Chapter 1 Introduction to Climate System

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Chapter 1 Introduction to Climate System

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Chapter 1 Introduction to Climate System. 為什麼要學氣候學?. 甚麼是氣候?. 一年: 24 節 氣. 每一節氣 15 天 立春 、雨水、驚蟄、 春分 、清明、穀雨 立夏 、小滿、芒種、 夏至 、小暑、大暑 立秋 、處暑、白露、 秋分 、寒露、霜降 立冬 、小雪、大雪、 冬至 、小寒、大寒. 氣候 - 節令變遷為「氣候」 一年中,天氣隨季節變化的概念模式. 舊曆 : 五天一 候 , 三候成一節氣, 一年 72 候 現代 : 五天平均, pentad ( 一年 73). 希臘人的風塔. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Chapter 1 Introduction to Climate System

Page 1: Chapter 1 Introduction to Climate System

Chapter 1

Introduction to Climate System

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為什麼要學氣候學?

甚麼是氣候?

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一年: 24節氣每一節氣 15天

立春、雨水、驚蟄、春分、清明、穀雨 立夏、小滿、芒種、夏至、小暑、大暑

立秋、處暑、白露、秋分、寒露、霜降立冬、小雪、大雪、冬至、小寒、大寒

舊曆 : 五天一候,三候成一節氣, 一年 72候現代 : 五天平均, pentad ( 一年 73)

氣候 - 節令變遷為「氣候」

一年中,天氣隨季節變化的概念模式

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希臘人的風塔• 風塔可能建於西元前二 ~ 一世紀• 由大理石建造,呈八角形• 每個方位各有一個雕像• 由雕塑神像描述該風向盛行時的天氣特徵。

Climate: ancient Greek - klima, meaning inclination

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Aristotle's Climate Classification

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Speaking of climatology in 1978 in an address reported in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (10, 1171-1174),

Professor Kenneth Hare said,

‘… you hardly heard the word professionally in the 1940s. It was a layman’s word. Climatologists were the halt and the lame…in the British service you actually had to be medically disabled in order to get into the climatological division… It was clearly not the age of climate. Now it is. It’s the respectable thing to do… This is obviously the decade in which climate is coming its own.’

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什麼是氣候?

“A statistical ensemble of states of the atmosphere-ocean-land system during a time period several decades long.” - A.S. Monin

• 統計系集• 數十年• 氣 - 海 - 陸

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IPCC, 2007

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不斷變遷的氣候

CO2

O2

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冰河期間冰期

百萬年

特性:多重時間尺度

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全新世

中世紀暖

小冰

規律的冰期與間冰期: 10 萬年週期

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Long-term variation of JJA temperature in Taiwan:

Secular+interdecadal+abrupt change+interannual

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地球大氣的特徵

1. 為何對流層氣溫往上遞減?2. 為何平流層氣溫往上遞增?3. 氣溫垂直剖面與其他行星有 何不同?原因?

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1.哪一個緯度帶對流層頂最高?最低?原因?2.垂直遞減率?原因?

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1.哪一個季節氣溫最高?最低?原因(對流層與平流層)?2.垂直遞減率呢?有何特色?原因?

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1.年溫差的特徵?2.北半球 vs.南半球?南極 vs.北極?原因 ?3.南半球不同緯度帶的特徵?原因?

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1.年溫差分佈的特徵?原因?2.撒哈拉沙漠 vs.熱帶雨林 vs.季風區?3.台北與夏威夷有何不同?原因?4.影響季節變化的因素為何?

Tropical Rainforest

Tropical Desert Climate Tropical Monsoon

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為何微量氣體對「氣候變化」影響這麼大?透過甚麼過程影響?

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1.為何熱帶水氣量最大?2.為何水氣量往上遞減?3.相對濕度呢?

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Continents3%

Ocean97%

Ice Sheets75%

Other 1%

Groundwater24%

Lakes20%

River20%

Air22%

Soil38%

Continents 3%

Other 1%

可用淡水量 ( ground water + other) 0.8%大氣中的水佔其中的 0.35%

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水的循環圖

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甚麼因素決定海水密度?

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大氣與海洋成分不同,有何影響?

氯鈉

硫酸鹽鎂

鈣鉀

溴重碳鹽酸

海水成分

From “The Blue Planet” by Skinner et al.

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海溫的垂直分佈特徵?哪一緯度的海洋最穩定?為什麼?

鹽度的垂直分佈特徵?哪一個緯度的海洋最穩定?為什麼?

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海陸分佈,地形的影響?

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地表、土地利用與植被的影響?

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Land use and Land cover

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Vegetation

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Spring 2000

Summer 2000

Fall 2000

Winter 2001

Vegetation

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冰雪的影響

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http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/

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作業一

1.為什麼要學氣候學?2.為何對流層氣溫往上遞減?3.哪一個緯度帶對流層頂最高?最低?原因?4.年溫差分佈的特徵?原因?5.為何微量氣體對「氣候變化」影響這麼大?透過甚麼過程影響?6.為何水氣量往上遞減?7.估計大氣水含量佔全球水含量的比例。8.大氣與海洋成分不同,對大氣與海洋運動的影響有何不同?9.上網查詢有哪些網站可以提供土地利用、地表狀態、植背、冰雪等資料,監測方式為何?

10/9下午 5 時前交給助教(可用電子檔)