revolution
Great Depression 1930s
21th18th 20th19th
Capitalism Welfare Capitalism …?Marxism
Economic Evolutions
4
Theories of National Competitiveness
Absolute Advantage
Comparative Advantage
Comparative Advantage
Competitiveness of Nation
Adam Smith David Ricado Heckscher-Ohlin Michael E. Porter
1776 1803 1919-1933 1990
Importance of International Trade
5
Who is Michael E. Porter?
Michael E. Porter, 57Consultant, Author, Lecturer
• MBA in 1971 & PhD in Business Economics in 1973 from the Harvard Business School• Author of 16 books and over 100 articles• He is considered to be:
-The World's leading expert on strategies for competitiveness-One of the highest paid academics anywhere in the world-Usually booked six months in advance
6
Source of Prosperity
Prosperity
National Productivity Competitiveness
ü Productivity is measured by the value of goods & services (price + efficiency) produced per unit of the nation’s human, capital and natural resources ü The productivity of a country is ultimately set by the productivity of all its industries.
Source: Michael E. Porter
7
Determinants of a Nation’s Productivity
üMacroeconomic provide the opportunity to create wealth but do not create wealth themselves
üWealth is created at the microeconomic level of the economy
Source: Building the Microeconomic foundations of Prosperity, Michael E. Porter
8
Integration of Macro- & Microeconomic Reform
Source: Thailand’s Competitiveness: Creating the Foundations for Higher Productivity,
Michael E. Porter, May 04 2003
9
Porter’s Diamond of National Competitiveness
Source: Building the Microeconomic foundations of Prosperity, Michael E. Porter
10
Importance of Clusters
• “Clusters” are concentrations within the same country of firms, suppliers, producers, of related products and services, and specialized institutions in a particular field.
Cotton SuppliersCotton
Suppliers
Accessory SuppliersAccessory Suppliers
Transportation
Transportation
Machine SuppliersMachine Suppliers
Garment FactoriesGarment Factories
ShoppingShopping
EntertainmentEntertainment
International transportationInternational
transportationRestaurantsRestaurants
Tour operator Tour agency
Tour operator Tour agency
HotelsHotels
Domestic transportation
Domestic transportation
Examples of Some ClustersTourism Textile
11
Business Competitiveness Index 2004-2005
1
2
37
47
79
10
23
4470
Source: Global Competitiveness Report 2004-2005
12
Competitiveness Challenges for Cambodia
• Cambodia’s pledge to join ASEAN Free Trade Area and its commitment on tariff reductions– Dramatic tariff cuts– Greater access to other ASEAN markets– Need for Cambodia firms to compete more
• Ending of the Multi-Fibre Agreement– Challenges to Cambodia’s garment sector
• Cambodia’s accession to WTO– Stricter rules on trade and investment policies
• China joining WTO
13
Comparative Economic Performance: Selected Asian Economies
-10
-5
0
5
10
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
ChinaThailandVietnamCambodiaMalaysiaSingapore
Annual Growth Rate of Real GDP
Source: IMF, WEO Database
14
• Low investment
• Insufficient job creationObstacle to growth
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Vietnam
Malaysia
Cambodia
Thailand
Comparative Foreign Investment Flow: Selected Asian Economies
FDI/GDP
Source: Asian Statistical Yearbook 2004
15
Cambodian Business Environment
- Weak cluster development
- Weak business association
- Unsophisticated local demand
- Small domestic market
- Bureaucracy & corruption
- Weak rule of law
- Barriers to entry
+ Rich of heritages, beautiful locations and some natural resources
- Low skill of labor force
- Poor physical infrastructure
- High cost of inputs (energy etc.)
- Weak financial market
- Low domestic technological capacity
16
Cambodian Business Environment
- Weak cluster development
- Weak business association
- Unsophisticated local demand
- Small domestic market
- Bureaucracy & corruption
- Weak rule of law
- Barriers to entry
+ Rich of heritages, beautiful locations and some natural resources
- Low skill of labor force
- Poor physical infrastructure
- High cost of inputs (energy etc.)
- Weak financial market
- Low domestic technological capacity
17
Competitiveness: Public and Private Sector Roles
Ø Objective• Economic growth• Social progress
Ø Facilitating• Efficient regulations• Fair policies• Public services• Public information & knowledge
dissemination
Ø Roles• Ensure basic infrastructure• Establish a stable & predictable
macroeconomic, legal & political environment
• Facilitate cluster development & upgrading
Public SectorØ Objectives
• Profit/ Share-holders value• Corporate governance
Ø Producing• Quality products• Low cost production• Good delivery• Meeting standards & norms
Ø Roles• Cluster participation (Greater
influence & cost sharing)• Importance of Business
Associations
Private Sector
18
Conclusions
• Private sector development is the only source of growth
• Macroeconomic stability create opportunity for productivity
• Productivity is created only at firm level “microeconomic foundations of competitiveness”
• Importance of linkages throughout the key business sector institutions
19
1
PaBRbkYtRbECg³etIRbeTskm<úCaKYredIrtamrbt;esdækic©NamYy?
edayelak can; vuT§IGñkRsavRCavenAviTüasßanesdækic©km<úCa
sMrab;smaCik smaCika rdæsPa nigRBwT§sPa énRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa
éf¶TI 02 Ex mina qñaM 2005 enAsNæaKar Himawari ( GtItsNæaKar Micasa )
KMeragKaMRTnItibBaØtþikm<úCa-kaNada
2
matikar• karvivtþn_eTA énRTwsþIesdækic©• RTwsþI PaBRbkYtRbECg énRbeTsCati• RTwsþI PaBRbkYtRbECg énRbeTsCati rbs;elak ém:eXIl ptFWr
(Michael E. Porter’s Theory)
• PaBRbQmmux énkarRbkYtRbECgrbs;km<úCa• esckþIsnñidæan
3
RTwsþIkøasIuk (Classic) RTwsþIEKn (Keynes) RTwsþITMenIb
RTwsþIenGUkøasIuk (Neo-Classic)
sRgÁamelakelIkTI1(11914-1918)
sRgÁamelakelIkTI2(1941-1945)
bdivtþn_]sSahkmµ
karFøak;cuHénesdækic©qñaM1930s
21th18th 20th19th
lT§imUlFnniym lT§imUlFnniymEdleGaytMélelIsuxmalPaBsgÁm
…?lT§im:akSniym
karvivtþn_eTAénRTwsþIesdækic©
4
RTwsþI PaBRbkYtRbECg énRbeTsCati
RTwsþIGtßRbeyaCn_ dac;xat
RTwsþIGtßRbeyaCn_ eRbobeFob
RTwsþIGtßRbeyaCn_ eRbobeFob
RTwsþIPaBRbkYtRbECgénRbeTsCati
elak Gadam sµIt(Adam Smith)
elak davIt rIkadU(David Ricado)
elak hicqW nigGUlIn(Heckscher-Ohlin)
elak ém:eXIl ptFWr(Michael E. Porter)
1776 1803 1919-1933 1990
sar³sMxan; énBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati
5
etInrNaCa ém:eXIl ptFWr (Michael E. Porter) ?
elak ém:eXIl ptFWr/ Gayu 57qñaM/ CaTIRbwkSa/ CaGñkniBn§esovePA nigCasa®sþacarüenAsklviTüal½y Harvard
• GnubNÐitEpñkRKb;RKgBaNiC¢kmµ (MBA) enAqñaM1971 nigbNÐitEpñkesdækic©BaNiC¢kmµ enAqñaM1973 BIsklviTüal½y Harvard
• Kat;)anniBn§esovePA cMnYn16k,al nigGtßbTelIsBI100• Kat;RtUv)aneKcat;TukfaCa³
- GñkCMnajTImYyelIBiPBelakEpñkyuT§sa®sþ énPaBRbkYtRbECg- TIRbwkSaEdlsIuéføCageKbMputelIBiPBelak- CaTUeTARtUveFVIkarNat;TukCamunry³eBl6Ex
6
RbPBénPaBrugerOgPaBrugerOg
plitPaBrbs;Cati PaBRbkYtRbECg
ü plitPaBRtUv)anvas;eday tMélsrubénTMnij nigesva ¬tMél ÷ brimaN¦ Edlplit)ankñúgmYyÉkta énFnFanmnusS mUlFn nigFnFanFmµCatiü plitPaBrbs;CatimYyKWRtUv)ankMnt;edayplitPaB énRKb;vis½yrbs;RbeTsenaH
Source: Michael E. Porter
7
ktþakMnt;nUvplitPaBrbs;RbeTsmYy
ü esßrPaBm:aRkUesdækic©begáIteGayman »kassMrab;karrIkcMerInesdækic© EtvaminbegáItkarrIkcMerInesdækic©enHedayxøÜnÉgeT
ü karrIkcMerInesdækic© RtUv)anbegáIt enAkMritmIRkUesdækic© ¬enAkMritRkumh‘un¦
Source: Building the Microeconomic foundations of Prosperity, Michael E. Porter
m:aRkUesdækic© neya)ay c,ab; nigsgÁm brikarN_énkarGPivDÆn_m:aRkUesdækic© neya)ay c,ab; nigsgÁm brikarN_énkarGPivDÆn_
kMrityuT§sa®sþ nig Rbtþibtþikarrbs;Rkumh‘unkMrityuT§sa®sþ nig
Rbtþibtþikarrbs;Rkumh‘unKuNPaBmIRkUesdækic© énbriyakasBaNiC¢kmµKuNPaBmIRkUesdækic© énbriyakasBaNiC¢kmµ
mUldæanmIRkUesdækic©sMrab;karGPivDÆn__
8
TMnak;TMngrvag m:aRkUesdækic© nigmIRkUesdækic© kñúgkarCMrujkMenInesdækic©
Source: Thailand’s Competitiveness: Creating the Foundations for Higher Productivity,
Michael E. Porter, May 04 2003
PaBl¥RbesIr énm:aRkUesdækic©EtÉgGacnwgnaMmknUvlMhUrcUlmUlFnkñúgry³eBlxøI EtminGacnaMmknUvkMeNInesdæ-kic©yUrGEgVgeT
m:aRkUesdækic©m:aRkUesdækic©
kMEnTMrg;EpñkmIRkUesdækic©EdleFVIeLIgkñúgRkbx½NÐm:aRkU esdækic©l¥
Gackat;bnßynUvcMnayelIkarvinieyaK
mIRkUesdækic©mIRkUesdækic©
esßrPaB nigkarKaMRTCak;Esþg cMeBaHkarvinieyaKnigkareFVIeGaykan;EtRbesIreLIg
kMenInplitPaBKWCaktþakMnt;nUvkMenInesdækic© nigcMnUlx<s; edayKµanGtiprNa.
esßrPaBm:aRkUesdækic©nwgkan;EtRbesIreLIg.
tMrUvkarcaM)ac;sMrab;FananUvplitPaB
begáItnUv»kassMrab;CMrujnUvplitPaBx<s;
9
RTwsþI PaBRbkYtRbECg énRbeTsCati rbs;elak ém:eXIlptFWr (Porter’s Diamond of National Competitiveness)
ktþatMrUvkarktþatMrUvkarktþaplitkmµktþaplitkmµ
ktþa]sSahkmµ nigcegáamKaMRTktþa]sSahkmµ nigcegáamKaMRT
ktþavinieyaKnigkarRbkYtRbECgktþavinieyaK
nigkarRbkYtRbECg
- vtþman énktþaplitkmµEdlmanKuNPaBx<s; dUcCaFnFanmnusS/ mUlFn/ ehdæarcnasm<½n§sgÁm/ rdæ)alnigBt’manviTüa/ bec©kviTüa/ FnFanFmµCati
- c,ab;vinieyaK
- RbB½n§elIkTwkcitþdl;Rkumh‘un
- karRbkYtRbECgesµIrPaBkñúgRsuk
- PaBsµúKsµajéntMrUvkarkñúgRsuk
- tMrUvkarkñúgRsukEdlGacmanskþanuBlsMrab;naMecjeTATIpSarGnþrCati
- KuNPaBénkarpÁt;pÁg;kñúgRsuk
- vtþmancegáamBaNiC¢kmµ CaCagkareFVIBaNiC¢kmµdac;EtÉg
PaBeCaKC½yénkarGPivDÆn_esdækic© KWCadMeNIrkareFVIeGayRbesIreLIgnUvesdækic© EdlkñúgenaHbriyakasvinieyaKKWRtUvTak;TgeTAnwgkarKaMRT nigelIkTwkcitþdl;karRbkYtRbECgmYy d_smRsb
10
sar³sMxan; éncegáamBaNiC¢kmµ• cegáamBaNiC¢kmµ KWCakarRbmUlpþú¿enAkñúgRbeTsnUv Rkumh‘un/ GñkpÁt;pÁg;/
Gñkplit/ sßab½nCMnaj nigsßab½nEdlTak;TgenAkñúgvis½yNamYy .
RkNat;RkNat;
eRKOgbnÞab;bnSMeRKOgbnÞab;bnSM dwkCBa¢ÚndwkCBa¢Ún
eRKOgm:asIuneRKOgm:asIun
eragcRkkat;edreragcRkkat;edrlk;TMnijlk;TMnij
karkMsanþepSg²karkMsanþepSg²
esvakmµdwkCBa¢©úÚntamynþehaH
esvakmµdwkCBa¢©úÚntamynþehaH
ePaCnIydæanePaCnIydæan
Rkumh‘uneTscrN_Rkumh‘uneTscrN_sNæaKarsNæaKar
kardwkCBa¢ÚnkñúgRbeTs
kardwkCBa¢ÚnkñúgRbeTs
]TahrN_ éncegáamBaNiC¢kmµvis½ykat;edr vis½yeTscrN_
11
karvaytMélelIPaBRbkYtRbECg énRbeTsCati qñaM2004-2005
1
2
37
47
79
10
23
4470
Source: Global Competitiveness Report 2004-2005
12
PaBRbQmmux énkarRbkYtRbECgrbs;km<úCa• smaCikPaBrbs;km<úCakñúgtMbn;BaNiC¢kmµesrIGas‘an (ASEAN Free Trade Area)
– karbnßyBn§naMcUl– karebIkTUlayTIpSarkñúgGas‘an– Rkumh‘unkñúgRsukrbs;km<úCanwgRtUvRbQmmuxnwgkarRbkYtRbECg
• karbBa©b;nUvRbB½n§kUta– PaBRbQmmuxén]sSahkmµkat;edrrbs;km<úCa
• smaCikPaBrbs;km<úCakñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak (WTO)
– tMrUvkareKarBnUvneya)ayBaNiC¢kmµ nigvinieyaK twgrwgCagmun• smaCikPaBrbs;cinkñúgGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmµBiPBelak (WTO)
13
kareRbobeFobnUvkMenInesdækic© rvagbNþaRbeTsGas‘anmYycMnYn
-10
-5
0
5
10
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
ChinaThailandVietnamCambodiaMalaysiaSingapore
kMenInesdækic©RbcaMqñaM¬PaKry¦
Source: IMF, WEO Database
14
• karvinieyaKBIbreTs enAkm<úCaenAmankMritTab
• minGacbegáItkargarRKb;RKan;sMrab;RbCaBlrdækm<úCa]bs½KÁ sMrab;kMenInesdkic©
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Vietnam
Malaysia
Cambodia
Thailand
kareRbobeFobnUvlMhUrcUlvinieyaKbreTspÞal; rvagbNþaRbeTsGas‘anmYycMnYn
vinieyaKpÞsl;brets/ plitplkñúgRsuk
Source: Asian Statistical Yearbook 2004
15
briyakasBaNiC¢kmµkm<úCa
ktþatMrUvkarktþatMrUvkarktþaplitkmµktþaplitkmµ
ktþa]sSahkmµ nigcegáamKaMRTktþa]sSahkmµ nigcegáamKaMRT
ktþavinieyaKnigkarRbkYtRbECgktþavinieyaK
nigkarRbkYtRbECg
-kariyaFibetyü nigGMeBIrBukrlYy
- PaBTn;exSayénc,ab;
- r)aMgsMrab;karvinieyaKfµI²
- PaBminsµúKsµaj éntMrUvkarkñúgRsuk
- TIpSarkñúgRsUktUc
- PaBTn;exSay énkarpÁt;pÁg;kñúgRsuk
- PaBTn;exSaykñúgkarcgRkgCacegáamBaNiC¢kmµ
- PaBTn;exSay énsmaKmn_BaNiC¢kmµ
+ PaBsMbUrEbb énsm,tþivb,Fm’ nigFnFanFmµCati
- kMlaMgBlkmµKµanCMnaj
- ehdæarcnasm<½n§exSay
- ktþaplitkmµéfø ¬GKÁIsnI .l.¦
- PaBTn;exSay énTIpSarhirBaØvtßú
- PaBTn;exSay énsmtßPaBbec©kviTüa
16
briyakasBaNiC¢kmµkm<úCa
ktþatMrUvkarktþatMrUvkarktþaplitkmµktþaplitkmµ
ktþa]sSahkmµ nigcegáamKaMRTktþa]sSahkmµ nigcegáamKaMRT
ktþavinieyaKnigkarRbkYtRbECgktþavinieyaK
nigkarRbkYtRbECg
-kariyaFibetyü nigGMeBIrBukrlYy
- PaBTn;exSayénc,ab;
- r)aMgsMrab;karvinieyaKfµI²
- PaBminsµúKsµaj éntMrUvkarkñúgRsuk
- TIpSarkñúgRsUktUc
- PaBTn;exSay énkarpÁt;pÁg;kñúgRsuk
- PaBTn;exSaykñúgkarcgRkgCacegáamBaNiC¢kmµ
- PaBTn;exSay énsmaKmn_BaNiC¢kmµ
+ PaBsMbUrEbb énsm,tþivb,Fm’ nigFnFanFmµCati
- kMlaMgBlkmµKµanCMnaj
- ehdæarcnasm<½n§exSay
- ktþaplitkmµéfø ¬GKÁIsnI .l.¦
- PaBTn;exSay énTIpSarhirBaØvtßú
- PaBTn;exSay énsmtßPaBbec©kviTüa
rdæaPi)al
17
PaBRbkYtRbECg³ tYnaTIrbs;sßab½nrdæ nigsßab½nÉkCn
Ø eKalbMng• kMenInesdækic©• karrIkcMerInEpñksgÁm
Ø sMrbsMrYl• RbB½n§c,ab;d_manRbsiT§iPaB• eKalneya)aysmRsb• esvakmµsaFarN³• B½t’mansaFarN³ nigkarpSBVpSaycMeNHdwg
Ø tYnaTI• FananUvehdæarcnasm<½n§mUldæan• FananUvesßrPaBm:aRkUesdækic© nigesßrPaBneya)ay• sMrYlkñúgkarcgRkg rWbegáItCacegáamBaNiC¢kmµ
sßab½nrdæØ eKalbMng
• R)ak;cMeNj• FananUvGPi)alkic©Rkumh‘un
Ø plit• TMnijEdlmanKuNPaBx<s;• kat;bnßynUvépøedImplitkmµ• dwkCBa©ÚnTan;eBlevla• kMritnUvsþg;dar nigc,ab;TMlab;
Ø tYrnaTI• cUlrYmkñúgcegáamBaNiC¢kmµ ¬begáIn\T§iBlcrcar nigbnßycMnay¦
• sar³sMxan;énkarbegáItCasmaKmn_BaNiC¢kmµ
sßab½nÉkCn
18
esckþIsnñidæan• esßrPaBm:aRkUesdækic©begáIt»kas CMrujnUvplitPaBEtvaminRKb;RKan;eT
• karGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCn KWCamUldæanRKwHénkMenInesdækic©• plitPaBCatiGacekIteLIg)anEtenAfñak;Rkumh‘unb:ueNÑaH “ mUldæanRKwH énmIRkUesdækic© sMrab;PaBRbkYtRbECg ”
• sar³sMxan; énTMnak;TMng tamry³cegáamBaNiC¢kmµkñúg karCMrujPaBRbkYtRbECg
19