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Kingdom of Cambodia�ពះ���ច�កកម�ុ�

Preăh Réachéanachâk Kâmpŭchéa

Flag Royal Arms

Motto:

"Nation, Religion, King"

Anthem: Nokor Reach

Majestic Kingdom

CambodiaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Cambodia ( i/kæmˈboʊdiə/;[11] Khmer: កម�ុ�,Kampuchea, IPA: [kɑmˈpuˈciə]), officially known as theKingdom of Cambodia (Khmer: �ពះ���ច�កកម�ុ�, Preăh Réachéanachâk Kâmpŭchéa) and onceknown as the Khmer Empire, is a country located in thesouthern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in SoutheastAsia. Its total landmass is 181,035 square kilometres(69,898 sq mi), bordered by Thailand to the northwest,Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulfof Thailand to the southwest.

With a population of over 14.8 million, Cambodia is the69th most populous country in the world. The officialreligion is Theravada Buddhism, practiced byapproximately 95% of the Cambodian population. Thecountry's minority groups include Vietnamese, Chinese,Chams, and 30 hill tribes.[12] The capital and largest cityis Phnom Penh, the political, economic, and culturalcenter of Cambodia. The kingdom is a constitutionalmonarchy with Norodom Sihamoni, a monarch chosenby the Royal Throne Council, as head of state. The headof government is Hun Sen, who is currently the longestserving non-royal leader in South East Asia and has ruledCambodia for over 25 years.

Cambodia's ancient name is "Kambuja" (Sanskrit:कंबजु).[13] In 802 AD, Jayavarman II declared himselfking marking the beginning of the Khmer Empire whichflourished for over 600 years allowing successive kingsto dominate much of Southeast Asia and accumulateimmense power and wealth. The Indianized kingdombuilt monumental temples including Angkor Wat, now aWorld Heritage Site, and facilitated the spread of firstHinduism, then Buddhism to much of Southeast Asia.After the fall of Angkor to Ayutthaya in the 15th century,Cambodia was then ruled as a vassal between itsneighbors.

Cambodia became a protectorate of France in 1863, andgained independence in 1953. The Vietnam Warextended into Cambodia, during which the Khmer Rougetook Phnom Penh in 1975 and later carried out theCambodian Genocide from 1975-1979 when they wereousted by Vietnam and then fought against the

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Capitaland largest city

Phnom Penh11°33′N 104°55′E

Official languages Khmer

Official script Khmer script

Ethnic groups(2013[1])

90% Khmer5% Vietnamese1% Chinese4% Other

Religion Buddhism (majority,official), Islam andAnimism[2][3][4]

Demonym Cambodian

Government Unitary parliamentaryconstitutional monarchy

- Monarch Norodom Sihamoni - Prime Minister Hun Sen

Legislature Parliament - Upper house Senate - Lower house National Assembly

Formation - Kingdom of Funan 68–550 - Kingdom of Chenla 550–706 - Khmer Empire 802–1431 - Independence

(from France)9 November 1953

- Paris Peace Accords 23 October 1991 - Monarchy restored 24 September 1993

Vietnamese backed People's Republic of Kampuchea inthe Cambodian–Vietnamese War (1979-1991).Following the 1991 Paris Peace Accords Cambodia wasgoverned briefly by a United Nations mission (1992-1993). The UN withdrew after holding elections in whicharound 90% of the registered voters cast ballots. The1997 coup placed power solely in the hands of PrimeMinister Hun Sen and the Cambodian People's Party whoremain in power as of 2014.

Cambodia is a "vaguely communist free-market statewith a relatively authoritarian coalition ruling over asuperficial democracy."[14] Cambodia faces numerouschallenges and sociopolitical issues that stunt itsdevelopment as a nation. In 2013, Cambodia scored a 20out of a scale of a 100 (highly clean) to 0 (highly corrupt)on the 2013 Corruption Perceptions Index, which alsoranked the nation as the a ranking of 160 out of 175nations (tied with other nations) making the nation one ofthe most corrupt in the world and Cambodia is the 2ndmost corrupt nation in Asia with North Korea being the1st.[15] According to Freedom House in their 2013 reportCambodia scored a 5.5 out of a scale of 1 (Free) to 7 (NotFree) indicating that Cambodia as a nation is 'NotFree'.[16] As of 2013, the Human Development Index(HDI) ranks Cambodia 138th place (tied with Laos)making the nation one of the lowest ranking in terms ofhuman development and that it indicates that Cambodiahas lower medium to low development presently.[17]

Cambodia is a low income economy with it having oneof the lowest annual incomes in the world with theagriculture sector dominating the country's economy,followed by the service and industrial sectors. Accordingto the Global Hunger Index, Cambodia currently ranks asthe 32nd hungriest nation in the world out of the list ofthe 56 nations with the worst hunger situation(s) in theworld.[18]

Cambodia has had one of the best economic records inAsia, with economic growth averaging 6 percent for thelast 10 years. Strong textiles, agriculture, construction,garments, and tourism sectors led to foreign investmentsand international trade.[19] Oil and natural gas depositsfound beneath Cambodia's territorial waters in 2005remain mostly untapped, due in part to territorial disputeswith Thailand.[20][21] However, Cambodia is one of thepoorest countries in the world with two million people

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Area - Total 181,035 km2 (88th)

69,898 sq mi - Water (%) 2.5

Population - 2013 estimate 15,205,539[5] (65th) - 2008 census 13,388,910[6]

- Density 81.8/km2 (118th)211.8/sq mi

GDP (PPP) 2013 estimate - Total $43.20 billion[7]

- Per capita $2,776[7]

GDP (nominal) 2013 estimate - Total $17.25 billion[7]

- Per capita $1,108[7]

Gini (2007) 43[8]

medium

HDI (2013) 0.584[9]

medium · 136th

Currency Riela (KHR)

Time zone (UTC+7)

Drives on the right

Calling code +855

ISO 3166 code KH

Internet TLD .khThe de facto currency is the United States dollar.[10]

living in poverty, endemic government corruption and apoor record on human rights. One third of the populationlive on less than a dollar a day. Forty percent of childrenare chronically malnourished.[22] Among the ten ASEANcountries, Cambodia ranked last in terms of quality oflife.[23] There is a large gap between rich and poor inCambodia. Phnom Penh has experienced a buildingboom including Aeon mall Æon Group a Japaneseproject. However, many people struggle to get basicservices in Cambodia, "where public hospitals areoverwhelmed (Kantha Bopha Hospital) and averageannual income is $950 - or $2.60 a day - nearly half thatof Vietnam and a fifth of Thailand."[24]

Forced land evictions by senior officials, the securityforces, and government-connected business leaders arecommon in Cambodia. Land has been confiscated fromhundreds of thousands of Cambodians over more than adecade for the purpose of “self-enrichment andmaintaining power at all costs,” claims a partner at theLondon-based firm Global Diligence. Credible non-governmental organizations estimate that "770,000people have been adversely affected by land grabbingcovering at least four million hectares (nearly 10 millionacres) of land that have been confiscated, according tothe Paris-based International Federation for HumanRights (FIDH).[25]

Contents

1 Name2 History

2.1 Pre-history2.2 Pre-Angkorian era and Angkorian era2.3 Dark ages of Cambodia2.4 French colonization2.5 Independence and Vietnam War2.6 Khmer Republic (1970–75)2.7 Khmer Rouge regime2.8 Vietnamese occupation and transition2.9 Restoration of the monarchy

3 Politics

a.

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3.1 Government3.2 Military3.3 Foreign relations3.4 Human rights3.5 International rankings

4 Geography4.1 Climate4.2 Ecology4.3 Administrative divisions

5 Economy5.1 Tourism5.2 Cultivation

6 Demographics6.1 Languages6.2 Religion6.3 Education6.4 Health

7 Culture7.1 Cuisine7.2 Sports7.3 Dance7.4 Music7.5 Internet

8 Transport9 See also10 References11 External links

Name

The official name of the country in English is the Kingdom of Cambodia and in Khmer as"�ពះ���ច�កកម�ុ�" (Preăh Réachéanachâk Kâmpŭchéa), often shortened to just Kampuchea(Khmer: កម�ុ�). Kampuchea derives from the Sanskrit word Kambuja or "Golden Land" or "Land of Peaceand Prosperity", as described by the Khmer Buddhist's monk Chuon Nath in his Khmer Dictionary.

Colloquially, Cambodians refer to as �ស�កែខ�រ (Khmer pronunciation: [srok kʰmae], Srok Khmer), meaning"Khmer's Land" or more formally as �បេទសកម�ុ� (Khmer pronunciation: [prɑteh kampuciə], PratehKampuchea), literally "Country of Kampuchea". Kampuchea is commonly known as "Cambodia" in

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Glazed stoneware dating back to the12th century.

Khmer army going to war against theCham, from a relief on the Bayon.

English and "Cambodge"/"Kamboj" in French. Kampuchea is more widely known to Easterners andCambodia is more widely known to Westerners. The word Khmer could indicate the country, its people orits language.

History

Pre-history

There is sparse evidence for a Pleistocene human occupation of present day Cambodia, which includesquartz and quartzite pebble tools found in terraces along the Mekong River, in Stung Treng and Kratiéprovinces, and in Kampot Province, although their dating is unreliable.[26]

Some slight archaeological evidence shows communities of hunter-gatherers inhabited Cambodia during Holocene: the most ancientCambodian archeological site is considered to be the cave of L'aangSpean, in Battambang Province, which belongs to the Hoabinhianperiod. Excavations in its lower layers produced a series ofradiocarbon dates as of 6000 BC.[26][27]

Upper layers in the same site gave evidence of transition toNeolithic, containing the earliest dated earthenware ceramics inCambodia[28]

Archeological records for the period between Holocene and IronAge remain equally limited. Other prehistoric sites of somewhatuncertain date are Samrong Sen (not far from the ancient capital ofUdong), where the first investigations began in 1875,[29] and PhumSnay, in the northern province of Banteay Meanchey.[30] Anexcavation at Phum Snay revealed 21 graves with iron weapons andcranial trauma which could point to conflicts in the past, possiblewith larger cities in Angkor.[31] Prehistoric artifacts are often foundduring mining activities in Ratanakiri.[26]

However, the most curious prehistoric evidence in Cambodia are thevarious "circular earthworks" discovered in the red soils nearMemot and in the adjacent region of Vietnam in the latter 1950s.Their function and age are still debated, but some of them possiblydate from 2nd millennium BC at least.[32][33]

A pivotal event in Cambodian prehistory was the slow penetration of the first rice farmers from the north,which began in the late 3rd millennium BC.[34]

Iron was worked by about 500 BC, with supporting evidence coming from the Khorat Plateau, in modernday Thailand. In Cambodia, some Iron Age settlements were found beneath Baksei Chamkrong and otherAngkorian temples while circular earthworks, were found beneath Lovea a few kilometers north-west ofAngkor. Burials, much richer than other types of finds, testify to improvement of food availability and trade

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Angkor Wat

Faces of BodhisattvaAvalokiteshvara at Prasat Bayon

(even on long distances: in the 4th century BC trade relations with India were already opened) and theexistence of a social structure and labor organization. At Phum Snay, burial goods included weaponry andskeletons showed evidence on trauma inflicted by violence, indicating warfare between different groups inthe area as a result of its strategic location for trade.[34][35]

Also, among the artifacts from the Iron Age, glass beads are important evidence. Different kinds of glassbeads recovered from several sites across Cambodia, such as the Phum Snay site in northwest and theProhear site in southeast, show that there were two main trading networks at the time. The two networkswere separated by time and space, which indicate that there was a shift from one network to the other atabout 2nd-4th century AD, probably with changes in socio-political powers.[36]

Pre-Angkorian era and Angkorian era

During the 3rd, 4th, and 5th centuries, the Indianized states of Funanand its successor, Chenla, coalesced in present-day Cambodia andsouthwestern Vietnam. For more than 2,000 years, Cambodia absorbedinfluences from India, passing them on to other Southeast Asiancivilizations that are now Thailand and Laos.[37] Little else is knownfor certain of these polities, however Chinese chronicles and tributerecords do make mention of them. It is believed that the territory ofFunan may have held the port known to Alexandrian geographerClaudius Ptolemy as "Kattigara". The Chinese chronicles suggest thatafter Jayavarman I of Chenla died around 690, turmoil ensued whichresulted in division of the kingdom into Land Chenla and WaterChenla which was loosely ruled by weak princes under the dominionof Java.

The Khmer Empire grew out of these remnants of Chenla becomingfirmly established in 802 when Jayavarman II (reigned c790-850)declared independence from Java and proclaimed himself a Devaraja.He and his followers instituted the cult of the God-king and began aseries of conquests that formed an empire which flourished in the areafrom the 9th to the 15th centuries.[38] During the rule of JayavarmanVIII the Angkor empire was attacked by the Mongol army of Kublai Khan, however the king was able tobuy peace.[39] Around the 13th century, monks from Sri Lanka introduced Theravada Buddhism toSoutheast Asia.[40] The religion spread and eventually displaced Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism as thepopular religion of Angkor; however it was not the official state religion until 1295; when Indravarman IIItook power.[41]

The Khmer Empire was Southeast Asia's largest empire during the 12th century. The empire's center ofpower was Angkor, where a series of capitals were constructed during the empire's zenith. In 2007 aninternational team of researchers using satellite photographs and other modern techniques concluded thatAngkor had been the largest pre-industrial city in the world with an urban sprawl of 1,150 square miles.[42]

The city, which could have supported a population of up to one million people[43] and Angkor Wat, the best

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Map of Indochina in 1886

known and best-preserved religious temple at the site, still serve as reminders of Cambodia's past as a majorregional power. The empire, though in decline, remained a significant force in the region until its fall in the15th century.

Dark ages of Cambodia

After a long series of wars with neighboring kingdoms, Angkor was sacked by the Ayutthaya Kingdom andabandoned in 1432 because of ecological failure and infrastructure breakdown.[44][45] This led to a period ofeconomic, social, and cultural stagnation when the kingdom's internal affairs came increasingly under thecontrol of its neighbors. By this time, the Khmer penchant for monument building had ceased. Older faithssuch as Mahayana Buddhism and the Hindu cult of the god-king had been supplanted by TheravadaBuddhism.

The court moved the capital to Longvek where the kingdom sought to regain its glory through maritimetrade. The first mention of Cambodia in European documents was in 1511 by the Portuguese. Portugueseand Spanish travelers described the city as a place of flourishing wealth and foreign trade. The attempt wasshort-lived however, as continued wars with Ayutthaya and the Vietnamese resulted in the loss of moreterritory and Longvek being conquered and destroyed by King Naresuan the Great of Ayutthaya in 1594. Anew Khmer capital was established at Udong south of Longvek in 1618, but its monarchs could surviveonly by entering into what amounted to alternating vassal relationships with the Siamese and Vietnamesefor the next three centuries with only a few short-lived periods of relative independence.

The hill tribe people in Cambodia were "hunted incessantly and carried off as slaves by the Siamese (Thai),the Anamites (Vietnamese), and the Cambodians."[46]

In the nineteenth century a renewed struggle between Siam and Vietnam for control of Cambodia resultedin a period when Vietnamese officials attempted to force the Khmers to adopt Vietnamese customs. Thisled to several rebellions against the Vietnamese and appeals to Thailand for assistance. The Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845) ended with an agreement to place the country under joint suzerainty. Thislater led to the signing of a treaty for French Protection of Cambodia by King Norodom I.

French colonization

In 1863, King Norodom, who had been installed by Thailand,[13]

sought the protection of France from the Thai rule. In 1867, the Thaiking signed a treaty with France, renouncing suzerainty overCambodia in exchange for the control of Battambang and SiemReap provinces which officially became part of Thailand. Theprovinces were ceded back to Cambodia by a border treaty betweenFrance and Thailand in 1906.

Cambodia continued as a protectorate of France from 1867 to 1953,administered as part of the colony of French Indochina, thoughoccupied by the Japanese empire from 1941 to 1945.[47] Between1874 and 1962, the total population increased from about 946,000 to 5.7 million.[48] After King Norodom'sdeath in 1904, France manipulated the choice of king, and Sisowath, Norodom's brother, was placed on thethrone. The throne became vacant in 1941 with the death of Monivong, Sisowath's son, and France passed

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King Sisowath Monivong

Norodom Sihanouk and Mao Zedongin 1956

over Monivong's son, Monireth, feeling he was too independently minded. Instead, Norodom Sihanouk, amaternal grandson of King Sisowath was enthroned. The French thought young Sihanouk would be easy tocontrol.[47] They were wrong, however, and under the reign of King Norodom Sihanouk, Cambodia gainedindependence from France on 9 November 1953.[47]

Independence and Vietnam War

Cambodia became a constitutional monarchy under King NorodomSihanouk. When French Indochina was given independence, Cambodia losthope of regaining control over the Mekong Delta as it was awarded toVietnam. Formerly part of the Khmer Empire, the area had been controlledby the Vietnamese since 1698, with King Chey Chettha II grantingVietnamese permission to settle in the area decades before.[49] This remainsa diplomatic sticking point with over one million ethnic Khmers (the KhmerKrom) still living in this region. The Khmer Rouge attempted invasions torecover the territory which, in part, led to Vietnam's invasion of Cambodiaand deposition of the Khmer Rouge.

In 1955, Sihanouk abdicated in favor of his father in order toparticipate in politics and was elected prime minister. Upon hisfather's death in 1960, Sihanouk again became head of state, takingthe title of prince. As the Vietnam War progressed, Sihanoukadopted an official policy of neutrality in the Cold War, although hewas widely considered to be sympathetic to the communist cause.Sihanouk allowed the Vietnamese communists to use Cambodia as asanctuary and a supply route for their arms and other aid to theirarmed forces fighting in South Vietnam. This policy was perceivedas humiliating by many Cambodians. In December 1967Washington Post journalist Stanley Karnow was told by Sihanoukthat if the US wanted to bomb the Vietnamese communist sanctuaries, he would not object, unlessCambodians were killed.[50] The same message was conveyed to US President Johnson's emissary ChesterBowles in January 1968.[51] Members of the government and army became resentful of Sihanouk's rulingstyle as well as his tilt away from the United States.

Khmer Republic (1970–75)

While visiting Beijing in 1970 Sihanouk was ousted by a military coup led by Prime Minister General LonNol and Prince Sisowath Sirik Matak. U.S. support for the coup remains unproven.[52] However, once thecoup was completed, the new regime, which immediately demanded that the Vietnamese communists leaveCambodia, gained the political support of the United States. The North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces,desperate to retain their sanctuaries and supply lines from North Vietnam, immediately launched armedattacks on the new government. The king urged his followers to help in overthrowing this government,hastening the onset of civil war.[53] Soon Khmer Rouge rebels began using him to gain support. However,from 1970 until early 1972, the Cambodian conflict was largely one between the government and army ofCambodia, and the armed forces of North Vietnam. As they gained control of Cambodian territory, the

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Lon Nol with U.S. Vice PresidentSpiro Agnew in Phnom Penh, 1970.

Vietnamese communists imposed a new political infrastructure, which was eventually dominated by theCambodian communists we now refer to as the Khmer Rouge.[54] Between 1969 and 1973, Republic ofVietnam and U.S. forces bombed Cambodia in an effort to disrupt the Viet Cong and Khmer Rouge.

Documents uncovered from the Soviet archives after 1991 reveal that the North Vietnamese attempt tooverrun Cambodia in 1970 was launched at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge and negotiated by PolPot's then second in command, Nuon Chea.[55] NVA units overran many Cambodian army positions whilethe Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK) expanded their small-scale attacks on lines of communication.In response to the North Vietnamese invasion, U.S. President Richard Nixon announced that US and SouthVietnamese ground forces had entered Cambodia in a campaign aimed at destroying NVA base areas inCambodia (see Cambodian Incursion).[56] Although a considerable quantity of equipment was seized ordestroyed by US and South Vietnamese forces, containment of North Vietnamese forces proved elusive.

The Khmer Republic's leadership was plagued by disunity among itsthree principal figures: Lon Nol, Sihanouk's cousin Sirik Matak, andNational Assembly leader In Tam. Lon Nol remained in power inpart because neither of the others was prepared to take his place. In1972, a constitution was adopted, a parliament elected, and Lon Nolbecame president. But disunity, the problems of transforming a30,000-man army into a national combat force of more than 200,000men, and spreading corruption weakened the civilian administrationand army.

The Communist insurgency inside Cambodia continued to grow,aided by supplies and military support from North Vietnam. Pol Potand Ieng Sary asserted their dominance over the Vietnamese-trained communists, many of whom werepurged. At the same time, the CPK forces became stronger and more independent of their Vietnamesepatrons. By 1973, the CPK were fighting battles against government forces with little or no NorthVietnamese troop support, and they controlled nearly 60% of Cambodia's territory and 25% of itspopulation. The government made three unsuccessful attempts to enter into negotiations with theinsurgents, but by 1974, the CPK were operating openly as divisions, and some of the NVA combat forceshad moved into South Vietnam. Lon Nol's control was reduced to small enclaves around the cities and maintransportation routes. More than 2 million refugees from the war lived in Phnom Penh and other cities.

On New Year's Day 1975, Communist troops launched an offensive which, in 117 days of the hardestfighting of the war, collapsed the Khmer Republic. Simultaneous attacks around the perimeter of PhnomPenh pinned down Republican forces, while other CPK units overran fire bases controlling the vital lowerMekong resupply route. A US-funded airlift of ammunition and rice ended when Congress refusedadditional aid for Cambodia. The Lon Nol government in Phnom Penh surrendered on 17 April 1975, justfive (5) days after the US mission evacuated Cambodia.[57]

Khmer Rouge regime

The Khmer Rouge reached Phnom Penh and took power in 1975. Led by Pol Pot, they changed the officialname of the country to Democratic Kampuchea. The new regime modeled itself on Maoist China during theGreat Leap Forward, immediately evacuated the cities, and sent the entire population on forced marches to

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Rooms of the Tuol Sleng GenocideMuseum contain thousands of photostaken by the Khmer Rouge of theirvictims.

Choeung Ek

rural work projects. They attempted to rebuild the country's agriculture on the model of the 11th century,discarded Western medicine and destroyed temples, libraries, and anything considered Western.

Estimates as to how many people were killed by the Khmer Rouge regime range from approximately one tothree million; the most commonly cited figure is two million (abouta quarter of the population).[58][59][60] This era gave rise to the termKilling Fields, and the prison Tuol Sleng became notorious for itshistory of mass killing. Hundreds of thousands fled across theborder into neighbouring Thailand. The regime disproportionatelytargeted ethnic minority groups. The Cham Muslims sufferedserious purges with as much as half of their populationexterminated.[61]

Forced repatriation in 1970 and deaths during the Khmer Rouge erareduced the Vietnamese population in Cambodia from between250,000 and 300,000 in 1969 to a reported 56,000 in 1984.[48]

However, most of the victims of the Khmer Rouge regime were notethnic minorities but ethnic Khmer. Professionals, such as doctors,lawyers and teachers, were also targeted. According to Robert D.Kaplan, "eyeglasses were as deadly as the yellow star" as they wereseen as a sign of intellectualism.[62]

Vietnamese occupation and transition

In November 1978, Vietnamese troops invaded Cambodia inresponse to border raids by the Khmer Rouge.[63] The People'sRepublic of Kampuchea (PRK), a pro-Soviet state led by theKampuchean People's Revolutionary Party, a party created by theVietnamese in 1951, and led by a group of Khmer Rouge who hadfled Cambodia to avoid being purged by Pol Pot and Ta Mok, was established.[64] It was fully beholden tothe occupying Vietnamese army and under direction of the Vietnamese ambassador to Phnom Penh. Itsarms came from Vietnam and the Soviet Union. In opposition to the newly created state, a government-in-exile referred to as the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK) was formed in 1981from three factions. This consisted of the Khmer Rouge, a royalist faction led by Sihanouk, and the KhmerPeople's National Liberation Front. Its credentials were recognized by the United Nations. The KhmerRouge representative to the UN, Thiounn Prasith, was retained, but he had to work in consultation withrepresentatives of the noncommunist Cambodian parties.[65][66] The refusal of Vietnam to withdraw fromCambodia led to economic sanctions[67] by the U.S. and its allies.

Peace efforts began in Paris in 1989 under the State of Cambodia, culminating two years later in October1991 in a Paris Comprehensive Peace Settlement. The UN was given a mandate to enforce a ceasefire anddeal with refugees and disarmament known as the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia(UNTAC).[68]

Restoration of the monarchy

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King-Father Norodom Sihanouk'sfuneral procession

King Norodom Sihamoni along withQueen-mother Norodom Monineath

In 1993, Norodom Sihanouk was restored as King of Cambodia, butall power was in the hands of the government established after theUNTAC sponsored elections. The stability established following theconflict was shaken in 1997 by a coup d'état led by the co-PrimeMinister Hun Sen against the noncommunist parties in thegovernment.[69] Many of the noncommunist politicians weremurdered by Hun Sen's forces. In recent years, reconstruction effortshave progressed and led to some political stability through amultiparty democracy under a constitutional monarchy.[1]

In July 2010 Kang Kek Iew was the first Khmer Rouge memberfound guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity in his role as the former commandant of the S21extermination camp and he was sentenced to life in prison.[70][71] However, Hun Sen has opposed extensivetrials of former Khmer Rouge mass murderers.[72] He says that this is because he wishes to avoid politicalinstability.

In August 2014, a U.N.-backed war crimes tribunal sentenced Khieu Samphan, the regime's 83-year-oldformer head of state, and Nuon Chea, its 88-year-old chief ideologue to life in prison on war crimes chargesfor their role in the country's terror period in the 1970s. The trial began in November 2011. Former ForeignMinister Ieng Sary died in 2013, while his wife, Social Affairs Minister Ieng Thirith, was deemed unfit tostand trial due to dementia in 2012. The group's top leader, Pol Pot, died in 1998.

Politics

Government

Officially a multiparty democracy, in reality "the country remains aone-party state dominated by the Cambodian People's Party andPrime Minister Hun Sen, a recast Khmer Rouge official in powersince 1985. The open doors to new investment during his reign haveyielded the most access to a coterie of cronies of his and his wife,Bun Rany."[73] Cambodia's government has been described byHuman Rights Watch's Southeast Asian Director, David Roberts, asa "vaguely communist free-market state with a relativelyauthoritarian coalition ruling over a superficial democracy."[14]

Prime Minister Hun Sen has vowed to rule until he is 74.[74][75] Heis a former Khmer Rouge member who defected. His government isregularly accused of ignoring human rights and suppressing political dissent. After the 2013 electionresults, disputed by Hun Sen's opposition, demonstrators were injured and killed in Cambodia in protests inthe capital where a reported 20,000 protesters gathered, with some clashing with riot police.[76] From ahumble farming background, Hun Sen was just 33 when he took power in 1985, and is now in the companyof other long ruling dictators such as Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe and Kazakhstan's NursultanNazarbayev'.[77]

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Prime Minister Hun Sen

Sam Rainsy, leader ofCambodia's pro-democraticopposition and Hun Sen'spolitical rival.

National politics in Cambodia take place within the framework of the nation's constitution of 1993. Thegovernment is a constitutional monarchy operated as a parliamentary representative democracy. The PrimeMinister of Cambodia, an office held by Hun Sen since 1985, is the head of government, while the King ofCambodia (currently Norodom Sihamoni) is the head of state. The prime minister is appointed by the king,on the advice and with the approval of the National Assembly. The prime minister and the ministerialappointees exercise executive power while legislative powers are shared by the executive and the bicameralParliament of Cambodia, which consists of a lower house, the National Assembly (រដ�ស�កម�ុ�,Rotsaphea) and an upper house, the Senate (�ពទឹ�ស�ៃន�ពះ���ច�កកម�ុ�, Protsaphea). Membersof the 123-seat Assembly are elected through a system of proportional representation and serve for amaximum term of five years. The Senate has 61 seats, two of which areappointed by the king and two others by the National Assembly, and the restelected by the commune councillors from 24 provinces of Cambodia.Senators serve six-year terms.

On 14 October 2004, King Norodom Sihamoni was selected by a specialnine-member throne council, part of a selection process that was quickly putin place after the abdication of King Norodom Sihanouk a week prior.Sihamoni's selection was endorsed by Prime Minister Hun Sen and NationalAssembly Speaker Prince Norodom Ranariddh (the king's half brother andcurrent chief advisor), both members of the throne council. He wasenthroned in Phnom Penh on 29 October 2004.

The Cambodian People's Party (CPP) is the major ruling party in Cambodia.The CPP controls the lower and upper chambers of parliament, with 68seats in the National Assembly and 46 seats in the Senate. The oppositionCambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP) is the second largest party inCambodia with 55 seats in the National Assembly but has yet to compete inany Senate elections. The Sam Rainsy Party (SRP) has 11 seats in theSenate.

Hun Sen and his government have seen much controversy. Hun Sen was aformer Khmer Rouge commander who was originally installed by theVietnamese and, after the Vietnamese left the country, maintains his strongman position by violence and oppression when deemed necessary.[78] In1997, fearing the growing power of his co-Prime Minister, Prince NorodomRanariddh, Hun launched a coup, using the army to purge Ranariddh and hissupporters. Ranariddh was ousted and fled to Paris while other opponents ofHun Sen were arrested, tortured and some summarily executed.[78][79]

In addition to political oppression, the Cambodian government has beenaccused of corruption in the sale of vast areas of land to foreign investorsresulting in the eviction of thousands of villagers[80] as well as taking bribes in exchange for grants toexploit Cambodia's oil wealth and mineral resources.[81] Cambodia is consistently listed as one of the mostcorrupt governments in the world.[82][83][84] Amnesty International currently recognizes one prisoner ofconscience in the country: 29-year-old land rights activist Yorm Bopha.[85]

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Royal Cambodian Navy officersobserve flight quarters during theCambodia-US Maritime Exercise2011.

Journalists covering a protest over disputed election results in Phnom Penh on 22 September 2013 say theywere deliberately attacked by police and men in plain clothes, with slingshots and stun guns. The attackagainst the President of the Overseas Press Club of Cambodia, Rick Valenzuela, was captured on video.The violence comes amid political tensions as the opposition boycotts the opening of Parliament due toconcerns about electoral fraud. Seven reporters sustained minor injuries while at least two Cambodianprotesters were hit by slingshot projectiles and hospitalized. [86]

Military

The Royal Cambodian Army, Royal Cambodian Navy, RoyalCambodian Air Force and Royal Gendarmerie collectively form theRoyal Cambodian Armed Forces, under the command of theMinistry of National Defense, presided over by the Prime Ministerof Cambodia. His Majesty King Norodom Sihamoni is the SupremeCommander of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF), andthe country's Prime Minister Hun Sen effectively holds the positionof commander-in-chief.

The introduction of a revised command structure early in 2000 wasa key prelude to the reorganization of the Cambodian military. Thissaw the defence ministry form three subordinate generaldepartments responsible for logistics and finance, materials andtechnical services, and defence services under the High CommandHeadquarters (HCHQ).

The minister of National Defense is General Tea Banh. Banh has served as defense minister since 1979.The Secretaries of State for Defense are Chay Saing Yun and Por Bun Sreu. The new Commander-in-Chiefof the RCAF was replaced by his deputy General Pol Saroeun, who is a long time loyalist of Prime MinisterHun Sen. The Army Commander is General Meas Sophea and the Army Chief of Staff is Chea Saran.

In 2010, the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces comprised about 102,000 active personnel (200,000 reserve).Total Cambodian military spending stands at 3% of national GDP. The Royal Gendarmerie of Cambodiatotal more than 7,000 personnel. Its civil duties include providing security and public peace, to investigateand prevent organized crime, terrorism and other violent groups; to protect state and private property; tohelp and assist civilians and other emergency forces in a case of emergency, natural disaster, civil unrestand armed conflicts.

Hun Sen has accumulated highly centralized power in Cambodia, including a praetorian guard that 'appearsto rival the capabilities of the country’s regular military units', and is ostensibly used by Mr. Hun Sen toquell political opposition.'[87]

Foreign relations

The foreign relations of Cambodia are handled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs under H.E. HorNamhong.

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President Lee Myung-bak meets withKing Sihamoni in 2009.

Foreign Minister Hor Nam Hongmeets with US Secretary of StateHillary Clinton

Sihanouk visiting Romania in 1972,with Romanian President NicolaeCeaușescu (left) and Queen NorodomMonineath (center).

Cambodia is a member of the United Nations, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund. It is amember of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), ASEAN, and joined the WTO on 13 October 2004. In2005 Cambodia attended the inaugural East Asia Summit in Malaysia. On 23 November 2009, Cambodiareinstated its membership to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).[88] Cambodia first became amember of IAEA on 6 February 1958 but withdrew its membershipon 26 March 2003.[89] Cambodia has established diplomaticrelations with numerous countries; the government reports twentyembassies in the country[90] including many of its Asian neighboursand those of important players during the Paris peace negotiations,including the US, Australia, Canada, China, the European Union(EU), Japan, and Russia.[91] As a result of its international relations,various charitable organizations have assisted with social, economic,and civil infrastructure needs.

While the violent ruptures of the 1970s and 1980s have passed,several border disputes between Cambodia and its neighbors persist.There are disagreements over some offshore islands and sections ofthe boundary with Vietnam and undefined maritime boundaries andborder areas with Thailand. Cambodian and Thai troops haveclashed over land immediately adjacent to the Preah Vihear temple,leading to a deterioration in relations. The International Court ofJustice in 1962 awarded the temple to Cambodia but was unclearregarding some of the surrounding land. Both countries blamed theother for firing first and denied entering the other's territory. The ICJhanded down another ruling on 11 November 2013, holding that thearea around and below the temple belongs to Cambodia and that anyThai security forces still in that area should leave.[92][93]

Human rights

A US State Department report says "forces under Hun Sen and theCambodian People's Party have committed frequent and large-scaleabuses, including extrajudicial killings and torture, with impunity".Amnesty International and the Cambodian Center for HumanRights, located in Cambodia, also raised 'impunity' as a concern."Impunity for perpetrators of human rights abuses and lack of anindependent judiciary remained serious problems," Amnesty's 2012Annual Report said. Since June, NGOs reported that authorities"abused at least 30 prisoners - 29 while in police custody and one inprison. Kicking, punching and pistol whipping were the mostcommon methods of reported physical abuse, but electric shock,suffocation, caning and whipping with wires were also used." TheUS State Department report says "politicized and ineffectivejudiciary is one of the country's key human rights abuses." Thatreport says "the government generally does not respect judicial independence, and that there has beenwidespread corruption among judges, prosecutors and court officials."[94]

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Australia is paying Cambodia money to resettle some of their illegal immigrants from Australia toCambodia. Australia is expected to give Cambodia tens of millions of dollars for accepting the refugeeswho will be expected to assimilate into a society where '40 per cent of people live in poverty'. They willhave no rights to be transferred to another country.[95] That action has been met with widespreadcondemnation by human rights groups. Cambodia, a resource sparse country with a large number of poorpeople is thought to be unfit for use as a resettlement area because of its poverty and human rights abuses,also because the people being resettled are unable to do some of the most basic things like opening bankaccounts. Rights groups accuse Cambodia of playing politics in the past with refugees and using them asbargaining chips in bilateral relations, pointing to the deportation of 20 ethnic Uighur asylum seekers toChina in 2009. Beijing announced a $1 billion aid package for Phnom Penh two days later.[96][97]

Sam Rainsy a political opposition leader commented on the refugee situation from Australia: 'Cambodia isone of the world's most corrupt countries. This government has made Cambodia one of the world's poorestcountries. So any money, especially from any foreign source, would be diverted and channeled into thepocket of our corrupt leaders with very little, if any, benefit to the ordinary people.'[98]

Forced land evictions by senior officials, security forces, and government-connected business leaders arecommonplace in Cambodia. Land has been confiscated from hundreds of thousands of Cambodians overmore than a decade for the purpose off self-enrichment and maintaining power of various groups of specialinterests. Credible non-governmental organizations estimate that "770,000 people have been adverselyaffected by land grabbing covering at least four million hectares (nearly 10 million acres) of land that havebeen confiscated, says Paris-based International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH).[25]

International rankings

Organization Survey Ranking Score

World Bank Ease of Doing Business Index (2012) 138 out of183 75.4%

Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index (2012) 164 out of184 89.13%

United Nations DevelopmentProgramme Human Development Index (2012) 139 out of

184 75.5%

World Gold Council Gold reserve (2010) 65 out of 110 60%

Reporters Without Borders Worldwide Press Freedom Index(2012)

117 out of179 65.3%

World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Report (2012) 97 out of 142 68.3%

Institute for Economics and Peace Global Peace Index (2012) 108 out of142 68.3%

United Nations Education Index (2012) 132 out of179 73.7%

World Development Indicators Global Internet usage (2011) 127 out of193 3%

Geography

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Phnom Dângrêk in NorthernCambodia

Waterfall at Phnom Kulen

Sun bear

Cambodia has an area of 181,035 square kilometers (69,898 sq mi)and lies entirely within the tropics, between latitudes 10° and 15°N,and longitudes 102° and 108°E. It borders Thailand to the north andwest, Laos to the northeast, and Vietnam to the east and southeast. Ithas a 443-kilometer (275 mi) coastline along the Gulf of Thailand.

Cambodia's landscape is characterized by a low-lying central plainthat is surrounded by uplands and low mountains and includes theTonle Sap (Great Lake) and the upper reaches of the Mekong Riverdelta. Extending outward from this central region are transitionalplains, thinly forested and rising to elevations of about 650 feet (200meters) above sea level. To the north the Cambodian plain abuts asandstone escarpment, which forms a southward-facing cliffstretching more than 200 miles (320 km) from west to east andrising abruptly above the plain to heights of 600 to 1,800 feet (180to 550 meters). This cliff marks the southern limit of the DângrêkMountains.

Flowing south through the country's eastern regions is the MekongRiver. East of the Mekong the transitional plains gradually mergewith the eastern highlands, a region of forested mountains and highplateaus that extend into Laos and Vietnam. In southwesternCambodia two distinct upland blocks, the Krâvanh Mountains andthe Dâmrei Mountains, form another highland region that coversmuch of the land area between the Tonle Sap and the Gulf of Thailand. In this remote and largelyuninhabited area, Phnom Aural, Cambodia's highest peak, rises to an elevation of 5,949 feet (1,813 meters).The southern coastal region adjoining the Gulf of Thailand is a narrow lowland strip, heavily wooded andsparsely populated, which is isolated from the central plain by the southwestern highlands.

The most distinctive geographical feature is the inundations of the Tonle Sap (Great Lake), measuringabout 2,590 square kilometers (1,000 sq mi) during the dry season and expanding to about 24,605 squarekilometers (9,500 sq mi) during the rainy season. This densely populated plain, which is devoted to wet ricecultivation, is the heartland of Cambodia. Much of this area has been designated as a biosphere reserve.

Climate

Cambodia's climate, like that of the rest of Southeast Asia, isdominated by monsoons, which are known as tropical wet and drybecause of the distinctly marked seasonal differences.

Cambodia has a temperature range from 21 to 35 °C (69.8 to95.0 °F) and experiences tropical monsoons. Southwest monsoonsblow inland bringing moisture-laden winds from the Gulf ofThailand and Indian Ocean from May to October. The northeastmonsoon ushers in the dry season, which lasts from November toApril. The country experiences the heaviest precipitation fromSeptember to October with the driest period occurring from Januaryto February.

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Macaques at Angkor

Cambodia has two distinct seasons. The rainy season, which runs from May to October, can seetemperatures drop to 22 °C (71.6 °F) and is generally accompanied with high humidity. The dry seasonlasts from November to April when temperatures can rise up to 40 °C (104 °F) around April. Disastrousflooding occurred in 2001 and again in 2002, with some degree of flooding almost every year.[99]

Ecology

Cambodia has a wide variety of plants and animals. There are 212 mammalspecies, 536 bird species, 240 reptile species, 850 freshwater fish species(Tonle Sap Lake area), and 435 marine fish species. Much of thisbiodiversity is contained around the Tonle Sap Lake and the surroundingbiosphere.[100] The Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve s a unique ecologicalphenomenon surrounding the Tonle Sap. It encompasses the lake and nineprovinces: Kampong Thom, Siem Reap, Battambang, Pursat, KampongChhnang, Banteay Meanchey, Pailin, Oddar Meanchey and Preah Vihear. In1997, it was successfully nominated as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.[101]

Other key habitats include the dry forest of Mondolkiri and Ratanakiriprovinces and the Cardamom Mountains ecosystem, including BokorNational Park, Botum-Sakor National Park, and the Phnom Aural andPhnom Samkos wildlife sanctuaries.

The Worldwide Fund for Nature recognizes six distinct terrestrialecoregions in Cambodia – the Cardamom Mountains rain forests, Central Indochina dry forest, SoutheastIndochina dry evergreen forest, Southern Annamites montane rain forest, Tonle Sap freshwater swampforest, and Tonle Sap-Mekong peat swamp forest.[102]

The rate of deforestation in Cambodia is one of the highest in the world. Cambodia's primary forest coverfell from over 70% in 1969 to just 3.1% in 2007. In total, Cambodia lost 25,000 square kilometres(9,700 sq mi) of forest between 1990 and 2005—3,340 km2 (1,290 sq mi) of which was primary forest.Since 2007, less than 3,220 km2 (1,243 sq mi) of primary forest remain with the result that the futuresustainability of the forest reserves of Cambodia is under severe threat, with illegal loggers looking togenerate revenue.[103]

Plans for hydroelectric development in the region, by Laos in particular, pose a "real danger to the foodsupply of Vietnam and Cambodia. Upstream dams will imperil the fish stocks that provide the vast majorityof Cambodia's protein and could also denude the Mekong River of the silt Vietnam needs for its ricebasket." The rich fisheries of Tonle Sap, the largest freshwater lake in Southeast Asia, largely supply theimpoverished country's protein. The lake is unusual: It all but disappears in the dry season and then"expands massively as water flow from the Mekong backs up when the rains come. "Those fish are soimportant for their livelihoods, both economically and nutritionally," said Gordon Holtgrieve, a professor atthe University of Washington who researches Cambodia's freshwater fish and he points out that none of thedams that are either built or being built on the Mekong river "are pointing at good outcomes for thefisheries."[104]

Administrative divisions

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The capital (reach thani) and provinces (khaet) of Cambodia are first-level administrative divisions.Cambodia is divided into 25 provinces including the capital.

Municipalities and districts are the second-level administrative divisions of Cambodia. The provinces aresubdivided into 159 districts and 26 municipalities. The districts and municipalities in turn are furtherdivided into communes (khum) and quarters (sangkat).

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Number Province Capital Area (km²) Population1 Banteay Meanchey Sisophon 6,679 678,0332 Battambang Battambang 11,702 1,036,5233 Kampong Cham Kampong Cham 4,549 1,010,0984 Kampong Chhnang Kampong Chhnang 5,521 472,6165 Kampong Speu Kampong Speu 7,017 718,0086 Kampong Thom Kampong Thom 13,814 908,3987 Kampot Kampot 4,873 585,1108 Kandal Ta Khmao 3,568 1,265,8059 Kep Krong Kep 336 80,20810 Koh Kong Koh Kong 11,160 139,72211 Kracheh Kracheh 11,094 318,52312 Mondulkiri Senmonorom 14,288 60,81113 Oddar Meanchey Samraong 6,158 185,44314 Pailin Pailin 803 70,48215 Phnom Penh Phnom Penh 758 2,234,56616 Preah Sihanouk Sihanoukville 868 199,90217 Preah Vihear Tbeng Meanchey 13,788 170,85218 Pursat Pursat 12,692 397,10719 Prey Veng Prey Veng 4,883 947,35720 Ratanakiri Banlung 10,782 567,45921 Siem Reap Siem Reap 10,229 1,000,30922 Stung Treng Stung Treng 11,092 111,73423 Svay Rieng Svay Rieng 2,966 498,78524 Takéo Takéo 3,563 843,931

25 TbongKhmum[105] Suong 4,928 754,000

Economy

In 2011 Cambodia's per capita income in PPP is $2,470 and $1,040 in nominal per capita. Cambodia's percapita income is rapidly increasing but is low compared to other countries in the region. Most ruralhouseholds depend on agriculture and its related sub-sectors. Rice, fish, timber, garments and rubber areCambodia's major exports. The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) reintroduced more than 750traditional rice varieties to Cambodia from its rice seed bank in the Philippines.[106] These varieties hadbeen collected in the 1960s.

Based on the Economist, IMF: Annual average GDP growth for the period 2001–2010 was 7.7% making itone of the world's top ten countries with the highest annual average GDP growth. Tourism was Cambodia'sfastest growing industry, with arrivals increasing from 219,000 in 1997 to over 2 million in 2007. In 2004,inflation was at 1.7% and exports at $1.6 billion US$.

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OCIC Tower, in PhnomPenh, temporaryheadquarters of theCambodia SecuritiesExchange.

Cambodia, Trends in the HumanDevelopment Index 1970-2010

Mekong Bank headquarters

China is Cambodia's biggest source of foreign direct investment. China planned to spend $8 billion in 360projects in the first seven months of 2011. It is also the largest source of foreign aid, providing about$600 million in 2007 and $260 million in 2008.

The National Bank of Cambodia is the central bank of the kingdom and provides regulatory oversight to thecountry's banking sector and is responsible in part for increasing the foreign direct investment in thecountry. Between 2010 and 2012 the number of regulated banks and micro-finance institutions increasedfrom 31 covered entities to over 70 individual institutions underlining the growth within the Cambodianbanking and finance sector.

In 2012 Credit Bureau Cambodia was established with direct regulatory oversight by the National Bank ofCambodia.[107] The Credit Bureau further increases the transparency and stability within the Cambodian

Banking Sector as all banks andmicro-finance companies are nowrequired by law to report accuratefacts and figures relating to loanperformance in the country.

One of the largest challenges facingCambodia is still the fact that theolder population often lackseducation, particularly in thecountryside, which suffers from alack of basic infrastructure. Fear of

renewed political instability and corruption within the governmentdiscourage foreign investment and delay foreign aid, although there hasbeen significant aid from bilateral and multilateral donors. Donors pledged$504 million to the country in 2004,[1] while the Asian Development Bankalone has provided $850 million in loans, grants, and technicalassistance.[108] Bribery are often demanded from companies operating inCambodia when obtaining licences and permits, such asconstruction-related permits.[109]

Tourism

The tourism industry is the country's second-greatest source of hardcurrency after the textile industry.[68] Between January andDecember 2007, visitor arrivals were 2.0 million, an increase of18.5% over the same period in 2006. Most visitors (51%) arrivedthrough Siem Reap with the remainder (49%) through Phnom Penhand other destinations.[110] Other tourist destinations includeSihanoukville in the south west which has several popular beachesand the sleepy riverside town of Battambang in the east, both of which are a popular stop for backpackerswho make up a large of portion of visitors to Cambodia.[111] The area around Kampot and Kep including

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Rice field in Baray, Kampong Thom

Farmers harvesting rice inBattambang Province

the Bokor Hill Station are also of interest to visitors. Tourism has increased steadily each year in therelatively stable period since the 1993 UNTAC elections; in 1993 there were 118,183 international tourists,and in 2009 there were 2,161,577 international tourists.[112]

Most of the tourists were Japanese, Chinese, Filipinos, Americans, South Koreans and French people, saidthe report, adding that the industry earned some 1.4 billion U.S.dollars in 2007, accounting for almost ten percent of the kingdom'sgross national products. Chinese-language newspaper Jianhua Dailyquoted industry officials as saying that Cambodia will have threemillion foreign tourist arrivals in 2010 and five million in 2015.Tourism has been one of Cambodia's triple pillar industries. TheAngkor Wat historical park in Siem Reap province, the beaches inSihanoukville and the capital city Phnom Penh are the mainattractions for foreign tourists.[113]

Cambodia's tourist souvenir industry employs a lot of people aroundthe main places of interest. Obviously, the quantity of souvenirs thatare produced is not sufficient to face the increasing number oftourists and a majority of products sold to the tourists on the marketsare imported from China, Thailand and Vietnam.[114] Some of thelocally produced souvenirs include:

Krama (traditional scarf)Ceramic works

Soap, candle, spices[115]

Wood carving, lacquerware, silverplating[116]

Painted bottles containing infused rice wine

Cultivation

Description Survey Ranking WorldTop 10 kiwifruit producers(2007)

Food and AgricultureOrganization

10 (thousand metrictons)

1,160 (thousand metrictons)

Top 12 Rice Producers(2010)

Food and AgricultureOrganization

8.2 (million metricton)

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Ethnic group Population % of total*Khmer 13,684,985 90%Vietnamese 760,277 5.0%Chinese 152,055 1%Other 608,222 4%

View of Angkor Wat in Siem Reap. Today Angkor Wat is Cambodia's main tourist attraction and isvisited by many tourists from around the world.

Demographics

As of 2013, Cambodia has an estimatedpopulation of 15,205,539 people. Ninetypercent of Cambodia's population is of Khmerorigin and speak the Khmer language, thecountry's official language. Cambodia'spopulation is relatively homogeneous. Itsminority groups include Vietnamese (5%) andChinese (1%).[1] The country's birth rate is 25.4 per 1,000. Its population growth rate is 1.7%, significantlyhigher than those of Thailand, South Korea, and India.[117]

The civil war and subsequent genocide markedly affected the Cambodian population; 50% of thepopulation is younger than 22 years old. At a 1.04 female to male ratio, Cambodia has the most female-biased sex ratio in the Greater Mekong Subregion.[118] In the Cambodian population over 65, the female tomale ratio is 1.6:1.[1]

Languages

The Khmer language is a member of the Mon–Khmer subfamily of the Austroasiatic language group.French, once the language of government in Indochina, is still spoken by many older Cambodians. Frenchis also the language of instruction in some schools and universities that are funded by the government ofFrance. Cambodian French, a remnant of the country's colonial past, is a dialect found in Cambodia and issometimes used in government, particularly in court. However, the increasing number of tourists fromaround the world has resulted in the shift from French to English.[120]

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A pie chart of religious groups in Cambodia (2008)

Buddhism is the officialreligion of Cambodia.

Religion

Theravada Buddhism isthe official religion ofCambodia, which ispracticed by more than95 percent of thepopulation. TheTheravada Buddhisttradition is widespreadand strong in allprovinces, with anestimated 4,392

monastery temples throughout the country.[121] The vast majority of ethnicKhmers are Buddhist, and there are close associations between Buddhism,cultural traditions, and daily life. Adherence to Buddhism generally isconsidered intrinsic to the country's ethnic and cultural identity. Religion inCambodia, including Buddhism, was suppressed by the Khmer Rougeduring the late 1970s but has since experienced a revival. Islam is thereligion of the majority of the Chams and Malay minorities in Cambodia.The majority of Muslims are Sunnis of the Shafi'i school and are very numerous in Kampong ChamProvince. Currently there are more than 300,000 Muslims in the country.

One percent of Cambodians are identified as being Christian, of which Catholics make up the largest groupfollowed by Protestants. There are currently 20,000 Catholics in Cambodia, which represents 0.15% of thetotal population. Other denominations include Baptists, The Christian and Missionary Alliance, Methodists,Jehovah's Witnesses, Apostolic or United Pentecostals, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-daySaints.[122]

Mahayana Buddhism is the religion of the majority of Chinese and Vietnamese in Cambodia. Elements ofother religious practices, such as the veneration of folk heroes and ancestors, Confucianism, and Taoismmix with Chinese Buddhism are also practiced.

Education

The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports is responsible for establishing national policies and guidelinesfor education in Cambodia. The Cambodian education system is heavily decentralised, with three levels ofgovernment, central, provincial and district – responsible for its management. The constitution of Cambodiapromulgates free compulsory education for nine years, guaranteeing the universal right to basic qualityeducation.

The 2008 Cambodian census estimated that 77.6% of the population was literate (85.1% of men and 70.9%of women).[1] Male youth age (15–24 years) have a literacy rate of 89% compared to 86% for females.[123]

The education system in Cambodia continues to face many challenges, but during the past years there havebeen significant improvements, especially in terms of primary net enrollment gains, the introduction ofprogram based-budgeting, and the development of a policy framework which helps disadvantaged children

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Royal University of Phnom Penh(RUPP) is the national university ofCambodia.

Cambodian medical students watchinga surgery operation

to gain access to education. The country has also significantly investin vocational education, especially in rural areas, in order to tacklepoverty and unemployment. [124][125] Two Many of Cambodia'smost acclaimed universities are based in Phnom Penh.

Traditionally, education in Cambodia was offered by the wats(Buddhist temples), thus providing education exclusively for themale population.[126] During the Khmer Rouge regime, educationsuffered significant setbacks.

With respects to academic performance among Cambodian primaryschool children, research showed that parental attitudes and beliefsplayed a significant role.[127] Specifically, the study found thatpoorer academic achievement among children were associated withparents holding stronger fatalistic beliefs (i.e., human strengthcannot change destiny). The study further found that "length ofresidence" of parents in the community in which they stay predictedbetter academic achievement among their children. Overall, the study pointed out to the role of socialcapital in educational performance and access in the Cambodian society in which family attitudes andbeliefs are central to the findings.

Health

The quality of health in Cambodia is rising. As of 2014, the lifeexpectancy is 72 years, a major improvement since 1999 when theaverage life expectancy was 49.8 and 46.8 respectively.[128] Healthcare is offered by both public and private practitioners and researchhas found that trust in health providers is a key factor in improvingthe uptake of health care services in rural Cambodia.[129] The RoyalCambodian Government plans to increase the quality of healthcarein the country by raising awareness of HIV/AIDS, malaria, andother diseases. Government spending on health care corresponded to5.8% of Cambodia's gross domestic product (GDP). For Tourists, itis advised to take preventive measures like taking anti malarialdrugs and using mosquito repellent creams. They are available in thelocal pharmacy stores. In some cases, kits that include ant-malarialdrugs and repellent cream are also available. It should not be much of an issue if these basic measures canbe taken.

Cambodia's infant mortality rate has decreased from 115 per 1,000 live births in 1993 to 54 in 2009. In thesame period, the under-five mortality rate decreased from 181 to 115 per 1,000 live births.[130] In theprovince with worst health indicators, Ratanakiri, 22.9% of children die before age five.[131]

Cambodia was once one of the most landmined countries in the world. According to some estimates,unexploded land mines have been responsible for over 60,000 civilian deaths and thousands more maimedor injured since 1970.[132] However, the number of reported landmine casualties has sharply decreased,

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The 19th-century illustration tale ofVorvong & Sorvong.

Painting of Preah Vesondor and hisfamily abandoned in the jungle

from 800 in 2005 to 111 in 2013 (22 dead and 89 injured).[133] Adults that survive landmines often requireamputation of one or more limbs and have to resort to begging for survival.[132] Cambodia is expected to befree of land mines by 2020[134] but the social and economic legacy, including orphans and one in 290people being an amputee,[135] is expected to affect Cambodia for years to come.

Culture

Various factors contribute tothe Cambodian cultureincluding TheravadaBuddhism, Hinduism,French colonialism,Angkorian culture, andmodern globalization. TheCambodian Ministry ofCulture and Fine Arts isresponsible for promotingand developing Cambodian

culture. Cambodian culture not only includes the culture of thelowland ethnic majority, but also some 20 culturally distinct hilltribes colloquially known as the Khmer Loeu, a term coined byNorodom Sihanouk to encourage unity between the highlanders andlowlanders. Rural Cambodians wear a krama scarf which is a uniqueaspect of Cambodian clothing. The sampeah is a traditionalCambodian greeting or a way of showing respect to others. Khmerculture, as developed and spread by the Khmer empire, hasdistinctive styles of dance, architecture and sculpture, which havebeen exchanged with neighbouring Laos and Thailand throughouthistory. Angkor Wat (Angkor means "city" and Wat "temple") is thebest preserved example of Khmer architecture from the Angkorianera along with hundreds of other temples that have been discoveredin and around the region.

Traditionally, the Khmer people have a recorded information on Tra leaves. Tra leaf books record legendsof the Khmer people, the Ramayana, the origin of Buddhism and other prayer books. They are taken care ofby wrapping in cloth to protect from moisture and the climate.[136]

Bon Om Tuuk (Festival of Boat Racing), the annual boat rowing contest, is the most attended Cambodiannational festival. Held at the end of the rainy season when the Mekong river begins to sink back to itsnormal levels allowing the Tonle Sap River to reverse flow, approximately 10% of Cambodia's populationattends this event each year to play games, give thanks to the moon, watch fireworks, dine, and attend theboat race in a carnival-type atmosphere.[137] Popular games include cockfighting, soccer, and kicking a sey,which is similar to a footbag. Based on the classical Indian solar calendar and Theravada Buddhism, theCambodian New Year is a major holiday that takes place in April. Recent artistic figures include singersSinn Sisamouth and Ros Serey Sothea (and later Meng Keo Pichenda), who introduced new musical stylesto the country.

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Cambodian cuisine

Cuisine

Rice is the staple grain, as in other Southeast Asian countries. Fishfrom the Mekong and Tonle Sap rivers is also an important part ofthe diet. The supply of fish and fish products for food and trade in2000 was 20 kilograms per person or 2 ounces per day perperson.[138] Some of the fish can be made into prahok for longerstorage. The cuisine of Cambodia contains tropical fruits, soups andnoodles. Key ingredients are kaffir lime, lemon grass, garlic, fishsauce, soy sauce, curry, tamarind, ginger, oyster sauce, coconut milkand black pepper. Some delicacies are នបំ��ុក (Num Bunhjok),�ម៉ុក (Amok), �ពងី (Ah Ping).

French influence on Cambodian cuisine includes the Cambodian red curry with toasted baguette bread. Thetoasted baguette pieces are dipped in the curry and eaten. Cambodian red curry is also eaten with rice andrice vermicelli noodles. Probably the most popular dine out dish, kuy teav, is a pork broth rice noodle soupwith fried garlic, scallions, green onions that may also contain various toppings such as beef balls, shrimp,pork liver or lettuce. The cuisine is relatively unknown to the world compared to that of its neighboursThailand and Vietnam.

Sports

Football (soccer) is one of the most popular sports, although professional organized sports are not asprevalent in Cambodia as in western countries because of the economic conditions. Soccer was brought toCambodia by the French and became popular with the locals.[139] The Cambodia national football teammanaged fourth in the 1972 Asian Cup, but development has slowed since the civil war. Western sportssuch as volleyball, bodybuilding, field hockey, rugby union, golf, and baseball are gaining popularity.Volleyball is by far the most popular sport in the country. Native sports include traditional boat racing,buffalo racing, Pradal Serey, Khmer traditional wrestling and Bokator. Cambodia first participated in theOlympics during the 1956 Summer Olympic Games sending equestrian riders. Cambodia also hosted theGANEFO Games, the alternative to the Olympics, in the 1960s.

Dance

Cambodian dance can be divided into three main categories: Khmer classical dance, folk dance, and socialdances. The exact origins of Khmer classical dance are disputed. Most native Khmer scholars trace moderndance forms back to the time of Angkor, seeing similarities in the temple engravings of the period, whileothers hold that modern Khmer dance styles were learned (or re-learned) from Siamese court dancers in the1800s.

Khmer classical dance is the form of stylized performance art established in the royal courts of Cambodiaexhibited for both entertainment and ceremonial purposes.[140] The dances are performed by intricatelycostumed, highly trained men and women on public occasions for tribute, invocation or to enact traditionalstories and epic poems such as Reamker, the Khmer version of the Ramayana.[141] Known formally asRobam Preah Reach Trop (រ��ំពះ�ជ�ទព� "theater of royal wealth") it is set to the music of a pinpeatensemble accompanied by a vocal chorus.

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Cambodian female dancer

Khmer Apsara dancers

Sinn Sisamouth

Cambodian folk dance, often performed to mahori music, celebrates the various cultural and ethnic groupsof Cambodia. Folk dances originated in the villages and are performed, for the most part, by the villagersfor the villagers.[142] The movements are less stylized and the clothing worn is that of the people thedancers are portraying, such as hill tribes, Chams or farmers. Typically faster-paced than classical dance,folk dances display themes of the "common person" such as love, comedy or warding off evil spirits.[142]

Social dances are those performed by guests at banquets, parties or other informal social gatherings. Khmertraditional social dances are analogous to those of other Southeast Asian nations. Examples include thecircle dances Romvong and Romkbach as well as Saravan and Lam Leav. Modern western popular dancesincluding Cha-cha, Bolero, and the Madison, have also influenced Cambodian social dance.

Music

Traditional Cambodianmusic dates back as far asthe Khmer Empire.[143]

Royal dances like the ApsaraDance are icons of theCambodian culture as are theMahori ensembles thataccompany them. More ruralforms of music includeChapei and A Yai. Theformer is popular among theolder generation and is most often asolo performance of a man pluckinga Cambodian guitar (chapei) inbetween a cappella verses. The lyricsusually have moral or religioustheme. A Yai can be performed soloor by a man and woman and is often

comedic in nature. It is a form of lyrical poetry, often full of doubleentendres, that can be either scripted or completely impromptu and ad-libbed. When sung by a duo, the man and women take turns, "answering"the other's verse or posing riddles for the other to solve, with shortinstrumental breaks in between verses. Pleng kaah (lit. "wedding music") isa set of traditional music and songs played both for entertainment and asaccompaniment for the various ceremonial parts of a traditional, days-longKhmer wedding.

Cambodian popular music is performed with western style instruments or amixture of traditional and western instruments. Dance music is composed in particular styles for socialdances. The music of crooner Sinn Sisamouth and Ros Sereysothea from the 1960s to the 1970s isconsidered to be the classic pop music of Cambodia. During the Khmer Rouge Revolution, many classicand popular singers of the 1960s and 1970s were murdered, starved to death, or overwork to death by theKhmer Rouge.[144] and many original master tapes from the period were lost or destroyed.

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National Highway 4

In the 1980s, Keo Surath, (a refugee resettled in the United States) and others carried on the legacy of theclassic singers, often remaking their popular songs. The 1980s and 1990s also saw the rise in popularity ofkantrum, a music style of the Khmer Surin set to modern instrumentation.[145]

The Australian hip hop group Astronomy Class has recorded with Cambodian singer Kak Channthy anative born Cambodian female singer.[146][147]

The Dengue Fever (band) rock and roll band features a Cambodian female singer and back up band fromCalifornia. It is classified as 'world music' and combines Cambodian music with Western style rock.

Internet

As Cambodia continues to grow, so does its connection to the world. There are numerous places whereinternet access is available for public use, such as coffee shops, bars, restaurants and petrol stations. USBmodems and internet capabilities on cell phones now allow many Cambodians to connect with the outsideworld. Internet penetration is about 3% of the population.

Internet service in metropolitan areas is less expensive than in rural areas. Basic service with 3 Mbit/s speedcosts $12 per month plus the price of modem rental. Installation and delivery fees in rural areas may add tothe cost. Recent improvements to internet connection technology and competition have resulted in lowerprices.[148]

Improved internet access has created demand for more websites focused on Cambodia. Because of theliteracy rate in Cambodia, the issue arises of whether Cambodia-focused sites need to be in English orKhmer. English is the predominant language of the internet, and the majority of internet users in Cambodiaare able to understand English, but with the use of Khmer Unicode more sites have the capability to provideKhmer language versions.

Transport

The civil war and neglect severely damaged Cambodia's transportsystem, but with assistance and equipment from other countriesCambodia has been upgrading the main highways to internationalstandards and most are vastly improved from 2006. Most main roadsare now paved.

Cambodia has two rail lines, totalling about 612 kilometers (380 mi)of single, one meter gauge track.[149] The lines run from the capitalto Sihanoukville on the southern coast, and from Phnom Penh toSisophon (although trains often run only as far as Battambang). Asof 1987, only one passenger train per week operated betweenPhnom Penh and Battambang but a $141 million project, funded mostly by the Asian Development Bank,has been started to revitalize the languishing rail system that will "(interlink) Cambodia with majorindustrial and logistics centers in Bangkok and Ho Chi Minh City".[149]

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Siem Reap International Airport

Besides the main interprovincial traffic artery connecting Phnom Penh with Sihanoukville, resurfacing aformer dirt road with concrete / asphalt and implementation of 5 major river crossings by means of bridgeshave now permanently connected Phnom Penh with Koh Kong, and hence there is now uninterrupted roadaccess to neighboring Thailand and their vast road system.

Cambodia's road traffic accident rate is high by world standards. In 2004, the number of road fatalities per10,000 vehicles was ten times higher in Cambodia than in the developed world, and the number of roaddeaths had doubled in the preceding three years.[150]

The nation's extensive inland waterways were important historicallyin international trade. The Mekong and the Tonle Sap River, theirnumerous tributaries, and the Tonle Sap provided avenues ofconsiderable length, including 3,700 kilometers (2,300 mi)navigable all year by craft drawing 0.6 meters (2 ft) and another 282kilometers (175 mi) navigable to craft drawing 1.8 meters (6 ft).[151]

Cambodia has two major ports, Phnom Penh and Sihanoukville, andfive minor ones. Phnom Penh, located at the junction of the Bassac,the Mekong, and the Tonle Sap rivers, is the only river port capableof receiving 8,000-ton ships during the wet season and 5,000-tonships during the dry season. With increasing economic activity has come an increase in automobile andmotorcycle use, though bicycles still predominate.[152] "Cyclo" (as hand-me-down French) or Cyclerickshaws are an additional option often used by visitors. These kind of rickshaws are unique to Cambodiain that the cyclist is situated behind the passenger(s) seat,[153] as opposed to Cycle rickshaws inneighbouring countries where the cyclist is at the front and "pulls" the carriage.

The country has three commercial airports. Phnom Penh International Airport (Pochentong) in Phnom Penhis the second largest in Cambodia. Siem Reap-Angkor International Airport is the largest and serves themost international flights in and out of Cambodia. The other airport is in Sihanoukville

See also

Index of Cambodia-related articlesOutline of Cambodia

Cambodia – Wikipedia book

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tourism.org/download/Cambodia_Touris_Statistics_2010.pdf)113. ^ "Foreign tourist arrivals in Cambodia to increase by 20% on annual basis"

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External links

138. ^ Coastal and Marine Ecosystems-- Cambodia(https://web.archive.org/web/20040720042809/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/Coa_cou_116.pdf). Earthtrends.org

139. ^ " ''AFF- The official site of the ASEAN Football Federation''"(http://web.archive.org/web/20080626194544/http://www.aseanfootball.org/affiliates_02.asp). Web.archive.org.26 June 2008. Archived from the original (http://www.aseanfootball.org/affiliates_02.asp) on 26 June 2008.Retrieved 16 March 2013.

140. ^ "UNESCO Culture Sector – Intangible Heritage – 2003 Convention :"(http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00060). Unesco.org. Retrieved 15 March 2013.

141. ^ Cravath, Paul (1968). The Ritual Origins of the Classical Dance Drama of Cambodia(http://www.jstor.org/pss/1124400), Asian Theatre Journal, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Autumn, 1986), pp. 179–203

142. ^ a b Sam, Sam-ang & Sam, Chan Moly (Winter 2003) Khmer Folk Dance(https://web.archive.org/web/20090915000000*/http://www.reninc.org/BOOKSHELF/Khmer_Folk_Dance_Sam.pdf), Khmer Studies Institute; Newington, CT; ISBN 0-941785-02-5

143. ^ Cambodian music history (http://www.umbc.edu/eol/cambodia/histcmus.htm). umbc.edu144. ^ Ringer, Greg (2002). Killing Fields. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 368–370.145. ^ "Cambodia : National Geographic World Music"

(http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/country/content.country/cambodia_527).Worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com. 17 October 2002. Retrieved 16 March 2013.

146. ^ Claire Knox (21 June 2013). "The show must go on tour" (http://www.phnompenhpost.com/7days/show-must-go-tour). The Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 18 July 2013.

147. ^ Will Jackson (2 May 2014). "7 Questions with Shannon Kennedy" (http://www.phnompenhpost.com/7days/7-questions-shannon-kennedy). The Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 12 May 2014.

148. ^ "Science & Technology - Cheap Data, Better Tech Putting More Cambodians Online"(http://www.voacambodia.com/content/cheap-data-better-tech-putting-more-cambodians-online/1624617.html).voacambodia.com/. Retrieved 23 May 2014.

149. ^ a b "Cambodian railway to be revived by 2013" (http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/cambodian-railway-to-be-revived-by-2013.html). Railway Gazette International. 16 December 2009.Retrieved 9 June 2012.

150. ^ "Cambodia Road Traffic Accident and Victim Information System"(http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_traffic/5year_strategy/en/travis_annualreport_execsum.pdf)(PDF). Retrieved 16 March 2013.

151. ^ "Cambodia – Railroads" (http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-2187.html). Country-data.com.Retrieved 16 March 2013.

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Cambodia (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cb.html) entry at TheWorld FactbookCambodia Corruption Profile (http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/east-asia-the-pacific/kingdom-of-cambodia/business-corruption-in-cambodia.aspx) from the Business Anti-Corruption PortalCambodia (http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cambodia.htm) from UCB LibrariesGovPubsCambodia (https://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/Cambodia) at DMOZCambodia profile (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13006539) from the BBC NewsCambodia (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90520/Cambodia) at EncyclopædiaBritannicaCambodia - Traveling the far east (http://www.tourismcambodia.com/)

Wikimedia Atlas of CambodiaKey Development Forecasts for Cambodia (http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=KH) from International Futures

Government

King of Cambodia, Norodom Sihanouk (http://www.norodomsihanouk.info/) Official website offormer King Norodom Sihanouk (French)"Cambodia.gov.kh"(http://web.archive.org/web/20061005044434/www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/home.view.html). Archived from the original(http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/home.frame.html) on 5 October 2006. OfficialRoyal Government of Cambodia Website (English Version)Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (http://www.mfaic.gov.kh/)Ministry of Tourism (http://www.mot.gov.kh/)

Civil Society

Cooperation Committee for Cambodia (CCC) (http://ccc-cambodia.org/)Cambodian Human Rights and Development Association (ADHOC) (http://adhoc-cambodia.org/)Cambodian Center for Human Rights (CCHR) (http://www.cchrcambodia.org/)Cambodian League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights (LICADHO)(http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/)Global Integrity Report: Cambodia (http://report.globalintegrity.org/Cambodia/2008) CambodiaIntegrity Scorecard and Country ReportAction IEC Working For Cambodian Community Education Through Media and Culture

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(http://www.actioniec.org/)Freedom in the World 2011: Cambodia (http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2011&country=8009)Freedom of the Press 2011: Cambodia (http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2011&country=8009)

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