Chuong 2 Glucid
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Transcript of Chuong 2 Glucid
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04/07/23 1
Chương 2: Trao đổi chất Glucid
2.1 Phân giải glucid2.1.1.Phân giải polyssacharide2.1.2 Hóa sinh của hô hấp 2.1.2.1 Quá trình đường phân 2.1.2.2 Hô hấp yếm khí - Lên men 2.1.2.3 Hô hấp hảo khí – Chu trình Krebs
a. Sự khử cacboxyl hóa pyruvic acid b. Chu trình Krebs
c. Chuỗi enzyme hô hấp và sự phosphoril hóa oxy hóa qua chuỗi enzyme hô hấp2.1.3 Chu trình pentosephosphat
2.2 Sinh tổng hợp glucid2.2.1 Sinh tổng hợp mới (de novo) glucose2.2.2 Sinh tổng hợp glycogen
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2.1. PHÂN GIẢI GLUCID
2.1.1.1 Phân giải tinh bột
2.1.1 Phân giải polysaccharide
C¸c qu¸ tr×nh oxi ho¸ ®Ó tæng hîp n¨ng l îng
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-amylase
Gucoamylase
-amylase
enzym R
a.Sự phân giải tinh bột bằng cách thủy phân
- α – Amylase
- β – Amylase
- Glucoamylase
- 1,6 – Amyloglycosidase
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2.1.1.2 Phân giải glycogen
1. Phosphorylase phân giải glycogen từ đầu không có tính khử đến gốc thứ 4 cách điểm phân nhánh Glycogen + H3PO4 - n Glucose – 1 – phosphate + dextrin hạn chế
2. Phân giải tiếp theo cần 2 enzym: * 4 α – glucanotransferase 2.4.1.25 chuyển 3 gốc glucose từ mạch nhánh gắn vào mạch chính Dextrin hạn chế ----- Mạch dextrin chứa 1 gốc glucose ở mạch bên
* Amylo -1,6- glucosidase 3.2.7.33 thủy phân liên kết 1,6 glucoside giải phóng glucose
3. Phosphorylase phân giải tiếp mạch thẳng Sản phẩm:n glucose-1- phosphat và
m glucose
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2.1.2.1. Qu¸ tr×nh ® êng ph©n (§ êng h íng EMP)
2.1.2 Ho¸ sinh h« hÊp
10 ph¶n øng, chia ra 2 giai ®o¹n:
-Giai ®o¹n chuÈn bÞ
-Giai ®o¹n hoµn tr¶
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Ph¶n øng 1:Hexokinase
Ph¶n øng 3:Fructose-6-P kinase
Ph¶n øng 2:Isomerase
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Ph¶n øng 5:Isomerase
Ph¶n øng 4: Aldolase
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Ph¶n øng 6: Oxy ho¸ - G3P- Dehydrogenase
Ph¶n øng 7: Kinase
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Ph¶n øng 9: Enolase
Ph¶n øng 8: Mutase
Ph¶n øng 10: Kinase
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Ph ¬ng tr×nh tæng qu¸t:
Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2Pv + 2ADP 2Piruvate + 2ATP + 2NAD.H,H+
B¶n chÊt:
Sù ph©n gi¶i ® êng Glucose trong ®iÒu kiÖn yÕm khÝ thµnh 2 piruvic acid, ATP vµ NAD.H,H+
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2.1.2.2. H« hÊp yÕm khÝ - Lªn men
2.1.2.3. H« hÊp h¶o khÝ - Chu tr×nh Krebs
a. Lªn men r îu ethylic
b. Lªn men Lactic acid
a. Sù khö carboxyl ho¸ oxy ho¸ Pyruvic acid
b. Chu tr×nh Krebs (Chu tr×nh citric acid)c. Chuçi enzym h« hÊp. Sù phorphoril
ho¸ oxy ho¸ qua chuçi enzym h« hÊp
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a. Lên men rượu ethylic
• Đường phân (10 phản ứng)
Glucose ----------- 2 pyruvic acid + 2 NADH,H+ + 2ATPp.ư 11. Pyruvat decacboxylase
CH3COCOOH ---- CO2 + CH3 CHO
p.ư 12. Pyruvat dehydrogenase
CH3CHO + NADH,H+ ---- CH3CH2OH + NAD+
2.1.2.2 Lên men
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b. Lên men lactic acid
• Đường phân (10 phản ứng)
Glucose ----------- 2 pyruvic acid + 2 NADH,H+ + 2ATP
p.ư 11. Lactate dehydrogenase
CH3COCOOH + NADH,H+ ---- CH3CHOHCOOH + NAD+
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2.1.2.3 Hô hấp hảo khí – chu trình Krebs
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a. Sù khö cacboxil-ho¸ oxi ho¸ pyruvic acid
Pyruvate + NAD+ + CoASH <=> Acetyl-CoA + NADH + CO2 ( = -33.5 kJ/mol)
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Phức hợp gồm 3 enzyme:1. Pyruvate decarboxylase (E1)2. Dihydrolipoamide transacetylase (E2)3. Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) vµ 5 coenzyme:1. Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP)2. Lipoic Acid - lipoamide3. FAD4. NAD+5. CoASH
Phøc hîp Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
(Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex)
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C¬ chÕ ho¹t ®éng cña phøc hîp Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
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04/07/23 18Axitxetoglutaric
cooh
c
c
cooh
h2
och2
cooh h
cooh
c
c
cooh
h
ch2cooh
cooh
c
c
ch2cooh h
h
cooh
oh
cooh
c
ch2
2h
co os c a
cooh
c
ch2
2h
cooh
cooh
c
ch
h
cooh
cooh
c
ch
cooh
ohh
2
ch3 c
o
cooh
ch3 c
o
os c a
cooh
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c
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o
h2o
h2o
h2o
c
cooh
o
cooh
cch2cooh h
oohc
c
c
ch2cooh h
o2
Co SHA
Co SHA
GTP
GDP
ADP
ATP
Pv
FADFADH2
h2o
Axit piruvic
Axetil-CoA
Axit xitric
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
AxitXis aconitic
AxitIzoxitric
AxitOxalo xucxinic
Xucxinil CoA
Axit xucxinic
Axit fumaric
Axit malic
Axit oxaloaxetic
NADH2
NAD+
NADH2
NADH2 NAD+
NAD+
co2
co2
b. Chu tr×nh Krebs
8 phản ứng
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Chu tr×nh Krebs (C.t. Citric acid)
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p.ư.1: Ngưng tụ
p.ư. 2: Loại nước, hợp nước
p.ư. 3: Khử cacboxyl hóa oxy hóa isocitric acid
p.ư. 4: Khử cacboxyl hóa oxy hóa α – ketoglutaric acid
p.ư. 5: Phosphoryl hóa cơ chất succinyl-CoA
p.ư. 6: Oxy hóa succinic acid
p.ư. 7: Hợp nước
p.ư. 8: Oxy hóa malic acid
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Phương trình tổng quát:
CH3COSCoA + H2O + 3NAD+ + FAD + ADP + Pv = 2CO2 + 3NADH,H+ + FAD.H2 + ATP
Bản chất:
Sự oxy hóa hoàn toàn acetyl-CoA tạo thành 2 CO2, 3 NADH,H+, FAD.H2 và ATP
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c. Oxy ho¸ qua chuçi enzym h« hÊp. Sù Photphoril ho¸ oxi ho¸ qua chuçi enzym h« hÊp
Chuçi enzyme h« hÊp bao gåm:
- Dehydrogenase yÕm khÝ (NAD+, NADP+)
- Enzyme flavinic (FAD)
- HÖ thèng cytochrome: C¸c cytochrome vµ enzyme cytochrome-oxidaseSù phosphoril - ho¸ oxi ho¸ qua chuçi enzyme h« hÊp: Sù ho¹t ho¸ Pv nhê n¨ng l îng cña qu¸ tr×nh oxi ho¸ qua chuçi enzyme h« hÊp
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Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone)
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C¸c phøc hîp multiprotein trong h« hÊp
Tõ NADH,H+:
- Phøc hîp I
- Coenzyme Q
- Phøc hîp III
- Phøc hîp IV
- Phøc hîp VTõ Succinate:
- Phøc hîp II
- Coenzyme Q
- Phøc h¬p III
- Phøc hîp IV
- Phøc hîp V
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H íng vËn chuyÓn Proton vµ tæng hîp ATP
Kho¶ng kh«ng gian gi÷a 2 mµng
ChÊt nÒn
Màng trong
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Figure 15.18: A model for the final stages in proton pumping by cytochrome oxidase.
C¸c b íc cuèi cña b¬m proton d íi t¸c dông cña enzyme Cytochrome oxidase
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C¸c chÊt vËn chuyÓn ®iÖn tö trong Mitochondrion
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C¸c Hem
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Figure 15.16: Structure of the redox components of complex III-cytochrome b, the iron-sulfur protein (ISP), and the heme of cytochrome c1.
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2.1.3. Chu tr×nh Pentosephosphat Chu tr×nh
gåm 2 giai ®o¹n (12 p.ư):
- Giai ®o¹n oxi ho¸
- Giai ®o¹n kh«ng oxi ho¸
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C¸c giai ®o¹n cña ® êng h íng:
Chia ra 2 giai ®o¹n:
Giai ®o¹n 1: Oxi ho¸ Glucose- 6 - phosphate thµnh c¸c Pentose Phosphate
Giai ®o¹n 2: BiÕn ®æi c¸c pentose phosphate thµnh Glucose- 6 - phosphate
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• Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase
• Lactonase
• 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase
• Phosphopentose Isomerase
• Phosphopentose Epimerase
• Transketolase
• Transaldolase
C¸c enzyme cña ® êng h íng Pentose Phosphate:
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Oxidative Phase (Generates NADPH)Glucose-6-Phosphate + NADP+ <=> 6-Phosphogluconolactone + NADPH (catalyzed by Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase)6-Phosphogluconolactone + H2O <=> 6-Phosphogluconate + H+ (catalyzed by Lactonase)6-Phosphogluconate + NADP+ <=> Ribulose-5-Phosphate + CO2 + NADPH (catalyzed by 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase)Nonoxidative Phase (note how products of each reaction are shuffled - the pathway does not lead to a single end product)Ribulose-5-Phosphate <=> Ribose-5-Phosphate (catalyzed by Phosphopentose Isomerase)Ribulose-5-Phosphate <=> Xylulose-5-Phosphate (catalyzed by Phosphopentose epimerase)Xylulose-5-Phosphate + Ribose-5-phosphate <=> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + Sedoheptulose-7-Phosphate(catalyzed by Transketolase)Sedoheptulose-7-Phosphate + Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate <=> Erythrose-4-Phosphate + Fructose-6-Phosphate (catalyzed by Transaldolase)Xylulose-5-phosphate + Erythrose-4-Phosphate <=> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + Fructose-6-phosphate (catalyzed by Transketolase)
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Giai đoạn 1: Giai đoạn oxi ho¸
P.ư.1: Oxy hóa
Glucose-6-Phosphate + NADP+ <=> 6-Phosphogluconolactone + NADPH ( Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase xúc tác)P.ư.2: Phản ứng hợp nước
6-Phosphogluconolactone + H2O <=> 6-Phosphogluconate + H+ (Lactonase xúc tác)P.ư 3: Khử cacboxyl hóa oxy hóa
6-Phosphogluconate + NADP+ <=> Ribulose-5-Phosphate + CO2 + NADPH (6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase xúc tác)
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G.đ 2: Giai đoạn không oxy hóa
P.ư 4: Đồng phân hóa Ribulose-5-Phosphate <=> Ribose-5-Phosphate (Phosphopentose Isomerase)
P.ư 5: Đồng phân hóa Ribulose-5-Phosphate <=> Xylulose-5-Phosphate (Phosphopentose epimerase)
P.ư 6: Chuyển nhón keto C5 + C5 --- C3 + C7
Xylulose-5-Phosphate + Ribose-5-phosphate <=> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + Sedoheptulose-7-Phosphate(Transketolase)
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P.ư 7: Chuyển nhóm C7 + C3 -- C4 + C6 Sedoheptulose-7-Phosphate + Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate <=> Erythrose-4-Phosphate + Fructose-6-Phosphate (Transaldolase)P.ư 8: C5 + C4 -- C6 + C3 Xylulose-5-phosphate + Erythrose-4-Phosphate <=> Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + Fructose-6-phosphate (Transketolase)P.ư 9: Đồng phân hóa Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate < = > dihydroxyaceton-3-phosphat
P.ư 10: Ngưng tụ Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + dihydroxyaceton-3-phosphat Fructose-1,6-biphosphate (Aldolase)
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P.ư 11: Thủy phân Fructose-1,6-biphosphate + H2O -- Fructose-6-phosphate + Pv (phosphatase)
P.ư 12: Đồng phân hóa Fructose-6-phosphate < = > Glucose-6-phosphate (isomerase)
Phương trình tổng quát:
Glucose-6-phospate + 12NADP+ + 6H2O -- 6CO2 + 12NADP.H,H+ + Pv
Vai trò:
- Năng lượng NADP.H,H+
- Nguyên liệu 5C để tổng hợp nucleic acid
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Mechanism of the transaldolase reaction.
Cơ chế của phản ứng do Transaldolase xóc t¸c
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Alternative pentose phosphate pathways.
C¸c ® êng h íng chuyÓn ho¸ Pentose phosphate
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2.2. SINH TỔNG HỢP GLUCID
2.2.1 Sinh tổng hợp mới (de novo) glucose
2.2.2 Sinh tổng hợp glycogen
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2.2.1 Sinh tổng hợp de novo glucose
1. Lactate bị oxy hóa thành pyruvic acid dưới sự xúc tác của Lactate dehydrogenase (NAD+)
2. Pyruvic acid bị cacboxyl hóa thành oxaloacetic acid – pyruvate cacboxylase (p.ư. tổng hợp cần ATP)
3. Oxaloacetic acid bị khử thành malic acid – Malate DH
12 p.ư. từ Lactate
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4. Malic acid bị oxy hóa thành oxaloacetic acid – Malat DH
5. Oxaloacetic acid bị khử cacboxyl hóa thành phosphoenolpyruvic acid – PEP cacboxykinase phụ thuộc GTP
6. PEP được phosphoril hóa thành 1,3-biphosphoglyceric acid
7. 1,3-biphoshpoglyceric acid bị khử thành 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde -
8. Đồng phân hóa 3-phosphoglyreraldehyde thành phosphodioxyaceton
9. Ngược đường phân: 2 hợp chất 3C ngưng tụ thành fructose 1,6-biphosphat
10.Loại gốc phosphat thành fructose 6-phosphat – biphosphatase
11.Đồng phân hóa fructose 6- phosphat thành glucose 6-phosphate
12.Loại gốc phosphat thành glucose - phosphatase
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2.2.2 Sinh tổng hợp glycogen trong gan
-Chất cung cấp glucose: UDP-glucose
- Gắn gốc glucose: Glycogen synthase
- Phân nhánh: Glucan phân nhánh enzyme 2.4.1.18