Chương 1 hóa học glucid
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Transcript of Chương 1 hóa học glucid
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HOÙA HOÏC GLUCID
Ths Leâ Xuaân Tröôøng
MUÏC TIEÂU
1. Vieát ñöôïc ñònh nghóa vaø phaân loaïi ñöôïc glucid.
2. Vieát ñöôïc coâng thöùc caáu taïo cuûa moät soá MS quan
troïng
3. Vieát ñöôïc coâng thöùc caáu taïo cuûa moät soá DS quan
troïng
4. Vieát ñöôïc coâng thöùc caáu taïo cuûa moät soá PS quan
troïng
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1. ÑAÏI CÖÔNG:
- Phaân boá roäng khaép ôû thöïc vaät vaø ñoäng vaät
- Nguoàn goác:
Thöïc vaät: CO2 + H
2O --- h caây, haït, quaû, cuû
Ñoäng vaät: thöïc vaät, protid, lipid glucid
- Vai troø: ñoùng vai troø quan troïng trong chuyeån hoùa
caùc chaát, tham gia caáu truùc teá baøo vaø moâ.
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YÙ nghóa sinh hoïc:
- Glucose laø ñöôøng-huyeát cung caáp naêng löôïng cô theå
- Caùc ñöôøng khaùc sau khi aên vaøo cô theå glucose/gan
- Glucose glycogen gan,cô.
- Roái loaïn chuyeån hoùa Beänh ÑTÑ, beänh galactose-nieäu,
beänh öù ñoïng glycogen ôûgan…
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Phaân loaïi glucid:
- Monosacarid (MS) hay ñöôøng ñôn: thí duï triose, tetrose,
pentose, hexose…
- Disacarid (DS) hay ñöôøng ñoâi: thí duï maltose, lactose,
sacarose…
- Polysacarid (PS) hay ñöôøng ña: Oligosacarid, PS
PS thuaàn: Tinh bột, glycogen, cellulose,inulin…
PS taïp: acid hyaluronic, heparin, chondroitin sulfat…
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• 2. ÑÖÔØNG ÑÔN (MS):
• - Ñònh nghóa: MS laø caùc aldehyd alcol (ñöôøng aldose) hoaëc
ceton alcol (ñöôøng cetose), coù coâng thöùc toång quaùt:
• Ñöôøng aldose Ñöôøng cetose
• n = 0,1,2,…
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Xeáp loaïi moät soá MS quan troïng:
Aldose Cetose
Triose Glycerose Dihyroxyaceton
Tetrose Erythrose Erythrulose
Pentose Ribose Ribulose
Hexose Glucose Fructose
Trong caùc MS treân thì Glucose laø MS quan troïng nhaát.
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Glucose: laø aldehyd alcol, 6C, coâng thöùc coù theå vieát döôùi daïng:
- Daïng thaúng:
L-glucose D-glucose
Coâng thöùc thaúng cuûa glucose coù 3 nhöôïc ñieåm
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- Daïng voøng Tollens (daïng caàu oxy noäi phaân töû): loaïi 6 caïnh
(voøng pyran) hoaëc 5 caïnh (voøng furan)
pyran
-D-glycopyranose -D-glycopyranose
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Furan
-D-glucofuranose -D-glucofuranose
Öu ñieåm: giaûi thích ñöôïc 3 nhöôïc ñieåm cuûa coâng thöùc thaúng
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- Daïng voøng cuûa Haworth:
- Phaân bieät caáu truùc trong khoâng gian 3 chieàu, daïng 6 caïnh beàn
hôn daïng 5 caïnh, daïng gheá beàn hôn daïng thuyeàn.
- Caùc kyù hieäu trong phaân töû glucose: daïng D vaø L-glucose,
daïng vaø -glucose, daïng D (+) vaø D (-) glucose.
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Coâng thöùc cuûa moät soá MS quan troïng: Nhoùm ñöôøng aldose:
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Nhoùm ñöôøng cetose:
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Söï khaùc bieät giöõa 3 ñöôøng aldose 6C thöôøng gaëp:
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Söï chuyeån ñoåi qua laïi giöõa 2 daïng vaø cuûa D-glucose:
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- D-glucose: hay coøn goïi laø ñöôøng huyeát, coù nhieàu trong nöôùc
traùi caây, tinh boät, maltose, lactose.
- D-fructose: coù trong nöôùc traùi caây, maät ong glucose ôû gan.
- D-galactose: coù trong lactose glucose ôû gan, STH lactose ôû
tuyeán vuù, glucoprotein, glucolipid.
- D-ribose: coù trong acid nucleic, coenzym: ATP, NAD, NADP…
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Nhöõng phaûn öùng hoùa hoïc cuûa MS:
- Phaûn öùng taïo Osazon: cho tinh theå ñaëc thuø cuûa moãi MS.
- Phaûn öùng Oxyhoùa: tuøy möùc ñoä acid hoùa glucose
C1
= acid gluconic
C6
= acid glucuronic: coù vai troø khöû ñoäc, taïo PS taïp…
Định tính
- Ñònh tính, ñònh löôïng ñöôøng: coù 3 phöông phaùp: PP khöû (test
Fehling…), PP taïo daãn chaát furfural (test Molish, Seliwanoff…),
PP enzym ñaët hieäu (test glucose oxydase/peroxidase …)
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Caùc daãn xuaát töø MS:
Thí duï: Deoxyribose, glucosamin, N-acetyl-glucosamin…
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3. DISACARID (DS) HAY ÑÖÔØNG ÑOÂI:
- Maltose: coù ôû maàm luùa, men bia, keïo maïch nha, tinh boät; Coù
tính khöû, khoâng taùc duïng vôùi iod; Taïo thaønh töø söï keát hôïp 2
phaân töû glucose qua lieân keát -1-4-glucosid.
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- Lactose (daïng ):ñöôøng söõa, coù trong nöôùc tieåu cuûa phuï nöõ
tröôùc vaø sau sinh; Coù tính khöû, khoâng taùc duïng vôùi iod; Taïo
thaønh töø söï keát hôïp giöõa phaân töû glucose vaø galactose qua
lk -1-4-glucosid.
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- Sacarose (sucrose): ñöôøng mía, cuû caûi ñöôøng; Khoâng coù
tính khöû, khoâng taùc duïng vôùi iod; Taïo thaønh töø söï keát hôïp
giöõa phaân töû glucose vaø fructose qua lk -1--2-glucosid
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4. POLYSACARID (PS) HAY ÑÖÔØNG ÑA:
- PS thuaàn: tinh boät, glycogen, cellulose, inulin, dextrin.
- PS taïp: acid hyaluronic, chondroitin sulfat, heparin
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A. Amylose (lk -1,4) B.Amylopectin (lk -1,4 vaø1,6)
+PS thuaàn:
- Tinh boät:
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A: caáu truùc toång quaùt B: caáu truùc nhaùnh
- Inulin, cellulose, dextrin…
- Glycogen:
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+PS taïp: - Chondroitin 4-sulfat
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- Heparin:
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- Acid hyaluronic
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5. XAÙC ÑÒNH GLUCID: Dung dòch
Test Molish
Khoâng maøu (-) Tím ñoû (glucid:+)
Test Iod
Xanh (TB) Khoâng maøu (MS, DS) Ñoû (glycogen, dextrin)
Test Barfoed
Khoâng maøu (sucrose) Ñoû gaïch ñaäm (MS) Ñoû gaïch lôït (DS)
(5’-7’) (10’-15’)
Test Bial
Xanh (pentose) Khoâng maøu (hexose)
Test Seliwanoff
Khoâng maøu (glucose, galactose) Ñoû,ñoû cam (fructose) û
5. XAÙC ÑÒNH GLUCID: Dung dòch Go back
Test Molish
Khoâng maøu (-) Tím ñoû (glucid:+)
Test Iod
Xanh (TB) Khoâng maøu (MS, DS) Ñoû (glycogen, dextrin)
Test Barfoed
Khoâng maøu (sucrose) Ñoû gaïch ñaäm (MS) Ñoû gaïch lôït (DS)
(5’-7’) (10’-15’)
Test Bial
Xanh (pentose) Khoâng maøu (hexose)
Test Seliwanoff
Khoâng maøu (glucose, galactose) Ñoû,ñoû cam (fructose) û
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