Chuong6-Quản Lí Sản Xuất - Vận Hành

7/25/2019 Chuong6-Qun L Sn Xut - Vn Hnh

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Q U N T R K I N H D O A N H C H O K SCHNG 6

QUN L SN XUTV VN HNH

Nguyn Ngc Bnh [email protected]


2/44

Ni dung1. Gii thiu qun l sn xut v vn hnh

(production and operation management POM)2. Gii thiu mt shthng sn xut

(manufacturing system)

3. Btr mt bng (layout)

4. Hochnh tng hp (aggregate planning)

5. Qun l tn kho (inventory management)

6. Hochnh nhu cu nguyn vt liu (Material

Requirements Planning MRP) 2


3/44

Gii thiu qun l sn xut v vn hnh

3

Cc chc nng chnh

ca doanh nghip Sn xut l qu trnh

chuyn ha Cc quyt nh trong

qun l sn xut vvn hnh


4/44


4

Cc chc nng chnh ca doanh nghip

Snxut

Tipth

Tichnh

Doanh nghip


5/44


5

Cc chc nng chnh ca doanh nghip

Sn xut Ht nhn kthut ca tchc

Sn xut


6/44


6

Sn xut l qu trnh chuyn ha


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7

cim ca hng ha (good) Hu hnh (sm c)C

nh ngha r rng vsn

phm Sn xut tch bit vi tiu th c thlu trc

Tng tc thp vi khch hng(gin tip)

C thtng ha sn xut



8/44


8

cim ca dch v(service) Khng sm cC nh

ngha khng r rng vsnphm

c sn xut v tiu thngthi khng lu trc

Tng tc cao vi khch hng(trc tip) Thng c nht v da trn tri

thc kh tng ha



9/44


9


Automobile

ComputerInstalled carpeting

Fast-food meal

Restaurant meal/auto repairHospital care

Advertising agency/investment management

Consulting service/teaching

Counseling

Percent of Product that is a Good Percent of Product that is a Service

100% 75 50 25 0 25 50 75 100%| | | | | | | | |


10/44


10

Nhim v ca qun l sn xut v vn hnh: tng nng sut

ca qu trnh to ra gi trgia tng Nhim vca nh qun l sn xut v vn hnh: hoch

nh trc tt ccng vic tham gia vo qu trnh sn xut

Cp cng ty (di hn) Hoch nh nng lc sn xut Hoch nh mt bngnh xng, btr trang thit b Pht trin sn phm mi, ng dng cng nghmi,

Cp phn xng(trung/ngn hn) Hoch nh tng hp Hoch nh nhu cu nguyn vt liu, kho bi

Tchc sn xut,iu tc nghip,...

Cc quytnh trong qun l sn xut v vn hnh


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11

Mt stc vcthtrong qun l sn xut v vn

hnh: Dbo nhu cu hng ha/dch v Thit khng ha/dch v Qun l cht lng Hoch nh qu trnh sn xut

Thit kcng vic Btr trang thit bsn xut Vn chuyn nguyn liu v sn phm Hoch nh v lp tin sn xut...



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12

Cc quytnh chin lc trong qun l sn xut v

vn hnh: Dnu vchi phChi ph hot ng thp nht

Khc bit haSc o ca hng ha/dch v

png nhanhTc trong thit k, sn xut, giao nhn


Productivity (nng sut) = output/inputEffectiveness (hiu qu) vs efficiency (hiu sut)


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Gii thiu mt shthng sn xut

13

Phn loi theo sn lng sn xut

Sn xutn chic (jobbing, project): l dng

sn xut lu i nht, sn lng rt nh(mt hocvi sn phm), theo yu cu trc tip tkhchhng.

Sn xut theo l (batch): sn lng ln hn(khong vi chc sn phm) Rt linh hot trongvic thay i mu m & sn lng Rt ph hp

vi sn xut hin i ngy nay. Sn xut khi ln (mass): sn lng rt ln Ph

hp vi nhng loi sn phm n nh trn thtrng.


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Gii thiu mt shthng sn xut

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Phn loi theo sn lng sn xutc im n chic Theo l Khi ln

Sn lng Rt t Va phi Rt ln, n nh

Thit b a nng a nng, chuyndng Chuyn dng

Knng cngnhn

Cao Trung bnh Va phi

Dng btr thitb Theo quy trnh Theo quy trnh Theo sn phm

Gi thnh n v Cao Trung bnh Thp

c im snphm

Theo khch hng Tiu chun hathp

Tiu chun hacao

Thi gian snxut

Di Trung bnh Ngn

Nhm sn phm Dn xy dng, tu,my bay, sn phmmu, sn phm chuyndng

Thit bckh, ni tht, bnhko

dn dng,thc phm chbin, ha cht...


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Btr mt bng

15

Nhng nh hng ca

mt bngn hotngsn xut

Cc nhn tphi cnnhc khi la chn cchbtr mt bng

Cc kiu btr mt bngtiu chun


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Btr mt bng

16

1. Gim chi ph sn xut

2. Tng hiu quhot ng3. Thch ng tt trong vic thay i hng ha/dch v4. Tng cht lng5. Thun li cho ngi lao ng6. Gim slu chuyn ca nguyn vt liu, bn thnh phm

7. Gii quyt im ng (bottleneck)8. An ton hn cho ngi lao ng9. Vic chn la thit b

10. To tnh linh hot ca hthng...

Nhngnh hng ca mt bngn hotng sn xut


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Btr mt bng

1. Ddng thu hp/mrng2. Tnh linh hot ca mt bng3. Hiu quca vic di chuyn nguyn vt liu

4. Hiu quca thit bnng chuyn vt liu5. Hiu qutn kho6.

Hiu quca cc dch vcung cp7. nh hng i vi an ton lao ng v iu kinlm vic

8. Sddng trong vic iu khin v kim sot

Cc nhn tphi cn nhc khi la chn cch BTMB

17


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Btr mt bng

9. Gi trkhuych trng i vi cng chng v

chnh quyn10. nh hng i vi hng ha/dch v

11. nh hng i vi cng tc bo tr12. Ph hp vi tchc nh my13. Sdng thit b14. Sdng cc iu kin tnhin15. Khnng p ng vcng sut16. Stng thch i vi khoch di hn...

Cc nhn tphi cn nhc khi la chn cch BTMB (tt)

18


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Btr mt bng

19

Btr mt bng theo quy trnh (process focus)

cimMy mc/cng vic theo chc nng

Sn phm di chuyn theo tng khu, ty yu cu sn xut

Nu btr nhiu my cng loi vo tng th gi l btr dng/trm lm vic theo nhm cng ngh (cell/center layout)

Cc kiu btr mt bng tiu chun

M1A

B

M2 M3 B

M4 M5 M6 A


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Btr mt bng

20

Btr mt bng theo quy trnh (process focus)

uimTnh linh hot cao

Bo tr thit bnh kddngCng vic lin tc (nu my hng th c my khc thay th)

Khuytim

Phi phn bcc cng on

Phi lp phng n gia cng ca bn thnh phm



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Btr mt bng

21

Btr mt bng theo sn phm (product focus)

cimMt bng btr theo dng vt liu

Thit bbtr theo yu cu ca sn phm

Slng sn phm ln bo m cho vic btr ny

uim

Nng sut cao do tnh chuyn mn ha theo sn phm

Chi ph n vthp hn

Khuytim

Tnh linh hot (vchng loi sn phm) km

Slng sn phm mi l ln v n nh (sn xut lin tc v lot ln)

Phi thit kdy chuyn sn xut(chotng sn phmkhc nhau)



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Btr mt bng

22

Btr mt bng theo sn phm (btr theong)

Dngng thng

Dng Zig-Zag

Vo ra khc ni, thun li cho nhng sn phm sch Phi xy dng 2 ng i cho NVL v cho thnh phm Thun li trong phng chng chy n



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Btr mt bng

23

Btr mt bng theo sn phm (btr theong)

Dng trn Dng chU

Vo ra cng ni

u t1 ng i cho cNVL v thnh phm



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Hoch nh tng hp

24

Thayi cng nhn Thayi lng tn kho Dng hpng ph

Tng gin ca


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Hoch nh tng hp

25

Tuyn mi nhn vin hoc sa thi hkhi nhu cu

thay i, cn xem xt: Thtrng lao ng c thun li trong tuyn dng hay khng?

Lao ng c i hi knng hay khng? c yu cu phi hunluyn hay khng?

Nhu cu lu di v n nh hay khng?

Sdng hp ng lao ng ngn hn (i vi lao ng thi v,lao ng phthng)

Thayi cng nhn


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Hoch nh tng hp

26

Ginguyn tc sn xut, lng sn phm ds

tn kho v p ng nhu cu trong nhng giai onnhu cu cao.

p dng cho: nhng ngnh sn xut m thay i tc sn xutgy chi ph cao, sn phm c gi trthp (t bng vn), cc snphm n nh trn thtrng (thuc giai on pht trin hoc

trng thnh trong vng i sn phm).

Khng p dng cho: sn phm dhhng, iu kin bo qun khkhn, thi gian bo qun ngn, sn phm mang tnh thi trang...

Thayi lng tn kho


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Hoch nh tng hp

27

Dng nhng vtinh, x nghip nhkhi nhu cu

tng caoGia tng nng lc sn xut v khngphi u tnhiu vn.

Mt slu :Gi thnh c th cao.Chnn dng cho sn phm c t b quyt cng ngh.

Mt dng khc ca vtinh l nh my o.Thng a nquyt nh: mua hay sn xut.Chdng cho nhng chi tit ph(cng ty tsn xut

nhng chi tit chnh, ct li).

Dng hpng ph(gia cng ngoi)


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Hoch nh tng hp

28

Cc cng ty thng sdng gii php ny nhtuim t lm thay i hot ng sn xut, nhn s, hng tn kho. Tng thu nhp cho cng nhn.

Khuytim Chthc hin trong thi gian ngn (Thi gian diMt mi,

lut lao ng khng cho php). Chi ph gilao ng cao (Khong 1,5 ln so vi bnh thng).Nng sut trong thi gian gin ca khng cao.

X nghip sdng c3 ca

Khng dng c gii php ny.

Tng gin ca


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Qun l tn kho

29

Cc loi hng tn kho Chc nng tn kho Chi ph tn kho

Hthng kim sot tnkho M hnh tiu cbn

(Economic Order Quantity- EOQ)

im ti t hng


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Qun l tn kho

30

Cc loi hng tn kho

Nguynvt liu

(raw

materials)

Bn thnhphm

(work in

process)

Thnhphm

(finished

goods)Cc mt

hng linhtinh

Bphn vt t

Bphn sn xut

Bphn bn

hng, tip th

Bphn kthut, bo tr


31/44

Qun l tn kho

31

Chc nng tn kho

Duy tr sc lp ca cc hot ngp ng sthay i nhu cu sn xut

To slinh hot cho iu sn xut

To san ton khi thay i thi gian cung ng nguyn vt liu

Qun l tn kho

Lng t hng l bao nhiu mi ln t hng? (mi ln t hng lbao nhiu chi ph tn kho l t nht)

Khi no th tin hnh t hng? (lc no t hng, v bao lu th tit hng)

Chc nng tn kho


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Qun l tn kho

32

Chi ph vn (Capital cost): chi ph cho vic mua

hng tn kho Chi ph tn tr (Holding cost): chi ph cho vic bo

qun, lu trhng trong kho Chi ph t hng (Ordering cost): cho ph cho vic

pht n t hng Chi ph do thiu ht (Shortage cost): chi ph phi

bi hon do khng hng cung cp cho khchhng khi nhn hp ng.

Chi ph tn kho


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Qun l tn kho

33

Kim sot lin tc

Lng t hng cnh Mc dtrtn kho thp

CP phc vgim st cao

Kim sotnh k

Lng t hng thay i Mc dtrtn kho cao hn

CP phc vgim st thp hn

Hthng kim sot tn kho

Q

Lng t hng Q

T T T


34/44

Qun l tn kho

Cc githit:

Nhu cu lin tc Qu trnh sn xut lin tc

Khng c rng buc vslng t

hng, sc chc kho bi, ngun vn Lng t hng cnh Q chnhn 1

ln cho mi n hng

Tt cchi ph khng i

Khng cho php ht hng

Khng c gim gi trn lng thng

M hnh tiu cbn (EOQ)

T: Thi im hng tn kho va ht

D: Nhu cu hng nm; d: nhu cu hng ngy

34

-d

l kh


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Qun l tn khoM hnh tiu cbn (EOQ)

Tng chi ph tn kho hng nm: TC = (D/Q)*S + (Q/2)*H + p*D

Lng t hng ti u: H

SDEOQ

2=

p: Gi mua n v(ng/n v)Price

D: Nhu cu hng nm (n v/nm)Demand

H: Chi ph tn trn v(ng/n v/nm)Holding Cost

S: Chi ph t hng (ng/n hng)Ordering Cost

Q: Slng t hng (n v/n hng)Quantity

TC: Tng chi ph (ng/nm)Total Cost

35

Q l kh


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V d1:

Cng ty c nhu cu sdng 80.000kin hng mi nm, vi cc chi ph sauy:

(gi n v) p = $0.40/kin hng

(ph tn kho n v) H = $0.10/kinhng/nm

(ph t hng) S = $80/ln tBit cng ty lm vic 220 ngy 1 nm.

Tm slng t hng ti u vi tngph ti thiu v thi gian gia cc lngiao hng.

Qun l tn khoM hnh tiu cbn (EOQ)

36

Q l t kh


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Qun l tn kho

37

im ti t hng: R = L x d

im tit hng

T: Thi im hng tn

kho va htd:N h u cu hng ngy

L: Khong thi gian

(ngy) t lc t hngn lc nhn hng(khong thi gian tr -Lead time)

R:im tit hng (Re-order point)

Q l t kh


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Qun l tn kho

38

im tit hng

Gii:

Slng hng t l Q* = = = 219 tm

Nhu cu hng ngy: d = = 16 tm/ngy

im ti t hng: R = L x d = 5 x 16 = 80 tm

im ti t hng khi mc tn kho cn 80 tm.

H

SD2

000.20

)000.100)(800.4(2

300800.4

V d2:

Nhu cu dng tn: D = 4.800 tm/nm (300 ngy lm vic).

Ph trhng/nm: 20.000 ng/tm.Ph t hng: 100.000 ng/ln.Thi gian tlc nhn c n hng cho n khi giao hng: 5 ngy.

Lng t hng l bao nhiu v khi no ti t hng?

H h h h t li


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Hoch nh nhu cu nguyn vt liu

39

Mi quan hgia MRP vi cc hotng khc

MRP trli cu hi

Khi no cn giao sn phm cho khch hng, nhu cu mi loi? Khi no lng dtrcn kit? Khi no pht n hng NVL/chi tit?

Khi no nhn NVL/chi tit?

Lch sn xut cthbaogm slng sn phm,thi gian sn xut, ngygiao hng,Cu trc vt t, linh kinsn xut ra mi loisn phm

Vt tno cn? Slng bao nhiu?Nu thiu th khi not hng? Slngbao nhiu?

H h h h t li


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Hng mc vt tc lp v phthuc

Hng mc vt tc lp: nhng chi tit/sn phm c xc nhtdbo Hng mc vt tphthuc: nhng chi tit/NVL cu thnh nn sn

phm (c tnh thng mc vt tc lp) Cy sn phm: din ttt ccc chi tit cu thnh nn sn phm sau

cng v slng ca mi loi.



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41

V d: Hoch nh nhu cu nguyn vt liu sn xut 100

sn phm T, giao cho khch hng vo tun th7.Chitit

Thi gianthc hin

(tun)

T 1

U 2

V 2

W 3X 1

Y 1

Chi titSlng yu

cu

T 100

U 2

W 1

X 2

V 3W 2

Y 2

Bng danh sch vt t(Bill of Material) Thi gian thc hin/gia cng cc chi tit



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42

sn xut 100 sn phm T, ta cn:

Chi tit U: 2 x Ssn phm T = 2 x 100 = 200

Chi tit V: 3 x Ssn phm T = 3 x 100 = 300

Chi tit W: 1 x Schi tit U + 2 x Schi tit V = 800

Chi tit X: 2 x Schi tit U = 2 x 200 = 400

Chi tit Y: 2 x Schi tit V = 2 x 300 = 600

Chitit

Slng

cn

Thi gianthc hin

(tun)

T 100 1

U 200 2

V 300 2

W 800 3

X 400 1

Y 600 1

Tun


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Tun

1 2 3 4 5 6 7T/g thc

hin

TTng nhu cu

1 tunNhn hng

UTng nhu cu

2 tunNhn hng

VTng nhu cu

2 tunNhn hng

WTng nhu cu

3 tunNhn hng

XTng nhu cu

1 tunNhn hng

YTng nhu cu

1 tunNhn hng

100100

200

300

200

300

800

400

600

800

400

600


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Chuong6-Quản Lí Sản Xuất - Vận Hành

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