Chapter 2 ARTHROLOGY ( 关节学 )

Human Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 1

Chapter 2Chapter 2 ARTHROLOGYARTHROLOGY (关节学 )

A. IntroductionB. The Joints of the Bones of the Trunk ( 躯干骨连结 )

C. The Joints of the Upper Limb ( 上肢骨连结 )D. The Joints of the Lower Limb ( 下肢骨连结 )


Section 1Section 1 IntroductionIntroduction

A. Classifications of Arthrology ( 关节学分类 )

B. The Essential Structures of a Synovial Joint ( 滑膜关节的主要结构 )

C. The Accessory Structures of a Synovial Joint ( 滑膜关节的辅助结构 )

D. The Movements of Joints ( 关节运动 )

E. The Classifications of Synovial Joints ( 滑膜关节的分类 )


A. ClassificationsA. Classifications1. Synarthrosis ( 不动关节 ) 1) Fibrous joints

( 纤维连结 )

2) Cartilaginous joints

( 软骨连结 )

3) Synostosis ( 骨性结合 )

2. Diarthrosis ( 动关节 )


B. The Essential B. The Essential Structures of a Synovial Structures of a Synovial

JointJoint1. Articular surface ( 关节面 ): articul

ar cartilage ( 关节软骨 )2. Joint capsule ( 关节囊 ): fibro

us membrane ( 纤维层 ) synovial membrane ( 滑膜层 )

3. Joint cavity ( 关节腔 ): synovia ( 滑液 ), negative to the atmosphere pressure ( 负压 )

[arthritis 关节炎 ]


C. The Accessory C. The Accessory Structures of the Synovial Structures of the Synovial

JointsJoints1. Ligament ( 韧带 )2. Articular disc ( 关节盘 )3. Articular lip ( 关节唇 )4. Synovial plica ( 滑膜襞 )5. Synovial bursa ( 滑囊 )


D.D. The MThe Movement ofovement of Joint Joint

1. Gliding or slipping movement ( 滑动 )

2. Flexion ( 屈） and extension ( 伸 )

3. Adduction ( 收 ) and abduction ( 展 )

4. Pronation ( 旋前 ) and supination( 旋后 )

5. Rotation ( 旋转 )

6. Circumduction ( 环转 )


E.TE.Types ofypes of S Synovial Jointsynovial Joints1.Uniaxial joints

1) Hinge (trochlear) joints ( 屈戍 [ 滑车 ] 关节 ) 2) Pivot joints ( 车轴关节 )


E.TE.Types ofypes of S Synovial Jointsynovial Joints2. Biaxial joints 1) Elliptic (condyloid) joints ( 椭圆 [ 髁状 ] 关节 ) 2) Saddle joints ( 鞍状关节 )

3. Polyaxial joints 1) Ball and socket (spheroidal) joint

s ( 球窝关节 ) 2) Plane (gliding) joints ( 平面 [ 滑

动 ] 关节 )


Section 2Section 2 The Joints of The Joints of the Bones of the Trunkthe Bones of the Trunk

A. The Vertebral Column ( 脊柱 )

B. The Thoracic Cage( 胸廓 )


A. The VA. The Vertebral ertebral ColumnColumn

1. The Joints of the Vertebral Bodies

1) intervertebral discs ( 椎间盘 )

a. anulus fibrosus ( 纤维环 )

b. nucleus pulposus ( 髓核 )

[prolapse of intervertebral disc 椎间盘突出 ]


[prolapse of intervertebral disc 椎间盘突出 ]


2) anterior longitudinal lig

ament ( 前纵韧带 ) Location: base of skull →sacrum.

Function:

a. stabilize vertebral column

b. prevent hyperextension



3) posterior longitudinal ligament ( 后纵韧带 )

Location: in vertebral canal. atlas →sacrum.

Function: a. stabilize vertebral colu

mn b. prevent hyperflexion



2. The Joints of the Vertebral Arches

1) zygapophysial joints

( 关节突关节 )

2) ligamenta flava (yellow ligament) ( 黄韧带 )

[hypertrophy of ligamentum flava 黄韧带肥厚 ]



3) interspinal ligaments ( 棘间韧带 )

4) intertransverse ligaments ( 横突间韧带 )



3) interspinal ligaments ( 棘间韧带 )

4) intertransverse ligaments ( 横突间韧带 )

5) supraspinal ligament ( 棘上韧带 )

Location: C7→median crest of sacrum.

Function: a. stabilize vertebral column b. prevent hyperflexion



6) ligamentum nuchae ( 项韧带 )

Location: back of neck. Extending: C7 → ext

ernal occipital protuberance.

Function: stabilize the skull.



3. The Vertebral Column as a Whole

1) Curvatures a. cervical curvature ( 颈曲 )

b. thoracic curvature ( 胸曲 )

c. lumbar curvature ( 腰曲 )

d. sacral curvature ( 骶曲 )



2) Movements

a. flexion (forward bending) ( 屈 )

b. extension (backward bending) ( 伸 )

c. lateral flexion (side bending) （侧屈） d. rotation （旋转） e. spring （弹拨）



B. The Thoracic CageB. The Thoracic Cage1. Superior aperture of

thorax ( 上口 ) (inlet of thorax) [syndrome of superior aperture of thorax

胸廓上口综合征 ]


2. Inferior aperture of thorax (outlet of thorax) ( 下口 )

1) costal arch ( 肋弓 )

[chicken breast 鸡胸 ]

2) infrasternal angle ( 胸骨下角 )

[percussion 听诊 ]

B. The Thoracic CageB. The Thoracic Cage


3. Thoracic Joints 1) costovertebral joints

( 肋椎关节 )

2) costotransverse joints

( 肋横突关节 )



3) sternocostal joints ( 胸肋关节 ) 2nd →7th



Section 3Section 3 The Joints The Joints of the Upper Limbof the Upper Limb

A

BC

D

E

A. Sternoclavicular joint ( 胸锁关节 )

B. Shoulder joint ( 肩关节 ) C. Elbow joint ( 肘关节 )D. The joints between radi

us and ulna ( 桡尺骨间关节 )E. The joints of hand ( 手关节 )


A.TA.Thehe SSternoclavicularternoclavicular J Jointoint1. Composition1. Composition Sternum Sternum (( 胸骨胸骨 ) ) Clavicle Clavicle (( 锁骨锁骨 )) 1st Costal cartilage 1st Costal cartilage (( 第第 11 肋软骨肋软骨 ))2. Structures2. Structures Capsule Capsule (( 关节囊关节囊 ) ) Ligaments Ligaments (( 韧带韧带 ))

Articular disc Articular disc (( 关节盘关节盘 ))


3. Movements3. Movements 1) Anterior and posterior: 1) Anterior and posterior: 20º 20º 〜〜 30º30º 2)2) Up and down: Up and down: 60º 60º 3) Rotation 3) Rotation (( 旋转旋转 ) 20 º) 20 º 4) 4) Circumduction Circumduction (( 环转环转 ))

A.TA.Thehe SSternoclavicularternoclavicular J Jointoint


B. B. The Shoulder JointThe Shoulder Joint1. Structures 1) glenoid labrum (盂唇 ) 2) tendon of the long head of biceps brachi

i (肱二头肌长头肌腱）2. Movements 1) flexion 90 º º extension 35 º35 º 2) abduction 90 ºº adduction 90 ºº


3) medial rotation 45 ºº 4) lateral rotation 45 ºº 4) circumduction ( 环转 ) [dislocation of shoulder joint 肩关节脱位 ]

B. B. The Shoulder JointThe Shoulder Joint


C. The Elbow JointC. The Elbow Joint 1. Composition 1) humeroulnar joint ( 肱尺关节 ) 2) humeroradial joint ( 肱桡关节 ) 3) proximal radioulnar joint ( 桡尺

近侧关节 ) [dislocation of elbow joint 肘关节脱位 ]


2. Structures 1) annular ligament

( 环状韧带 ) 2) radial collateral li

gament ( 桡侧副韧带 ) 3) ulnar collateral lig

ament ( 尺侧副韧带 )

C. The Elbow JointC. The Elbow Joint


3. Movements flexion 135 ºº extension 135 º + 15 ºº + 15 º

pronation 90 ºº supination 90 ºº

C. The Elbow JointC. The Elbow Joint


1. Proximal radioulnar joint

( 桡尺近侧关节 )

2. Interosseous membrane of f

orearm ( 前臂骨间膜 )

3. Distal radioulnar joint

( 桡尺远侧关节 )

articular disc ( 关节盘 )

D. The Joints Between D. The Joints Between Radius and UlnaRadius and Ulna


D. The Joints BetweenD. The Joints Between Radius and UlnaRadius and Ulna


E. The Joints of the HandE. The Joints of the Hand

1. Wrist (radiocarpal) joint ( 腕关节 )

2. Intercarpal joints

( 腕骨间关节 )

3. Carpometacarpal joints ( 腕掌关节 )

4. Intermetacarpal joints ( 掌骨间关节 )


5. Metacarpophalangeal joints ( 掌指关节 )

6. Inter- phalangeal joints ( 指骨间关节 )[rheumatoid arthritis类风湿关节炎 ]



Section 4Section 4 Joints of Joints of the Lower Limbthe Lower Limb

A. The Pelvis ( 骨盆 )B. The Hip Joint ( 髋关节 )C. The Knee Joint ( 膝关节 )D. The Tibiofibular Union

( 胫腓联结 )E. Joints of the Foot ( 足关节 )F. Arches of the Foot ( 足弓 )

D

C

A

B

E F


A. The PelvisA. The Pelvis1. Dividing 1) greater pelvis (false pelvis) （大骨盆） 2) lesser pelvis (true pelvis) （小骨盆）

M F


2. Apertures 1) superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet) ( 骨盆上口 ) 2) inferior pelvic aperture (pelvic outlet)( 骨盆 a. pubic arch ( 耻骨弓 ) [ 下口 ) b. subpubic angle ( 耻骨下角 )

A. The PelvisA. The Pelvis


3. Structures

1) sacroiliac joint

( 骶髂关节 )

2) sacrotuberous ligt.

( 骶结节韧带 )

3) sacrospinous ligament

( 骶棘韧带 )



4) obturator membrane

( 闭孔膜 ) 5) pubic symphysis ( 耻骨联合 ) a. interpubic disc ( 耻骨间盘 ) b. suprapubic ligam

ent ( 耻骨上韧带 ) c. arcuate pubic lig

ament ( 耻骨弓状韧

带 )



B. The Hip JointB. The Hip Joint1. Structures

1) acetabular labrum ( 髋臼唇 )

2) transverse acetabular ligt.

( 髋臼横韧带 )

3) ligament of head of femur( 股骨头韧带 )


4) iliofemoral ligament

( 髂股韧带 ) 5) pubofemoral lig

ament ( 耻股韧带 )

B. The Hip JointB. The Hip Joint


6) ischiofemoral lig

ament

( 坐股韧带 )

7) zona orbicularis

( 轮匝带 )

[dislocation of hip jo

int 脱位 ]



2. Movements

1) flexion 125 ºº & extension 125 º + º + 1010ºº

2) abduction 45 ºº & adduction 30 ºº

3) medial rotation 45 º &

lateral rotation 45 ºº

4) circumduction ( 环转 )



C. The Knee JointC. The Knee Joint

1. Structures 1) patellar ligament

( 髌韧带 )

2) tibial collateral ligament ( 胫侧副韧带 )

3) fibular collateral ligament ( 腓侧副韧带 )


4) anterior cruciate ligament ( 前交叉韧带 )

5) posterior cruciate ligament ( 后交叉韧带 )

[drawer test 抽屉试验 ]

The Knee JointThe Knee Joint


The Knee JointThe Knee Joint 6) medial meniscus

( 内侧半月板 ) 7) lateral meniscus

( 外侧半月板 ) [meniscus injury 半月板损伤 ]


The Knee JointThe Knee Joint 8) alar folds

( 翼状襞 )

9) suprapatellar bursa ( 髌上囊 )

[arthrocentesis of knee joint

膝关节穿刺术 ]


2. Movements 1) flexion 130 ºº

extension 130 º º +10º+10º

2) medial rotation 10 ºº

lateral rotation 10 ºº

The Knee JointThe Knee Joint


D. TD. Thehe Tibiofibular U Tibiofibular Unionnion

1. Tibiofibular joint ( 胫腓关节 )

2. Crural interosseous membrane

( 小腿骨间膜 ) 3. Tibiofibular syndesm

osis ( 胫腓连结 )


E. Joints of the FootE. Joints of the Foot1. Ankle joint (talocrural joint) ( 踝关节 )

1) medial (deltoid) ligament ( 内侧韧带 )


2) lateral ligaments [sprained ankle 扭伤 ] a. anterior talofibular ligament ( 距腓前韧带 ) b. calcaneofibular ligament ( 跟腓韧带 ) c. posterior talofibular ligament( 距腓后韧带 )

E. Joints of the FootE. Joints of the Foot


2. Intertarsal joint ( 跗骨间关节 )3. Transverse tarsal joint (Chopart’s joint)

( 跗横关节 )



4. Tarsometatarsal joints (Lisfranc’s joint) ( 跗跖关节 )

5. Intermetatarsal joints ( 跖骨间关节 )6. Metatarsophalangeal joints ( 跖趾关节 )



7. Interphalangeal joints ( 趾骨间关节 )



F. F. Arches of theArches of the F Footoot 1. Medial longitudinal arch ( 内侧纵弓 )

2. Lateral longitudinal arch ( 外侧纵弓 )

3. Transverse arch ( 横弓 )

[flat foot 扁平足 ]


Section 5Section 5 The Synovial The Synovial Joint of the SkullJoint of the Skull

Temporomandibular (Mandib

ular) Joint

(颞下颌关节 )

1. Structures

1) lateral ligament

(外側韧带 )


The Synovial Joint of the SkullThe Synovial Joint of the Skull

2) medial ligament ( 內側韧带 )3) sphenomandibular l

igament ( 蝶下頜韌帶 )4) stylomandibular lig

ament ( 莖突下頜韌帶 )


5) articular disc ( 关节盘 ) [dislocation of the mandibular joint 脱位 ]


closing opening


2. Movements

1) opening ( 张口 ) 40 ºº & closing ( 闭口 ) the mouth -- biting ( 咬 ) & chewing ( 咀嚼 )

2) protrusion ( 前进 ) & retraction ( 后退 )

3) lateral movement -- grinding ( 研磨 )

[disturbance of mandibular joint 紊乱 ]


Chapter 2 ARTHROLOGY ( 关节学 )

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