Making estimations Statistics for the Social Sciences Psychology 340 Spring 2010.
Chapter 18 Social Psychology. Social Thinking Social Psychology scientific study of how we think...
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Transcript of Chapter 18 Social Psychology. Social Thinking Social Psychology scientific study of how we think...
Chapter 18Chapter 18
Social PsychologySocial Psychology
Social ThinkingSocial Thinking
Social PsychologySocial Psychology scientific study of how we think about, scientific study of how we think about,
influence, and relate to one anotherinfluence, and relate to one another
Attribution TheoryAttribution Theory tendency to give a causal explanation for tendency to give a causal explanation for
someone’s behavior, often by crediting either someone’s behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person’s dispositionthe situation or the person’s disposition
Social ThinkingSocial Thinking
Fundamental Attribution ErrorFundamental Attribution Error tendency for observers, when analyzing tendency for observers, when analyzing
another’s behavior, to underestimate the another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositionthe impact of personal disposition
AttitudeAttitude belief and feeling that predisposes one to belief and feeling that predisposes one to
respond in a particular way to objects, people respond in a particular way to objects, people and eventsand events
Social ThinkingSocial Thinking
Our behavior is affected by our inner attitudes Our behavior is affected by our inner attitudes as well as by external social influencesas well as by external social influences
Internalattitudes
Externalinfluences
Behavior
Social ThinkingSocial Thinking
Attitudes Attitudes follow follow behaviorbehavior
Cooperative Cooperative actions feed actions feed mutual likingmutual liking
Social ThinkingSocial Thinking Foot-in-the-Door PhenomenonFoot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
tendency for people who have first tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger requestlater with a larger request
RoleRole set of expectations about a social set of expectations about a social
positionposition defines how those in the position ought defines how those in the position ought
to behaveto behave
Social ThinkingSocial Thinking
Cognitive Dissonance TheoryCognitive Dissonance Theory we act to reduce the discomfort we act to reduce the discomfort
(dissonance) we feel when two of our (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistentthoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent
example- when we become aware that example- when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudeschanging our attitudes
Social ThinkingSocial Thinking Cognitive dissonanceCognitive dissonance
Social InfluenceSocial Influence ConformityConformity
adjusting one’s behavior or thinking adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standardto coincide with a group standard
Normative Social InfluenceNormative Social Influence influence resulting from a person’s influence resulting from a person’s
desire to gain approval or avoid desire to gain approval or avoid disapprovaldisapproval
Social InfluenceSocial Influence
Informational Social InfluenceInformational Social Influence influence resulting from one’s influence resulting from one’s
willingness to accept others’ willingness to accept others’ opinions about realityopinions about reality
Social InfluenceSocial Influence
Milgram’s follow-up obedience experimentMilgram’s follow-up obedience experiment
Social InfluenceSocial Influence
Some individual resist social coercionSome individual resist social coercion
Social InfluenceSocial Influence Social FacilitationSocial Facilitation
improved performance of tasks in the improved performance of tasks in the presence of otherspresence of others
occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet not with tasks that are difficult or not yet masteredmastered
Social LoafingSocial Loafing tendency for people in a group to exert less tendency for people in a group to exert less
effort when pooling their efforts toward effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when attaining a common goal than when individually accountableindividually accountable
Social InfluenceSocial Influence
DeindividuationDeindividuation loss of self-awareness and self-loss of self-awareness and self-
restraint in group situations that restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymityfoster arousal and anonymity
Social InfluenceSocial Influence Group PolarizationGroup Polarization
enhancement of a group’s prevailing enhancement of a group’s prevailing attitudes through discussion within the attitudes through discussion within the groupgroup
GroupthinkGroupthink mode of thinking that occurs when the mode of thinking that occurs when the
desire for harmony in a decision-making desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides realistic appraisal of group overrides realistic appraisal of alternativesalternatives
Social RelationsSocial Relations
PrejudicePrejudice an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude
toward a group and its memberstoward a group and its members involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings,
and a predisposition to discriminatory actionand a predisposition to discriminatory action
StereotypeStereotype a generalized (sometimes accurate, but often a generalized (sometimes accurate, but often
overgeneralized) belief about a group of overgeneralized) belief about a group of peoplepeople
Social RelationsSocial Relations
Does perception change with race? Does perception change with race?
Social RelationsSocial Relations
Americans today express much less Americans today express much less racial and gender prejudice racial and gender prejudice
Social RelationsSocial Relations
IngroupIngroup ““Us”- people with whom one shares a Us”- people with whom one shares a
common identitycommon identity
OutgroupOutgroup ““Them”- those perceived as different or Them”- those perceived as different or
apart from one’s ingroupapart from one’s ingroup
Social RelationsSocial Relations Ingroup BiasIngroup Bias
tendency to favor one’s own grouptendency to favor one’s own group
Scapegoat TheoryScapegoat Theory theory that prejudice provides an outlet for theory that prejudice provides an outlet for
anger by providing someone to blame anger by providing someone to blame
Just-World PhenomenonJust-World Phenomenon tendency of people to believe the world is justtendency of people to believe the world is just people get what they deserve and deserve people get what they deserve and deserve
what they getwhat they get
Social RelationsSocial Relations AggressionAggression
any physical or verbal behavior any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroyintended to hurt or destroy
Frustration-Aggression PrincipleFrustration-Aggression Principle principle that frustration – the blocking principle that frustration – the blocking
of an attempt to achieve some goal – of an attempt to achieve some goal – creates anger, which can generate creates anger, which can generate aggressionaggression
Social RelationsSocial Relations ConflictConflict
perceived incompatibility of actions, perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideasgoals, or ideas
Social TrapSocial Trap a situation in which the conflicting a situation in which the conflicting
parties, by each rationally pursuing their parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behaviordestructive behavior
Social Relations- Social Relations- AttractivenessAttractiveness Mere Exposure EffectMere Exposure Effect
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of themthem
Conceptions of attractiveness vary by cultureConceptions of attractiveness vary by culture
Social RelationsSocial Relations Passionate LovePassionate Love
an aroused state of intense positive an aroused state of intense positive absorption in anotherabsorption in another
usually present at the beginning of a usually present at the beginning of a love relationshiplove relationship
Companionate LoveCompanionate Love deep affectionate attachment we feel for deep affectionate attachment we feel for
those with whom our lives are those with whom our lives are intertwinedintertwined
Social RelationsSocial Relations EquityEquity
a condition in which people receive from a a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to relationship in proportion to what they give to itit
Self-DisclosureSelf-Disclosure revealing intimate aspects of oneself to othersrevealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
AltruismAltruism unselfish regard for the welfare of othersunselfish regard for the welfare of others
Social RelationsSocial Relations
Bystander Bystander EffectEffect tendency for tendency for
any given any given bystander to be bystander to be less likely to less likely to give aid if other give aid if other bystanders are bystanders are presentpresent
Social RelationsSocial Relations Social Exchange TheorySocial Exchange Theory
the theory that our social behavior is the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and which is to maximize benefits and minimize costsminimize costs
Superordinate GoalsSuperordinate Goals shared goals that override differences shared goals that override differences
among people and require their among people and require their cooperationcooperation
Social RelationsSocial Relations
Graduated and Reciprocated Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-reduction (GRIT)Initiatives in Tension-reduction (GRIT) a strategy designed to decrease a strategy designed to decrease
international tensionsinternational tensions one side announces recognition of mutual one side announces recognition of mutual
interests and initiates a small conciliatory actinterests and initiates a small conciliatory act opens door for reciprocation by other partyopens door for reciprocation by other party
Motivation at Motivation at WorkWork
Structured InterviewStructured Interview process that asks the same job-process that asks the same job-
relevant questions of all applicantsrelevant questions of all applicants rated on established scalesrated on established scales
Achievement MotivationAchievement Motivation a desire for significant accomplishmenta desire for significant accomplishment
for mastery of things, people, or ideasfor mastery of things, people, or ideas for attaining a high standardfor attaining a high standard
MotivationMotivation
Task LeadershipTask Leadership goal-oriented leadership that sets goal-oriented leadership that sets
standards, organizes work, and focuses standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goalsattention on goals
Social LeadershipSocial Leadership group-oriented leadership that builds group-oriented leadership that builds
teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers supportsupport
MotivationMotivation Theory XTheory X
assumes that workers are basically lazy, assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money money
workers should be directed from aboveworkers should be directed from above
Theory YTheory Y assumes that, given challenge and freedom, assumes that, given challenge and freedom,
workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and and to demonstrate their competence and creativitycreativity