Chapter 8, Bones, Part 2: The Appendicular...
Transcript of Chapter 8, Bones, Part 2: The Appendicular...
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Chapter 8, Bones, Part 2: The Appendicular Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton = Everything that is not the Axial Skeleton, i.e., pelvis and limbs
Goal: Learn and locate the bones and markings of the appendicular skeleton
Developed by John Gallagher, MS, DVM
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The Girdles
! Pectoral Girdle n Supports the Arms n Clavicle and Scapula
! Pelvic Girdle n Supports the Legs n Pelvis ! Ilium, ischium, pubic bone
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Clavicle (collarbone)
• Manubrium to Acromion
• S-shaped
• Frequently fractured
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Scapula (shoulder blade)
v Origin of biceps brachii muscle: v Coracoid Process v Supraglenoid tubercle
v Glenoid v Spine v Acromion v Acromioclavicular
joint v Inferior and Superior
Angles
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The Arm
• Synonym: Upper limb • Upper Arm = Brachium • Forearm = Antebrachium
• Humerus, Radius and Ulna • Carpus (wrist) • Hand (manus)
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Humerus
• Head • Greater and Lesser
Tubercles • Intertubercular Sulcus • Biceps tendon
• Coronoid Fossa • Olecranon Fossa • Trochlea • Medial and Lateral
Epicondyles
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Radius Ulna • Head, neck, shaft • Insertion of biceps brachii: • Radial Tuberosity
• Radial Styloid Process
• Olecranon • Trochlear notch • Coronoid Process • Ulnar Styloid Process
Interosseous Membrane (between radius and ulna)
Note how the two bones can cross
“Funny bone”
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Carpus (Wrist)
n Four Proximal n Scaphoid, lunate,
triquetrum, pisiform n Four Distal
n Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Scaphoid is frequently fractured
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Hand = Manus
• Five metacarpal bones (1-5)
Five fingers Labeled 1-5 Thumb = Pollex = digit 1
Two phalangeal bones Fingers = phalanges = digits 2-5
Three phalangeal bones Proximal, middle, distal
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The Girdles
n Pectoral Girdle n Supports the Arms n Clavicle and Scapula
n Pelvic Girdle n Supports the Legs n Pelvis (os coxae)
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Pelvis = os coxae = hip bone = (innominate bone)
• Three bones: Ilium, Ischium, Pubis • Anterior and posterior iliac spines
meet to form the iliac crest • Greater and Lesser Sciatic Notches • Ischial Tuberosity • Acetabulum • Acetabular fossa
• Obturator Foramen
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More Pelvis
n Articular Surface for Articulation with Sacrum
n Difference between male and female
n Pelvic (or pubic) symphysis n Fibrocartilage n Stretches at childbirth
(Relaxin?)
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Male vs. Female Pelvis
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The leg
• AKA Lower Limb
• Femur • Patella • Tibia/fibula • Tarsus • Foot
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Femur
• Head and fovea capitus • Articulate with pelvis
• Neck (“fx pelvis”) • Greater and Lesser
Trochanters • Shaft • Lateral and medial
condyles and epicondyles • Intercondylar fossa • Patellar Surface
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Patella = knee cap
• Sesamoid Bone • Enclosed in the tendon of
the quadriceps group of muscles
“Skyline” MRI of patella
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Tibia = shin bone
n Lateral and medial condyles n Intercondylar eminence
n Tibial tuberosity n Inferior articular surface n Medial malleolus
n (= ankle bone)
Interosseous Membrane
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Fibula
n Head n Shaft n Lateral malleolus
n (= ankle bone) n Not weight bearing
n Frequent fx
Interosseous Membrane
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Tarsus (7 bones)
• Calcaneous • Talus • Navicular • Cuboid • Cunieform
(3)
Calcaneus
Talus
Cute Tillie Never Could Cooperate
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Foot
• Metatarsals (1-5) • Phalanges (3 per toe
except big toe) • Longitudinal Arches • Medial and lateral
• Transverse Arch
Dancer’s fx
Cute Tillie Never Could Cooperate
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Fractures (a review)
• Bleeding • Then clot
• Periosteal reaction • Fibroblasts • Osteoblasts
• Callus • New bone “collar”
• Remodeling
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“Hip” fracture
n “Grandma fell and broke her hip.” n More accurately, “Grandma suffered a
spontaneous fracture of her femoral neck and then fell.”
n Sometimes the fx is at the intertrochanteric line
n Diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis
n 25% die from complications in first year mostly related to immobility: n Anesthesia n Muscle Atrophy n Pneumonia n Decubitus ulcers n Depression and disorientation
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Douglas Iris