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Transcript of COA Research]
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Chapter 1
PROBLEM
The De La Salle University Dasmarinas plans separate a building for the College of Architecture,
due to the increasing no. of architecture students and lack of drawing facilities. The Department of
Architecture decides to establish a college and have an additional program, Graphics Design and
Multimedia Arts to add more income for the college.
The university had acquired the dark-green campus, and they trying to preserve the natural
features of the campus. There are only few sites that is available and the challenge is to choose the best
site that will be accessible, visible and convenient and the design must adopt the Fil-spanish theme of
the De La Salle University.
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Chapter 2
BACKGROUND
College of Architecture
The College of Architecture offers a five-year program that leads to a degree of Bachelor of
Science in Architecture. The De La Salle University Dasmarinas, College of Architecture,
consistent with the University's vision as a Center of Excellence in various programs of teaching,
research and community extension, commits itself to continue being the leading institution of
architectural education, the well-spring of studies in the built and natural environment and
effective proponent architecture as a social art through its outreach programs.
The College of Architecture exists
develop creative and competent architects endowed with intellectual discipline and
unalloyed integrity, fully able to meet the challenges of design and management of
building projects in the 21st century;
provide opportunities for the academic growth of its faculty through post-graduate
studies as well as research projects;
upgrade physical facilities and educational resources to assure an efficient teaching-
learning environment; and
Initiate and maintain external linkages.
to have a curriculum that is well-designed befitting the status of "Center of
Excellence" in the field of Architecture, that is attuned to the needs of the time;
to review existing textbooks and identify subjects where textbooks can be written;
to update and develop relevant instructional methodologies that are innovative,
easily understood and appreciated by students, supported by facilities and
equipment as necessary;
to develop a faculty that are highly qualified in their field of expertise, updated with
the latest trends and development, and active in national and international
professional organizations; and
To establish an extension program beneficial to non-COE and have a workable
outreach program for deprived/depressed communities.
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De La Salle University - Dasmarinas
Vision
De La Salle University-Dasmarias is a Filipino Catholic University established and managed by
the De La Salle Brothers and their lay partners in the historic province of Cavite in response to the needs
of the Church and the Nation for human and Christian education, particularly the youth at risk. Guided
by the Lasallian values of Faith, Zeal and Communion, the University participates meaningfully in the
process of social transformation by forming God-centered, people-oriented, and patriotic persons who
serve as responsible and professionally competent stewards of God's creation.
Mission
To realize this vision, the University shall strive to become a leading institution nationally and
globally in the integral formation of the youth by offering relevant, responsive, and community-oriented
academic programs, research and extension services, and promoting a keen sense of history, arts and
culture. Following the footsteps of Saint John Baptist De La Salle, the University shall continue
transforming itself into a caring community guided by Gospel values, with a fervent spirit of service, love
for learning and excellence through a holistic formation of its members.
PURPOSES AND OBJECTIVES
To become the leader in technology-based education in the CALABARZON area.
To produce knowledgeable and professional graduates through its upgraded curriculum,
effective instruction, hands-on learning experiences and industry linkages.
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Chapter 3
PRESENTATION OF DATA
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Utilization Guidelines
Exhibit Room
Exhibit room shall exclusively be used as a venue for exhibits, thesis expositions and trade fairs. No
variety shows, rehearsals and the like shall be permitted.
In special cases or events such as accreditation, external activity sponsorship by any unit/ offices,
CEAT administration and faculty development activities, and university administration meetings and
conferences, usage of the exhibit room may be permitted provided that proper information shall be
given to the Deans Office three weeks before the activity. Deliberation whether the event to be held
in the exhibit hall is indeed a special case shall be done by the Collegiate Operations Committee
before utilization permit shall be granted.
To ensure that CEAT activities shall be prioritized, reservations from other units shall be only
entertained three days before the date of activity.
Exhibit room shall not be used as lounging and studying area for students. Thus, no student is
allowed to enter the room without permission.
During exhibits, the sponsoring unit/ offices/ organizations shall be held liable in damages due to
negligence.
It is the obligation of the user to obtain the keys, remote control and other necessary things such as
display boards, table and chairs prior to the activities. CEAT shall not be liable in cases of loss or
damage of exhibit materials.
Cleanliness and Orderliness shall be observed during and after each activity. All backdrops,
backgrounds and the like shall immediately be removed by the user right after the activity.
It shall be a must for the users to turn off the lights and ACUs every end of the day or after the
activity.
Audio Visual Room
Audio-visual room shall be used for seminars, thesis deliberation, meetings, conferences, film
showing, alternative classes, and parallel activities.
Activities, which are not parallel to the intended use of the Audio Visual Room, shall be subjected to
deliberation by the Collegiate Operations Committee.
To ensure that CEAT activities shall be prioritized, reservations from other units shall be only
entertained three days before the date of activity.
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Strictly no food and drinks shall be permitted inside the Audio Visual Rooms.
The users shall observe cleanliness and orderliness. All backdrops, backgrounds and the like shall be
removed immediately by the user right after the activity.
Units/ office/ organization/ individuals sponsoring an activity shall be held liable to damages due to
negligence.
It shall be a must for the users to turn off the lights and ACUs at end of the day or after the activity.
CEAT Student Center
The usage of CEAT Library Hall as a student center shall be treated as temporary. CEAT
administration has the right to claim the room to pave way to its original purpose anytime.
Student Center shall be used primarily as student study area but in special cases, seminars, thesis
deliberation, meetings, conferences, film showing, alternative classes, variety shows, rehearsals and
the like may be done provided that proper permission was secured from the Deans Office.
Activities, which are not parallel to the intended use of the Student Center, shall be subjected to
deliberation by the Collegiate Operations Committee.
To ensure that CEAT activities shall be prioritized, reservations from other units shall only be
entertained three days before the date of activity.
Strictly no food and drinks shall be permitted inside the Student Center.
The users shall observe cleanliness and orderliness. All backdrops, backgrounds and the like shall be
immediately removed by the user right after the activity.
Units/ office/ organization/ individuals sponsoring an activity shall be held liable to damages due to
negligence.
It shall be a must for the users to turn off the lights and ACUs at end of the day or after the activity.
Faculty Lounge (MEZZANINE)
It should be noted that usage of faculty lounge as a venue for seminars, thesis deliberation,
meetings, conferences, film showing, alternative classes, and parallel activities is purely temporary.
The CEAT Administration has the right to pave way to the original purpose of the room anytime.
Only the mezzanine floor shall be used for the previously mentioned activities unless otherwise
permission is granted after Collegiate Operations Committee deliberation.
Unlike the AVR, Exhibit Room and Student Center, Faculty Lounge may be reserved on first come
first served basis by any unit/ organization/ individual/ office.
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Foods and drinks may be allowed inside the faculty lounge provided that the user/s shall observe
absolute cleanliness and orderliness.
All backdrops, backgrounds and the like shall be immediately removed by the user right after the
activity.
Units/ office/ organization/ individuals sponsoring an activity shall be held liable to damages due to
negligence.
It shall be a must for the users to turn off the lights and ACUs at end of the day or after the activity.
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Architecture is a social art. As professionals, architects develop a constructive balance and
creative synthesis in the discourse between the individual and the community, between private
interests and the common good, and between the natural, the social, and the technological. This
requires a comprehensive education with a thorough understanding of the cultural, political, economic,
ecological, and technological forces that shape our built environment.
The School of Architectures mission is to educate professional architects and to advance
architectural knowledge and creative practice through design-centered teaching and research. To
support this mission it maintains a strong faculty composed of academics and practicing architects,
fostering a dynamic dialogue between architectures identity as a discipline and a profession.
School Buildings and Environment
School buildings and the school environment should be conducive to learning, a place toward
sustainable development. The environment should reflect the teachings and learning imparted to the
students. School is dubbed as the second home of the young people and they should find the things they
learn reflected around their environment to enable them to see things learned in the classroom in
action.
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1. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
Not just about school design, this practical guide discusses ways to minimize crime in a variety of settings,
including playgrounds. The general concepts from this guide are proving helpful for architects who seek to design
secure schools.
Accessibility and Universal Design
Universal design means designing buildings that meet the needs of all people, both able and
disabled. Here are resources, guidelines and information on laws related to providing for the
handicapped and people with special needs.
The School of Architecture + Design has been recognized as one of Americas World-Class
Schools of Architecture with highest distinction, tied with Harvard, Yale, and Columbia Universities. The
multidimensional ranking by Design Intelligence, the only national college ranking survey focused
exclusively on design, is based on five criteria: current rankings by professional practices; historic 10-
year rankings by professional practices; rankings by academic department deans and chairs; overall
campus environment and student evaluations; and program accreditation. The individual programs
within the School of Architecture + Design were also nationally ranked by Design Intelligence:
undergraduate architecture, #2 (#4 for analysis and planning, #2 for communication skills; #2 for
computer applications, #3 for construction methods and materials and #2 for design); graduate
architecture, #6; undergraduate industrial design, #13 of 47 programs; undergraduate interior design, #9
of 148 programs; and graduate interior design, #6. In the School of Public and International Affairs, U.S.
News and World Report ranks undergraduate public affairs #27 in the nation.
The programs within the college are diverse, yet they share a common goal to prepare
students to engage in and manage the human environment through the processes of art, design,construction, policy-making, planning, and management. Students who wish to combine degree options
within the college, or with related disciplines in the university, are encouraged to create a program of
study best suited to their individual interests.
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College Initiatives
Design leadership is crucial to solving important societal needs -- economic, social, environmental --
through design of new systems, new policies, new ways of living and working.
The College of Design leads in the following areas through cross-disciplinary teaching, research, and outreach
across our academic departments and research and outreach units:
Sustainability and social justice, ranging from the research of our Center, our M.S. degree in
sustainability, and our faculty work in areas such as landscape ecology, affordable housing, and
homelessness.
Digital design, including the research underway in our Digital Design Consortium and Human
Dimensioning Lab, as well as faculty work in the area of Building Information Modeling (BIM)
and Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
Culture and world heritage, embracing everything from our Center for World Heritage
Studies in conjunction with UNESCO to our Goldstein Museum of Design, the largest design
museum in a design college in the country.
Urban and rural outreach, involving several research units -- the Metropolitan, Center for
Rural Design, and Center for Changing Landscapes -- as well as faculty work among migrant
workers and in urban neighborhoods and city schools.
We have several new initiatives underway that will link the college internally as well as with the larger university
and community. These include:
Product design, connecting most of the units in the college as well as with other colleges, such
as the Institute of Technology and the Carlson School of Management, and several Twin Cities
corporations.
Human factors, linking faculty in the College of Design with those inkinesiology in the College of
Education and Human Development and in mechanical engineering in the Institute of
Technology
http://arch.cdes.umn.edu/academic_programs/MS/MS_SD/index.htmlhttp://arch.cdes.umn.edu/academic_programs/MS/MS_SD/index.htmlhttp://www.dtc.umn.edu/ddc/http://dha.che.umn.edu/outreach_center/Human_Dimensioning_Lab.htmlhttp://dha.che.umn.edu/outreach_center/Human_Dimensioning_Lab.htmlhttp://worldheritage.cdes.umn.edu/http://worldheritage.cdes.umn.edu/http://goldstein.design.umn.edu/http://ruraldesign.cfans.umn.edu/http://ruraldesign.cfans.umn.edu/http://ccl.gis.umn.edu/http://www.it.umn.edu/http://www.csom.umn.edu/http://education.umn.edu/Kin/default.htmlhttp://education.umn.edu/http://education.umn.edu/http://www.me.umn.edu/http://www.me.umn.edu/http://education.umn.edu/http://education.umn.edu/http://education.umn.edu/Kin/default.htmlhttp://www.csom.umn.edu/http://www.it.umn.edu/http://ccl.gis.umn.edu/http://ruraldesign.cfans.umn.edu/http://ruraldesign.cfans.umn.edu/http://goldstein.design.umn.edu/http://worldheritage.cdes.umn.edu/http://worldheritage.cdes.umn.edu/http://dha.che.umn.edu/outreach_center/Human_Dimensioning_Lab.htmlhttp://dha.che.umn.edu/outreach_center/Human_Dimensioning_Lab.htmlhttp://www.dtc.umn.edu/ddc/http://arch.cdes.umn.edu/academic_programs/MS/MS_SD/index.htmlhttp://arch.cdes.umn.edu/academic_programs/MS/MS_SD/index.html -
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Dimensions and Clearances for Average Adults
Dimensions and clearances for average adults are shown to represent the minimum requirements in
planning. It increased to provide comfortable accommodation for persons larger than average.
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Auditorium
An auditorium is a room built to enable an audience to hear and watch performances at venues such
as theatres. For movie theaters, the number of auditoriums is expressed as the number of screens.
Modern auditorium structure
The audience in a modern theatre is usually separated from the performers by the proscenium arch,
although other types of stage are common.
The price charged for seats in each part of the auditorium (known colloquially as the house) usually varies
according to the quality of the view of the stage. The seating areas can include some or all of the following:
Stalls or arena: the lower flat area, usually below or at the same level as the stage.
Balconies or galleries: one or more raised seating platforms towards the rear of the auditorium. In
larger theatres, multiple levels are stacked vertically above or behind the stalls. The first level is
usually called the dress circle or grand circle. The highest platform, or upper circle is sometimes
known as the gods, especially in large opera houses, where the seats can be very high and a long
distance from the stage.
Boxes: typically placed immediately to the front, side and above the level of the stage. They are often
separate rooms with an open viewing area which typically seat five people or f ewer. These seats are
typically considered the most prestigious of the house. A state box or royal box is sometimes
provided for dignitaries.
Library
The audience in a modern theatre are usually separated from the performers by the proscenium arch,
although othertypes of stage are common.
The price charged for seats in each part of the auditorium (known colloquially as the house) usually varies
according to the quality of the view of the stage. The seating areas can include some or all of the following:
Stalls or arena: the lower flat area, usually below or at the same level as the stage.
Balconies or galleries: one or more raised seating platforms towards the rear of the auditorium. In
larger theatres, multiple levels are stacked vertically above or behind the stalls. The first level is
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proscenium_archhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_(theatre)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balconieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_(theatre)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proscenium_archhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_(theatre)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balconieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balconieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_(theatre)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proscenium_archhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_(theatre)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balconieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_(theatre)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proscenium_arch -
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usually called the dress circle or grand circle. The highest platform, or upper circle is sometimes
known as the gods, especially in large opera houses, where the seats can be very high and a long
distance from the stage.
Boxes: typically placed immediately to the front, side and above the level of the stage. They are often
separate rooms with an open viewing area which typically seat five people or f ewer. These seats are
typically considered the most prestigious of the house. A state box or royal box is sometimes
provided for dignitaries.
Student lounge
Student lounges are rooms located within thousands of schools, colleges and universities,
designed to givestudents a space for relaxation and study.
GREEN BUILDING
Goals of green building
The concept of sustainable development can be traced to the energy (especially fossil oil) crisis and the
environment pollution concern in the 1970s.[5] The green building movement in the U.S. originated from the need
and desire for more energy efficient and environmentally friendly construction practices. There are a number of
motives to building green, including environmental, economic, and social benefits. However, modern sustainability
initiatives call for an integrated and synergistic design to both new construction and in the retrofitting of an
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_(theatre)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blu_Homes_mkSolaire_front2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_(theatre) -
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existing structure. Also known as sustainable design, this approach integrates the building life-cycle with each
green practice employed with a design-purpose to create a synergy amongst the practices used.
Green building brings together a vast array of practices and techniques to reduce and ultimately eliminate
the impacts of new buildings on the environment and human health. It often emphasizes taking advantage of
renewable resources, e.g., using sunlight through passive solar, active solar, and photovoltaic techniques and using
plants and trees through green roofs, rain gardens, and for reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other techniques,
such as using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance
replenishment of ground water, are used as well.
While the practices, or technologies, employed in green building are constantly evolving and may differ
from region to region, there are fundamental principles that persist from which the method is derived: Siting and
Structure Design Efficiency, Energy Efficiency, Water Efficiency, Materials Efficiency, Indoor Environmental Quality
Enhancement, Operations and Maintenance Optimization, and Waste and Toxics Reduction.[6][7] The essence of
green building is an optimization of one or more of these principles. Also, with the proper synergistic design,
individual green building technologies may work together to produce a greater cumulative effect.
On the aesthetic side of green architecture or sustainable design is the philosophy of designing a building
that is in harmony with the natural features and resources surrounding the site. There are several key steps in
designing sustainable buildings: specify 'green' building materials from local sources, reduce loads, optimize
systems, and generate on-site renewable energy.
Siting and structure design efficiency
The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and design stages. The concept stage,
in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life cycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and performance. In
designing environmentally optimal buildings, the objective function aims at minimizing the total environmental
impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the building project. However, building as a process is not as
streamlined as an industrial process, and varies from one building to the other, never repeating itself identically. In
addition, buildings are much more complex products, composed of a multitude of materials and components each
constituting various design variables to be decided at the design stage. A variation of every design variable may
affect the environment during all the building's relevant life-cycle stages.
Energy efficiency
Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy use. To increase the efficiency of the building
envelope, (the barrier between conditioned and unconditioned space), they may use high-efficiency windows and
insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors. Another strategy, passive solar building design, is often implemented in
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low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows
and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement
(day lighting) can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water
heating further reduces energy loads.
Onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power, hydro power, or biomass can
significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building. Power generation is generally the most expensive
feature to add to a building.
Water efficiency
Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building. One
critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to
replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their dependence on water that is
collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a
building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing. Waste-water
may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads.
Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water
on-site. Point of use water treatment and heating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while
reducing the amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and grey water for on-site use such as site-
irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.
Materials efficiencyBuilding materials typically considered to be 'green' include rapidly renewable plant materials like
bamboo (because bamboo grows quickly) and straw, lumber from forests certified to be sustainably managed,
ecology blocks, dimension stone, recycled stone, recycled metal, and other products that are non-toxic, reusable,
renewable, and/or recyclable (e.g. Trass, Linoleum, sheep wool, panels made from paper flakes, compressed earth
block, adobe, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, seagrass, cork, expanded clay grains,
coconut, wood fibre plates, calcium sand stone, concrete (high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing
concrete) , etc.) The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) also suggests using recycled industrial goods, such as
coal combustion products, foundry sand, and demolition debris in construction projects [15] Building materials
should be extracted and manufactured locally to the building site to minimize the energy embedded in their
transportation. Where possible, building elements should be manufactured off-site and delivered to site, to
maximize benefits of off-site manufacture including minimizing waste, maximizing recycling (because manufacture
is in one location), high quality elements, better OHS management, less noise and dust.
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Indoor environmental quality enhancement
The Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) category in LEED standards, one of the five environmental
categories, was created to provide comfort, well-being, and productivity of occupants. The LEED IEQ category
addresses design and construction guidelines especially: indoor air quality (IAQ), thermal quality, and lighting
quality.[16]
Indoor Air Quality seeks to reduce volatile organic compounds, or VOC's, and other air impurities such as
microbial contaminants. Buildings rely on a properly designed HVAC system to provide adequate ventilation and
air filtration as well as isolate operations (kitchens, dry cleaners, etc.) from other occupancies. During the design
and construction process choosing construction materials and interior finish products with zero or low emissions
will improve IAQ. Many building materials and cleaning/maintenance products emit toxic gases, such as VOC's and
formaldehyde. These gases can have a detrimental impact on occupants' health and productivity as well. Avoiding
these products will increase a building's IEQ.
Personal temperature and airflow control over the HVAC system coupled with a properly designed
building envelope will also aid in increasing a building's thermal quality. Creating a high performance luminous
environment through the careful integration of natural and artificial light sources will improve on the lighting
quality of a structure.
Operations and maintenance optimization
No matter how sustainable a building may have been in its design and construction, it can only remain so
if it is operated responsibly and maintained properly. Ensuring operations and maintenance(O&M) personnel are
part of the project's planning and development process will help retain the green criteria designed at the onset of
the project.Every aspect of green building is integrated into the O&M phase of a building's life. The addition of new
green technologies also falls on the O&M staff. Although the goal of waste reduction may be applied during the
design, construction and demolition phases of a building's life-cycle, it is in the O&M phase that green practices
such as recycling and air quality enhancement take place.
Waste reduction
Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials used during construction.
For example, in California nearly 60% of the state's waste comes from commercial buildings[19] During the
construction phase, one goal should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills. Well-designed
buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the occupants as well, by providing on-site solutions
such as compost bins to reduce matter going to landfills.
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To reduce the impact on wells or water treatment plants, several options exist. "Greywater", wastewater from
sources such as dishwashing or washing machines, can be used for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-
potable purposes, e.g., to flush toilets and wash cars. Rainwater collectors are used for similar purposes.
Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a lot of energy. An alternative to this process is
converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, which avoids these costs and shows other benefits. By collecting
human waste at the source and running it to a semi-centralized biogas plant with other biological waste, liquid
fertilizer can be produced. This concept was demonstrated by a settlement in Lubeck Germany in the late 1990s.
Practices like these provide soil with organic nutrients and create carbon sinks that remove carbon dioxide from
the atmosphere, offsetting greenhouse gas emission. Producing artificial fertilizer is also more costly in energy
than this process.
LIGHTING
DAYLIGHTING AS LIGHTING
DESIGN FACTOR
The provision of lighting in structures has in recent years been considered an amenity. Windows provide
visual contact with the outside and the resultant daylight provides a bright, pleasant, airy ambience. When daylight
enters through windows(side lighting, as opposed to top lighting). Its horizontal directivity provides a good
modeling shadows, minimal veiling reflections, and excellent vertical surface illumination. Furthermore, the
continual variation of daylight which is one of its prominent characteristics, provides a constantly changing pattern
of space illumination; one that is unattainable with artificial light. Since these changes are gradual, the eyes adapt
easily and the effect is one of usual interest. Undoubtedly, as a results of these effects, numerous studies have
conclusively demonstrated a marked preference for daylight over any other for light.
On the other hand, no ill effects have conclusively been demonstrated to have been caused by lack of
daylight, that is, by working in an artificially lighted space. Since an artificial lighting system must be installed in any
event to furnish interior illumination during periods when daylight and even of shutting it out deliberately, careful
design of an electronic lighting system can provide a good visual atmosphere. Further, unlike daylight, control of
such systems is relatively simple. Perhaps most important, an interior electric lighting system has a minimal impact
of the building architecture, least of all on the all important building facade. Finally, the energy to power electric
lighting systems was cheap.
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FACTORS IN INTERIOR DAYLIGHTING
a.) Horizontal and Vertical Surfaces
Since the sky component of daylight enters side
fenestration at an angle, it can be resolved into horizontal and
vertical components.
The vertical component that illuminates horizontal
surfaces is proportional to the sine of the angle of incidence, and
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the horizontal component that illuminates vertical surface is proportional to the cosine of this angle.
Therefore, for horizontal tasks, windows should be as high as possible, and for vertical tasks, as low as
possible. Since most tasks are horizontal, tall narrow windows will give better, deeper, penetration than
short wide windows of the same area.
b.) Window Details
The effect of window construction on total fenestration and reduction is often neglected. Even
windows with narrow mullions and light metal frames have 8 to 10 % obstruction. Heavy window supports
and small glass, lights can result to propositional daylight reduction. Further obstruction readily results from
dust accumulation, glass, and mechanical system items such as pipes and ducts inside the room, adjacent
to windows.
c.) Surface reflections
Interior reflections are very important in daylight design. In addition to determining the magnitude
of the internally reflected light component (IRC) within the room, they determine in large measure the eye
adaptation of level.
d.) Glare and Heat Control
-Provide high reflectance surfaces particularly toward the back of the room where daylight factor is low.
-Building orientation is the factor that determines which areas are exposed to natural glare and heat
extremes
- provide fixed sun shades on sun exposures at low altitudes; and operable sun control devices on sun
exposures at all latitudes.
- Translucent, limited brightness, glass or plastic fenestration including light directing glass block just
below the ceiling line and above the vision panels provides maximum penetration and minimum glare
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-Tinted windows and heat reflective films are not usually desirable, except in retrofit installations.
-Orient furniture so that daylight comes from left side or the rear of the line of sight.
-Sunlight reflection from adjacent structures can be a source of intense glare and heat.
ACOUSTICS
Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of all mechanical waves in gases, liquids,
and solids including vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound. A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is
an acoustician while someone working in the field of acoustics technology may be called an acoustical or audio
engineer. The application of acoustics can be seen in almost all aspects of modern society with the most obvious
being the audio and noise control industries.
Hearing is one of the most crucial means of survival in the animal world, and speech is one of the most
distinctive characteristics of human development and culture. So it is no surprise that the science of acoustics
spreads across so many facets of our societymusic, medicine, architecture, industrial production, warfare and
more. Art, craft, science and technology have provoked one another to advance the whole, as in many other fields
of knowledge. Linsday's wheel of acoustics is a well accepted overview of the different fields in acoustics.
The word "acoustic" is derived from the Greek word (akoustikos), meaning "of or for hearing,
ready to hear" and that from (akoustos), "heard, audible", which in turn derives from the verb
(akouo), "I hear". The Latin synonym is "sonic". After acousticians had extended their studies to frequencies above
and below the audible range, it became conventional to identify these frequency ranges as "ultrasonic" and
"infrasonic" respectively, while letting the word "acoustic" refer to the entire frequency range without limit.
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Fundamental concepts of acoustics
The study of acoustics revolves around the generation, propagation and reception of mechanical waves
and vibrations.
The steps shown in the above diagram can be found in any acoustical event or process. There are many
kinds of cause, both natural and volitional. There are many kinds of transduction process that convert energy from
some other form into acoustic energy, producing the acoustic wave. There is one fundamental equation that
describes acoustic wave propagation, but the phenomena that emerge from it are varied and often complex. The
wave carries energy throughout the propagating medium. Eventually this energy is transduced again into other
forms, in ways that again may be natural and/or volitionally contrived. The final effect may be purely physical or it
may reach far into the biological or volitional domains. The five basic steps are found equally well whether we are
talking about an earthquake, a submarine using sonar to locate its foe, or a band playing in a rock concert.
The central stage in the acoustical process is wave propagation. This falls within the domain of physical
acoustics. In fluids, sound propagates primarily as a pressure wave. In solids, mechanical waves can take many
forms including longitudinal waves, transverse waves and surface waves.
Acoustics looks first at the pressure levels and frequencies in the sound wave. Transduction processes are also of
special importance.
Architectural acoustics
Architectural acoustics is the science of noise control within buildings. The first application of architectural
acoustics was in the design of opera houses and then concert halls. More widely, noise suppression is critical in the
design of multi-unit dwellings and business premises that generate significant noise, including music venues like
bars. The more mundane design of workplaces has implications for noise health effects. Architectural acoustics
includes room acoustics, the design of recording and broadcast studios, home theaters, and listening rooms for
media playback
Noise control
Noise control is an active or passive means of reducing sound emissions, often incentivised by personal
comfort, environmental considerations or legal compliance. Practical and efficient noise control is wholly reliant on
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an accurate diagnosis of what is causing the noise, which first involves finding the source of noise. Once the source
of noise has been found, the focus is reducing the noise at source by engineering means.
The most common noise sources can be divided into aerodynamic (fans, pneumatics, combustion, etc)
and mechanical (impacts, friction, etc). Effective noise control focuses on reducing the noise from these sources as
close to the source as possible. Noise control for aerodynamic sources include quiet air nozzles, pneumatic
silencers and quiet fan technology.
In architectural acoustics and environmental acoustics, noise control refers to the set of practices
employed for noise mitigation. Within architectural acoustics these practices include: interior sound reverberation
reduction, inter-room noise transfer mitigation and exterior building skin augmentation. More specific
architectural noise control methods include the installation of acoustical gypsum, ceiling t iles, ceiling panels, carpet
and draperies. In the field of environmental sound, common noise control practices include: design of noise
barriers, development and enforcement of noise abatement legal codes and urban design.
Building skin envelope
The science of limiting and/or controlling noise transmission from one building space to another to ensure
space functionality and speech privacy. The typical sound paths are room partitions, acoustic ceiling panels (such
as wood dropped ceiling panels), doors, windows, flanking, ducting and other penetrations. An example would be
providing suitable party wall design in an apartment complex to minimise the mutual disturbance due to noise by
residents in adjacent apartments
Interior space acousticsThis is the science of controlling a room's surfaces based on sound absorbing and reflecting properties.
Excessive reverberation time, which can be calculated, can lead to poor speech intelligibility.
Sound reflections create standing waves that produce natural resonances that can be heard as a pleasant
sensation or an annoying one.[1]
Reflective surfaces can be angled and coordinated to provide good coverage of
sound for a listener in a concert hall or music recital space. To illustrate this concept consider the difference
between a modern large office meeting room or lecture theater and a traditional classroom with all hard surfaces.
Interior building surfaces can be constructed of many different materials and finishes. Ideal acoustical panels are
those without a face or finish material that interferes with the acoustical infill or substrate. Fabric covered panels
are one way to heighten acoustical absorption. Finish material is used to cover over the acoustical substrate.
Mineral fiber board, or Micore, is a commonly used acoustical substrate. Finish materials often consist of fabric,
wood or acoustical tile. Fabric can be wrapped around substrates to create what is referred to as a "pre-fabricated
panel" and often provides the good noise absorption if laid onto a wall. Prefabricated panels are limited to the size
of the substrate ranging from 2'x 4' to 4' x 10'. Fabric retained in a wall-mounted perimeter track system, is
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referred to as "on-site acoustical wall panels" This is constructed by framing the perimeter track into shape,
infilling the acoustical substrate and then stretching and tucking the fabric into the perimeter frame system. On-
site wall panels can be constructed to accommodate door frames, baseboard, or any other intrusion. Large panels
(generally, greater than 50 square feet) can be created on walls andceilingswith this method. Wood finishes can
consist of punched or routed slots and provide a natural look to the interior space, although acoustical absorption
may not be great.
There are three ways to improve workplace acoustics and solve workplace sound problems the ABCs.
A = Absorb {via drapes, carpets, ceiling tiles, etc.)
B = Block (via panels, walls, floors, ceilings and layout)
C = Cover-up (via sound masking)
While all three of these are recommended to achieve optimal results, C = Cover-up by increasing
background sound produces the most dramatic improvement in speech privacy with the least disruption and
typically the lowest cost.
Types of noise control
There are four basic principles of noise control:
Sound insulation: prevent the transmission of noise by the introduction of a mass barrier. Common
materials have high-density properties such as brick, concrete, metal etc.
Sound absorption:a porous material which acts as a noise sponge by converting the sound energy
into heat within the material. Common sound absorption materials include open cell foams and
fiberglass
Vibration damping: applicable for large vibrating surfaces. The damping mechanism works by
extracting the vibration energy from the thin sheet and dissipating it as heat. A common material is
sound deadened steel.
Vibration isolation: prevents transmission of vibration energy from a source to a receiver by
introducing a flexible element or a physical break. Common vibration isolators are springs, rubber
mounts, cork etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_insulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_absorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration_dampinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration_isolationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration_isolationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration_dampinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_absorptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_insulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceiling -
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Materials used in architectural acoustics
Acoustical wall and ceiling panels can be constructed of many different materials and finishes. The ideal
acoustical panels are those without a face or finish material that interferes with the acoustical infill or substrate.
Fabric covered panels are one way to maximize the acoustical absorption. The finish material is used to cover over
the acoustical substrate. Mineral fiber board, or Micore, is a commonly used acoustical substrate. Finish materials
often consist of fabric, wood or metal. Fabric can be wrapped around substrates to create what is referred to as a
"pre-fabricated panel" if laid onto a wall, and require no modifications. Such fabrics are generally acoustically
'transparent, meaning that they do not imped a sound wave [1]. Prefabricated panels are limited to the size of the
subas "on-site acoustical wall panels" This is constructed by "framing" the perimeter track into shape, infilling the
acoustical substrate and then stretching and tucking the fabric into the perimeter frame system. On-site wall
panels can be constructed to work around door frames, baseboard, or any other intrusion. Large panels (generally
greater than 50 feet) can be created on walls and ceilings with this method.
LAWS
PD 10969(NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES)
CHAPTER IV
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
Section 401. Types of Construction.
For purposes of this Code, all buildings proposed for construction shall be classified or identified according to the
following types:
(1) Type I. Type I buildings shall be a wood construction. The structural elements may be any of the materials
permitted by this Code.
(2) Type II. Type II buildings shall be of wood construction with protective fire-resistant materials and one-hour fire
resistive throughout: Except, that permanent non-bearing partitions may use fire-retardant treated wood within
the framing assembly.
(3) Type III. Type III buildings shall be of masonry and wood construction. Structural elements may be any of the
Materials permitted by this Code: Provided, that the building shall be one-hour fire-resistive throughout. Exterior
walls shall be of incombustible fire-resistive construction.
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(4) Type IV. Type IV buildings shall be of steel, iron, concrete, or masonry construction. Walls, ceiling, and
permanent partitions shall be of incombustible fire resistive construction: Except, that permanent non-bearing
partitions of one-hour fire-resistive construction may use fire-retardant treated wood within the framing assembly.
(5) Type V. Type V buildings shall be fire-resistive. The structural elements shall be of steel, iron, concrete, or
Masonry construction. Walls, ceilings, and permanent partitions shall be of incombustible fire-resistive
construction.
CHAPTER VII
CLASSIFICATION AND GENERAL REQUIREMENT OF ALL
BUILDINGS BY USE OF OCCUPANCY
Section 705. Allowable Floor Areas.
The allowable floor areas for one-storey building and buildings over one-storey shall not exceed the limitsprescribed by the Secretary for each occupancy groups and/or types of construction. For purposes of this Section,
each portion of a building separation by one or more area separation walls may be considered a separate building
provided the area separation walls meet the requirements prescribed therefore by the Secretary.
Section 706. Allowable Floor Area Increases.
The floor areas hereinabove provided may be increased in certain specific instances and under appropriate
conditions, based on the existence of public space, streets or yards extending along and adjoining two or more
sides of the building or structure subject to the approval of the Building Official.
Section 707. Maximum Height of Buildings.
The maximum height and number of storeys of every building shall be dependent upon the character of occupancy
and the type ofconstruction as determined by the Secretary considering population density, building bulk, widths
of streets and car parking requirements. The height shall be measured from the highest adjoining sidewalk or
ground surface: Provided, that the height measured from the lowest adjoining surface shall not exceed such
maximum height by more than 3.00 meters: Except, that towers, spires, and steeples, erected as part of a building
and not used for habitation or storage are limited as to height only by structural design if completely of
incombustible materials, or may extend not to exceed 6.00 meters above the height limits for each occupancy
group if of combustible materials.
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CHAPTER VIII
LIGHT AND VENTILATION
Section 801. General Requirements of Light and Ventilation.
(a) Subject to the provisions of the Civil Code of the Philippines on Basement of Light and View and to
the provisions of this part of the Code, every building shall be designed, constructed, and equipped to
provide adequate light and ventilation.
(b) All buildings shall face a street or public alley or a private street which has been duly approved.
(c) No building shall be altered nor arranged so as to reduce the size of any room or the relative area of
windows to less than that provided for buildings under this Code, or to create an additional room, unless
such additional room conforms to the requirements of this Code.
(d) No building shall be enlarged so that the dimensions of the required court or yard would be less than
that prescribed for such building.
Section 802. Measurement of Site Occupancy.
(a) The measurement of site occupancy or lot occupancy shall be taken at the ground level and shall be
exclusive of courts, yards, and light wells.
(b) Courts, yards, and light wells shall be measured clear of all projections from the walls enclosing such
wells or yards with the exception of roof leaders, wall copings, sills, or steel fire escapes not exceeding
1.20 meters in width.
Section 803. Percentage of Site Occupancy.
(a) Maximum site occupancy shall be governed by the use, type of construction, and height of the
building and the use, area, nature, and location of the site; and subject to the provisions of the local
zoning requirements and in accordance with the rules and regulations promulgated by the Secretary.
Section 804. Size and Dimensions of Courts.
(a) Minimum size of courts and their least dimensions shall be governed by the use, type of construction,
and height of the building as provided in the rules and regulations promulgated by the Secretary,
provided that the minimum horizontal dimension of court shall be not less than 2.00 meters.
(b) All inner courts shall be connected to a street or yard,
either by a passageway with a minimum width of 1.20 meters
or by a door through a room or rooms.
Section 805. Ceiling Heights.
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(a) Habitable rooms provided with artificial ventilation have ceiling heights not less than 2.40 meters
measured from the floor to the ceiling; Provided that for buildings of more than one-storey, the
minimum ceiling height of the first storey shall be 2.70 meters and that for the second storey 2.40
meters and succeeding storeys shall have an unobstructed typical head-room clearance of not less than
2.10 meters above the finished floor. Above stated rooms with a natural ventilation shall have ceiling
height not less than 2.70 meters.
(b) Mezzanine floors shall have a clear ceiling height not less than 1.80 meters above and below it.
Section 806. Size and Dimensions of Rooms.
(a) Minimum sizes of rooms and their least horizontal dimensions shall be as follows:
1. Rooms for Human Habitations. 6.00 square meters with at least dimensions of 2.00
2. Kitchens. 3.00 square meters with at least dimension of 1.50 meters;
3. Bath and toilet. 1.20 square meters with at least dimension of 0.90 meters.Section 807. Air Space Requirements in Determining the Size of
Rooms.
(a) Minimum space shall be provided as follows:
1. School Rooms. 3.00 cubic meters with 1.00 square meter of floor area per person;
2. Workshops, Factories, and Offices. 12.00 cubic meters of space per person;
3. Habitable rooms. 14.00 cubic meters of space per person.
Section 808. Window Openings.
(a) Every room intended for any use, not provided with artificial ventilation system as herein specified in
this Code, shall be provided with a window or windows with a total free area of openings equal to at
least ten percent of the floor area of room, and such window shall open directly to a court, yard, public
street or alley, or open water courses.
Section 809. Vent Shafts.
(a) Ventilation or vent shafts shall have a horizontal crosssectional area of not less than 0.10 square
meter for every meter of height of shaft but in no case shall the area be less than 1.00 square meter. No
vent shaft shall have its least dimension less than 600 millimeters.
(b) Skylights. Unless open to the outer at the top for its full area, vent shaft shall be covered by a skylight
having a net free area or fixed louver openings equal to the maximum required shaft area.
(c) Air ducts shall open to a street or court by a horizontal duct or intake at a point below the lowest
window opening. Such duct or intake shall have a minimum unobstructed cross-sectional area of not
less than 0.30 square meter
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Section 1207. Stairs, Exits and Occupant Loads.
(a) General. The construction of stairs and exits shall conform to the occupant load requirements of buildings,
reviewing stands, bleachers and grandstands:
(1) Determinations of Occupant Loads. The Occupant load permitted in any building or portion thereof shall be
determined by dividing the floor area assigned to that use by the unit area allowed per occupant as determined by
the Secretary.
(2) Exit Requirements. Exit requirements of a building or portion thereof used for different purposes shall be
determined by the occupant load which gives the largest number of persons. No obstruction shall be placed in the
required width of an exit except projections permitted by this Code.
(3) Posting of Room Capacity. Any room having an occupant load of more than 50 where fixed seats are not
installed, and which is used for classroom, assembly, or similar purpose shall have the capacity of the room posted
in a conspicuous place near the main exit from the room.
(4) Changes in Elevation. Except in Groups A Occupancies, changes in floor elevations of less than 300 millimeters
along any exit serving a tributary occupant load of 10 or more shall be by means of ramps.
(b) Exits
(1) Number of Exits. Every building or usable portion thereof shall have at least one exit. In all occupancies, floors
above the first storey having an occupant load of more than 10 shall not have less than two exits. Each mezzanine
floor used for other than storage purposes, if greater in area than 185 square meters or more than 18.00 meters in
any dimension, shall have at least than two stairways to an adjacent floor. Every storey or portion thereof, having
an occupant load of 500 to 999 shall have at least three exits. Every storey or portion thereof having an occupant
load of 1000 or more shall have at least four (4) exits. The number of exits
Accessibility Law (Batas Pambansa Bilang 344)
1. DROPPED CURBS
1. Changes in level walkways should be by a dropped curb.
2. Dropped curbs should be provided at pedestrian crossings and at the end of walkways of a private street or
access road.
3. Dropped curbs at crossings have a width corresponding to the width of the crossing; otherwise, the
minimum width is 0.90 m.
4. Dropped curbs shall be ramped towards adjoining curbs with a gradient not more than 1:12.
5. Dropped curbs shall be sloped towards the road with a maximum cross gradient of 1:20 to prevent water
from collecting at the walkway.
6. The lowest point of a dropped curb should not exceed 25 mm from the road or gutter.
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2. CURB CUT-OUTS
1. Curb cut-outs should only be allowed when it will not obstruct a walkway or in any way lessen the width of
a walkway.
2. The minimum width of a curb cut-out should be 0.90 M.
3. Curb cut-outs should have a gradient not more than 1:12.
3. WALKWAYS AND PASSAGEWAYS
1. Walkways should be kept as level as possible and provided with slip-resistant material.
2. Whenever and wherever possible, walkways should have a gradient no more than 1:20 or 5%.
3. Walkways should have a maximum cross gradient of 1:100.
4. Walkways should have a minimum width of 1.20 meters.
5. If possible, gratings should never be located along walkways.
When occurring along walkways, grating openings should have a maximum dimension of 13 mm x 13 mm and
shall not project more than 6.5 mm above the level of the walkway.
6. Walkways should have a continuing surface without abrupt pitches in angle or interruptions by cracks or
breaks creating edges above 6.50 mm.
7. In lengthy or busy walkways, spaces should be provided at some point along the route so that a wheelchair
may pass another or turn around. These spaces should have a minimum dimension of 1.50 m and should be
spaced at a maximum distance of 12:00 m between stops.
8. To guide the blind, walkways should as much as possible follow straightforward routes with right angle
turns.
9. Where planting is provided adjacent to the walkway, regular maintenance is essential to ensure branches
of trees or shrubs do not overhang walkways or paths, as not only do these present a particular danger to the
blind, but they also reduce the effective footways width available to pedestrians generally.
10. Walkway headroom should not be less than 2.0 m and
preferably higher.
11. Passageways for the disabled should not be obstructed by street furniture, bollards, sign posts or columns
along the defined route, as they can be hazardous.
4. HANDRAILS
1. Handrails should be installed at both sides of ramps and stairs and at the outer edges of dropped curbs.
Handrails at dropped curbs should not be installed beyond the width of any crossing so as not to obstruct
pedestrian flow.
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2. Handrails shall be installed at 0.90 m and 0.70 m above steps or ramps. Handrails for protection at great
heights may be installed at 1.0 m to 1.06 m.
3. A 0.30 m long extension of the handrail should be provided at the start and end of ramps and stairs.
4. Handrails that require full grip should have a dimension of 30 mm to 50 mm.
5. Handrails attached to walls should have a clearance no less than 50 mm from the wall. Handrails on ledges
should have a clearance not less than 40 mm.
5. OPEN SPACES
1. Where open spaces are provided, the blind can become particularly disoriented. Therefore, it is extremely
helpful if any walkway or paths can be given defined edges either by the use of planters with dwarf walls, or a
grass verge, or similar, which provides a texture different from the path.
C. INSIDE BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
1. ENTRANCES
1. Entrances should be accessible from arrival and departure
points to the interior lobby;
2. One (1) entrance level should be provided where elevators are accessible;
3. In case entrances are not on the same level of the site arrival grade, ramps should be provided as access to
the entrance level;
4. Entrances with vestibules shall be provided a level area with at least a 1.80 m. depth and a 1.50 m. width;
2. RAMPS
1. Changes in level require a ramp except when served by a dropped curb, an elevator or other mechanical
device;
2. Ramps shall have a minimum clear width of 1.20 m;
3. The maximum gradient shall be 1:12;
4. The length of a ramp should not exceed 6:00 m. if the gradient is 1:12; longer ramps whose gradient is 1:12
shall be provided with landings not less than 1.50 m.;
5. A level area not less than 1.80 m. should be provided at the top and bottom of any ramp;
6. Handrails will be provided on both sides of the ramp at 0.70 m. and 0.90 m. from the ramp level;
7. Ramps shall be equipped with curbs on both sides with a minimum height of 0.10 m.;
8. Any ramp with a rise greater than 0.20 m. and leads down
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towards an area where vehicular traffic is possible, should have a railing across the full width of its lower end,
not less than 1.80 meters from the foot of the ramp;
3. DOORS
1. All doors shall have a minimum clear width of 0.80 m;
2. Clear openings shall be measured between the surface of the fully open door at the hinge and the door
jamb at the stop;
3. Doors should be operable by a pressure or force not more than 4.0 kg; the closing device pressure an
interior door shall not exceed 1 kg.;
4. A minimum clear level space of 1.50 m x 1.50 m shall be
provided before and extending beyond a door;
EXCEPTION: where a door shall open onto but not into a corridor, the required clear, level space on the
corridor side of the door may be a minimum of 1.20 m. corridor width;5. Protection should be provided from doors that swing into corridors;
6. Outswinging doors should be provided at storage rooms, closets and accessible restroom stalls;
7. Latching or non-latching hardware should not require wrist action or fine finger manipulation;
8. Doorknobs and other hardware should be located between 0.82 m. and 1.06 m. above the floor; 0.90 is
preferred;
9. Vertical pull handles, centered at 1.06 m. above the floor, are preferred to horizontal pull bars for swing
doors or doors with locking devices;
10. Doors along major circulation routes should be provided with kick plates made of durable materials at a
height of 0.30 m. to 0.40 m;
4. THRESHOLDS
1. Thresholds shall be kept to a minimum; whenever necessary, thresholds and sliding door tracks shall have
a maximum height of 25 mm and preferably ramped;
5. SWITCHES
1. Manual switches shall be positioned within 1.20 m to 1.30 m above the floor;
2. Manual switches should be located no further than 0.20 from the latch side of the door;
6. SIGNAGES
(See "SIGNAGES" under OUTSIDE & AROUND BUILDINGS.)
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7. CORRIDORS
1. Corridors shall have minimum clear width of 1.20 m.; waiting areas and other facilities or spaces shall not
obstruct the minimum clearance requirement;
2. Recesses or turnabout spaces should be provided for wheelchairs to turn around or to enable another
wheelchair to pass; these spaces shall have a minimum area of 1.50 m x 1.50 m. and shall be spaced at a
maximum of 12.00 m.;
3. Turnabout spaces should also be provided at or within 3.50 m. of every dead end;
4. As in walkways, corridors should be maintained level and provided with a slipresistant surface;
8. WASHROOMS & TOILETS
1. Accessible public washrooms and toilets shall permit easy passage of a wheelchair and allow the occupant
to enter a stall, close the door and transfer to the water closet from either a frontal or lateral position;
2. Accessible water closet stalls shall have a minimum area of 1.70 x 1.80 mts. One movable grab bar and one
fixed to the adjacent wall shall be installed at the accessible water closet stall for lateral mounting; fixed grab
bars on both sides of the wall shall be installed for stalls for frontal mounting;
3. A turning space of 2.25 sq.m. with a minimum dimension of 1.50 m. for wheelchair shall be provided for
water closet stalls for lateral mounting;
4. All accessible public toilets shall have accessories such as mirrors, paper dispensers, towel racks and fittings
such as faucets mounted at heights reachable by a person in a wheelchair;
5. The minimum number of accessible water closets on each floor level or on that part of a floor level
accessible to the disabled shall be one (1) where the total number of water closets per set on that level is 20;
and two (2) where the number of water closets exceed 20;
6. In order to aid visually impaired persons to readily determine whether a washroom is for men or for
women, the signage for men's washroom door shall be an equilateral triangle with a vertex pointing upward,
and those for women shall be a circle; the edges of the triangle should be 0.30 m long as should be the
diameter of the circle; these signages should at least be 7.5 mm thick; the color and gray value of the doors;
the words "men" and "women" or the appropriate stick figures should still appear on the washroom doors for
the convenience of the fully sighted;
Note: the totally blind could touch the edge of the signs and easily determine whether it is straight or curved;
7. The maximum height of water closets should be 0.45 m.; flush control should have a maximum height of
1.20 mts.
8. Maximum height of lavatories should be 0.80 m. with a knee recess of 0.60 - 0.70 M. vertical clearance and
a 0.50 m. depth.
9. Urinals should have an elongated lip or through type; the maximum height of the lip should be 0.48 m.
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9. STAIRS
1. Tread surfaces should be a slip-resistant material; nosings may be provided with slip-resistant strips to
further minimize slipping:
2. Slanted nosings are preferred to projecting nosings so as not to pose difficulty for people using crutches or
braces whose feet have a tendency to get caught in the recessed space or projecting nosings. For the same
reason, open stringers should be avoided.
3. The leading edge of each step on both runner and riser should be marked with a paint or non-skid material
that has a color and gray value which is in high contrast to the gray value of the rest of the stairs; markings of
this sort would be helpful to the visually impaired as well as to the fully sighted person;
4. A tactile strip 0.30 m. wide shall be installed before hazardous areas such as sudden changes in floor levels
and at the top and bottom of stairs; special care must be taken to ensure the proper mounting or adhesion of
tactile strips so as not to cause accidents;
10. ELEVATORS
1. Accessible elevators should be located not more than 30.00 m. from the entrance and should be easy to
locate with the aid of signs;
2. Accessible elevators shall have a minimum dimension of 1.10 m. x 1.40 m.;
3. Control panels and emergency system of accessible elevators shall be within reach of a seated person;
centerline heights for the topmost buttons shall be between 0.90 m to 1.20 m from the floor;
4. Button controls shall be provided with braille signs to indicate floor level; at each floor, at the door frames
of elevator doors, braille-type signs shall be placed so that blind persons can be able to discern what floor the
elevator car has stopped and from what level they are embarking from; for installation heights, see Section
6.6, Signages;
5. Button sizes at elevator control panels shall have a minimum diameter of 20 mm and should have a
maximum depression depth of 1 mm;
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Chapter 4
SITE ANALYSIS
Site analysis is an inventory completed as a preparatory step to site planning, a form of urban planning
which involves research, analysis, and synthesis. It primarily deals with basic data as it relates to a specific site. The
topic itself branches into the boundaries of architecture, landscape architecture, engineering, economics, and
urban planning.
Site analysis is an element in site planning and design. Kevin A. Lynch, an urban planner developed an
eight cycle step process of site design, in which the second step is site analysis, the focus of this section.
Site Selection
PROPOSE SITE:
PARKING AREA & COURT
CRITERIA:
Accessible and visible to other building.
The lot is relatively flat with irregular shape.
Good vegetation, since the trees are located in the perimeter.
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Methodology:
Interviews
Surveys
Document Analysis
Behavioral Observation
Site Visiting
Goals:
Interviews
To achieve a successful design, site analysis is a must & should be done carefully
Gather relevant information about the properties of the site, from topography to climate to wind
pattern and vegetation
Analyze these features and incorporate them into the design
Analyzing the conditions, ideal location for building can be established
For prevailing hot winds, trees would act as buffer
Openings in building could be placed to absorb cooler winds
Features:
Geographic Location
Dasmarias City is about 8,234 hectares, 12 kilometers from Metro Manila or the National Capital Region
and 27 kilometers south of the center of the City of Manila. It is bounded by the municipalities of Imus and Silang,
both in Cavite at the north and south respectively, at the east by the towns of San Pedro and Bian by the side of
Laguna and Carmona and at the west, it is bounded by General Trias, also in Cavite and a little further from this
boundary is Trece Martires City.
It is strategically located at the intermediate zone of the Metropolitan Manila area. With adequate
accessibility, Dasmarias is within the urbanizing development influence of Metro Manila area.
It is composed of the Poblacion and the barangays. The Poblacion which is now divided into four zones is on the
westernmost section of the municipality, Sabang, Salawag and Salitran are to the north and to the south are San
Agustin, Langkaan and Sampaloc. Burol, Paliparan, and the Resettlement Area are on the eastern side of the
municipality.
The city of Dasmarias is landlocked. However, it is not too far from the coastal towns of Rosario, Kawit,
Bacoor, Noveleta and Cavite City whose average distance from Poblacion is less than 30 kilometers. It is about the
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same distance from Laguna de Bay and about 27 kilometers from the resort city of Tagaytay and the famous Taal
Lake.
At present, Dasmarias is served by corridors traversing the central areas which provide linkages to the
Metropolitan Manila area core in the north and the developing nodes of Laguna and Batangas.
Topography
Dasmarias is partly lowland and partly hill. The Poblacion itself is elevated. From an elevation of 80
meters at the Poblacion, the land rises to 250 meters towards Silang. Generally, land near rivers and creeks are
rugged. Dasmarias is outside the typhoon belt and has no fault line constraints. Further, it is served by natural
drainage system since it is traversed by several rivers and water tributaries draining to the Manila Bay. The town
has yet to experience floods.
SlopeStrongly sloping to elevated areas cover approximately 1,532.16 hectares or 18.61% of the total area.
These are dispersed among Burol, Langkaan, Paliparan, Salawag, Sampaloc and San Agustin. Areas with slopes 10.1
to 18% cover about 575.72 hectares of land in portions of Salawag, Salitran, Burol, and other parts.
On the other hand, gently sloping or undulating areas comprise merely 710.4 hectares or 8.62% of the
total land area while undulating areas with a slope of 2.6 to 5% account for the biggest percentage of 50.59% of
the total land area equivalent to 4, 165.64 hectares of land which are dispersed over the municipality except
Sabang and San Jose.
Climate
Two pronounced seasons: wet season and dry season. Wet season covers the period from May to
December of each year and dry season covers the period from January to April.
The temperature in Dasmarias has been noted to range from below 60 F to about 90 F. Further, south, however,
where there is a higher elevation, the temperature becomes as cool as 50 F during the Christmas season.
Circulation
Automobile Circulation it has easy access to the parking areas and building without excessive
drives/conflicts.
Pedestrian Circulation direct access from the various points on the site to the building entrances.
Service Circulation The service trucks may use the same entry and drives as automobiles but the loading
area should be separate
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SUN ANALYSIS
WIND ANALYSIS
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SITE DIMENSION
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SITE PICTURE
OPEN COURT/PARKING AREA
FRONT VIEW REAR VIEW
RIGHT VIEW LEFT VIEW
AERIAL VIEW
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Chapter 5
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
F O R MGOALS FACTS CONCEPTS NEEDS PROBLEMS
SITE ELEMENTS
-TO PRESERVE AND
IMPROVE THE SITES
NATURAL
CHARACTERISTICS SUCH
AS TREES, VEGETATIVE
COVER, ETC.
NEIGHBORS
-CONSIDERATION
REGARDING THE LAND
USE PLAN, AND
GUIDELINES OR VICINITY
POLICIES.
INDIVIDUALITY
-TO INTRODUCE
INNOVATIVE APPROACHIN PROVIDING NEW
SPACES SUCH AS
LEARNING SPACES AND
OTHER LABORATORIES;
THIS SATISFIES THE
PRESENT NEEDS AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE STUDENTS.
PROJECTED IMAGE
-TO CREATE AN IMAGE
THAT WILL ADOPT THE
MODERN FIL-SPANISH
STYLE OF DLSU D.
-TO CREATE AN IMAGE
THAT WILL PROVIDE AN
ENTICING AND
CONDUCIVE DESIGN FOR
LEARNING.
SITE
ANALYSIS
-THE SITE IS
LOCATED
BESIDE THE
GREGORIA
MONTOYA
HALL(GMH),
ADJACENT TO
CET BUILDING,
AND IT IS
ACCESSIBLE
AND VISIBLE
-THE LOT IS
RELATIVELY
FLAT WITHIRREGULAR
SHAPE.
POPULATI
ON
-EVERY YEAR,
THE NUMBER
OF
ARCHITECTURE
STUDENTS IS
INCREASING.
ADDITION
AL TO THE
AESTHETIC
VALUE OF
THE AREA
ENHANCEMENT
-SITE ENHANCEMENTS THROUGH
EFFICIENT AND CREATIVE
BUILDING DESIGN AND TAKING
ADVANTAGE OF THE SITES
NATURAL FEATURES.
CLIMATE CONTROL
-CONSIDERATION WITH
REGARDS TO BUILDING DESIGN
AND ISULATING MATERIALS
INTEGRAL TO THE BUILDING TO
ESTABLISH COMFORT PLACE FOR
LEARNING
SAFETY
-STRUCTURAL DESIGN
GUIDELINES AND OTHER LAWSAND CODES SHOULD CONFORM
TO MEET THE SAFETY OF THE
USER.
ORIENTATION
-PROPER ORIENTATION OF
EVERY SPACE SHOULD ANALYZE
IN ORDER TO HAVE ADEQUATE
SOURCE OF LIGHT AND
VENTILATION.
DENSITY
-ENOUGH AREAS FOR OPEN
SPACES AND PROPORTION
AREAS FOR BUILT UP AREAS TO
ENJOY THE NATURAL SITE.
CHARACTER
-CONCEPTUALIZATION OF AN
IMAG THAT WILL BE SUITABLE
FOR THE SITE WITH THE HELP OF
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
SUSTAINABILITY.
FACILITIE
S
-NEWFACILITIES
FOR THE
COLLEGE OF
ARCHITECTU
RE
ENVIRO
NMENTA
L AND
SITE
COST
FACTORS
-COST OF
DEVELOPING
THE PROJECT
THE IMPACT
TO THE
ENVIRONMENTDURING THE
CONSTRUCTIO
N AND AS
WELL AS THE
COST DURING
THE
CONSTRUCTIO
N.
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F U N C T I O NGOALS FACTS CONCEPTS NEEDS PROBLEMS
MISSION
-TO FACILITATE THE
LEARNING AND THE
TRAINING PROCESS OF
ASPIRANTS TO THE
ARCHITECTURE AND
DESIGN PROFESSIONS.
- TO MAKE THEM
GLOBALLY COMPETITIVE
AND TO MOLD THEM IN
PROPER VALUES THAT
PRODUCE INNOVATORSAND LEADERS.
INDIVIDUAL IDENTITY
-TO INTRODUCE A RADICAL
APPROACH IN LEARNING
SPACE DESIGN FOR THE
ARCHITECTURE STUDENTS
AND MEETS THE NEEDS
AND CHARACTERISTIC OF
THE STUDENTS.
HIERARCHY OF
VALUES
-TO INTRODUCE NEW
PROGRAMS IN
ARCHITECTURE.
SECURITY
-TO ESTABLISH THE
PHYSICAL SECURITY AND
PROTECTION OF THE
OCCUPANTS IN THE
BUILDING
EFFICIENCY
-TO INCREASE THE
PRODUCTIVITY RATE OF
ARCHITECTURE STUDENTS
IN THE SCHOOLENVIRONMENT
STATISTICAL
DATA
-ADMISTRATORS
-FACULTY/STAFF
-ARCHITECTURE
STUDENTS
-MAINTENANCE
-VISITORS
USER
CHARACTERIS
TICS
-STUDENTS-LEARNING
OPTOPNS AND
BEHAVIOR
-RESEARCHERS
-VISITORS
TRAFFIC
ANALYSIS
-ACTIVE
PEDESTRIAN
TRAFFIC,
MODERATE
VEHICULAR
TRAFFIC SPACE
ADEQUACY
-PROVISIONS FOR
ADEQUATE SPACES
WITHIN THE
PROJECT SITE.
SITE ANALYSIS
-THE SITE IS
LOCATED BESIDE
THE GREGORIA
MONTOYA
HALL(GMH),ADJACENT TO CET
BUILDING, AND IT
IS ACCESSIBLE AND
VISIBLE
ACTIVITY GROUPING
- ACTIVITIES PERFORMED AT
DIFFERENT AREAS THAT
SHARES A COMON PURPOSE
OF LEARNING AND
DEVELOPMENT
PRIORITY
-FACILITIES FOR THE
HANDICAPPED.
-SPACES FOR LABORATORY
ROOMS.
SECURITY CONTROL-PROPER SECURITY CONTROL
FOR THE SAFETY OF THE
USERS.
SEQUENTIAL FLOW
-FLOW OF ACTIVITIES OF THE
USERS DEPENDS ON THE
INTENDED PURPOSE INSIDE
THE STRUCTURE.
SEPARATE FLOW
-SEPARATION OF PUBLIC,
SEMI-PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
AREAS.
SPACE
REQUIEMEN
TS
-SPACE FOR
ARCHITECTURE
STUDENTS
-SPACE FOR
ADMINISTRATOR
S
-SPACE FOR
FACULTY/STAFF
OUTDOORSPACE
REQUIREME
NTS
-PROVIDING AN
OPEN
SPACES/RECREA
TIONAL AREAS
WILL GIVE
SATISFACTION
TO THE
OCCUPANTS.
PARKING
REQUIREMENTS
-SUFFICIENT
PARKING SPACES
WITH
CONSIDERATION
TO
ACCESSIBILITY.
BUILDING
EFFICIENCY
LEVELS OF
SECURITY AND
PRIVACY AT THE
PROJECT SITE
MUST BE
CONSIDERED
IT IS IMPORTANT
TO ANALYZE THE
USER AND ITS
POPULATION
DENSITY FOR
FUTUREEXPANSION
PROVIDING SAFE
AMENITIES AND
FACILITIES FOR THE
SAFETY AND
SECURITY OF THE
OCCUPANTS IN
ORDER TO AVOID
ACCIDENTS.
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T I M EGOALS FACTS CONCEPTS NEEDS PROBLEMS
CHANGE
GROWTH
STATIC/DYNAMIC
-FOCUSES ON THE
BEHAVIOR AND
PHYSICAL
ASPECTS OF THE
OCCUPANTS.
THE
INCREASE
OF THEPOPULATI
ON
EXPANSION
ADAPTIBILITY AND
CONVERTABILITY
PHASING THE ACTUAL TIME
OF PHASING IN
CONSTRUCTIONMUST BE IN
ACCORDANCE WITH
THE ESTIMATED
COMPLETION OF
THE PROJECT
CONSTRUCTION
The chart is showing the estimated population of architecture students in DLSU-D from the year
2002 up to the present year. As we observe in the chart, every year there is an increase in populationand with that, there is a high expectation in terms of good facilities, quality of teaching, and etc.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
ESTIMATED POPULATION OF ARCHITECTURE
STUDENTS IN DLSU D
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No. of student per
Drawing Table
W x L A
1 student 2.20 x 2.40 5.28 m
2 students 2.20 x 5.60 12.32 m
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Chapter 6
DESIGN TRANSLATION
OBJECTIVES
The De La Salle University Dasmarinas had a high standard of architectural design with regard
in the Fil-spanish themes of the buildings inside the campus. The new building of the College of
Architecture must achieve energy efficiency without compromise to the design expectations of the
university. This double challenge led to many of design decisions that must be consider in adapting to
the Dark green campus. The design should encouraged to look to thermal mass as a means of giving
thickness and architectural weight to the walls and contrasting expressive windows.
The University was particularly keen to avoid air-conditioning. Taking a long-term view of energy
and building maintenance costs, and with concern for the health and well being of those on campus, its
policy was only to employ full air-conditioning in special areas.
CONSIDERATIONS
Circulation
Ventilation
Orientation
Height, Width, and Length
Site Context
Distribution
Safety and Security
Sustainable Development
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs. (Brundtland, 1987)
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Sustainable Design
Creating buildings which are energy efficient, healthy, comfortable, and flexible in use and
designed for long life. (Foster and Partners, 1999)
Sustainable Construction
The creation and management of healthy buildings based upon resource efficient and ecological
principle. (BSRIA, Centre for Construction Ecology, 1996)
TYPES OF SUSTAINABILITY
Environmental Energy efficient;
Water efficient;
Material efficient;
Low maintenance;
Recycling.
Social Community asset;
Social cohesion;
Linked to other community facilities;
Retention of teachers;
Supports welfare as well as teaching.
Economic Long-term asset value
Low maintenance;
Improves productivity of teachers;
Enhances learning of pupils
Low utility bills
Characteristics of a Green School
Resource efficient, particularly in the area of energy
Healthy, both physically and psychology;
Comfortable, responsive and flexible;
Ecologically based, particularly as an integrated system of impacts.
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Each characteristic is itself subject to sub-division, creating 20 defining factors, e. g:
Resource efficient
Low energy design (in construction and occupation);
Exploits renewable energy;
Puts energy control in hand of occupants (with appropriate education);
Conserves water;
Local sourcing of materials.
Healthy
Minimum internal pollution;
Uses natural materials;
Exploits natural light and ventilation;
Addresses psychological welfare;
Accessible for all;
Comfortable
Attractive and responsive internal environment;
Sheltered, sunny external environment;
Noise free
Controllable environment;
Glare free.
Ecological
Exploits recycling;
Life-cycle impact;
Makes nature visible;
Designed upon ecological principles;
Uses ecological accounting [eco-footprint
Not all Green Schools employ all 20 factors; there is necessarily selection to meetcircumstance.
For the sake of this analysis, however, a green school is one which takes account of at least 75% of the
key factors, i.e