Chapter 6. Introduction to Trees Internet Computing Laboratory @ KUT Youn-Hee Han.

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Chapter 6. Introduction to Trees Internet Computing Laboratory @ KUT Youn-Hee Han

Transcript of Chapter 6. Introduction to Trees Internet Computing Laboratory @ KUT Youn-Hee Han.

Page 1: Chapter 6. Introduction to Trees Internet Computing Laboratory @ KUT Youn-Hee Han.

Chapter 6. Introduction to Trees

Internet Computing Laboratory @ KUT

Youn-Hee Han

Page 2: Chapter 6. Introduction to Trees Internet Computing Laboratory @ KUT Youn-Hee Han.

1. Basic Tree Concepts

Logical structures

Linear list Tree Graph

Linear structures Non-linear structures

Chap. 6~10 Chap. 11Chap. 3~5

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1. Basic Tree Concepts

선형 자료 구조 리스트 , 스택 , 큐가 데이터 집합을 한 줄로 늘어 세운 선형 자료구조

비선형 자료 구조 트리 (Tree) 는 데이터 집합을 여러 갈래로 나누어 세운 비 선형 구조 비선형 구조 고안 동기

효율성 삽입 , 삭제 , 검색에 대해서 선형 구조보다 나은 시간적 효율을 보임

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1. Basic Tree ConceptsTree consists of

A finite set of nodes (vertices) A finite set of branches (edges, arcs) that connects the

nodes Degree of a node: # of branches

In-degree: # of branch toward the node (# of upward branch) Out-degree: # of branch away from the node (# of downward

branch) Every non-empty tree has a root node whose in-degree

is zero. In-degree of all other nodes is 1

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1. Basic Tree ConceptsDefinitions

트리의 구성 요소에 해당하는 A, B, C, ..., F 를 노드 (Node) 라 함 . A node is child of its predecessor

B 의 바로 아래 있는 E, F 를 B 의 자식노드 (Child Node) 라 함 . A node is parent of its successor nodes

B 는 E, F 의 부모노드 (Parent Node) A 는 B, C, D 의 부모노드 (Parent Node) 임 .

주어진 노드의 상위에 있는 노드들을 조상노드 (Ancestor Node) 라 함 .

B, A 는 F 의 조상노드임 . 어떤 노드의 하위에 있는 노드를 후손노드 (Descendant Node) 라

함 . B, E, F, C, D 는 A 의 후손노드임 .

Path a sequence of nodes in which each node

is adjacent to the next one

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1. Basic Tree ConceptsDefinitions

자매노드 (Sibling Node): nodes with the same parent 같은 부모 아래 자식 사이에 서로를 자매노드 (Sibling Node) 라 함 . B, C, D 는 서로 자매노드이며 , E, F 도 서로 자매노드임 .

부모가 없는 노드 즉 , 원조격인 노드를 루트 노드 (Root Node) 라 함 . C, D, E, F 처럼 자식이 없는 노드를 리프노드 (Leaf Node) 라 함 .

리프노드를 터미널 노드 (Terminal Node) 라고도 함 . node with out-degree zero

리프노드 및 루트노드를 제외한 모든 노드를 내부노드 (Internal Node) 라 함

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1. Basic Tree ConceptsDefinitions

트리의 레벨 (Level) distance from the root 루트노드를 레벨 0 으로 하고 아래로 내려오면서 증가

트리의 높이 (Height or Depth) level of the leaf in the longest path from the root + 1 ( 트리의 최대 레벨 수 + 1) = 트리의 높이 (Height) 루트만 있는 트리의 높이는 1 비어있는 트리 (empty tree) 의 높이는 0

(=4)

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1. Basic Tree ConceptsDefinitions

서브트리 (Subtree): any connected structure below the root 주어진 트리의 부분집합을 이루는 트리를 서브트리 (Subtree) 라 함 .

서브트리는 임의의 노드와 그 노드에 달린 모든 후손노드 (Descendant Node) 를 합한 것임 .

임의의 트리에는 여러 개의 서브트리가 존재할 수 있음 . B, E, F 가 하나의 서브트리 Subtree B C 자체로서도 하나의 서브트리 Subtree C

Subtree B can be divided into two subtrees, C and D

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1. Basic Tree ConceptsRecursive Definitions of Tree

A tree is a set of nodes that either: 1. is Empty, or 2. Has a designated node, called the the root, from which

hierarchically descend zero or more subtrees, which are also trees.

User RepresentationsGeneral tree

Parenthetical listing

Indented list

A (B (C D) E F (G H I) )

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1. Basic Tree Concepts트리의 높이 (Height) 에 대한 다른 정의

1 + 루트노드에서 가장 먼 리프노드까지의 연결 링크 (Link) 개수

트리의 높이 (Height) 에 대한 재귀적 정의 트리의 높이

= 1 + Max{ 왼쪽 서브트리의 높이 , 오른쪽 서브트리의 높이 }

Height 3

Height 1

Height 4

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2. Binary TreeDefinitions

임의의 노드가 둘 이상의 자식노드를 가지는 트리를 일반트리 (General Tree) 라 함 .

임의의 노드가 최대 두 개까지의 자식노드를 가질 수 있는 트리를 이진트리 (Binary Tree) 라 함 .

a tree in which no node can have more than two subtrees the child nodes are called left and right Left/right subtrees are also binary trees

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2. Binary Tree이진트리의 재귀적 정의 (Recursive Definition)

1) 아무런 노드가 없는 트리이거나 , 2) 가운데 노드를 중심으로 좌우로 나뉘되 , 좌우 서브트리 (Subtree)

모두 이진트리다 .

1) 번 때문에 , 아무런 노드가 없는 트리도

주어진 트리의 서브트리이며 동시에 이진트리가 됨 .

1) 번은 재귀호출의 Base-case 에 해당

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2. Binary TreeExamples of Binary Trees

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2. Binary TreeProperties of Binary Tree

가정 (Assumption): 트리 내의 노드의 수 : Maximum Hight

Ex] Given N=3 in a binary tree, what is the maximum hight? Minimum Hight

Ex] Given N=3 in a binary tree, what is the minimum hight?

가정 (Assumption): 트리의 높이 : Maximum Nodes

Ex] Given H=3 in a binary tree, what is the maximum numbers of nodes?

Minimum Nodes

Ex] Given H=3 in a binary tree, what is the minimum numbers of nodes?

N

NHmax

1 NlogH 2min

H

HNmin

12max HN

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2. Binary TreeDefinitions

삼진트리 (Ternary Tree)

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2. Binary TreeBalance

검색에 있어서 다음 어느 Tree 가 효율이 더 좋을까 ? 높이가 3 인 Tree 높이가 2 인 Tree

The shorter the tree, the easier it is to locate any desired node in the tree

Balance Factor : the height of the left subtree : the heighr of the right subtree Balance Factor

Balanced Binary Tree A tree with |B| 1

LH

RH

RL HHB

HL HR

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2. Binary TreeComplete Binary Tree ( 완벽 이진트리 )

높이가 h 인 이진트리에서 모든 리프노드가 레벨 h-1 에 있는 트리 리프노드 위쪽의 모든 노드는 반드시 두개의 자식노드를 거느려야 함 . 시각적으로 볼 때 포화될 정도로 다 차 들어간 모습 . A bianary tree with the maximum # of entries for its height A binary tree in which all leaves (vertices with zero children)

are at the same depth

Complete binary tree 의 Height 가 H 일 때 node 의 갯수가 12max HN

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2. Binary TreeNearly Complete Binary Tree

레벨 (L-1) 까지는 완벽 이진트리 마지막 레벨 L 에서 왼쪽에서 오른쪽으로 가면서 리프노드가 채워짐 .

하나라도 건너뛰고 채워지면 안됨 . Complete Binary Tree 이면 Nearly Complete Binary Tree 이

다 . 그러나 역은 성립 안 됨 .

Complete binary tree 의 노드의 수가 N 일 때 height 는 1 NlogH 2min

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2. Binary Tree – Binary Tree Traversal

Binary Tree Traversal process each node once and only once in a

predetermined sequence Two general approach

Depth-first traversal (depth-first search: DFS) Breadth-first traversal (breadth-first search: BFS, level-

order)

1

4 6

2 5

73

1

5 6

2 3

74

depth-first traversal breadth-first traversal

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2. Binary Tree – Binary Tree Traversal

Depth-first traversal The processing proceeds along a path from the root

through one child to the most distant descendent of that first child before processing a second child.

Preorder traversal (NLR) Root left subtree right subtree

Inorder traversal (LNR) Left subtree root right subtree

Postorder traversal (LRN) Left subtree right subtree root

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2. Binary Tree – Binary Tree Traversal

Depth-first traversal Preorder traversal (NLR) – 1/2

void preOrder(root) {if (root == NULL) return;printf("%s", root->data);preOrder(root->left);preOrder(root->right);

}

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2. Binary Tree – Binary Tree Traversal

Depth-first traversal Preorder traversal (NLR) – 2/2

void preOrder(root) {if (root == NULL) return;printf("%s", root->data);preOrder(root->left);preOrder(root->right);

}

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2. Binary Tree – Binary Tree Traversal

Depth-first traversal Inorder traversal (LNR)

void inOrder(root) {if (root == NULL) return;inOrder(root->left);

printf("%s", root->data);inOrder(root->right);

}

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2. Binary Tree – Binary Tree Traversal

Depth-first traversal Postorder traversal (LRN)

void postOrder(root) {if (root == NULL) return;postOrder(root->left);postOrder(root->right);

printf("%s", root->data);}

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2. Binary Tree – Binary Tree Traversal

Breadth-first traversal (=level-order traversal) Begins at the root node and explores all the neighboring

nodes Then for each of those nearest nodes, it explores their

unexplored neighbor nodes, and so on, until it finds the goal

Attempts to visit the node closest to the root that it has not already visited

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2. Binary Tree – Binary Tree Traversal

Breadth-first traversal (=level-order traversal)void BForder(TreeNode *root) { QUEUE *queue = NULL; TreeNode *node = root; if (node == NULL) return; queue = createQueue(); while(node){

process(node->data); if(node->left) enqueue(queue, node->left); if(node->right) enqueue(queue, node->right); if(!emptyQueue(queue)) dequeue(queue, (void**)&node); else node = NULL; } destroyQueue(queue);}

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2. Binary Tree – Tree ExamplesExpression Tree: a binary tree in which

Each leaf is an operand Root and internal nodes are operators Subtrees are sub-expressions with root being an

operator Traversal Methods

Infix, Postfix, Prefix

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2. Binary Tree – Tree ExamplesInfix Traversal in Expression Tree

void infix(TreeNode *root) {if(root == NULL)

return;if(root->left == NULL && root->right == NULL) printf("%s", root->data);else { printf("("); infix(root->left); printf("%s", root->data); infix(root->right); printf(")");}

}

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2. Binary Tree – Tree ExamplesPostfix Traversal in Expression Tree

void postfix(TreeNode *root) {if(root == NULL)

return;postfix(root->left);postfix(root->right);printf("%s", root->data);

}

abc+*d+

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2. Binary Tree – Tree ExamplesPrefix Traversal in Expression Tree

void prefix(TreeNode *root) {if(root == NULL)

return;printf("%s", root->data);prefix(root->left);prefix(root->right);

}

+*a+bcd

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2. Binary Tree – Tree ExamplesHuffman Code

Representation of characters in computer 7 bits/char (ASCII) 2 bytes/char (KSC Hangul) 2 bytes/char (UNICODE) Isn’t there more efficient way to store text?

Data compression based on frequency Huffman Code Variable length coding Assign short code for characters used frequently

In a text, the frequency of the character E is 15%, and the frequency of the character T is 12%

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2. Binary Tree – Tree ExamplesHuffman Code

Building Huffman tree1. Organize entire character node in a row, ordered by

frequency2. Repeat until all nodes are

connected into “One Binary Tree” Find two nodes with the lowest

frequencies Merge them and make a binary

sybtree Mark the merged frequency into

the root of the subtree

3. End of repeat

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2. Binary Tree – Tree ExamplesHuffman Code

Building Huffman tree

Huffman Tree

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2. Binary Tree – Tree ExamplesHuffman Code

Getting Huffman code from Huffman tree Assign code to each character according to the path from

root to the character

Properties of Huffman code The more frequently used a character, the shorter its code is No code is a prefix of other code

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2. Binary Tree – Tree ExamplesHuffman Code

Data Encoding for communication AGOODMARKET (11 char. * 7 bits = 77 bits) 00011010001001011111000000101011011100111

(42bits)

Decoding 00011010001001011111000000101011011100111 AGOODMARKET

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2. Binary Tree – Tree ExamplesHuffman Code

Another Example문 자문 자 빈 도빈 도

AA 22

BB 1818

CC 99

DD 3030

EE 99

FF 3636

104

38 66

20

11

B

E

A C

D F

A = 0110

B = 00

C = 0111

D = 10

E = 010

F = 11

문 자문 자 빈 도빈 도 원래 크기원래 크기 압축된 크기압축된 크기 차이차이

AA 22 7*2=147*2=14 4*2=84*2=8 66

BB 1818 7*18=1267*18=126 2*18=362*18=36 9090

CC 99 7*9=637*9=63 4*9=364*9=36 2727

DD 3030 7*30=2107*30=210 2*30=602*30=60 150150

EE 99 7*9=637*9=63 3*9=273*9=27 3636

FF 3636 7*36=2527*36=252 2*36=722*36=72 180180

계계 104104 728728 240240 488488

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3. General TreeGeneral Tree

a tree in which each node can have an unlimited out-degree

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3. General TreeInsertion in General Tree

FIFO insertion For a given parent node, insert the new node at the end of

sibling list

LIFO insertion For a given parent node, insert the new node at the

beginning of sibling list

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3. General TreeInsertion in General Tree

Key-sequenced insertion places the new node in key sequence among the sibling

nodes Most common of the insertion rules in general tree Similar to the insertion rule in a general ordered linked list

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3. General TreeDeletion in General Tree

Deletion of only leaf node A node cannot be deleted if it has any children

Other rules for deletion…

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3. General TreeGeneral Tree to Binary Tree

A general tree can be represented by a binary tree 변환 이유

Ex] 일반트리에서는 자식노드의 수가 몇 개가 있는지 예측 불가 변환 방법

부모노드 (Parent Node) 는 무조건 첫 자식노드 (First Child Node) 를 가리킴

첫 자식노드로 (First Child Node) 부터 일렬로 자매 노드 (Sibling Node)들을 연결

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3. General TreeGeneral Tree to Binary Tree