Book Final JSRC · 2014. 7. 23. · viC¢a kumµúynisþem:Aniym neya)ays®gÁamrbs;shrdæGaemrik...

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Translation Series No.5 Documentation Center of Cambodia

Elizabeth Becker: When the War Was Over, Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge RevolutionTranslated by Tep Meng Khean and Sokha Irene Edited by Youk Chhang Graphic by Kim SovanndanyCover and Book design by Youk Chhang and Kim Sovanndany Published by Documentation Center of

Cambodia and the American Embassy in Phnom Penh Printed in Cambodia, 2005 Copyright

mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCaSearching for the truth.Documentation Center of CambodiaP.O. Box 1110, Phnom Penh, CambodiaTel.: + 855 (23) 211-875Fax.: + 855 (23) 210-358Email: [email protected]: www.dccam.org

DISCLAMERThe views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author.TsSn³beBa©jenAkñúgesovePAenH KWrbs;GñkniBn§Etmñak;Kt;.

ISBN-10: 99950-60-00-0lsxG-10³ 99950-60-00-0

ISBN-13: 978-99950-60-00-8lsxG-13³ 978-99950-60-00-8

Printed in Cambodia

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s®gÁamCacMhmYyRbqaMgnwgrdæaPi)alRkúgéRBnKr nigvaytbcMeBaHyuT§nakarRbqaMgkumµúynisþrbs;

rbbenH. s®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTIBIr)ancab;epþIm. kñúgRbeTskm<úCaEk,rxag karRbyuT§Kña)anlubelI

kitüanuPaBrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu y:agqab;rh½s ehIy kumÖÚt yl;fa s®gÁamenARbeTs

evotNam nwgkMNt;seRmcGnaKténRbeTsrbs;Kat;Edr.

RbeTskm<úCaBuMEmnsßitenAkñúgtMbn;ekonekaHmYyénGasuIeT b:uEnþ KWenAcMkNþals®gÁam\NÐÚcin

elIkTIBIr. RbeTsevotNamxagt,ÚgenAPaKxagekIt nigRbeTsLavenAPaKxageCIg suT§EtCa

smrPUmiRbyuT§. RbeTséfEdlenAxaglic)ankøayeTACabEg¥keRkayrbs;GaemrikaMg CamUldæan

mYysRmab;ynþehaHRbedjRbtikmµ nigCaTIkmSanþsb,aymYysRmab;kgT½BGaemrikaMgEdlQb;

sRmak. kñúgcenøaHRbeTsTaMgbIenH RbeTskm<úCarebobCnbTrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )an

elceLIgkñúgzan³CaTwkdIGBüaRkwtmYyminKYr[eCO.

enAeBldMbUg s®gÁamhak;dUcCabRgÜbbRgÜmRbCaCnkm<úCa[mUlEtmYy. kumÖÚt emIleXIjPaB

xusKñatictYcrvagCMhrrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nigCMhrrbs;sa®sþacarüTaMgLayrbs;Kat;

EdlniymeqVgRCúlsþIBIbBaðas®gÁamenARbeTsevotNam. TaMgGs;Kña)anRbqaMgCMTas; nwgkareFVI

GnþraKmn_rbs;GaemrikaMg. TaMgGs;KñaCayuT§ikCnénneya)ayGBüaRkwtmYyrbs;km<úCa. kñúgGMLúgqñaM

dMbUg²énCemøaH GñkTaMgGs;dUc kumÖÚt CaedIm)anekatsresIr nigKaMRTneya)aykarbreTsrbs;

semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu TukNaCaBYkeKbnþkartv:aRbqaMgnwgGMNacb®gáab EdlRBHGgÁeFVImkelICIvit


rs;enArbs;eKk¾eday.

enAeBlEdls®gÁampÞúHeLIg semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu RtÚv)aneKsÁal;dwgc,as;kñúgBiPBelak

TaMgmUl cMeBaHkarRbkan;GBüaRkwtniymy:agx¢ab;x¢Ünrbs;RBHGgÁ10. enAqñaM1955 RBHGgÁ)anyag

eTAcUlrYmsnñisITenARkúg)an;Dug edayENnaMbNþaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆkuM[P¢ab;eCaKvasnarbs;xøÜn nwg

mhaGMNacNamYy ehIyRtÚvseRmcpøÚvedIrpÞal;rbs;xøÜnedayxøÜnÉg. tamlMnaMCaTUeTAmYyBiPB

kumµúynisþ)anTHédGbGrsaTrcMeBaHesckþIRbkasenH. shrdæGaemrikminrvl;nwgGVITaMgGs;. enAqñaM

bnÞab;KWqñaM1956shrdæGaemrik)ansakl,gBiesaFn_GBüaRkwtniymrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu

edayesñI[RbeTskm<úCa cUlCasmaCikmYyénGgÁkarsn§isBaØaGasuIPaKGaeKñy_ ¬ehAkat; es>Ga>tU¦

CabkSsm<½n§karBarmYy EdlbRgÜbbRgÜmbNþaRbeTsenAeRkambgÁab;shrdæGaemrikTaMgGs;. semþc

)anbdiesF. CakarsgswkrbbRkúgéRBnKr )anseRmcraMgxÞb;Epñkesdækic©rbs;RbeTskm<úCa

nigkMNt;TMnijepSg² EdldwkeLIgtamTenøemKgÁ rhUtdl;RkúgPñMeBjEdlenAeBlenaHCakMBg;EpEt

mYyKt;rbs;RbeTs.

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sIhnu kñúgbMNg[RBHGgÁEkERby:agehacnUvneya)ayGBüaRkwtniymrbs;RBHGgÁ. bkçBYkTaMgsg

xag b:gR)afñacg;)anedays¶at;kM)aMgnUvpøÚvpÁt;pÁg;P½sþúPar -smÖar³swkd¾mantémøenARbeTskm<úCa

ehIycg;eRbIR)as;RbeTsenH edIm,ItaMgmUldæanepSg²rbs;xøÜnpg. shrdæGaemrik CaGñkeRbIkar

Kabsgát; dMbUgeKRbkbedayPaBmuWgm:at;bMput edayRbkascMeBaHsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu faeFVIxøÜn

CaRbeTsGBüaRkwt EtEbrCaKaMRTBYkkumµúynisþeTAvij. mundMbUg semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu eFVItam

karKabsgát;TaMgenH ehIyGHGagfa RBHGgÁRtÚvkarBYkeKedIm,ITTYl)ankarFanad¾rwgmaMmYy xagEpñk

snþisuxBIbNþaRbeTsminEmnkumµúynisþ Ek,rxagrbs;RBHGgÁ KWRbeTséf nigevotNamxagt,Úg. b:uEnþ

BYkGaemrikaMgbdiesFminTTYlsÁal; ehIysemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anRtÚvjúaMg[eCOfa shrdæ

GaemrikCaGñkTajExSBIeRkaykarrYmKMnitk,t;mYy sMedApþÜlrMlMRBHGgÁkalBIqñaMmun KWqñaM1959.

¬RBHGgÁmanbnÞÚlRtÚv¦. dUecñHGBüaRkwtniymrbs;emdwknaMkm<úCa eRkaymk)anRtÚvlablnedaykar

minTukcitþpÞal;xøÜny:agxøaMgmYy -nigmanbgðajP½sþútagpg- cMeBaHBYkGaemrikaMg.

qñaM1963)ankMNt;nUvrbt;mYysRmab;RbeTsevotNam RbeTskm<úCa kumÖÚt RkúmniymsþaM nig

niymeqVgrbs;km<úCa.

qñaMenHCaqñaMcugeRkayrbs;kumÖÚtenAviTüal½y. mitþPkþiTaMgLayrbs;Kat; nigxøÜnKat;nwgRtÚveFVI[


GMBl;munGVI²TaMgGs;kñúgkareRCIserIssaklviTüal½ymYy EdlBYkeKnwgRtÚvcUleron b:uEnþ s®gÁammin

GnuBaØat[eKenAEtCamnusSbrisuT§)aneLIy. s®gÁamk¾minGnuBaØat[semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu

eFVIGVIekItEdr Edlcab;epþImP½y)armÖcMeBaHrUbRBHGgÁpÞal;RBmTaMgcMeBaHRbeTskm<úCapg. CaGaT×

]tþmesnIy_ KInIm pulesna naykrdæm®nþIGBüaRkwtniymLav )anRtÚvsmøab;enApÞHrbs;Kat;eday

RkúmmnusSniymsþaM Edle)aHbg;rNsirSrYbrYmbegáIteLIgenAqñaMdEdlenaH edIm,ITb;sáat;s®gÁam.

pulesna Camitþmñak;rbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nigmanTsSn³mYydUcsemþcEdr. ebIsins®gÁam

raldaldl;RbeTsLav etIRbeTskm<úCanwgmanGVIekIteLIg?

mYyExeRkaymk KWenAEx]sPa qñaM1963 )atukmµGhigSamYyrbs;RBHsgÇBuT§sasna Edl

kMBugRbRBwtþeTAenATIRkúgev: evotNamxagt,Úg RtÚv)anb®gáabedaykgT½BenATIenaH Edl)anebIkkar

)aj;RbhareTAelIhVÚgmnusSedaykaMePøIgynþCaeRcInedIm nig)ansmøab;mnusSR)aMbYnnak; EdlkñúgenaH

manekµgR)aMBIrnak;pg. RbeTsevotNamxagt,Úg)anbeBa©j[ eXIjnUvkareRbIkmøaMgedayÉkÉg nig

y:ageXareXA. RBHsgÇBuT§sasnamYyGgÁRBHCnµ 70RBHvsSa)aneFVIGtþXad edaydutxøÜnÉgenA

TIRkúgéRBnKr. GñkbYsbInak; nigdUnCImñak; )ansmøab;xøÜnÉgenAExsIha edIm,Itv:aRbqaMgnwgneya)ay

b®gáabrbs;rbb eg:a Dijeyom. KµanGVImYyGaceFVI[b:HBal;EfmeTot dl;RbeTskan;BuT§sasnamYy

dUcRbeTskm<úCa)aneLIy ehIysemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anRbkasCasaFarN³fa eyom

CamnusSkan;sasnakatUlik-r:UmuaMg mansmancitþtictYc cMeBaHRBHBuT§sasnaEdlnwgbnþkan;GMNac

minelIsBI BIr-bIExeLIy.

RkúgPñMeBj)anRtÚveFVI[PøwkPøaMgedaysars®gÁam. edayRtÚveFVI[BieraFxøaMg semþc RBHneratþm

sIhnu Rbkasfa shrdæGaemrik nig eyom suT§EtCaGñkRtÚvTTYleTas. semþc)ankat;pþac;TMnak;

TMngkarTUtCamYyRbeTsevotNamxagt,Úg ehIy)anTayTukCamunBIC½yCmñHmYyrbs;kumµúynisþ ³

{eCaKvasnarbs;RbeTsevotNam hak;dUcCaRtÚvkMNt;rYcehIy. eCaKvasnarbs;RbeTs´ RbEhl

CanwgdUcKñakñúgeBlminb:unµaneTot. b:uEnþy:agehac eyIgmankarlYgcitþxøH²Edr Edl)anRBmanBiPB

xaglicCajwkjy}11.

enAéf¶TI13 Exvicäika qñaM1963 RbFanaFibtI eyom nig eg:aDijjÚ Cab¥ÚnbegáItrbs;Kat; RtÚv)an

smøab;kñúgRkbxNÐénrdæRbharmYy Edlmankaryl;RBm nigCYysRmÜledayshrdæGaemrik.semþc

RBHneratþm sIhnu Ca\sSrCndMbUgkñúgcMeNam\sSrCndMbUg²énBiPBelak EdlsmÁal;eXIjkarlUk

édrbs;Rkúgv:asuInetankñúgrdæRbharenH ehIy)anefáaleTasshrdæGaemrikBIkarRbRBwtþGMeBIk,t; Edl


CabT]Rkidæ nigEdlKitTukCamunkñúgzan³Casm<½n§mitþmYy.RBHGgÁ )anRcanecalPøammYyrMeBc nUvCMnYy

TaMgGs;rbs;GaemrikaMg Edlpþl;mk[RbeTskm<úCa. semþcmanRBHT½ycg;Tb;shrdæGaemrik [sßit

enAeRkAkic©karrbs;km<úCaTaMgRsug edIm,IbnßylT§PaBénkarrYmKMnitk,t;mYyrbs;GaemrikaMg sMedApþÜl

rMlM b¤eFVIXatRBHGgÁ.

cMeBaHneya)aykñúgRbeTsvij kareqøIytbrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu cMeBaHs®gÁamenA

RbeTsevotNammanlkçN³minc,as;las;dUcKña. enAqñaM1963 RBHGgÁ)ancat;EcgeFVIkarpøas;bþÚr

sMxan;² CaeRcInEdlbgá[mankMhwg nigkarExVgeyabl;KñasRmab;RkúmniymsþaM k¾dUcRkúmniymeqVg

ehIyEdlenATIbMput k¾naMeTAdl;kardYlrlMsRmab;rUbRBHGgÁ.

eTaHbICaRBHGgÁmansmancitþcMeBaHBYkkumµúynisþbreTsk¾eday k¾RBHRbmuxrdæExµrminTukcitþ

RkúmniymeqVgrbs;km<úCaEdr. enAqñaM1963 eBlEdls®gÁampÞúHeLIgenAkñúgRbeTsevotNamEk,r

xag RBHGgÁ)anRbkan;ykneya)ayCasRtÚvy:agecjmuxcMeBaHRkúmniymeqVg. karbHe)arRbqaMg

)ancab;epþIm edaykareFVIkUdkmµrbs;kUnsisSkñúgextþmYyenAPaKBay½Bü bnÞab;mk )anraldalmkdl;

raCFanIeTot. edImdMbUg clna)atukmµrbs;kUnsisS eFVIeLIgedIm,Itv:aCasMxan;RbqaMgnwgGMeBIkeRmal

eXareXArbs;bU:lisextþeT b:uEnþbnÞab;mk va)anERbkøayeTACakarvayRbharTUeTA cMeBaHrdæGMNacTaMg

Gs; CaBiess rUbsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu pÞal;.

semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anecaTRbkan;RkúmniymeqVgfa CaGñkjúHjg;[mankarrMeCIbrMCYl

enH EdlCaehtubgçM[BYkemdwknaMeqVgniymcakecjBIRkúgPñMeBj. kñúgcMeNamenaH k¾mansmaCik

sMxan;²énKN³kmµaFikarkNþalExµrRkhm Edl)anbegáItbkSkumµúynisþpÞal;rbs;eKCapøÚvkar enAqñaM

1960 CaqñaMénkarcab;epþIms®gÁamenARbeTsevotNamEdr. PaKeRcInénBYkExµrRkhmTaMgenH

)anEsVgrkTIlak;xøÜnkñúgéRBs,at rt;cUléRBm:aKI nigcab;epþImerobcMbkçBYkRbqaMgnwgsemþcvij.

ExµrRkhmxøHeTot )anecjdMeNIreTARbeTs)araMgCafµI. karcakecjrbs;eK )aneFVI[rBa¢Üyjab;j½r

y:agxøaMg dl;shKmn_nisSit nigbBaØvnþenARkúgPñMeBj. kumÖÚt nwkeXIjBIkarRcbUkRcbl;Edlsßitman

mYyry³kñúgraCFanI enAeBlenaHsþIBIbBaðas®gÁam nig\riyabfEdlRtÚvRbkan;ykcMeBaHGñkniym

eqVg. semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu GYtxøÜnÉgfa sgÁmniym b:uEnþ RBHGgÁ)anTmøak;eTaselIBYk

GñkTaMgLay EdlRbkasxøÜnÉgfa CaGñksgÁmniymEdr ehIyRbkasBIkarykcitþTukdak;rbs;RBHGgÁ

cMeBaHTMenIbPavUbnIykmµ nigkarcat;Ecg[)anrIkceRmInnUvEpñkesdækic© nigsgÁmrbs;km<úCa.

ebIkarvayRbharrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu RbqaMgnwgRkúmniymeqVgmanlkçN³Rtg;²


karRbQmmux CamYyRkúmniymsþaMBuMEmnCaerOgcaM)ac;RtÚveFVIeT EdlecjmkBIkarb:unb:gmYy edIm,I

Ekkunesdækic©rbs;RbeTs bnÞab;BIkarbdiesFCMnYyGaemrikaMg. kgT½Brbs;km<úCars;edaysar

CMnYyenH EdlCYyeFVI[manlMnwgdl;CBa¢IgTUTat;cMNUl-cMNayrbs;RbeTskm<úCapg. KµanmUlniFi

TaMgenH kgT½Brbs;km<úCanwgcuHexSay enAeBlEdlkgT½Brbs;bNþaRbeTsCitxagrIkFMFat;. ehIyBYk

em²kgT½Brbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu RtÚveFVI[Gs;sgÇwmEdlminGackarBarRbeTs)an kñúgkrNI

EdlmankarvayRbharBIRbeTsevotNam b¤RbeTséf. dUecñH kgT½B KWCasñÚl énGVIEdlRbEhlCa

køayeTACacegáamGñkbHe)arniymsþaMmYy RbqaMgnwgsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nigbgá[manrdæRbhar

mYyenAqñaM1970.

mü:ageTot semþc )aneFVI[eKdwgB¤CasaFarN³nUvkmµviFImYy edIm,IBRgIkCatUbnIykmµ Epñk

esdækic© nigedaHRsaybBaðaepSg² EdlbNþaleLIgedaykar)at;bg;CMnYyGaemrikaMg. RBHGgÁ)aneFVI

CatUbnIykmµshRKasCaeRcIn FnaKar nigRkúmhu‘nGahr½N-nIhr½NTaMgGs;. RBHGgÁ)anTb;témø

TMnijepSg² edIm,IbM)at;karRbkYtRbECgnigbnßykarvinieyaKrbs;breTs. enAeBlEdlRbeTséf

kMBugmansnÞúHrIklUtlas; edaysarkic©karCMnYj nigCMnYyrbs;GaemrikaMgP¢ab;nwgs®gÁam RbeTskm<úCa

EbrCamanGRtarIklUtlas;TabmYyRbmaNR)aMPaKryb:ueNÑaH. sRmab;shKmn_GñkrksuItUctac

rbs;RbeTs sRmab;RkúmvrCn nigvNÑ³kNþal enARkúgPñMeBj enHCakarbnøMEPñkmYyehIy KWBYkeK

enHÉg EdledIrtYnaTICaKnøwHmYykñúgrdæRbharenAqñaM1970.

GVI²hak;dUcCaKµann½yTaMgGs;. kumÖÚt nigmitþPkþiTaMgLayrbs;Kat; BitCaBi)akEsVgyl;BI

RBwtþikarN_epSg²Nas;. «Buk-mþay mitþPkþirbs;BYkeK/ BYkGñkneya)ay nigsemþc RBHneratþm

sIhnu pÞal;)anniyaynigmanRBHbnÞÚlpÞúyKñasþIBIs®gÁam nigGnaKtRbeTskm<úCa. RbeTsCatiRtÚv

EbkCabkSCaBYk y:agehack¾enARkúgPñMeBjEdr. kumÖÚt yl;eXIjGnaKtrbs;xøÜnRtÚvKMramkMEhg

minRtwmEtedaysars®gÁamenAevotNamb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþ edaykareRCIserIsmankMNt;EdlRbeTs

rbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu pþl;[Kat;.

enAqñaM1963 KWkñúgkal³eTs³enHehIy EdlkumÖÚt)anecjdMeNIreTAsikSaenAbreTs. Kat;

manbMNgeKc[putBIkarrs;enAceg¥ótcg¥l; nigkan;EttantwgeLIg²enATIRkúgPñMeBj. Kat;)anseRmc

citþeFVIdMeNIreTA[q¶ayBuMEmnenARbeTs)araMgdUcbNþamitþPkiþPaKeRcInrbs;Kat;eT b:uEnþeTARbeTs

kaNada CaTIEdlKat;)anbnþkarsikSadMbUgenAsklviTüal½yLav:al; bnÞab;mk enAsklviTüal½y

m:ak;hSúIl edayenAEtbnþkarTak;TgKña ¬tamsMbuRteqøIyqøg¦ CamYyRKÜsar nigmitþPkþiTaMgLayenA


RbeTskm<úCadEdl. kumÖÚt sßitenARbeTskaNada enAeBlEdlshrdæGaemrikcab;epþImbBa¢ÚnT½B

y:ageRcInmkRbeTsevotNam enAqñaM1965 ehIyEdleFVI[Kat;nwkP½yxøac. BIb:usþ×segátBinitü

rbs;Kat; Kat;)anRbmaNBIkmøaMgrbs;Gaemrik EdlKat;minFøab;vaytémøesaHenARbeTs)araMg ehIy

yl;c,as;BIPaBBuHeBarénkarRbqaMgtTl;nwgkumµúynisþrbs;BYkGaemrikaMg. b:uEnþ CaCMnYseFVI[eKsÁal;

xøÜnkñúgkarCECkBiPakSasþIBIs®gÁam Kat;rkeXIjfa karcab;GarmµN_rbs;Kat;cMeBaHneya)ay )anRtÚv

eFVI[cuHGn;fy.

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¬xagneya)ay¦ kñúgRbeTsrbs;Kat;enAEtmankRmitdUcsm½yedImenAeLIy. bnÞab;mk Kat;ykcitþ

Tukdak;enAxagEpñkesdækic© hirBaØvtßú nigkarRKb;RKgEpñkBaNiC¢kmµvij. kareronsURtrbs;Kat;RtÚv)an

bBa©b; ehIyKat;)anvilRtLb;mkRbeTskm<úCavijenAqñaM1968. Kat;cakecjBIRbeTskaNada

kñúgeBlEdlclnaRbqaMgs®gÁamrbs;GaemrikaMgrIkraldal ehIyEdlcMnYnTahanGaemrikaMgsøab;enA

RbeTsevotNamekIneLIg. Kat;cab;epþImeCOCak;kñúgcitþfa meFüa)ayRbesIrCageKkñúgkarCYy

RbeTsrbs;Kat; KWRbwgERbgbegáItesdækic©xøaMgmYy BuMEmncUlrYmkñúgkarCECkBiPakSaneya)ayminecH

cb;enHehIyenaHeT.

b:uEnþenAeBlmkdl;RbeTsrbs;Kat; kumÖÚtdwgxøÜnfa KMnitfµI²rbs;Kat;BuMsUveXIjmaneRbIR)as;

kñúgRbeTskm<úCarbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu eT. enAqñaM1968 kmµviFICatUbnIykmµrbs;semþc

)ancUlCaFrmantaMgBIR)aMqñaMmkehIynig)aneFVImnusSRKb;KñaxkcitþCaxøaMg.semþc RBHneratþmsIhnu

)anrwbykshRKasnanaBIBYkGñkCMnYj ehIyRbKl;eTA[BYkGñkeFVIkarEdlmanebovtSr_Tab nigKµan

smtßPaBkan;kab;vij. Kat;)anl,gbegáItrdæ-Gñk]btßmÖmYy (Etat-providence) edayKµanRkdasR)ak;

nigkarKaMRTneya)aycaM)ac;. enAqñaM1967Kat;)anrlas;ecalemdwknaMniymeqVgsMxan;² bnÞab;mk

Kat;EbrmkBwgBak;RkúmniymsþaMvij edIm,I[dwknaMGnuvtþkmµviFIsgÁmniymrbs;Kat;. KµanGñkNamñak;

cg;eFVItamkumÖÚteT enAeBlEdlKat;esñIbegáItshRKasesdækic©cRmúHfµI² ³ s®gÁamenAevotNam nig

sßankarN_neya)aytwgEtgTal;RckenAkm<úCa KWCabuBVehtuEtmYyKt; EdlKYr[eFVIkarBinitüBic½y.

kumÖÚt)anQaneCIgcUlkñúgBiPBFnaKar-enARkúgPñMeBj CaBiPBénFnaKarEdlRtÚveFVICatUbnIy

kmµ. edayminGacRbqaMg)an Kat;RtÚvGUsTaj[cUlkñúgkarCECkBiPakSa ¬xagneya)ay¦ CafµImþg

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GñkTaMgenHnUvkøwbm:akSelnIneTotpg. saLút s )ancuHeQµaHcUleronenAsala)araMgEpñkviTüúGKÁisnI

cMENk eGog sarI )aneRtómerobcMRbLgykmFümsikSakkRmwt2rbs;xøÜnEdr.

briyakasneya)ayenAeBlenaH21

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nanarbs;sþalInEdr. CMenOTukcitþcMeBaHkarsakl,grbs;sUevot )anRtÚvbMpøajdUcKñaedaysarkar

vayRbhary:agF¶n;F¶rrbs;sþalInRbqaMgnwg TItU nigneya)aymincMNuHeKrbs;RbeTsyUehÁasøavI.

b:uEnþ PaBRsgakcitþcMeBaHneya)ayrbs;sUevot RtÚv)anCMnYsmkvijedayrlkénclna

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enAkUer: qñaM1951 Epnkarm:asðal kñúgkarsßabnaGWr:ubeLIgvij nigPaBpþac;muxxagfamBlbrmaNU rbs;

GaemrikaMg bUkbBa©ÚleTA)aneFVI[shrdæGaemrikelceLIgCakarKMramkMEhgmYy cMeBaHBYk)araMgniym

eqVgCaeRcInnak;. GñkxøHemIleXIjkñúgEpnkar m:asðal nUvkarb:unb:gmYyedIm,Idak;RbeTs)araMg[sßit

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snþiPaB}fµIrbs;sUevot CaclnakarBarsnþiPaB EdlekIteLIgRtÚvkal³eTs³sRmab;TahanGaemrikaMg

EdlkMBugRbyuT§enARbeTskUer: nigRKab;EbkGaemrikaMg EdlkMBugKMramkMEhgsnþiPaBenAGWr:ub eRkay

sm½ys®gÁamelak. enAeBlEdlelak hSg;b:Ul saRt (Jeam-Paul Sartre) eFVIkarpøas;bþÚrCMhrKYr[

cab;GarmµN_mYyenAqñaM1952 edIm,IKaMRTshPaBsUevot Kat;)anepþImbegáItclnamYyEdlman

visalPaBy:agFMeFg.

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CUnRbeTsrbs;eK. enAeBleTAdl;TIRkúg):arIs BYkeKenAEteCOCak;elIrebobRKb;RKgtamlT§iRbCa

FibetyümYyEfmeTot b:uEnþ )ancat;TukxøÜnÉgCaGñkbdivtþn_ BIeRBaHBYkeK)andak;[BinitünUvbBaðatYnaTI


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qñaMmkehIy)anpþl;[BYkkm<úCanUvkarCYyeRCam ERCgrbs;Kat;edIm,IerobcMbegáItkøwbmYysRmab;sikSa

BIlT§ikumµúynisþ22.

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)aneronsURtenAsalasuIsuvtßi ehIy)anTTYlBinÞúEpñkPasa)araMgl¥RbesIrCageK. nag)anTak;Taj

karykcitþTukdak;BIyuvCnmYycMnYnEdr b:uEnþ tamkarPJak;ep¥IlBIbNþamitþrYmfñak;rbs;nag eKfanag)an

)ak;citþRsLaj; eGogsarI eTAehIy.ebIGñkdéeTot vaytémønagx<g;x<s;Cag eGogsarI edaysßanPaB

kñúgsgÁmsmtßPaBxagcMeNHviC¢a nigrUbsmösSenaH FIriT§ )anrkSaTukGnusSavrIy_mYyepSgeTAvij ³

cMeBaH eGog sarI nagemIleXIjfa eKEdlekItmksRmab;EteFVICaemdwknaM CamnusSEdlsÁal;témø

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sm½y enaH CakarRtab;eFVItamrebobcMGkmYycMeBaHvNÑ³KhbtIRkúgPñMeBjCan;cas; nigGñkneya)ay

rbs;nisSitmuneBlEdlnagminTan;køayeTACaGñkbdivtþn_. KUsVamIPriyaTaMgBIr )anCYlbnÞb;FMmYy

ehIy)anGeBa¢IjmnusSTaMgLayNa EdleKFøab;sÁal;mkcUlrYmkñúgBiFIenH. dUecñHkarTTYleFVI

bdisNæarkic©ePJóv )anRbmUlpþúMGñktMNagrbs;km<úCaRbcaMTIRkúg):arIs ¬EdlRbBn§rbs;Kat;KWCamitþPkþi

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viPaKTanmYycMnYn BIrry®hVg; sRmab;BiFIenH ehIyGñkcUlrYmesÞIrEtTaMgGs; )anbMeBjtamsMNUm

Br. FIriT§ )anbBa©úHbBa©Úl RbsiT§i [erobcMeFVIPtþhar eRBaHKat;maneTBekaslüxagviC¢aeFVImðÚbGahar.


enHKWCabriyakascugeRkayRbkbedaysuPmgÁlbMput Edl FIriT§ enAEtnwkeXIjBICMnan;enaHCanic©

eRBaHmitþPkþikm<úCaTaMgGs;rbs; nagGacCYbCuMKña edayKµaneQøaHdeNþImykQñHKñaeLIy. nag)an

niyayfa {enAeBlenaHBuMmankarEbk)ak;KñarvagCnCatikm<úCaeT. eyIgTaMgGs;rYbrYmKñal¥Nas;}.

GaBah_BiBah_enH KWCamanplRbeyaCn_mYyelIsBIenaHeTAeTot BIeRBaHvaBuMRtwmEtpSMpÁúMyuT§ikCn

neya)ayk,alrwgBIrnak;b:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþ vak¾)anbRgÜbbRgÜmbgRsIrbs; FIriT§ eQµaH exov b:uNÑarI

CamYy saLút s EdlCamitþrbs; sarI Edr. b:uNÑarI )aneFVIdMeNIr eTAkan;Rkúg):arIsCamYyb¥ÚnRsIrbs;

nag kñúgeKalbMNgkøayCasa®sþacarümñak;. nagCanisSitRsImñak; EdleFVIkarGVImYyeday l¥itl¥n;

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sm½yRbCuMepSg²rbs;køwbm:akSsuIs eday FIriT§ CaGñkbBa©úHbBa©Úl[nagcUlrYmCamYyeKÉg. KµanGVI

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GaBah_BiBah_mYy EdleFVIeLIgedayKitEtBIRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn KµanKitBIesckþIesñhaeLIy. eday

júaMg[eKeCOCak;GMBIcritR)akdRbCa énkarRslaj;cUlcitþxagneya)ayrbs;xøÜn sarI nig s k¾dUc

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manehtuplNamYyk,t;nwgBYkeKb:ueNÑaH. \LÚvenHyuvGñkRbyuT§ts‘UTaMgBIr )anrYbrYmKñaedaycMNg

RKÜsar CagedaycMNgneya)ay.

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)aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan;RbeTsyUehÁasøavI. Kat;)anrs;enATIenaHEtmYyExb:ueNÑaH kñúgzan³CanisSitsµ½RK

citþ kñúgkgBlkargarmYy EdlkMBugsßabnapøÚvCatiBIhSaeRkbeTARkúg Ebl ®háad (Zagreb-Belgrade).

Kat;)ansEmþg[eXIj smancitþrbs;Kat;cMeBaHRbeTskumµúynisþd¾tUcmYy Edlb:unb:gkMNt;maK’amYy

dac;ELk ebIeTaHbICamankarTietonCaeRcInBIbNþaRbeTskumµúynisþCitxag EdlmanGMNacxøaMgCagxøÜn

k¾eday. edaysPavKtiBYknisSitkm<úCa)anyl;c,as;BIsßanPaBenH.

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sSavrIy_énkarsñak;GaRs½ymYyExenH puseLIgCafµI edayKat;)anGeBa¢IjCnCatiyUehÁasøavI kñúg

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esaFn_énkareFVIbdivtþn_rbs;Kat; ehIy)anpþl;RbvtþirUbneya)ayrbs;Kat;CaelIkdMbUgeTotpg¦.

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sresIrTaMgenH )aneTACakarelIkTwkcitþmYysRmab; saLút s Edr Edl)anecaTRbkan;edayecjmux

nigCab;mindac;CamYymitþPkþirbs;Kat;cMeBaHkarRbmafrbs; sUevotcMeBaHrUb TItU. samsibqñaMeRkaymk

FIriT§ )anrMB£keLIgvijfa {eyIgmankarExVgeyabl;Kña[CamYybkSkumµúynisþ)araMg] EtGMBIbBaðaGFib

etyüEdlmankMNt;} b:ueNÑaH edayeyagtamRTwsþIsUevot Edlfa GFibetyü rbs;RbCaCatimYy KW

RtÚvkRmitkMNt;edaykarvinicä½yepSg² eTAelIGVIEdlRtwmRtÚvsRmab;shKmn_kumµúynisþCaTUeTAeday

GnuelameTAtamlkçN³vinicä½yrbs;shPaBsUevot EdlCaGñkGPi)alclnakumµúynisþGnþrCati.

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EdleTArYbrYmKñakñúgCYrGñkbdivtþm:akSelnInb:ueNÑaH. BYknisSitkm<úCa )aneFVIkargaredayshkary:ag

CitsñiT§nigedayKµanKMnitlak;elombnþicesaHeLIyCamYyBYknisSitevotNam. karts‘UrYmrbs;eK

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karvivaTepSg²rbs;BYkeK. FIriT§ )anvaytémøBICnCatievotNamCaeRcIn kñúgcMeNamsm<½n§mitþd¾

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evotNamdéTeTotenARkúg):arIs}.

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b:uEnþ BYkm:akSsuIsniymkm<úCa minKitPaBGmitþCaRbvtþisa®sþeT ehIycUlcitþeFVItamrebobvar³


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lkçN³GaemrikaMg nigkarRbqaMglT§iGaNaniKmniym. enAeBlenaH KNbkSkumµúynisþ)araMg )anyk

tRmab;tamdMENlcugeRkayénlT§isþalInniymEdr. BYkkumµúynisþ)ankat;eTasvIrbursBIrnak;rbs;

bkScMeBaHbT]RkidæepSg² Epñkneya)ayenAkñúg»kasénkarkm©at;CnRbqaMgtUcmYy sMedAbgðaj[

sþalIneXIjfa xøÜnk¾km©at;mnusSminl¥ecjBICYrrbs;eKEdr. karkat;eTasGg;eRdm:arTI (André Marty)

nigsðal TIy:ug (Charles Tillon) CaGtItyuT§CnBIrrUb kñúgs®gÁamenARbeTseGs,:ajenAqñaM1952

)aneTACakarRtab;eFVItamkarkat;eTasepSg²rbs;BYksþalInniym )anTak;TajkarykcitþTukdak;

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ciBa©wmcitþsmøab; GñkTaMgLayNaEdlRtÚveKRbkasCaBiruT§CneT KWRKan;EtbeNþjGñkenaHecjBIbkS

b:ueNÑaH. b:uEnþ \T§iBlénlT§isþalInniymEdlenAmanlkçN³brisuT§enH mkelICnCatikm<úCa)anelc

ecjrUbrageLIgkñúgry³eBlCaeRcInqñaMeRkaymkeTot enAeBlEdlkarkm©at;CnRbqaMgrbs;saLúts

)anqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjlkçN³Biess EdlbnSl;TukedayGñksþalInniymkalBIGtItkal.

karRbqaMglT§iGaNaniKmniym KWCamUlehtusMxan;énkarTak;Tajcitþ EdlKNbkSkumµúynisþ

)araMgsakl,gmkelICnCatikm<úCaTaMgenaH. erOgenH BMuGacrbUtputBIyuvCnevotNammñak;KW hU CImij

eT EdlFøab;)anCYyniyaybBa©úHbBa©ÚlBYkkumµúynisþ)araMgRbkan;CMhrenH. KWkarRbqaMgnwglkçN³

GaemrikaMgniymenHehIy EdlCaerOgfµIsRmab;Cnkm<úCaTaMgenaH nigCH\T§iBleTAelIneya)ayrbs;

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CaGñkkan;cgáÚt. GKÁelxabkScab;beBaäHm:asuInCafµIehIyebIkbrenAkñúgTIRkúg. Kat;)ansYredjedal

pat edayTTUcfa etImitþR)akdCacg;cUlrYmkñúgkarts‘UenAtMbn;CnbTEmnb¤?enAeBlEdl saLút s

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eGog sarI enArg;caMGñkTaMgBIrRtg;kEnøgenaH.

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s¦ )an {eFVI[CMhrrbs;´kan;EtrwgbuwgCagmun}. sarI )aneFVIkarENnaMdl;patCaeRcIn sRmab;dMNak;


kalénkareFVIdMeNIrCabnÞab;eTot ³ eBlRBwknirsarCatievotNammñak;nwgmkykmitþÉgecjBITIRkúg

ehIynaMykeTAkan;éRBPñM. enAsm½yenaHBYkkumµúynisþevotNam nigkm<úCaenAeFVIkarrYmKñaenAeLIy.

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bHe)arrbs;BYksisSviTüal½y)anpÞúHeLIgenAedImqñaM kñúgTIRkúgmYyrbs;km<úCaeQµaHesomrab edayeK

min)anRbmaNCamunesaHeLIy. enHCa)atukmµdMbUg² RbePTdUcenHenARbeTskm<úCa. clacl;Edl

bgáeLIgedaykar rMelaPbMBanrbs;m®nþIextþPaBeXareXArbs;b:Ulis nigGMeBIBukrlYy)ankøayeTAkar

briharRbqaMgnwgsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu pÞal;. BYksisSviTüal½y)andutrUcftrbs;semþcecal

ehIykñúgkarRbLÚkKña EdlekItmanCabnþmkeTotmankUnsisSCaeRcInnak;kñúgcMeNamenaH nigb:Ulis

mñak;)anRtÚvsøab;. enARkúgPñMeBj nigenATIRkúgepSg²eTot BYksisSviTüal½y )anGMBavnav[eFVIkUdkmµ

samKÁImYy edIm,IsEmþgkareKarBdl;bNþamitþrbs;eK Edlsøab;enAesomrab. semþc RBHneratþm

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mUlEfmeTot.

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cgP¢ab;esckþIsgÇwmrbs;xøÜneTAnwgkarts‘URbqaMgGaemrikkñúgkRmit\NÐÚcinTaMgmUl ehIyElgKitcMeBaH

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niymsþaM RbqaMgnwgsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu BIeRBaHRBHGgÁCaGñkRbqaMgGaemrikaMg nigEdleKsnµtfa

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eFVI[eKsÁal;xøÜnkñúgkareFVIskmµPaBepSg² b¤mYyBYkeKRtÚve)aHbg;muxgarrbs;eKCakgQanmux.


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b:ueNÑaH etIBYkeKRkBulmuxElgsÁal;xusRtÚv b¤BYkeKbMePøc35}.

semþc)anecaTRbkan;CaBiess ehIyTaMgxuseTAelICnkumµúynisþlak;muxmñak;eQµaH sun esn

Camitþrbs; saLúts kalenATIRkúg):arIs nigeFVICanaykviTüasßanKruekaslümYyenAPñMeBj. emdwknaM

mñak;eTot EdlRtÚvecaTRbkan;CaGñkTTYlxusRtÚvGMeBIbHe)arenAesomrabEdr KWelak ekg v:an;sak;

CasmaCikGtItKNbkSRbCaFibetyü. esn)anbdiesFmuxnaTITaMgGs;rbs;Kat;kñúgkarrMeCIbrMCYl

rbs;sisSviTüal½yTaMgenaH b:uEnþsemþc RBHneratþmsIhnu )anseRmcRBHT½yeRbIR)as;vibtþienH edIm,I

eFVI[mankarRbQmmuxmYy edaydak;[RkúmniymeqVgCl;nwgRBHGgÁpÞal; RBmTaMgKNbkSsgÁmrbs;

RBHGgÁeTot.

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eqVgCaBYksgÁmenaH RBHGgÁ)an[eyabl;fa RkúmniymeqVgKYrEtbegáItKN³rdæm®nþIrbs;xøÜnpÞal;.

RBHGgÁ)anerobcMbBa¢ImYy EdlmaneQµaHmnusSsamsibbYnnak; EdltamRBHGgÁfaBYkenHRtÚvEtrYm

cMENkkñúgrdæaPi)almYyEbbenaH. b:uEnþtamBit bB¢aIenHRbmUlpþM úsuT§EteQµaHKUsRtÚvniymeqVg

nigniymsþaMrbs;semþcTaMgGs;. bBa¢IenH rYmmaneQµaHbNþasmaCikKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkS

kumµúynisþ EdleFVIskmµPaBlYclak;CaeRcInrUb CaBiess saLút s nig eGog sarI. bBa¢IeQµaHenH

nigkarehA[sakl,gbegáItrdæaPi)almYy )anekItmaneLIgedayécdnüeRkayeBlEdl TU samut

RtÚv)at;xøÜn ehIyEdlRbEhlCaRtÚveKsmøab;ecalpgk¾mindwg ehIyBYkkumµúynisþemIleXIj kñúgkar

RbQmmuxenHnUvkar[tRmúyCamunmYy GMBIkarcab;xøÜn nigkarsmøab;BYkeKenaHÉg. BYkeKeCOfa

semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nig b:Ulisrbs;RBHGgÁ)anRsavRCavrkeXIjeQµaHBYkemdwknaMbkS

nigRbúgeRbóbkm©at;BYkeKecaldUc EdlBYkenaH)ankm©at; TU samut Edr.

saLút s nigbkS )anseRmcfa sm½ykalEdlBYkkumµúynisþ GacerobcMclna[manTRmg;

RtwmRtÚv edayKµaneRKaHfñak; enAkñúgraCFanIenaHKWElgmaneTotehIy. smaCikKN³kmµaFikarmCÄim


cMnYnekAsibPaKry )ancakecjBIPñMeBjedays¶at;kM)aMg ehIyrlay)at;enAkñúgéRBPñMTisxagekIt

edIm,IbegáItRkúmGñkts‘UmYyenATIenaH. mundMbUg BYkeK)antRmg;eq<aHeTAkan;RBMEdnCab;CamYyRbeTs

evotNam EdlenATIenaHkarTak;TgKñaepSg² nigkareFVIshRbtibtþikarCamYyBYkevotNamnwgmanPaB

gayRsYleRcInCag. pat RtÚv)aneKbBa¢ÚneTAPaKxagekItRbeTskm<úCadUceKEdr CamYynwgBYk

kumµúynisþExµreRkammYyRkúm ehIy)anTTYlbnÞúkeFVIkar eXasnatamPUminana. enAeBlenaHehIy

EdlKat;cab;epþImeFVIkargarsRmab;KN³kmµaFikarmCÄim.

yuvCnekµg²rab;rynak;dUcCarUbKat;Edr )aneFVI[CYrrbs;bkSEdlmancMnYntictYcenaHrIkkan;Et

FMeLIg² enAeBlEdlKat;)ane)aHTItaMgenACnbT. manmnusSCaeRcInRtÚv)aneRCIserIs[cUlbkS

edaybgb¥ÚnEdlmanv½ycas;Cag edaybgb¥ÚnCIdUnmYyb¤«Bukma EdlekatsresIrBYkenaHCayUrmk

ehIyGñkxøHeTot)ansMucUlbkSedaymankarQWcab;cMeBaHkarCiHCan;rbs;semþc RBHneratþmsIhnu nig

ln; nl;. KWkñúgéRBm:aKIenaHehIy EdleK)ansakl,g[yuvCnnigyuvnarImYycMnYntUc hat;

RbyuT§Kñakñúgry³eBlxøI² ehIy)anBRgwgsµartI[rwtEtsVahab;eLIgeTot edaykareronedIrkñúgeBl

yb;tampøÚvlMnana edaykarRbwgERbgepSg²edIm,IeFVI[xUcKeRmagkarrbs;b:Ulis edIm,Ilt;dMxøÜns‘URTaM

Tb;Tl;nwgcMNg;TaMgLayrbs;kay nigcitþ ehIynigeronBIrebob{clnaRbCaksikr}eTotpg.

kñúgTItaMgCYrmuxfµIenACnbTrbs;Kat; saLút s cab;epþImdwgBIkarenAdac;q¶ayBIeKénclnarbs;

Kat;TaMgxagkñúgk¾dUcxageRkARbeTs. karCab;édRbyuT§rbs;GaemrikaMg EdlecHEtrIkFMeLIg² enA

evotNamxagt,Úg )anbgçaMgnUvkarykcitþTukdak;TaMgGs;BIxageRkA ehIyBYksm<½n§mitþkumµúynisþrbs;

s )ancat;Tukfa karCYyeRCamERCgrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu KWmansarsMxan;xøaMgNas;.

enAEx]sPa qñaM1963 emdwknaMcineQµaH lIv cavCI )aneFVIdMeNIrmkkan;RbeTskm<úCaedIm,IKaMRTmitþ

rbs;Kat; KW semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu ehIy)ansgát;bBa¢ak;BIcMsNgmitþPaBepSg² EdlkMBugbRgÜb

bRgÜmRbeTsTaMgBIrrbs;eKEfmeTot. TnÞwmnwgenaH RkúghaNUy)anTTYlsÁal;siT§iepSg²rbs;

RbeTskm<úCa enAelIekaHTaMgLaykñúgQUgsmuRTesom EdlTamTaredayRbeTsevotNamxagt,Úg.

RbeTskumµúynisþGasuITaMgBIr)anykcitþykeføIm semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu edIm,IraraMgmin[BYk

GaemrikaMgBRgIks®gÁamcUlmkRbeTskm<úCaeTot.

karb:HTgÁicrvagRkúmniymeqVgkm<úCa nigsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anRbRBwtþeTAkñúgeBlEdl

vibtþicugeRkaymYy)aneFVI[regÁaHregÁIdl;rbbrbs;eyomenAevotNamxagt,Úg. ehIybNþardæsgÁm

niym EdlmanevotNamxageCIg nigcinkan;EtmanGMBl;EfmeTot kñúgkarEfrkSacMNgmitþPaBCamYy


semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu CaCagCYyKaMRTBYkkumµúynisþ EdlkMBugbgáehtunwgrbbrbs;RBHGgÁ. enA

eRkayeBlEdl saLút s nig eGog sarI nigemdwknaMÉeTot²ePosxøÜneTACnbT bNþaRBHsgÇ BuT§

sasnaenAevotNamxagt,Úg k¾)annaMKñaeFVI)atukmµEdr ehIyeRkaybnþiceBlEdlBYkkumµúynisþerobcM

TItaMgrbs;xøÜnenAtamCnbT CitRBMEdnrbs;evotNam eyom )anRtÚveKsmøab;enARkúgéRBnKrEdr.

semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )ankat;pþac;minTTYlRKb;kmµviFICMnYyrbs;GaemrikaMgPøammYyrMrBc

ehIy)anGMBavnavsMuCMnYyEpñkeyaFaBIRbeTscin nigRbeTskumµúynisþepSg²eTotedIm,ICMnYsCMnYy

rbs;shrdæGaemrik EdleBlenaHeKyl;eXIjvamaneRKaHfñak;xøaMgNas;. minyUrb:unµan eRKÓg

sBVavuFrbs;cin eqkUsøÚv:aKI )anmkdl;RbeTskm<úCa b:uEnþ KWsRmab;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu BuMEmn

sRmab;BYkkumµúynisþeT. enAdMNak;kalenH saLút s nigsmmitþTaMgGs;rbs;Kat;BinitüeXIjfa eK

minRBmpþl;CMnYyeyaFamk[xøÜneT ehIyRtÚvCMruj[p¥aknUvKeRmagkarbdivtþn_TaMgGs; eTaHbICaeKemIl

eXIjCak;Esþgfa semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu manRBHraCbMNgxMRbwgTajRbeTsrbs;RBHGgÁecjBIBYk

{ExµrRkhm} k¾edaykñúgeBlEdlsemþc[eQµaHfa BYkkumµúynisþkm<úCa. ebIKit[sBVeTATaMg saLút s

nigbkSrbs;Kat;)ansßitenAedayELkBIs®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI2enH. ehIyBYeKnwk)armÖfa bNþasm<½n§

mitþcin nigevotNamrbs;eK )ank,t;nwgbuBVehtukumµúynisþenAkm<úCa edaye)aHbg;karbdivtþn_km<úCa

ecal edIm,ICYyeRsacRsg;BYkevotNam.

kñúgeBlCamYyKña bkSRbqaMgEdlniymsþaM )anBRgwgkmøaMgrbs;xøÜnRsbeTAtamviFankar

nImYy² Edlsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu Rbkan;yk edIm,IRTRTg;CMhrGBüaRkwtniymrbs;RBHGgÁrwtEt

rwgmaMeLIgeTot. eday[rgVan; semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu cMeBaHGBüaRkwtPaBrbs;RBHGgÁ BYkkumµúynisþ

cin nigevotNam )anCYyeRCamERCgRBHGgÁedayKµandwgfa erOgenHk¾)anbMpøajrbbrbs;RBHGgÁ

enAkm<úCapgeT. RkúmniymsþaMsmÁal;eXIjfa semþcCamitþmYyrbs;RbeTskumµúynisþnana ehIy

edayKµanRkúmniymeqVgmYy EdlGaceFVI[mankaryl;citþKña)anenARkúgPñMeBjenaH semþcRBHRbmux

rdæminGackm©at;RkúmniymsþaM)aneLIy. enHKWCaGVIEdlbNþal[mankavinasrbs;RBHGgÁ.

kñúgry³eBl3qñaMenACnbT karpþÜcepþImKMnitTaMgLayrbs;BYkkumµúynisþ nigkarb:unb:gepSg²

rbs; edIm,Icat;EcgerobcMBYksikr)anman\T§iBlbnþicbnÞÜceTAelICIvPaBneya)ayenARkúgPñMeBj.

GVIEdlCaPaBsMxan; KWGvtþmanrbs;eKkñúgeBlEdlsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu RbfuyeFVIskmµPaB

cugeRkayén{bTBiesaFn_sgÁmniym}rbs;RBHGgÁ.


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ekAGIrbs;eKenArdæsPaCatik¾dUc h‘U nwm CnkumµúynisþTIbI EdlTTYlbnÞúkXøaMemIlrdæaPi)alEdr. nwm

)an)at;bg;muxtMENgrbs;Kat;CaniBn§naykrgkaEstpøÚvkarmYyrbs;KNbkSsgÁm ehIymnusSTaMg

bInak;enH EdleKTukCaeRKÓgBiesaFn_enaHBinitüeXIjfa semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anEbreTArkBYk

GPirkSniym Edlcab;epþImelceLIg edIm,ICYysßabna{lT§isgÁmniymrebobExµr}rbs;RBHGgÁ.

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karBarGBüaRkwtPaB karlubbM)at;CMnYyGaemrikaMg karTTYlxusRtÚvrbs;rdæ cMeBaHRbCaCnTaMgGs;

xagvis½yGb;rMnigsuxaPi)al. BYkmnusSxagRkúmniymeqVg EdlFøab;CYybegáItbriyakaseyaKyl;

mYy cMeBaHviFankarTaMgenH bc©úb,nñsuT§EtRtÚvbgçM[s¶at;es¶óm ElgniyayGVI)anTaMgGs; b¤RtÚv)at;xøÜn

Etmþg ehIyRkúmniymsþaM)anxMRbwgeFVI[rbb semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu vinasbnþicmþg²Edr.

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enAeRkARbeTs k¾naMbNþal[mankarvinashinehacenAxagkñúgRbeTsEdr. edayminRBmTTYlCMnYy

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kñúgkarbBa©úHtémøTijRsUvBIRbCaksikr. rdæaPi)alGacnwgbnþlk;RsUveTAbreTsteTAeTot kñúgtémøx<s;


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)anbeBa©jR)ak;y:ageRcInkñúgnaménRbtibtþikarenH b:uEnþ edayEp¥kelIkarminsb,aycitþxøaMgmYyrbs;

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pldMNaMepSg²rbs;BYkeK ehIykñúgcMeNamenaHmanGñkxøH)anbdiesFElgdaMRsUvteTAeTot EdleK

daMsRmab;EtciBa©wmRKÜsarrbs;eKb:ueNÑaH.

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ttaMgedayecjmuxeT ehIy)anRbkasCaelIkdMbUgfa RBHGgÁnwgElgcat;taMgebkçCnpøÚvkarrbs;

KNbkSsgÁm kñúgkare)aHeqñateTotehIy.

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naLikaedIr. RBHGgÁ)anerobcMbegáItxuTÞkal½yexµacmYy EdlmansuT§EtBYkGñkneya)ayesµaHRtg;

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lT§pleRcInRbkarrbs;RBHGgÁ KWmitþPaBrbs;RBHGgÁCamYyBYkkumµúynisþevotNam. edayeTarTn;

tamkarKabsgát;rbs;RkúghaNUy RBHGgÁ)anyl;RBmpþl;siT§i[BYkevotNamqøgkat;RbeTsrhUt

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smuRTesom edIm,IraraMgBYkGaemrikaMg min[raMgxÞb;RbeTskm<úCa edaykareFVIGnþraKmn_rbs;RbeTs

evotNamxagt,Úg EdlRtÜtRtaTenøemKgÁ nigkMBg;EpPñMeBj)aneLIy. BYkkumµúynisþevotNam

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TaMgenaH RtÚv)andwktamLankaMmIj:úgCaeRcIn rhUtdl;PaKxagekItRbeTskm<úCaeTot. enAqñaM1967

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1968. ebIsinCa{karbHe)ar}Edlsnüa )anseRmceCaKC½y semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu k¾Elg

)armÖBIkareFVIGnþraKmn_rbs;GaemrikaMgEdr. s®gÁamnwgcb;eTAkñúgnaménC½yCmñHmYyrbs;kumµúynisþ.

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eRKÓgsBVavuFTaMgenaHBITIRkúgRBHsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu eTAevotNamxagt,Úg. ln; nl; )ankat;

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btþikarrbs;Kat;. tamPaBTMngCaBit BYkevotNam)anpþl;[nUvbrimaNGavuFeRcInCagGavuF EdlKat;

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xagt,Úg dUecñHKat;KitEt eFVIy:agNa[kgT½Brbs;Kat;manGavuFyuT§PNÐRKb;RKan;sin kñúgRBwtþikarN_

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niglaElgBImuxtMENg edaysarkMhusEdlKat;)anRbRBwtþ. enHCaKMnitepþImd¾køahanGs©arümYy

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enAsm½ymYy karriHKn;CasaFarN³rbs;semþc Føab;)an bgçM[GñkTaMgbIsMulaElgBImuxtMENg

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stVRkeBI s 153

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[begáItrdæaPi)alse®gÁaHCatimYyEdlman ln; nl; nigsirimt³ CaGñkdwknaM. enAéf¶TI8 ExmIna

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enH )anqøgraldalmkdl;raCFanI ehIyelIkenH eKaledArbs;eK KWvayRbharsßanTUtRkúghaNUy

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stVRkeBI s 155

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bMpøajRBHbrmraCvaMgnigkarRbyuT§KñatampøÚveLIy. karTak;TgKñaCamYyRbeTseRkA )anRtÚvkat;pþac;

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stVRkeBI s 157

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(Rangers) rbs;evotNamxagt,ÚgbIkgvresnatUc )anmkcUlrYmCamYykgT½Brbs;km<úCa edIm,IeFVIkar

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enAq¶ay²BIRBMEdnKWkñúgPaKxagt,Úg nigPaK|sanRbeTs enAEk,rTIRkúgPñMeBjEfmeTot.

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kic©RBmeRBógEdl)anseRmceFVIeLIgrvag ln; nl; nigRbeTsevotNamxagt,Úg. RbeTskm<úCa )an

cUlRbLÚkkñúgs®gÁamenHy:agskmµ ehIyBYkevotNamxageCIgyl;eXIjfa xøÜnmansiT§ieBjeljkñúg

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ray):aydac;²BIKña ehIykgT½BevotNamcMnYn mYyryhasibnak; )anvaykan;kab;TIRbCuMCns¥ag

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ykyuT§sa®sþmYyxusEbøkBIKñaTaMgRsug. G‘ÍcwgehIy )anCaBYkeKminRBmpþac;karTak;TgCamYy ln;

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semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anbBa©b;GaNtþiKN³kmµaFikarenH Elg[manenAkm<úCateTAeTot KWBIrEx

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bnÞab;BI)anTTUcsuMGgÁkarGnþrCatinanaGs;ry³eBlBIrs)þah_rYcmkln; nl; )aneFVIkarGMBavnav

CasaFarN³[RbeTsTaMgGs;CYykm©at; {lT§ikumµúynisþevotNam} pg. enAéf¶TI30 Exemsa rdæa

Pi)alGaemrikaMg nigevotNamxagt,Úg)aneqøIytbnwgkarGMBavnavenH edaycab;epþImeFVIkarqµk;vay

lukkñúgRTg;RTayy:agFMmYy RbqaMgnwg{TICRmk}nana rbs;BYkkumµúynisþevotNam enAPaKxagekIt

RbeTskm<úCa edayKµanR)ab;[ ln; nl; )anwgBt’manCamuneLIy. mindl;BIrExpg BYkemdwknaMRkúg

PñMeBj )anRCmuCxøÜnrebobKµanBiesaFn_ nigrebobpSgeRBgeTAkñúgs®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI2nwgeKEdr.

KWedayrebobKµandwgxül;enHehIy EdlBYkeKRtÚvCab;édkñúgs®gÁam ehIyRtÚvcaj;s®gÁamtTl;nwg

BYkExµrRkhmenaH.

enAdMNak;kalenH ln; nl; )anykeRbóbelIBYkemKMniteFVIrdæRbharmuneK ehIy)andeNþImyk

RbPBGMNacepSg²kñúgrdæFanImkkan;kñúgédTaMgGs;. sirimt³ EdleBldMbUgepþateskþIsgÇwmelI

BYkGaemrikaMg ehIyEdl)anTTYlkaKaMRTBIBYkKhbtIenARkúgPñMeBjbgðaj[eXIjfaKµansmtßPaBnwg

bBaÄb; ln; nl; min[eFVIdUecñaH)aneLIy. CamnusSRkGWtRkeGag rUbragsgða nigl¥itl¥n;Cagsemþc

suIhnu Cabgb¥ÚnCIdUnmYyrbs;Kat;EdlmanrUbragFat;RkGaj nigTabRTnab; sirimt³ )anbBa©úHbBa©ÚlBYk

GaemrikaMgfa Kat;GaceFVITMenIbkmµRbeTskm<úCa)anCamYynwgCMnYyrbs;Gaemrik nigeFVI[RbeTsgak

eTArkshrdæGaemrikvij. ebIvinicä½yBITegVITaMgLayrbs;Kat;EdlmaneRkay²mkeTot eKGacsnñidæan

fa CafñÚrnwgshRbtibtþikarbs;RbeTskm<úCa sirimt³ sgÇwmfashrdæGaemriknwgkarBarRbeTsKat;

BIkarKMramkMEhgrbs;BYkevotNam KWBuMEmnRbTajRbeTsKat;[Føak;eTAkñúgs®gÁammYyEdlmanTMhM

y:agFMeLIy. tamk,Ünc,ab;neya)ay sirimt³ )ansEmþg[eKeXIjfa Kat;CamnusSEdlniym

niyayEtkarBit Caneya)ayEdlKµankarBiesaFn_ BuMRtwmEtkñúgTMnak;TMngepSg²rbs;Kat;CamYy

shrdæGaemrikb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþ cMNucsMxan; BIeRBaH Kat;)anvaytémøKuNsm,tþi ln; nl; TabCag

KuNsm,tþiBitR)akdxøaMgeBk.

xusEbøkGMBI sirimt³ ln; nl; hak;dUcCaKit)armÖEtBIkarQmmuxttaMgedayemaHmutnwgBYk

stVRkeBI s 159

evotNamxageCIgb:ueNÑaH EdlKat;)anecaTRbkan;BIGMeBIefakTabRKb;Ebby:agrbs;RbeTsevot

Nam Edl)aneFVI[RbeTskm<úCaTTYlrgeRKaHkñúgkMLúgCaeRcInstvtSr_mkehIy. Kat;CamnusS

buraNmñak;kñúgcMeNamsmaCikdwknaMRbeTsTaMgbI rUbnigCaRbPBedIménBaküccamGar:amepSg² BIerOg

stVRkeBI s Edllan;B¤muneBlmanrdæRbhar nigmnusSmanbgáb;Gaf’kM)aMgmYy kñúgBiPBGñkneya)ay

enARkúgPñMeBj. CamnusSmancritmYyCaGñkksikrBIkMeNIt nigmaneTBekaslübnþicbnþÜc Kat;)an

eLIgbuNüskþiedaysarEtKat;CamnusSsMNBV beRmIsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu y:agesµaHRtg;

b:ueNÑaH. semþc)anvaytémø ln; nl; cMeBaHcritminecHGt;»n nigkarrevosrévrbs;Kat;kñúgkar

bMeBjkic©karefaTabmYy kñúgzan³Kat;CaemRksYgb:Ulis nigeFVIGVI²edayKµanecHf¶Úrt¥ÚjEt¥r nigecH

lak;karsm¶at;mYy Edlmin eTogTat;. mü:ageTot semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )ancat;Tuk ln; nl;

CamnusSmñak; EdlmanR)aCJaGn;bMput minGackøayxøÜneTACaGñkKMramkMEhgmYycMeBaHRBHGgÁeLIy

CaTsSn³EdlBYkGñksmKMnitKñakñúgkarerobcMeFVIrdæRbharyl;eXIjdUecñHEdr. RkúmGñkEhhmKat;

RbEhlCa[Kat;xusdUcKña.

kñúgvis½yenH nigvis½yepSg²eTotCaeRcInln; nl; manlkçN³dUcKñay:ageRcInCamYynwgmnusS

Edlnwgbgá[mankarvinasrbs;Kat;enAeBleRkaymkeTotKWsaLúts.kñúgyuvPaBrbs;Kat; Kat;)an

sEmþg[eXIjfaCaGñkeFVIkargareRcIn nigRbkbedaymhicätaEfmeTot. ekItenAqñaM1913 ln; nl;

manemaTnPaBGMBIedImkMeNItCaExµrrbs;eKy:agRCúlhYsehtu ehIyebI saLút s eRCIserIseQµaH

{ExµredIm} CaeQµaHniBn§rbs;Kat; ln; nl; )anelIkTwkcitþ[BYkTahanrbs;Kat;ehAKat;fa {):a):aexµA}3

Edr edaysarEtBN’Es,ksm,úretñatrbs;Kat; EdlCalkçN³smÁal;BUCsasn_Exµr y:agBitR)akd.

ln; nl; )aneLIgzan³tamlMdab;lMedaybuNüskþikñúgzananuRkmkgT½B b:uEnþ )andwknaMCIvPaB

neya)aymYyy:agRbesIrEdr. Kat;)anbegáItKNbkSneya)aymYy edIm,IcUlrYmkñúgkare)aHeqñat

Cati CaelIkdMbUgenAqñaM1946 ehIydak;eQµaHfa KNbkSexmrbunkþar (La Rénovation Khmer) edIm,I

sEmþg[eXIjesckþIsgÇwmfa RbéBNITaMgLayrbs;RbeTsCatiGacRtÚveKykmkGnuvtþCaCagEk

TRmg;lkçN³edImrbs;va. Kat;RtÚvsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu cat;taMg[eTAvayRbharBYk]TÞam\sSr³

nigBYk evotmijenAPaBBay½BüRbeTs kñúgry³eBléns®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI1. enAkñúgkare)aHeqñatqñaM

1955 ln; nl; )anrMlaybBa©ÚlKNbkSneya)ayd¾tUcrbs;Kat;CamYynwgKNbkSsgÁmrbs;

semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu.

kñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_qñaM1950 nig1960 manRbCaCnkm<úCatictYcb:ueNÑaH Edlmanmhicäita Kit


cg;RbkbGaCIBeyaFamYy. ln; nl; RtÚv)anEtgtaMgCanayGKÁesnaFikarkgT½Bkm<úCaenAqñaM1955

ehIyKat;)aneRbIR)as;muxtMENgenH eFVICaQñan;mYyeq<aHeTArkGMNaceTot. kaleNaH kgT½BmYy

PaKFMRtÚv)aneRCIserIsBIkñúgcMeNamRbCaksikr BuMEmnBIkñúgcMeNamvNÑ³GñkecHdwgeLIy. ln; nl;

GackarBar\riyabfCaksikrCamYynwgmnusSrbs;Kat;TaMgenH nigraraMgmin[Gñkneya)ayepSg²

eTotdeNþImykkEnøgrbs;Kat;)an. mü:ageTot eKrk)anR)ak;tictYcNas;enAkñúgkgT½B CaBiess

eRkayeBlEdlsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )andak;kMNt;mYyBIerOgCMnYyrbs;GaemrikaMg ehIy ln;

nl; edaymankarKaMRTBIsemþcpg )ankan;kab;bBa¢IbuKÁlikkgT½BTaMgmUlkñúgkartemøIgzannþr skþi.

BitehIy munrdæRbharkgT½BCakmµsiT§irbs; ln nl; BuMEmnrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu eT.

semþcRBHRbmuxrdæ )anCYyeFVI[GaCIBrbs; ln; nl; rIkceRmInelIseKelIsÉg CafñÚrnwgesckþI

esµaHRtg;xagneya)ay k¾dUcsmtßPaBxagxageyaFarbs;Kat;Edr EdlenHCaerOgnwgeTACaerOgCak;

EsþgbnÞab;BIrdæRbhar. BYkTahaneCIgcas;EdlmanviC¢aCIv³RtwmRtÚv)ant¥ÚjEt¥rCajwkjab;BIkarxVH

smtßPaBrbs;emekayxøÜn b:uEnþ semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu BuMykRBHkaN_sþab;tamBaküGñkTaMgenaH

eLIy. b:uEnþ ebIsemþcsBVRBHT½y[témøsmtßPaBepSg²xagEpñkneya)ayrbs; ln; nl; k¾eday

k¾RBHGgÁRbmaNxusedayEpñknUvsmtßPaBepSg²rbs;Kat;Edr BIeRBaHmhicätarbs;]tþmesnIy_enH

manRbPBedIm EdleKminsUvsÁal; b¤minGacyl;)an.

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brisuT§ R)ascakBIkarbMBulrbs;breTs EdltamKat;fa)anbMpøajfamBlrbs;RbeTsCati suIrUg

GtþsBaØaN nigTwkdIrbs;xøÜneLIy4. kñúgmCÄdæanvrCnEdlecHdwg eK)ancat;TukKMnitrbs; ln; nl;

CaKMnitcEmøkmYyKYr[q¶l; RbEhlCaKMnitEdlnaMrMxandl;eKÉgeTotpg b:uEnþ BitNas;BuMEmnCaerOg

elgesIceT. KWCamnusSGPirkSniymRCúlmñak;EdleKarBeCOsasnahYsehtueBk edayepþkpþÜleTA

kñúgmnþGaKmKafa nigCaGñkkan;RBHBuT§sasna manBak;esn ExScegáHCab;nwgxøÜn Edlcas;TuMenAPUmirbs;

Kat;bMBak;[kñúgeBlEdlKat;CayuvCnenAeLIy. Kat;)anykBYkehara nigBYksnþrbuKÁlmkdak;CuMvij

xøÜnKat; b:uEnþ Kat;R)akdkñúgcitþfa mnþGaKm RtÚvEterobcMenATIs¶at;kM)aMg edIm,IkarBarb£T§iGMNacrbs;va

Kat;minEdlsEmJg[eKeXIjBIkarRbtibtþirbs;Kat;eLIy. semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu GaceFµc

RBHenRteFVICamindwgminB¤ rhUtdl;TIbBa©b;GMBIKMnitRbqaMgnwgkareCOnelOnrbs;nayGKÁesnaFikar

RBHGgÁ.

bIExmunmanrdæRbhar ln; nl; )anbegáItviTüasßanExµrmn edIm,IpSBVpSayTsSn³TaMgLayrbs;

stVRkeBI s 161

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nigcMNas;mYy nigCarbs;CnCati)araMgenAkñúgraCFanI. enATIenaH ln; nl; sgÇwmfa nwgCYyeFVI[bNþa

sBaØaNEbøkxuseKrbs;Kat;xagEpñkciryaFm’ nigmrtkCaRbvtþisa®sþrbs;RbeTskm<úCa manrUbrag

CafµIeLIgvij. b:uEnþ karykcitþTukdak;rbs;Kat; manlkçN³TUlMTUlayCagGVIEdlsemþc RBHneratþm

sIhnu b¤Gñkneya)aysm½yTMenIbdéTeTotFøab;)anKiteTAeTot. Kat;Føab;dwknaMkgT½BCaeRcIn

TsvtSr_mkehIy ehIyKat;GacdwgBI\T§iBlénKMnitepSg²rbs;Kat;EdlmaneTAelImnusSsamBaØ

CaeRcIn EdlCasmasPaBénkgT½Brbs;km<úCac,as;las;Nas;.

kñúgvis½yenHk¾dUcvis½ydéTeTot ln; nl; )aneRbIR)as;rUbPaBemaTnPaBCatidUc saLút s CaKU

RbECgEpñkmenaKmviC¢arbs;Kat;Edr. b:uEnþ enAeBlEdl saLút s gakeTArkGVIEdlKat;vinicä½yfa Ca

dMeNaHRsaymYyTan;sm½y KWkarbdivtþkumµúynisþenaH ln; nl; EbrCaemIleXIjkareRsacRsg;

RbeTsCatikñúgkalknøgeTAehIy enAkñúgkarbBa¢ak;karGHGagBImrtkrbs;RBHBuT§sasnaeTAvij.

RbeTskm<úCa)anelceLIgCaEdndIEdl[plmYysRmab;KMnitTaMgBIrenH EdlkMBugelIktemáIgBUC-

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taMgBIsm½yGgÁr Gakb,kiriyavayb£kFMrbs;BYk)araMgcMeBaHRbCaCnkm<úCa {Edlx¢ilRcGUs} eday

pÞúyKñaRsLHnwgBYkevotNam {EdlRsLaj;kargar} nigkarxøacrEGgfa BYkevotNam {EdlRsLaj;

kargar} TaMgenaHdeNþImykRbeTskm<úCaedayeRbIkmøaMg )anbnSl;TuknUvlkçN³Biessrbs;Kat;

rhUtmk.

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EtmYykñúgkarpøas;RTg;RTayRbeTskm<úCa eTACardæhVasuIsmYy tamn½yR)akdRbCarbs;Bakü5

KWfarbbmYyEdlelIktemáIgRbCaCati nigBUCsasn_rbs;xøÜn EdlGYtGMBIrdæaPi)alGtþaFibetyü Edl

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b:uEnþ bBaðaTaMgGs;enH)anelceLIg[eXIjenAkñúgry³eBléns®gÁamqñaM1970-1975.

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Rbkan;BUCsasn_CaRKwHeLIy. sm<½n§mitþGaemrikaMgrbs; ln; nl; )anRtÚveFVI[xVl;xVaycitþ edaysar


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bBa¢ÚnTUrelxsm¶at;mYyeTARkúgv:asuInetan EdlmancMNgeCIgfa TsSn³Tak;TgeTAnwgsavtarFmµCati

rbs;mnusSsþIBI ln; nl; eday)anGFib,ayerobrab;BI\T§iBlEdl ln; nl; Føab;manlIRbCaCnExµr

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tambNþasmmitþrYmCMnan;CamYyKat;)an[dwgfa Kat;)anrYcBIeRKaHfñak; nigGMeBIk,t;epSg²

k¾edaysarsñaédviesskñúgs®gÁamrbs;Kat;Edr. emdwknaMExµrRkhmmñak;)anelIktemáIgKat;CaRbePT


esþcNab:UeLGugtUcmñak; ³ CamnusSEdlvayb£kRkGWtRkeGagGYtek¥gk¥ag nigcitþRsal qab;xwg

RceLat ehIyEdlecHsßabnamUldæanénGMNacpÞal;rbs;Kat;)an. Kat;KWCamnusSEdlKµanecH

GaNitGasUrmñak;Edr ³ RbEhlCaenAcugbBa©b;éns®gÁam Kat;)an[eKeFVIXadKURbECgy:agsMxan;rbs;

Kat;BIrnak; edIm,IKat;)ankøayCaelxabkSPUmiPaK.

tamkareKarBrab;GanCaeRcIn eKyl;eXIjfa tam:uk CamnusSman {b£kBaqÁg} CagbNþaelxa

bkSPUmiPaKnana CamnusSEdlminsUvecHKitKUreTANaq¶ayeRkABIesckþIRtÚvkarpÞal;rbs;Kat; nig

PUmiPaKKat;eLIy. Kat;)ankarBary:agcecsnUvkareRCótERCkRKb;Ebby:agBImCÄim b¤BIPUmiPaKdéT

eTotmkelIEdndIrbs;Kat; EdleFVI[mnusSCaeRcInGak;Gn;citþCaxøaMg. Kat;CasmaCikfµImñak;kñúgcMeNam

smaCikfµI²bMputrbs;KN³elxamCÄimbkS ehIytaMgBIedImdMbUg Kat;)andak;xøÜnenAeRkACemøaH nigkar

XubXitKñabRmúgbMpøajGñkNamñak; EdlrIkraldalFMeLIg² enAeBlEdlmCÄimcab;epþImsgS½yGMBI

esckþIesµaHRtg;rbs;emdwknaMPUmiPaKxøH². eTaHbICaPUmiPaKrbs;Kat;CaPUmiPaKman\T§iBl manskþa

nuBlxagesdækic©eyaFaxøaMk¾eday k¾Kat;mankRmitneya)aymYyTabEdr ehIymCÄim)anvinicä½yBIrUb

Kat;fa BuMEmnCamnusSEdl[ekItmankar)armÖmñak; BuMEmnCabBaðamYy EdlTamTar[mankarykcitþTuk

dak;rbs;xøÜnCabnÞan;enaHeT TaMgk¾BuMEmnCa\sSrCnsMxan; Edls½kþsmnwgpþl;rgVan;mantémømYyEdr.

PUmiPaKbUBa’CaPUmiPaKTIBIr ebIKiteTAtamTMhMépÞdI nigRtÚvdwknaMeday esa Pwm EdlenAqñaM1975

CaGñkkan;muxtMENgmYyekokbMputnwgk,alm:asuIndwknaMRbeTs. EdndIrbs;Kat;latsn§wgcab;BIxag

ekItTenøemKgÁ EdlrYmmanTaMgGs; b¤edayEpñkbNþaextþCayuT§sa®sþepSg² dUcCa éRBEvg sVayerog

kMBg;cam nigRkecH. KWPUmiPaKenHehIy EdlBYkkumµúynisþevotNam)antaMg{TICRmk}y:ageRcIn

ehIyEdlshrdæGaemrik)anxMRbwgkemÞcbMpøajTaMgGs;sgÇwm KWenATIenHEdr EdleKeXIjmancmáar

ekAs‘Urab;muWnhikta Edlpþl;kéRmy:agRkas;ERkl nigCatMbn;plitRsUvd¾sMxan;bMput. b:uEnþ CaBiess

PUmiPaKbUBa’k¾CacMNucEdleFVI[TMnak;TMngExµr-evotNamqabeqHeLIg.

PUmiPaKbUBa’manRBMRbTl;Cab;nwg {EdndIkm<úCaeRkam} PaKxagt,ÚgevotNam EdlCakmµsiT§irbs;

raCaNacRkExµrkñúgry³eBlmYyy:agxøI. PUmiPaKnirtIk¾manRBMRbTl;mYyCab;CamYyEdndIkm<úCaeRkam

Edr b:uEnþ PUmiPaKenHsßitenAxaglicTenøemKgÁ CatMbn;EdlminsUvrgkaresAhµgedaykareFVIGenþa

Rbevsn_CaRbéBNIrbs;CnCatievotNamb:unµaneLIy. PaKxagekItTenøemKgÁ EdlsßitenAkñúgPUmiPaK

bUBa’ KWCacMNucsMxan;kñúgkarTak;TgrvagevotNam-km<úCarvagBYkkumµúynisþ nigminEmnkumµúynisþkñúg

eKaledAepSg²xagEpñkeyaFa neya)ay b¤BaNiC¢kmµ. KWCaGaNaExRtRBMEdn EdlmanCemøaH Tas;


ETgKña nigEdlrMeCIbrMCYlxøaMgCageK. taMgBICMnan;Edlsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu CMruj[BYkkumµúynisþ

evotNam TTYlsÁal;RBMEdnbc©úb,nñCafñÚrnwgshRbtibtþikarrbs;RBHGgÁ edIm,IRTRTg;s®gÁamrbs;eK

tMbn;enH )anRtÚvcat;TukCaEdndImYyEdlBYkevotNamnwgcUlmktaMgTIlMenAminxan ebIsinCaBYkeKman

»kas.

esa Pwm15

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evotNam edayminRbKl;bUrNPaBTwkdIkm<úCaeLIy. Kat;CaGñkbdivtþeCIgcas;mñak;enACMnan;s®gÁam

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GasUrrbs;Kat; b:uEnþBuMEmndUc m:uk eT ehIyKat;CamnusSmanlkçN³QøasévCagelxabkSPUmiPaKnirtI

EdlCamnusS {manb£kBaqÁg} EfmeTot. Kat;RtÚv)anekatsresIry:agxøaMgkñúgbkS ehIyRtÚv)an

cat;Tuk CaGñkkan;vin½ymuWgm:at;CageK. bnÞab;BIsnñisIThSWENv Kat;)anseRmccitþeFVIdMeNIreTARbeTs

evotNamxageCIg b:uEnþKat;)anRtLb;mkvijeRkayBIrs;enAkñúgPaKxageCIgBIr-bIEx edIm,IerobcM

cat;EcgRkúmGñkbdivtþkñúgPUmiPaKbUBa’[manskmµPaBeLIg.

Kat;Føab;)anTTYleCaKC½yy:agRKb;RKan;kñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_1950 enAeBlRtÚv)aneRCIserIs

CasmaCikKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimkñúg»kasmhasnñi)atqñaM1960. nasm½yRbCuMmYyenAqñaM1963

enAeBlEdl b:ul Bt RtÚv)aneRCIstaMgCaGKÁelxabkS Pwm k¾)anQaneLIgcUlkñúg KN³elxamCÄim

dUc b:ul Bt Edr. kalenaH Pwm )ankøayCaemGeNþIkd¾sMxan;mñak;kñúgkarTak;TgepSg² CamYyBYk

evotNam.mYyPaKFMénskmµPaBepSg²kñúgkarbNþúHbNþalbkçCn kgT½B nigTMnak;TMngTaMgLayrvag

BYkkumµúynisþénRbeTsTaMgBIr)anRtÚvsRmbsRmÜl tamry³PwmnigtMbn;rbs;Kat;TaMgGs;. PUmiPaK

bUBa’)ankøayeTACa {RckTVar} rbs;clnaTaMgBIr ehIyenAqñaM1969 enAeBlEdlsemþc RBHneratþm

sIhnu epþImkarvaylukrbs;RBHGgÁCaTUeTARbqaMgnwgBYkkumµúynisþkm<úCaenaH Pwm )anrt;ePosxøÜneTA

enAÉRbeTsevotNamÉeNH. Kat;)anRtLb;mkkm<úCavij bnÞab;BIrdæRbharqñaM1970. kñúgsm½y

s®gÁamPUmiPaKrbs;Kat;CaPUmiPaKdMbUgeK EdlsßitenAeRkamkarRtÜtRtaTaMgmUlrbs;BYkkumµúynisþ

km<úCa edaymankarCYy]btßmÖrbs;BYkevotNampg.

b:uEnþ Pwm CamnusSEdlGacEbrk,alRbqaMgnwgsm<½n§mitþcas;rbs;Kat; )anTaMgRsug. CaGñk

TTYlemIlxusRtÚvelIBYkkm<úCa EdlkMBugvilRtLb;cUlmatuRbeTsvij eRkayBIkarnireTsxøÜnd¾yUrmYy

enAevotNamxageCIg Kat;)anbeBa©j[eXIjsmancitþtictYcNas; taMgBIkarecjdMeNIrmk ehIy

)anyl;RBm[GñkTaMgenaHkan;tMENgepSg² eRkambgÁab;eKTaMgGs;. enATIbMput kñúgcMeNamenaH


manPaKeRcIn)anRtÚvKat;cab;XuMXaMgkñúg {CMrMGb;rMEkERbCafµI} EdltamkarBitCakEnøgEdlBYkeKRtÚv

)ansmøab;ecaleRkayBIkarCab;XMumYyry³mk. eK)anrYmbBa©Úl Pwm Ca{søabmçag} rbs;bkS Edl

yl;eXIjfa RbeTsevotNamGacCasm<½n§mitþd¾éføføamYykñúgry³eBleFVIs®gÁam b:uEnþ minRtÚvcUl

eRCótERCkkñúgkardwknaMrbs;bdivtþkm<úCaeT ehIyCaBiessminRtÚveRCóttamry³ {kmøaMgTIR)aM} Edl

CaBYkExµreTIbnwgvilRtLb;mkBIRkúghaNUyeLIy.

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rs;ran {BYkemdwknaMrbs;PUmiPaKbUBa’ )ansgát;bBa¢ak;mþgehIymþgeTotfa BYkeKeBjcitþNas;

Edl)an dwknaMeFVIkarRbyuT§ts‘UkñúgRbeTs>>> )ansÁal;nUvkarGt;Xøan nigkarxVHxatsBVEbby:ag

rYmsuxrYmTukçCamYyRbCaCn enAeBlEdleyIgTaMgGs;Kñart;eKcxøÜneTArs;enAkñúgRbeTsmYyepSg

eTotk¾eday16} {enHRKan;EtCasmþIcMGk CakarRbmafRtg;²b:ueNÑaH -karcab;fñak;RbqaMgnwgBYk

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cemøIyrbs;eyIg k¾dUcxøÜnBYkeyIgpÞal;Edr nigmanCIvitxøIminxan>>>. BYkeKGackemÞcBYkeyIg)anRKb;

eBlevla minfaeBléf¶ b¤k¾eBlyb;eLIy}.

esa Pwm CaGñkBinitüRtÜtRtaelIkarkab;smøab;minRtwmEtBYkmatuPUminivtþn_b:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþ

elIBYkCnCatiPaKtickan;sasnaGuIsøamkñúgPUmiPaKrbs;Kat;Edr eRBaHfa PUmiPaKenH )anpþl;TICRmk[

CnCaticamrs;enAy:ageRcIn EdlBuMEdldak;bBa©ÚlRbéBNIrbs;xøÜnkñúgsgÁmrbs;km<úCamþgNaesaH

eLIy ehIykñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyük¾enAEtG‘ÍcwgdEdl. karkm©at;rbs;Kat;elICnCaticam Edl

esÞIrEtrlayGs;TaMgRsugenaH KWCavKÁerOgmYykñúgcMeNamvKÁerOgEdlKYr[RBÜy)armÖrbs;kar

bdivtþ. samin GHGagfa {esa Pwm CamnusSmanlkçN³kacsahavEdlmannisS½yxags¥b;QñanIs

eKÉg. ebIsinCayuT§Cnmñak;eFVImin[Kat;TukcitþeT Kat;KµanrYjranwg)aj;smøab;GñkenaHecaleLIy}.

eK)andMNalfa Pwm )ansmøab;GñkebIkLan nigRKÚeBTüpÞal;rbs;Kat;ecal eRkayeBlcb;

s®gÁambnþic BIeRBaHGñkTaMgBIr)an{RbRBwtþGMeBIxusqÁg}epSg².

edayKat;)anTTYlTMnukTukcitþBIbkS ehIyedayKat;CaGñkdwknaMPUmiPaKsMxan;mYykñúgbNþa PUmi

PaKsMxan;²bMputenaH esa Pwm )anRbkan;CMhrÉkraCümYysþIBIbBaðamYycMnYnFMkñúgry³eBls®gÁam.

CaBiess Kat;)anerobcMRbB½n§RKb;RKgEbbpþl; {rgVan;} mYy edayGnuBaØat[RbCaksikrrkSaTukpl

mYyPaKFM Edlplit)anFM CaeKalkarN_EdlKat;cg;Tuk[mandEdlkñúgeBlEdl)ansnþiPaBehIy.

Kat;CaemT½Bd¾Gg;Gacekøóvkøa nigmuWgm:at;mñak; EdleKcat;cUlkñúgcMeNamGñk Edlkan;vin½yRtwmRtÚvCag


eKbMputrbs;RbeTsCati. Kat;)an[kgT½BTaMgGs;rbs;Kat;esøókBak;ÉksNæan BN’RbepH edIm,IeFVI

[xusEbøkBIBYkExµrRkhmepSgeTot EdlesøókBak;exaGavBN’exµACaRbéBNI. ¬BYknayTahan)andak;

smµitnam[kgT½BPUmiPaKbUBa’fa {BYktµatRbepH} ehIyehABYkExµrRkhmdéTeTotfa {BYkEk¥kexµA}¦.

kgT½Brbs;PUmiPaKbUBa’mancritkaceXareXAEmn b:uEnþ eKminsUvniyayBIerOgkab;smøab; RCúlhYs

ehtu b¤karcab;cgEdleFVIedayGMNaccitþpgeT fVIebICnCatiPaKticCaeRcIn nigBYkxµaMgsRtÚvBitR)akd

b¤RKan;Etsnµt; RtÚv)aneKkemÞcecalGs;sn§wksn§ab;k¾eday. esa Pwm kgT½B nigshkrN_TaMgGs;

rbs;Kat; )anelceLIgCaKMrUKYr[eBjcitþrbs;ExµrRkhmenAcugbBa©b;s®gÁam.

ehIy Pwm RtÚv)anpþl;rgVan;elIkTwkcitþ edayeKGnuBaØat[Kat;rkSaTukkgBlFMBIr kñúgcMnYnkgBl

FMTaMgbIrbs;Kat;kñúgPUmiPaKbUBa’ ehIyRbKl;EtmYykgBlFMb:ueNÑaHeTA[mCÄim. Kat;k¾RtÚv)anEtg

taMgCaGnuRbFanKN³RbFanrdæ enAeBlEdlrdæaPi)alRtÚveKbegáItenAqñaM1976. tamkarBit

Kat;)anTTYlcMENkKuNRbeyaCn_rbs;Kat; bnÞab;BIkarkm©at;elxabkSPUmiPaKmñak; EdlCaKURbECgrYc

mk.Pwm CamnusSCitsñiT§nwgRkúmmnusSd¾Gaf’kM)aMgbMputrbs;bkS CagbNþaelxabkSPUmiPaKÉeTot²

ehIy b:ul Bt TukcitþelIKat;sRmab;GUsTajPUmiPaKepSgeTotkñúgkic©RbwgERbgsßabnaRbeTseLIgvij

nigkarBarRbeTsTl;nwgBYkevotNam EdlsßitenAmçageTotCab;RBMEdnCamYyPUmiPaKbUBa’.

elxabkSPUmiPaKmYynak;eTot EdlmankitüanuPaBdUc Pwm Edr KW jwm rs; CaGñkTTYlxusRtÚvelI

PUmiPaKBay½Bü. CakUnRbúsrbs;RKÜsarksikrRk Kat;Føab;)aneFVIkarvayRbyuT§kñúgkMLúgs®gÁam

\NÐÚcinelIkTImYyEdr. Kat;)aneTArYbrYmCamYyBYkExµr\sSr³ bnÞab;mk)ankøayxøÜnCaCnkumµúynisþ

eday)anrs;enACamYyBYk\sSr³ÉkraCTaMgLay Edl)aneFVI[PUmiPaKBay½BükøayeTACamUldæan

rbs;eKpg. Kat;)anerobcMcat;Ecg nigdwknaMPUmiPaKenHkñúgsm½ykald¾KYr[P½y)armÖCaeRcInqñaM.

sRmab;BYkkumµúynisþyl;fa tMbn;Bay½Bü )anEsþgeLIg[eXIjCatMbn;lM)akRKb;RKg -EdlminGac

KitTukCamun)an nigERbRbÜlmineTogTat;- b:uEnþmansarsMxan;kñúgEpnkarGPivDÆn_TaMgmUl edayehtufa

dIERsTaMgGs;sm,ÚrCICatiNas;.

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RbCaksikrenAsMLÚténPUmiPaKBay½Bü egIbbHe)arRbqaMgsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nig ln; nl;

enAqñaM1967enaH ehIy EdlCMruj[BYkkumµúynisþdMeNIrkarts‘UedayGavuFkñúgkRmitxøaMgmYy17. b:uEnþ

RbCaCnTUTaMgtMbn;BuM)anedIrtamclnaEdlxøÜnbgáeLIgeT ehIyeBjry³eBléns®gÁamsuIvil PUmiPaK

Bay½BüehIy edayELkextþ)at;dMbg enAEtesµaHRtg;y:agbþÚrpþac;nwgrbbsaFarNrdæExµrCanic©.


enAqñaM1975 BYkExµrRkhmenAEtBuMTan;seRmceCaKC½yerobcMbegáItRbB½n§shkrN_d¾rwgmaMmYy b¤

kgT½Bd¾xøaMgBUEk mYykñúgPUmiPaKenHenAeLIy. jwm rs; yuT§CneCIgcas; EdlKYr[eKarBekatxøacmñak;

RtÚv)anEtgtaMgCaGnuRbFanTI2énKN³RbFanrdæeRkam esa Pwm mYyfñak;. eTaHCaeCaKC½yEdlTTYl

)ankñúgry³eBls®gÁammansþÜcesþIgy:agNak¾eday k¾PUmiPaKrbs; jwm rs; RtÚv)ancat;TukCatMbn;d¾

manskþanuBlrbs;km<úCabnÞab;BIsm½ys®gÁamEdr. munkarbdivtþ tMbn;enHCaCRgúkRsUvrbs;RbeTs

ehIyeKvaytémøfa enAeBlEdlbkSBRgIkkmøaMgRbCaCnrbs;xøÜnEfmeTot tMbn;enHnwgseRmc)an

lT§pll¥RbesIr CagPUmiPaKdéTeTotCaminxan. esckþIsgÇwmy:agmutmaMTaMgenHehIy EdlRbEhl

CanaMmknUvkarvinasrbs; jwm rs; enAeBleRkaymk.

kñúgry³eBls®gÁam elxabkSPUmiPaKBiess enACuMvijRkúgPñMeBj KW v:n ev:t EdlRtÚv)at;bg;

muxtMENgrbs;Kat;PøambnÞab;BIC½yCmñH enAeBlEdlKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimekþabkþab;karTTYlxusRtÚv

elIrdæFanI. enAsm½ys®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTImYy v:n ev:t CanisSiteronenAPñMeBj ehIy)anrt;cUléRB

eFVIkarts‘U mYyqñaMmunTIbBa©b;énkarc,aMgKña. bnÞab;mk Kat;)anvilRtLb;mkraCFanIvij ehIyenATIbMput

Kat;)anTTYltMENgCaelxaKN³kmµaFikarbkSTIRkúgPñMeBj Edl b:ul Bt CaGñkbegáIteLIg. enAqñaM

1963 Kat;)aneLIgzan³cUlkñúgKN³kmµaFikarmCÄim ehIycab;BIeBlenaHmk Kat;)aneTACamnusS

sMxan;mñak;kñúgcMeNamRkúm emdwknaMCan;x<s;mYyRkúmtUc. v:n ev:t )ancMNayeBlevlaeTAkñúgkar

RbyuT§y:agGg;GackøahanmYy b:uEnþ \t)ankar edIm,IkarBarExSbNþajkumµúynisþmYykñúgTIRkúgeRkay

qñaM1969 enAeBlEdlsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nig ln; nl; edjtamcab;Pñak;garrbs;xøÜn nig)an

smøab;BYkenaH kNþalpøÚvGs;mYycMnYnFM. kñúgGMLúgs®gÁam Kat;)aneFVI[bkSmanesckþIeBjcitþCaxøaMg

ehIyeKRtÚvkar[Kat;sßitenAkñúgFanIbnþeTot edIm,IdwknaMkic©RbwgERbgkñúgkarsþarRbeTsCatieLIgvij

ehIyenATIbMput Kat;)anTTYlbnÞúkemIlxusRtÚvxagEpñk]sSahkmµ nigEpñkesdækic©mYyPaKFMrbs;

RbeTs.

elxabkSPUmiPaKsMxan;²déTeTotkñúgry³eBls®gÁamKW kuy FYn emdwknaMPUmiPaK]tþr EdlKN³

kmµaFikarmCÄimFøab;manTIsñak;karrbs;xøÜnenATIenaH. CaGtItRKÚbeRgónenAextþkMBg;camPaKxagekIt

km<úCa Kat;CabBaØvnþecHdwgx<s;CageKkñúgcMeNamelxabkSPUmiPaKTaMgGs;. KWmuxcm¥wg eramcieBa©Ij

Ggáaj;enHehIy EdleKRbTHeXIjkñúgesovePAesþIgqñaM1972 EdlbgðajrUb b:ul Bt -kalenaHRtÚv

eKsÁal;eRkameQµaHfa saLút s- nig nYn Ca [BiPBelak)ansÁal;. RbEhledaysarEtKat;sßit

enAeRkamkarsegátBinitüy:agykcitþTukdak;CaerOy² BIsMNak;emdwknaMCan;x<s;rbs;bkS nigeday


PUmiPaKrbs;Kat;GacRtÚvtamBinitü edayl¥itl¥n;CagPUmiPaKepSg²eTot kuy FYn )ankøayeTACa

emdwknaMPUmiPaKdMbUgbg¥s; EdleKeRCIserIsTukCamunkñúgzan³CasRtÚv.

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ehAmkRkúgPñMeBjvij ehIycat;taMg[TTYlbnÞúkRksYgesdækic©Cati EdlCaParkic©lM)aksµúKsµaj

bMputmYy kñúgsPaBRCÜlRcbl;KYr[RBWxøac eRkayeBlEdlBYkExµrRkhmdeNþImGMNac)an ehIy

cab;epþImRtÚvkarBIRbCaCnnUvGVI²EdlKat;BuMGaceFVI)an.

hñwgehIy CaemdwknaMPUmiPaKsMxan;² enAeBlEdlRbeTsCatieRtómepþImeFVIkarbdivtþdMNak;

kalTIBIr. bNþaelxabkSPUmiPaKdéTeTot -Ek Bk énPUmiPaKkNþal Em:n san énPUmiPaK|san

eRkaymk kg cab kan;PUmiPaK]tþrfµI nig CU eCt kan;PUmiPaKfµI KWbs©im- )ansEmþgtYnaTIKaMRTepSg²

kñúgkarts‘UdeNþImGMNac EdlRbRBwtþeTAkñúgbNþaEx nigbNþaqñaMCabnþbnÞab;mkeTot.

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sresrcas;²rbs;sala RtÚvExµrRkhmykmkeRbIR)as;sRmab;karkt;RtaÉksar kþarexonsRmab;

biTbTbBa¢aépÞkñúgrbs;mNÐl EdlbBa¢adac;xat min[GñkeTasERskkñúgeBleKeFVITaruNkmµ RtÚveqøIy

nwgsMNYrepSg²[cM² mincaM)ac;KitEvgq¶ay ehIyRtÚvtamvin½y EdlBi)akRTaMCaeRcIneTot munnwgRtÚv

ykeTARbharCIvit.

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eTas enAeBlEdleKnaMmkdl; bnÞab;mk ftkñúgeBlEdlBYkenHCitsøab; b¤munsøab;bnþic EdlsuT§Et

manbMBg;-kry³edayeKGar xøÜnR)aNRtÚveKkat;Gv³yv³ecj b¤RtÚveFVI[cuHsÁmkMRBwg edaykareFVI

TaruNkmµ nigkareRskXøan EdlBMuGacemIlsÁal; CaGñkNamñak;eLIy. rUbftTaMgenH CaEpñkmYyén

sMNMulixitepSg² EdleK)ancgRkgeLIgCaPsþútag edIm,Ibgðaj[eXIjfa BYksRtÚvrbs;rdæ RtÚv)an

eKsmøab;rYcBitR)akdEmn. Duc k¾)ankMNt;eRCIserIséf¶edayELktamBYksRmab;GñkeTas dUcCa

éf¶mYysRmab;smøab;BYk®sþI²Edl{CasRtÚv} éf¶mYyeTotsRmab;kumar éf¶mYyepSgeTotsRmab;BYk

kmµkreragcRkCaedIm3.

esckþIkgVl;d¾l¥itl¥n;mYyEbbenaH)ankøayeTACanimitþrUbBiesselxmYyrbs; Duc kñúgry³eBl

énkarQaneLIgzananuRkmbkSrbs;Kat;. CaGtItRKÚbgeRgónenAextþkMBg;cam EdleTACaPUmiPaKbUBa’


pÞúyeTAvijKat;)ancUleFVIkarenAPUmiPaKnirtI enAeBlEdlKat;seRmceTArYbrYmkñúgCYrGñkbdivtþ ehIy

enATIbMput k¾)anbMeBjmuxgarxagEpñksnþisuxrbs;PUmiPaKenH. kñúgkMLúgqñaMdMbUg²éns®gÁam Kat;

maneQµaHl,ICaGñkeFVI[rebobRKb;RKg kare)assm¥atepSg²rbs;ExµrRkhm kan;EtviessCagmun

nigs¶at;kM)aMgKYr[kt;smÁal; kñúgeBlEdlKat;dwknaMEpñksnþisuxrbs;PUmiPaKnirtIenH.

enAqñaM1972 Kat;RtÚveKepÞr[mkeFVIkarenAPUmiPaKBiess EdlenACMuvijTIRkúgPñMeBjvij kñúg

eKalbMNg[Kat;erobcMsnþisuxenAPUmiPaKenH EdlCaPUmiPaKmYygayrgkarb:HTgÁic nigTn;exSay

bMput kñúgcMeNamPUmiPaKnanaeBjry³eBléns®gÁam. enAeBlEdlKN³kmµkarmCÄimTTYlkan;kab;

kgT½B nigGMNacEpñkrdæ)alCMnYsPUmiPaKBiess enAqñaM1975 Duc )ankøayeTACaRbFansnþisux

sRmab;RbeTsTaMgmUly:agRsYl GaRs½yedaysiT§uiGMNacrbs;Kat;BImunmkpg. b:uEnþ Epñksnþisux

enH CaGgÁPaBmYyrbs;bkS BMuEmnsßitenAeRkamGMNacrbs;rdæaPi)aleT ehIy Duc RtÚvepJIr)aykarN_

epSg²eTA[ b:ul Bt pÞal; nigsmaCikKN³elxamCÄimbkS BIr-bInak;b:ueNÑaH. sun esn EdlCardæ

m®nþIRksYgkarBarRbeTspg nigCaGKÁembBa¢akarkgkmøaMgRbdab;GavuFpg KWCaemekaypÞal; -b¤CaKU

RbECg- rbs; Duc. kñúgRbeTsmYyEdldwknaMedayGMeBIePrvkmµ mnusSEdl{Evkmux} nigsmøab;xµaMg

sRtÚvrbs;bdivtþn_ )ankøayeTACamnusSkan;EtmanGMNacxøaMgeLIg kñúglMdab;EdlkarP½y)armÖrbs;

BYkemdwknaMbkS karKitmémBIsRtÚvépÞkñúg nigeRkARbeTsecHEtrIkFMeLIg².

dUecñH Duc )ancUlkñúgRkúmemdwknaMsMxan;²rbs;ReTs EdlmanKñaEt R)aM b¤R)aMmYynak;b:ueNÑaH

enAeBlEdlTYlEsøgkøayeTACamCÄmNÐl{xYrk,al} énRbB½n§cat;EcgGMeBIePrvkmµ. enAeBlEdl

mnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøgcab;epþImdMeNIrkarenAqñaM1976 )anbnþic karRBmeRBógKñaEdlsßitmanmYyry³

kñúgCYrKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkS)aneRbHRsaM ehIy b:ul Bt )ancat;taMg[ Duc tamdanrkBYksRtÚvkñúg

épÞbkS k¾dUckñúgRbCaCnEdr. minRtwmEtb:ueNÑaH Duc )ancab;XMuxøÜnBYkGñkEdlRtÚvsgS½yCaeRcInnak;

eTottamkarcg¥úlR)ab;rbs; b:ul Bt b:uEnþ Duc k¾CaGñkCYyRbDitPsþútagepSg² RbqaMgnwgGñkTaMgenaH

EfmeTot. edaymanGMNaccat;kareTAelIcemøIysarPaBepSg²rbs;CnrgeRKaH EdlCa{Psþútag}

énbT]Rkidænana Duc )anseRmceKaledA{bgVil}BYkemdwknaMbkStamcMNg;rbs;Kat; nigeRCIserIsTuk

CamunnUv{xµaMgsRtÚv} EdleKBuMsg;sgS½yEfmeTot.

Duc nigRkúmsnþi)alrbs;Kat; )anTTYlsiT§iGMNacepSg² CaecARkmpg CaTIRbwkSatulakarpg

nigCaeBCÄXatpg. enATIbMput TYlEsøgk¾køayeTACakEnøgd¾KYr[es,ImmYy EdlrYcputBIkarRtÜtBinitü

TaMgGs;.


KN³dwknaMbkS )ancab;epþImmnÞilsgS½ykmµaPi)al nigGñkTTYlxusRtÚvCan;x<s;mYycMnYntUc enA

eBlEdlxøÜnRtÚv)anpþl;Bt’man sþIBIkareFVImin)anseRmclT§pltamEpnkar enAtamCnbTnana kñúg

kMLúgqmasTImYy qñaM1976. esckþIraykarN_rbs; eGog FIriT§ GMBIPUmiPaKBay½Bü KWCar)aykarN_

mYykñúgcMeNamesckþIraykarN_TaMgLay EdleFVI[mCÄimGMBl;KMnity:agxøaMg. mCÄim)anbkRsay

braC½yTaMgenHfa CaskçIPaBénkarmincuHsRmúgKñakñúgCYrrbs;BYkkumµúynisþehIy. b:uEnþ ebIsinCakMuman

kmµaPi)almYycMnYntUc minRbtibtþitambTbBa¢axøH²enaH k¾RbEhlCamCÄimKµandwgfa xøÜnRtÚvKMram

kMEhgedaymnusSpÞal;rbs;xøÜnEdr.

PsþútagCaeRcInEdleKRbmUl)an bgðaj[eXIjlkçN³pÞúyeTAvij. RbFanPUmiPaKTaMgLay

)anrYmshkary:ageBjelj kñúgkarCemøósRbCaCnecjBIrdæFanI eKarBeFVItambTbBa¢aepSg²

edayEkERbBYkGñkTIRkúgeFVI[køayeTACaksikrEtkñúgmYyéf¶b:ueNÑaH lubbM)at;siT§iCabuKÁlTaMgGs; rwb

GUsRTBüsm,tiþTaMgGs;kñúgnaménrdæ kab;smøab;bNþaCnCatiPaKtic nigeRbIGMeBIePrvkmµ edIm,ItRmÚv[

mankarpøas;bþÚrTaMgenH. vak¾mankarRBmeRBógKña sþIBIkarkMNt;TisedACamUldæan nigeKalkarN_

epSg²rbs;bdivtþn_Edr CakarRBmeRBógKñaedIm,IerobcMdMeNIr {mhaelatepøaH} mYyBIelIxñgRbCaCn

sRmab;CMnan;eRkay.

b:uEnþ vak¾ekItmanbBaðaepSg²BIerOgGMNacEdr. mankarvayRbyuT§KñatUctacmYy)anekIteLIg

enAtampøÚvfñl;nana kñúgTIRkúgPñMeBj rvagkgT½B PUmiPaKbUBa’ nigkgT½BPUmiPaK]tþr edIm,Ie)asm¥atGñkmin

l¥ecj. karrg;caMd¾GnÞHsaGMBIlT§pld¾Gs©arü xagvis½yesdækic©kñúgcMeNamBYkemdwknaMCan;x<s; )an

ERbkøayeTACakarvk;EsVgrkxµaMgsRtÚv EdlCaGñkdeNþImeCaKC½yrbs;xøÜneTAvij. enAqñaM1976

bnÞab;BIkarRbCuMCabnþbnÞab;mYy edIm,IvaytémøBIsßanPaBRbeTs KN³dwknaMbkS )anseRmccitþdak;

ecjnUvEpnkaresdækic©bYnqñaMmYy km©at;bNþasmaCikbkS EdlkøayeTACamnusSKYr[sgS½y eday

GnuelameTAtamRbB½n§esuIbGegátfµImYyehAfa {karRsavRCavExSbNþaj} bgçMel,ÓnbdivtþsgÁm

niym nigbBa©b;erOgTaMgenaH CamYynwgkarsRmbsRmÜlCaRbvtþisa®sþ sþIBIbBaðaedImkMeNItbkS

EdllM)aktRmÚvcitþ nigTMnak;TMngepSg²rbs;xøÜn CamYyRbeTsevotNam.

kñúgPasarbs;bkS eKElgniyayBakü km©at; b¤EkERbcritvNÑ³KhbtIeTotehIy b:uEnþ eK

niyayfa km©at;ninñakarKhbtIkñúgépÞbkSpÞal;. tamkarBit KN³dwknaMbkS)anRtÚveFVI[pøas;bþÚrCMhr

edayesckþI)armÖGMBIGMeBIk,t;mYyrbs;bNþamitþPkþi nigsm<½n§mitþrbs;xøÜn. Edlcak;b£sy:ageRCAtaMg

BImunmk edImdMbUgénkarbdivtþ BYkkumµúynisþExµr)anTTYlrgkarQWcab;bnþicbnþÜc eRBaHEtbNþasRtÚv


k¾dUcsm<½n§mitþrbs;BYkeK ³ BYkevotNamEdlcg;RtÜtRtaRbeTs emdwknaMxøÜnxøH )ankøayeTACaGñk[

karN_eTAsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu BYkcin)anKaMRTsemþc edayeFVI[xUcRbeyaCn_dl;BYkkumµúynisþExµr

nigBYkevotNam CafµIkñúgCemøaHEdndIdMbUg² bnÞab;BIsm½ys®gÁam.

BYkExµrRkhm )ankarBarxøÜnnwgGMeBIk,t;fµI²edaymeFüa)aykarBarBIrdUcKña ³ BYkeK)ancgsm<½n§

PaBeday\teGonxµas;mYy CamYynwgBYksRtÚvrbs;BYkeKedaydwgfa BYkeKnwgbMpøajsm<½n§PaBenH

enAéf¶NamYy ehIyBYkeK)anRbkan;ykyuT§sa®sþmYy sMedA{kemÞc} b¤km©at;bNþasRtÚv Edlmin

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s®gÁam EdlmanTRmg;Ca{rNsirSrYbrYm}enaH TTYl)annUveCaKC½ymYy elIsBIesckþIsgÇwmTukeTA

eTot edayehtuEtrNsirSenH )anbRgÜbbRgÜmRbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgGs;taMgBIsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu

rhUtdl;RBHsgÇ RbCaksikr nigbBaØvnþ.

b:uEnþenATIbMput GVIEdleFVI[rbbenHvinasGnþray KWCMgWminTukcitþeKÉgrbs;xøÜnenHÉg BuMEmn

vinasedayBYksRtÚvrbs;xøÜnenaHeT. kalebIeKvinicä½yKYrdl;kalevlaehIy bkS)ankat;pþac;sm<½n§

PaB b¤kareFVIrNsirSenHPøamedayrebobeXareXA. enAeBlEdleKhammin[mansasna eK

minlµmcitþnwgbiTvtþGaram min[RbCaCneFVIbuNüTanb:ueNÑaHeT eKEfmTaMgsmøab;RBHsgÇ nigERbkøay

vtþTaMgenaHeTACaCRgúkRsUvEfmeTot. enAeBlEdlBYkkumµúynisþElgRtÚvkar semþc RBHneratþm

sIhnu BYkeKBuM)anpþl;muxtMENgEdlRKan;EtCakitþiysNamYyfVayRBHGgÁeLIy BYkeK)ankRmit

[RBHGgÁsßitenAkñúgEtRBHraCdMNak;naRBHbrmraCvaMg edaycat;TukRBHGgÁCaGñkeTasrbs;eKeTot.

bnÞab;BI)aneRbIR)as;BYkExµrEdlRtLb;mkBITIRkúghaNUy [CYybNþúHbNþalkgT½Brbs;BYkeKrYcmk

BYkExµrRkhm)ansmøab;GñkTaMgenaHecalesÞIrEtTaMgGs;.

edayRtÚvRbQmmuxnwgP½sþútagepSg² EdlminGacbdiesF)ancMeBaHbraC½ydMbUg²rbs;kar

bdivtþ mCÄim)anTmøak;karTTYlxusRtÚveTAelI kuy FYn nigPUmiPaK]tþr EdlCasBaØaepþImeFVIkare)as

sm¥atfñak;PUmiPaK4CaelIkdMbUg. mCÄim)anbBa¢a[kgT½Brbs;PUmiPaKbUBa’ nigPUmiPaKkNþalEdl

eTIbnwgbegáItfµI eTAkemÞcBYkkmµaPi)alenAGtItPUmiPaK]tþr enAqñaM1976. kgT½BTaMgenaH)ancab;xøÜn

nigsmøab;kmµaPi)alRbmaNCadb;nak; ehIydak;CMnYsGñkTaMgenH edayemdwknaM{esµaHRtg;} tamkar

ENnaMmCÄimvij. viFIsa®sþenHmanlkçN³eBjeTAedaykarbuinRbsb; BIeRBaHvarYmbBa©ÚlemdwknaM

PUmiPaKbUBa’ nigPUmiPaKkNþal CamYyKñanwgBYkemdwknaMRkúgPñMeBjEdr. viFIsa®sþenH )anCMruj[man

karsgS½ykñúgépÞbkSEfmeTot. erOgenH RbEhlbkRsay[dwgBIedImehtuEdlelxabkSPUmiPaK


bUBa’ )anRBmeRBógerobcMGaBah_BiBah_mYyrvagkUnRsIKat; nigkUnRbúsmñak;rbs;elxabkSPUmiPaK

Bay½Bü -enHCakarCYyKaMBarKñaeTAvijeTAmk kñúgkrNIEdlPUmiPaKNamYy kñúgcMeNamPUmiPaKTaMgBIr

nwgRtÚvcat;taMg[eFVIkare)assm¥atPUmiPaKdéTeTot ¬lk])ayenH KµanplRbeyaCn_GVITaMgGs;¦.

enAqñaM1976 dEdlenaH bkS)anRbkas[dwgBIkarCMrujeFVIbdivtþn_sgÁmniym nigbBa¢a[eFVI

karlubbM)at;sm<½n§PaBvNÑ³ -enHCakarlubbM)at;vNÑ³epSg²rbs;xøÜnÉgpÞal;. karbgÁab;bBa¢aenH

)aneTACakmµvtßúénkarbkRsayEbøk²BIKña. ksikrmanRTBüsm,tþieRcIn EdlFøab;rYmRbyuT§tsU‘

CamYyBYkExµrRkhmkñúgry³eBls®gÁam k¾RtÚveKsmøab;ecalEdr BIeRBaHCavNÑ³sRtÚv. eKk¾)an

smøab;{BYkGñkcas;} smaCikbkS nigkgT½B edayRkúmRKÜsarCamnusSEdlRtÚveKsgS½y eRBaH

EtmanCab;Bak;B½n§nwgsmaCikénvNÑ³mYyEdlpþl;eRKaHfñak;dl;bdivtþn_. eRkaymk eGog sarI

)anerobrab;BIkartsU‘vNÑ³ b¤{karpøas;bþÚrRTg;RTaysgÁm}enHfa CaeRKaHmhnþraymYyedayKUs

bBa¢ak;fa enAkñúgtMbn;xøH BYkkmµaPi)al nig{BYkGñkcas;} )anRbRBwtþxusKnøgmaKa’edayeFVITukçeTas

nigsmøab;mnusSy:ageRcIn EdlKñaminsmnwgTTYleTasdUecñHesaH5.

edaytRmÚveTAtamsßankarN_enaH bkS)anbiTTVarElgerIsmnusScUl nigbeNþjsmaCikrab;

Ban;nak;rbs;xøÜnecjEfmeTot. kgT½Bk¾RtÚv{e)assm¥at} CYrrbs;xøÜnEdr nig)ansmøab;yuT§CnmYy

cMnYntUc EdlmanvNÑ³edImminl¥.

kñúgsPaBRcbUkRcbl;enH kgT½Brbs;PUmiPaKbUBa’RtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTAkan;tMbn;RBMEdn edIm,ITb;Tl;

nwgkarT®nÞanTIrbs;kgT½BevotNam. bnÞab;BIkarb:HTgÁicKñaRsal²CaeRcInelIk mCÄim)ansþIbenÞas

esa Pwm elxabkSPUmiPaKbUBa’ edayecaTRbkan;fa )anvayBYkevotNamedaysnÞúHxøaMgkøaRCúleBk

ehIy)anbgÁab;Kat;edaydac;xatfa RtÚvElgeFVI[l¥k;kkrdl;{sßirPaBpuyRsYy} EdlseRmcehIy

enAtamRBMEdneLIy.

lT§plcugqñaM )annaMmknUvtYelxsþIBIkarRcÚtkat;enAExFñÚ nigkarRbmUlplminl¥rbs;PUmiPaK

Bay½Bü EdleFVI[bkSxkcitþy:agxøaMg. enAeBlEdlmCÄimseRmcfa kMhusRtÚvFøak;eTAelIBYkkmµa

Pi)alrbs;PUmiPaK BuMEmnmkBIneya)ayelaPln;hYsehturbs;RkúgPñMeBj bkS)anbBa¢a[eFVIkar

e)assm¥atfñak;PUmiPaKCaelIkTIBIreTot. b:uEnþdMbUg² snþisux)anTmøak;kMhuseTAelI kuy FYn edIm,I

bBa©b;kare)assm¥atelIkTImYy7. kuy FYn RtÚv)ancab;xøÜnkalBImYyry³mun b:uEnþ RtÚvedaHElgmYy

vij. enAExmkra qñaM1977 mCÄim)anykKat;eTAdak;KukenATYlEsøg Edlman Duc CaGñkRtÜtRta

BinitüBIelIkareFVITaruNkmµ nigkarsmøab;rUbKat;edaypÞal;. kuy FYn RtÚv)anecaTRbkan; nigrkeXIjfa


Kat;CaPñak;garmñak;rbs; es>GuI>Ga> taMgBIGMLúgTsvtSr_1960BitEmn. eKk¾ykcitþTukdak;RbqaMgnwg

rUbKat; edayelIkBIvNÑ³PaBedImrbs;Kat;CavNÑ³KhbtI.

eKRtÚvkar[BYkGñkmansVamIPkþirbs;bkSeCOelIP½sþútagdak;bnÞúk cEmøkxuseKEdlepþatRbqaMg

nwgemdwknaMmñak; kñúgcMeNamemdwknaMsMxan;²rbs;BYkeK ehIyBYkeKk¾smøab;GñkEdleKecaTenaHEmn.

GMeBIhigSa)ancak;b£sy:ageRCAkñúglkçN³pÞal;rbs;bkS rhUtTal;EtelxabkSPUmiPaKnana emIlBuM

eXIjGVIEdlCaP½sþútagCak;EsþgdUcerOg kuy FYn eLIy KWdwgRtwmEtfa mCÄimGacTmøak;eTaskMhusmk

elIGñkNamñak;k¾)anEdr kñúgcMeNamBYkeKTaMgenH.

bnÞab;BI)anerobcMkare)assm¥atGtItPUmiPaK]tþrmuneKCamYykarsmøab; kuy FYn rYcmk mCÄim

)ancab;epþImeFVIkare)assm¥atPUmiPaKmYyeTot KWPUmiPaKBay½Bü. mþgenH bkS)anehArkkmµaPi)al

rbs;PUmiPaKnirtI edIm,Ikac;bM)ak;kic©snüakarBarKñaeRkApøÚvkarmYy EdlseRmceLIgedayemdwknaM

PUmiPaKbUBa’ nigBay½Bü. mCÄim)anTukelxabkSPUmiPaKBay½BüeQµaH rs; jwm [enAkan;muxtMENgmYy

ry³sin.

KN³dwknaMrbs;bkS )ancat;Ecg[mankaresuIbGegátmYyepSgeTot edayEp¥kelIlkçN³

vinicä½yCahUrEhmYy GMBITwkcitþesµaHRtg;TIéT²BIKña. sBaØadMbUg²énpøas;bþÚrenH RBmTaMgsBaØaepSg²

eTot eKGacrkeXIjenAkñúgsMNuMÉksarCaeRcInEdlmanenAmnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøg8. enAqñaM1976

mnusSEdleK)ansmøab;TaMgb:unµan suT§EtCamnusSenAkñúgrbbcas; ³ kmµkr164nak; nisSit61nak;

sa®sþacarü 35nak; RKÚeBTünigKilanubdæak20nak; visVkr49nak; Gñkrdækar55nak; Tahan209nak;

nigman 47nak; CanisSitnig\sSrCnEdlFøab;rs;enAÉbreTs9. kñúgcMnYnGñksøab; 750nak;

EdlmancuHkñúg bBa¢IenATYlEsøgnaqñaMenaH eKrab;eXIsmaCikbkSEtRbmaNCagdb;BIrnak;b:ueNÑaH.

KWCaqñaMEdlExS bNþajrbs; bu)öaNa RtÚveKeFVITaruNkmµ nigsmøab;ecal.

qñaM1977 )ankMNt;nUvkarpøas;bþÚrmYy bnÞab;BIbkS)andak;ecjmtiENnaMfµI²eTot. cMnYnén

karRbharCIvitBYkemdwknaMkumµúynisþ )aneLIgdl;44nak; ehIycMnYnGñkEdlRtÚvcab;dak;Kukman 61

nak;. kmµkrcMnYn 142nak; RtÚv)ansmøab;ecal ³ BYkkmµkrkMBugrYmbgáCaRbePT EdlRtÚvrgeRKaH

eRcInCageKBIkarkab;smøab;TaMgenH. tYelxTaMgenH )anbgðaj[eXIjBIkarseRmccitþrbs;bkS

edIm,ICMrujkareFVI]sSahUbnIykmµ nigBinitüBic½yBIRbvtþiedImrbs;BYkkmµkredayl¥itl¥n; edIm,IsÞab

sÞg;BI{PkþIPaB}rbs;BYkeK. karseRmccitþenH )annaMeTAdl;karsmøab;vNÑ³GFneTot Edlkñúgnam

énvNÑ³enHehIy EdlkarbdivtþRtÚv)anerobcMeFVIeLIgenaH.


bnÞab;BIBYkkmµkr RbePTEdlRtÚvrgkarb:HBal;xøaMgCageKKW RbePT\sSrCn nignisSit Edlvil

cUlBIbreTsmkvijcMnYn 82nak; -CaRkúmcRmúHEdlFøab;mansmancitþ nwgbuBVehtubdivtþ nigCa

smaCikénrbbsgÁmcas;. enAqñaM1977 sa®sþacarü64nak;epSgeTot RtÚv)ansmøab;ecal.

tmkeTot CaevnBYkemdwknaMkumµúynisþcMnYn61nak; EdleKcab;dak;KukenAkñúgqñaMenaH. kñúgcMnYnGñkEdl

RtÚv)ansmøab;enAkñúgqñaM1977 minsUvmanBYk nisSit buKÁlikrdækar evC¢bNÐit visVkr nigTahaneT.

GñkEdlrYcputBIkarkab;smøab; elIkdMbUgsuT§EtecHsRmbxøÜneTAtamkal³eTs³ edaylak;)aMg

GtþsBaØaNrbs;eKCaerOy².

enAqñaM1978 mankarERbRbÜlfµIeTot ³ elIkenH RbePTBYkemdwknaMkumµúynisþ EdlnaMmuxeK

CamYynwgGñkrgeRKaH107nak;.

bBa¢IrayeQµaHmnusS EdlRtÚvsmøab;enAmnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøg )anebIk»kas[eKRbmaNBI

lkçN³elOnrh½s EdlmitENnaMepSg²rbs; mCÄim RtÚv)anfñak;eRkameKarBy:agBitR)akd. BIr-bI

ExbnÞab;BIbkSseRmccitþTmøak;kMhuseTAelIRbePTfµImYy KWBYkGñkEdleKsgS½y rYcmkeKk¾eXIjman

GñkTaMgenaH Cab;enAkñúgmCÄmNÐlXuMXaMgEdr. ehIyerogral;elIkEdlbkSseRmcrMlaysm½<n§PaB

mYy b¤bMePøcBaküsnüamYy CnTaMgLayEdlkarseRmcenH eFIV[xÞatecjBItMENg enATIbMput )anmk

CYbKñaCafµI edayédeCIgCab;Rcvak;enAmnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøgpg.

sMNMuÉksarrbs;mCÄmNÐlenH k¾bgðaj[eXIjBIkars¥b;ex<ImCnbreTs EdlKµanERbRbÜl

rbs;BYkExµrRkhm Edl)ansmøab;BYkbreTsEbbCaRbB½n§EdleKRsavRCaveXIj enAkñúgRbeTs.

ÉksarepSg²enAmnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøgbgðaj[dwgfa CnCatiéfCaeRcInEdlcab;)anenAkMBg; esam

RtÚv)ansmøab;kñúgmnÞIrXuMXaMgenHenAEx]sPa qñaM1976. RbEhlCaenACMnan;enaH BYkGñkCMnYj

nigBYknisSitCati\NÐa nig):aKIsßank¾RtÚveKRbharCIvitenATIenaHEdr. enAqñaM1978 BYkTahanm:arIn

GaemrikaMg GU®sþalI Gg;eKøs nignUEv:lehSLg; EdlRtÚvcab;xøÜn)anenAkñúgQUgsmuRTéf b¤enAtMbn;

ekaHnanaEk,reqñrsmuRT k¾RtÚveKdwkykmkdak;XuMenATYlEsøg nigRtÚvsmøab;ecalTaMgGs;.

cMnYnGñkrgeRKaHbgðaj[eXIjfa rbbenH)anBwgEp¥kelImnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøgkan;EteRcIneLIg²

fVId,itEtcMnYnenHenAEtminTan;eBjeljk¾eday. eKRtÚvkar[ Duc nigRkúmeBCÄXatrbs;Kat; bgðaj[

eXIjBImUlehtuBiténbraC½yTaMgLayrbs;karbdivtþn_. enAqñaM1976 GñkeTasRbEhlBIrrynak;

)anRtÚveKnaMeTAdak;KukenAmNÐlXuMXaMgenH. enAqñaM1977 mnusSCagR)aMmYyBan;nak; k¾RtÚvnaMeTA

dak;KukenATIenaHEdr ehIyeKvaytémøfa manmnusScMnYndb;BIrBan;nak; )anRtÚveKcab;dak;KukenAqñaM


1978.

ebIsinCabBa¢Ismøab;mnusSR)ab;[dwgBIkarekIneLIgmYynUvcMnYnsmaCikbkS EdleKnaMykeTA

dak;KukenATYlEsøg manEtkarGancemøIysarPaBTaMgLayEdlcRmaj;)anBIBYkCnrgeRKaHmYymux

b:ueNÑaH EdleFIV[eKdwgBIkarKitmémfµI²rbs;bkS. bnÞab;BImnÞIrbkSecjbBa¢a[eFIVkarpøas;bþÚrTisedA

rbs;karbdivtþn_kñúgsm½yRbCuMepSg²enAqñaM1976 BYkeBCÄXatenAmnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøg )ancab;epþIm

sYrcemøIyGñkeTascMeBaH\riyabfrbs;eK cMeBaHRbeTsevotNammþg. BYkemdwknaMx<s;)aneRCIs

erIsbBaða CaBiess enHedIm,Ivinicä½yBIesckþIesµaHRtg;rbs;bNþasmaCikbkS nigEvkmux{sRtÚvbgáb;}

ecjBICYrbkSpg.

bkS)anepþImCECkGMBIbBaðaTak;TgnwgevotNam sþIBIéf¶ExénkarbegáItbkSkumµúynisþkm<úCaeLIg

vij. enHBuMEmnCaerOgmYyEdlminsUvsMxan;enaHeT. kñúgRbvtþisa®sþpøÚvkarEtmYyKt;rbs;bkS Edl

e)aHBum<pSaykñúgry³eBls®gÁamqñaM1973 eK)ankMNt;ykéf¶TI30 ExkBaØa qñaM1951 TukCaéf¶Ex

begáItbkS. éf¶ExenH CakarlayLÚkLMmYyrvagninñakarBIrCaEpøpáaénkarsRmúHsRmÜlEpñkneya)ay

mYy sMedAbRgÜbbRgÜmkmøaMgTaMgGs;rbs;bkS kñúgkic©RbwgERbgeFIVs®gÁam.

enAqñaM1976 bkS)anykcitþTukdak;RbKl;[BYkkumµúynisþkm<úCa nUvKuNbMNac;TaMgGs;én

eCaKC½y nigkareFVIbdivtþ eday)anbBab;erOgenH CamYynwgkarRsuHRsYlKñamYyGMBIéf¶ExkMeNItbkS

Edlyl;RBm[RbeTsevotNam nUvtYnaTId¾sMxan;mYykñúgkarksagclnakumµúynisþenAkm<úCa. mCÄim

manbMNgbdiesFecal]bkarKuN TaMgGs;rbs;BYkevotNam nigcMNgTak;TgTaMgGs;CamYyGtIt

bkSkumµúynisþ\NÐÚcin ehIy)anseRmccitþkat;ecalPaKxøH énRbvtþisa®sþrbs;xøÜn edayykqñaM

1960 CaqñaMénkarbegáItbkS edayeFVI[RkúghaNUyCaGñkeFVIGMeBIl¥eTACaGñkKMramkMEhgvij.

karsRmbsRmÜlKñaGMBIéf¶ExkMeNItbkS kic©RBmeRBógKñaEdlKµanEcgc,as;las; sþIBIRbPB

edImrbs;bkS )anRtÚvbM)at;)anedaygayRsYldUcKñanwgsm<½n§PaBepSg²eTot EdlbegáIt[maneLIg

kñúgsm½ys®gÁamEdr enAeBlNaEdlbkSRtÚvkarkic©KaMRTBIninñakarTaMgGs; nigBIRbeTsevotNam.

edayRbeTsmansnþiPaB mCÄim cg;sakl,geFVIkarbgáehtumYy ¬edayemIlgayfa KURbqaMg Kµan

smtßPaBeFVIGVImYyekIt¦ cMeBaHBYkevotNam edIm,Ibgðaj[eXIjBI]tþmPaBrbs;bdivtþkm<úCaCafµI nig

{bnSúT§} bkS[putBIsmasPaBTaMgGs; EdlsñiT§nwgBYkevotNam.

KWBuMEmn {BYkGñkfµI} eToteT EdlBYkemdwknaMkumµúynisþepþatkarsgS½yeTAelIenaH ehIyRbCaCn

km<úCaEdlFøab;rYmcMENkCYyksagkarbdivtþ )ankøayy:agqab;rh½seTACaGñkrgeRKaHvij. Rbvtþi


sa®sþénkarbdivtþrbs;km<úCa BIeBlenHteTAmanlkçN³dUcRbvtþisa®sþrbs;bkSmYy EdlERbRtLb;

mkRbqaMgnwgsmaCikpÞal;rbs;xøÜnvij -nigRbqaMgnwgmnusSrab;Ban;nak;epSgeTot EdlRtÚv)ansmøab;

kñúgvibtþidUcmnusSqáÜtellaenH.

Duc )ancab;epþImdMNalKñakñúgkarEsVgrkedayx¢ab;x¢ÜneTA elICnEdleKbgS½yBIrRbePT KWBYk

bBaØvnþCasmaCikbkS b¤sac;saelahit nigRbCaCnkm<úCaEdlRtÚvvinicä½yfa CMBak;citþnwgBYkkumµúynisþ

evotNamxøaMgeBk. tamRbEhl eK)ankMNt;kalbriecäTd¾Cak;lak;mYy sRmab;DucedIm,IbegáInel,Ón

RsavRCavrkBYkkumµúynisþ EdlFøab;Tak;TgCamYyBYkevotNam munR)arB§buNüxYbéf¶kMeNItbkSbnþic

EdlRtÚveFVIenAéf¶TI30 ExkBaØa qñaM1976. sm<½n§mitþd¾CitsñiT§bMputrbs;km<úCa KWRbeTscin)anetOn

bgçM[ b:ul Bt Tmøak;r)aMgmuxcuHtaMgBIeBlknøgmkminCayUrb:unµan nig[TTYlsÁal;CasaFarN³fa

RbeTskm<úCa KWdwknaMRKb;RKgedaybkSkumµúynisþmYy.

éf¶TI9 ExkBaØa qñaM1976 em:A esTug )anTTYlmrNPaB. kñúgzan³xøÜnCanaykrdæm®nþIrbs;km<úCa

RbCaFibetyü b:ul Bt )anEføgekatsresIrcMeBaHemdwknaMcinrUbenH tamviTüúCati enAéf¶TI18 Ex

dEdl.karyWtyUr R)aMbYnéf¶enH BuMmankarBnül;bMPøW[dwgeLIy b:uEnþGtßbTénesckþI Eføgrbs; b:ul Bt

)anbgðaj[eXIjP½sþútagmYy ³ CaelIkdMbUgbMput b:ul Bt )anKUsbBa¢ak;fa menaKmviC¢arbs;GgÁkar

BwgEp¥kCasMGagelIlT§im:akS-elnIn. BYkExµrRkhmminEdldak;xøÜn TTYlsÁal;CasaFarN³ GMBIzan³

CaCnkumµúynisþrbs;eKeT b:uEnþ CaesckþIRbkasenHenAEtBuMTan;Cak;lak; nigc,as;las; EdlbNþa

mitþPkþibreTsrbs;Kat;cg;)anBIKat;eT.

sarsMxan;énkarTTYlsarPaBEtBak;kNþalenH RtÚv)aneFVI[elceLIgc,as;RkELtEtBIréf¶

eRkaymkb:ueNÑaH edayRBwtþikarN_BIr KWmYyCaRBwtþkarN_EdleKdwgB¤RKb;Kña mYyeTotsm¶at;. b:ul

Bt )ansuMlaElgBImuxtMENgrbs;Kat;Canaykrdæm®nþI sRmab;mUlehtusuxPaB -tamKat;Rbkas[

dwg- ehIy)ancat;taMg[ nYn Ca eLIgCMnYsKat;CabeNþaHGasnñ EdlCamnusSKYr[eCOTukcitþEtmñak;Kt;

nigCamnusSTIBIrrbs;bkS. enAeBlenaH GtIt saLút s manesrIPaBy:ageBjelj edIm,IKitKUr

BIRBwtþikarN_sMxan;mYyeTot KWkarcab;xøÜn Ekv mas CaemdwknaMkumµúynisþ CaemdwknaMCan;x<s;mñak; kñúg

cMeNamemdwknaMkumµúynisþCan;x<s; EdlkMBugCab;KukenATYlEsøg. enHCaeKaledAvayRbharmYykñúg

kartamEsVgrk nigkemÞcbkSBYkRbqaMgxagneya)ay EdlbkScab;dMeNIrkaredIm,IRbqaMgnwg {bNþa

smmitþ} rbs;evotNam10.


Ekv mas CaGtItGñkRbyuT§ts‘UeCIgcas;mñak;kñúgsm½ys®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTImYy enAeBlEdl

Kat;)ansuMcUlCasmaCikbkSkumµúynisþ\NÐÚcin EdlRtÜtRtaedayBYkevotNam. KWrUbKat;enHEdr

EdlCaGñkerobcM cat;EcgBYkbuKÁlikenAsßanIyrfePøIgRkúgPñMeBj [mandMeNIrkareLIg bnÞab;BIs®gÁam

enaHputrlt;eTA ehIyKat;)andwknaMKN³kmµaFikarbkSRbcaMraCFanIeTot. enAqñaM1958 Kat;)ancak

ecjBITIRkúg edIm,IePosxøÜnenATIkEnøgEdlmansnþisuxRKb;RKan; ehIymuxtMENgrbs;Kat;RtÚv)an b:ul

Bt kan;CMnYsvij. kñúgmhasnñi)atbkSqñaM1960 Ekv mas )anCab;eQµaHcUlkñúgKN³kmµkarmCÄim

bkS ehIyebITukCaKat;BuMRtÚv)aneRCIserIseLIgvij bnÞab;BImankarerIruHenAqñaM1963 k¾eday

k¾Kat;enAEtCa\sSrCnd¾sMxan;mñak;rbs;bkSdEdl.

vasMxan;Nas; nigéføfñÚrNas; EdleKeCOTukcitþ[Kat;r:ab;rgbnÞúktak;EtgRbvtþisa®sþbkS

kumµúynisþkm<úCaelIkdMbUgmYy EdlGaclµmTTYlyk)an. kñúgmuxgarenH Kat;)anRbmUlskçIPaB

TaMgGs;rbs;BYkemdwknaMCan;x<s; rYmTaMg b:ul Bt pg ehIy)anyl;c,as;BIplEdleKGacQaneTA

dl;karRsuHRsYlmYyGMBIéf¶ExbegáItbkSEfmeTot11. KWeRBaHEtmUlehtuenHehIy EdlKat;RtÚv)an

cab;xøÜn nignaMeTAdak;KukenATYlEsøgry³eBlCagdb;BIrqñaMeRkaymk ³ edIm,IbMPøWBIkarRsuHRsYlKña

kñúgcemøIysarPaBCabnþbnÞab;mYy edIm,IecaTRbkan;xøÜnÉgEdl)ancrcaBIerOgenH edIm,InwgGUsTaj

bkS[Føak;kñúgkarXubXitKñaCasm¶at;mYy sMedAbiT)aMgGtßiPaBénbkSsm¶at;RsbKñamYy EdlRKb;RKg

edayRbeTsevotNam.

karecaTRbkan;TaMgenH RtÚv)anerobcMy:agl¥itl¥n;edaykarRbDithYsRbmaNmYy b:uEnþ Rbkb

edayeKaledACak;lak;mYy EdlkøayeTACaCak;EsþgeRkayBIenHbnþic. kñúgcemøIysarPaBdMbUg²

rbs;Kat; EdlKat;sresrmuneBleKminTan;bgçM[Kat;TTYlsÁal;BiruT§PaBrbs;xøÜn eRkamkareFVITaruNkmµ

Ek mas enAEtniyaykan;eCIg b:ul Bt nigRkúmkumµúynisþ EdlsßitenAEtkñúgRbeTskm<úCaeRkayqñaM

1954Canic©. {mhasnñi)atqñaM1960enAkñúgRbeTs RtÚv)aneKsnµtfa CaqñaMénkarbegáItbkS>>>.

ebIsinCaeKBinitübBaðaenH[ditdl; eKkt;smÁal;fa BImunmk BuMEdlmanebIkeFVImhasnñi)ateT ehIy

eKGaccat;Tukmhasnñi)atqñaM1960 faCamhasnñi)atbkSdMbUgeK.

kñúgcemøIysarPaBrbs;Kat;cuHéf¶TI30 ExkBaØa qñaM1976 Ekv mas )anbBa¢ak;y:agc,as;BI

Rbvtþi énkarRsuHRsYlKñaGMBIkalbriecäTenHfa {eK)anseRmcRbkan;ykéf¶TI30 ExkBaØa ¬Caéf¶Et

mYyEdlmhasnñi)atqñaM1960ebIkRbCuM¦ ehIyqñaM1951 KWCaqñaMEdlmancat;taMgbegáItKN³kmµa

Fikar ekNÐRbmUlkmøaMgedIm,IbegáItbkS}.


Ekv mas )anbBa¢ak;fa karsRmbsRmÜlKñaenHBuMmanpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_dl;smaCikNamñak; b¤

clnaNamYyrbs;bkSeLIy b:uEnþ edIm,IbRgÜbbRgÜm {BYkqñaM1951} nig{BYkqñaM1960}Etb:ueNÑaH

niyaymü:ageTot KWBYkGñkEdlecjdMeNIreTAhaNUy bnÞab;BImankic©RBmeRBógRkúghSWENv nigBYkG

ñkEdlsßitenAEtkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. Kat;)anerobrab;tamlMdab;lMeday GMBImUlehtuepSg² Edlfa

mhasnñi)atqñaM1951 BuM)anbegáItbkSenAeLIyeT b:uEnþ RKan;EtbegáItKN³kmµaFikarmYy b:ueNÑaH.

erOgTaMgGs;enH RbEhlCaGacrkeXIj edaykartamdany:agykcitþTukdak;rbs; b:ul Bt b:uEnþ

bkSBuMEmnEsVgrkkarBitCaRbvtþisa®sþeT KWbkScg;rk[eXIjkarrYbrYmKMnitk,t;mYy.

enATIbMput edayRtÚveFVI[QWcab;kñúgcitþ Ekv mas )anniyayeLIgvijBIesckþIEføgmun² ehIy

)anGHGagfa karsRmbsRmÜlKñaenH BuMEmnCakarRbwgERbgeTogRtg;mYy edIm,IpSHpSaninñakarTaMgBIr

enaHeT b:uEnþ KWCakarrYmKMnitk,t;mYy edIm,IbMpøajPaBRtwmRtÚvtamc,ab; rbs;bkSkumµúynisþrbs;km<úCa

eTAvij. CamYynwgcemøIysarPaBrbs; Ekv mas kñúgédRsab; b:ul Bt nigKN³dwknaMbkSGaccat;Ecg

[eFVIkarpøas;bþÚrkalbriecäTéf¶begáItbkSCafµI. bnÞab;mk Ekv mas )anRtÚveKykeTAsmøab;ecal.

edIm,IRbkasBIGtþsBaØaNkumµúynisþrbs;eK -dUcEdlRbeTscin)anesñI[eKeFVIdUecñH- BYkem

dwknaM bkS RtÚvkarEvkmux nigkemÞcbNþasmaCikEdlsßitkñúgkarrYmKMnitk,t;rbs; Ekv mas [Gs;Ca

munsin. ÉksarmYyrbs;bkS )anniyayGMBIkarekobsgát;CaeRcInrbs;bkS{Cabgb¥Ún}Edr enAeBl

RbkasCasaFarN³BIGtßiPaBrbs;bkS. {enAExkBaØa nigExtula qñaM1976 eyIgehobnwgseRmccitþ

beBa©j[eKdwgBIGtþsBaØaNrbs;eyIgeTAehI. b:uEnþeRkaymk ÉksarepSg²)anbgðajfa BYksRtÚv

rbs;eyIg)anb:unb:gvayRbharmkelIeyIg edayeRbImeFüa)ayRKb;Ebby:agTaMgGs; EdlBYkeK

erobbRmúgCaeRsc12}.

CamnusSGaf’kM)aMgedaysarcritBIkMeNIt nig b:ul Bt RbEhlCaeRbIR)as;cemøIysarPaB

TaMgGM)anm:anrbs; Ekv mas sRmab;eFVICaeKalbEg¥kkñúgkarseRmccitþlak;muxrbs;Kat;BIeRkay

{GgÁkar}teTAeTotehIyemIleTA. eKGacsnñidæanfa GtIt saLút s nigBYkemdwknaMÉeTot² énbkS

kumµúynisþkm<úCaBuMcg;beBa©jmux[eKdwgeT ehIyecaTRbkan;BIcMNgTak;Tgrbs;BYkeK CamYyevotNam

eLIgvijmuneBlEdlTukcitþR)akdfa RbeTscinbnÞab;BI em:A nwgenAbnþkarKaMRTRbeTskm<úCadEdl.kñúg

kMLúgry³kalenH BYkGñktMNagrbs;rbbenH )anykcitþTukdak;BRgwgCMhrrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü

enAkñúgBiPBelakTaMgmUl. exov sMpn EdlkøayeTACaRbFanKN³RbFanrdæ )aneTAcUlrYmsnñisIT

kMBUlRbeTsmincUlbkSsm<½n§ enATIRkúgkULMúbU ¬rdæFanIRbeTsRsIlgáa¦ CaTIEdlKat;)anRbkan;


b£kBaCaGñkkarTUtrbs;RbeTsmYy EdlRbqaMgdac;xatmincUlrYmkñúgbøúkNamYyeLIy. Kat;BuM)anrYm

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kMNt;rbs;GñkERbsRmÜl] edIm,IbegáIttMbn;snþiPaB esrIPaB nigGBüaRkwtmYyenAGasuIGaeKñy_eLIy.

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EdlsßitenAeRkamkarkan;kab;rbs;RbeTs\NÐÚensuIeTAvij.

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enAtamRbeTskumµúynisþCaeRcIn dUcCa Gal;)anI kUer:xageCIg evotNam nigLav. RbeTsevotNam

nigkm<úCa )anRBmeRBógKñaerobcM[mankarTak;TgtampøÚvGakasCaRbRktI rvagRbeTsTaMgBIr. enAkñúg

kMLúgqñaMdMbUgénkarkan;GMNacrbs;eK BYkExµrRkhmhak;dUcCacg;kMNt;edayc,as;las;nUvCMhrEpñk

karTUtpÞal;rbs;eK EdlCaCMhrÉkraCümincMNuHRbeTscin nigevotNam b:uEnþ k¾KµanRbqaMgnwgRbeTs

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mYyrbs;cin bnÞab;BImrNPaBrbs; em:A enaHehIyemIleTA.

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GñkNamYyh‘anRbqaMgCMTas;nwg b:ul Bt enAkñúgkal³eTs³enH. elxabkSPUmiPaKd¾manGMNacbMputKW

esa Pwm énPUmiPaKbUB’a )anrYcshkary:ageBjTMhwg kñúgkare)assm¥atGtItPUmiPaK]tþr Edl

seRmcedaymCÄim. tam:uk énPUmiPaKnirtI EdlCaelxabkSd¾manGMNacsMxan;Nas;Edr bnÞab;BI esa

Pwm k¾Føab;)ancUlrYmkñúgkarCemøós {BYkGñkfµI} y:ageRcInecjBItMbn;rbs;Kat;eTAkan;PUmiPaKBay½Bü

Edr. tamcemøIysakSICaeRcInEdlykCakar)an KN³elxamCÄimbkS )anGnum½tyl;RBmmtiENnaM

TaMgGs;rbs; b:ul Bt rhUtmkdl;kalbriecäTenH. [smaCikénKN³elxaénKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkS

munkare)assm¥atqñaM1978 rYmman b:ul Bt/ nYn Ca/ tam:uk/ esa Pwm/ eGog sarI/ v:n ev:t/

sun esn nigtakW ¬énbBa¢akardæankgT½BPUmiPaKBay½Bü¦. enAcugqñaM1978 takW/ v:n ev:t nig esa Pwm

RtÚv)ansmøab;tambBa¢arbs;smmitþxøÜnkñúgKN³elxamCÄim].


ebIBinitüemIltamsPaBxageRkA TMnak;TMngepSg²CamYyRbeTsevotNam mansPaBl¥RbesIr

³ pøÚvGakasmYy )anP¢ab;TIRkúgPñMeBjeTATIRkúghUCImij ¬GtItRkúgéRBnKr¦ ehIy]b,tþiehtuepSg² enA

tamRBMEdn k¾minsUvmanjwkjab;Edr. RbeTsTaMgBIr )ancat;TukshrdæGaemrik CasRtÚvsMxan;bMput

ehIy eGogsarI )aneFVIesckþIEføgkarN_mYyenAGgÁkarshRbCaCati kñúgn½yenHEdr edayecaTRbkan;

shrdæGaemrikfa enAEtbnþnaMmuxeFVI{skmµPaB]Rkidæ}epSg² RbqaMgnwgRbCaCnkm<úCaeTot. BYkevot

NameTIbnwgRtÚveKTTYlsÁal;[cUlGgÁkarmUlniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati fVIebImankarRbqaMgBIGaemrikaMg

k¾eday.

ehtuenH vaBuMmanmUlehtusmRsbNamYy edIm,Icat;EcgeFVIkarRsavRCav nigkemÞcbkSBYk

RbqaMgxagneya)ayCasm¶at;enAkñúgépÞbkSeLIy. RbeTsevotNamminsEmþg[eXIjlkçN³KMram

kMEhgxøaMgCageKeT ehIymü:ageTot k¾BuMmankarExVgKMnitedaycMhkñúgépÞbkSEdr. tamdMeNIrsmCaBit

TaMgGs; dMNak;kalenH KWCa]TahrN_mYyeTot énkarKitGMBl;BIerOgGMNac nigkarlak;karN_ Edl

eFVI[mCÄimekItTukedaysarva. bkS)ansmøab;PaKeRcInén{BYkkumµúynisþqñaM1951} enAeBlEdl

BYkenHvilRtLb;BIevotNamxageCIgmkvij kñúgry³eBls®gÁam. ehtuenH b:ul Bt nigRkúmemdwknaM

mYykþab;tUc KµaneXIjmUlehtuNamYy edIm,IkSanUvkarsRmbsRmÜlKña ¬EdleKRKan;Etsnµt¦

sþIBIkarkalbriecäTénkarbegáItbkSeToteT. ehIyedaypøas;bþÚrkalbriecäTenH bkS)anRbkas[dwg

CasaFarN³fa mCÄim )anekþabkþab;GMNacpþac;karrbs;xøÜnelIkarbdivtþn_y:agBitR)akdehIy.

Duc )aneRbIeBlGs;mYyqñaMeTot tamry³kareFVITaruNkmµedIm,ITTYl)an {P½sþútagepSg²}

GMBIbkSsm¶at;rbs;km<úCaEdlRKb;RKgedayBYkevotNamenH. Duc RbmUl)anP½sþútagkñúgcMnYnmYy

y:agRKb;RKan; sRmab;karR)arB§buNüxYbkMeNItbkSenAqñaM1977 Edlkñúg»kasenaH b:ul Bt

)anRbkasCapøÚvkarfa bkSkumµúynisþkm<úCa KWCaGñkkan;GMNacenARbeTskm<úCa.

kardak;[GnuvtþnUvKeRmagkard¾FMmYyeTotrbs; Duc -Evkmux nigkemÞcsmasPaBKhbtI nig

bBaØv½n kñúgCYrbkS-)anTTYleCaKC½ydUcKña.

PaKeRcInénKMnit nigskmµPaBepSg²rbs;KN³dwknaMbkS eRcInEtminsmehtupl cEmøkKYr[

q¶l; ebIKittamlkçN³vinicä½yFmµta nigEdlTak;TgnwgmnusS. b:uEnþ karRbRBwtþxusKnøgenH manrebob

Gnuvtþmü:agedayELkrbs;va EdleKrkeXIjkñúgÉksarepSg²enAmnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøg nigÉksar

sm¶at;rbs;bkS. b:uEnþ kñúgRkbx½NÐénrebobGnuvtþeTAmü:agedayELk Edlsmøab;mnusSedayectna


enH edayRtÚvkar[CnCatikm<úCaEdlrs;enAÉnaysmuRT vilRtLb;cUlmkRbeTsvijtamBaküsuM

rbs;mCÄimhak;dUcCaminTMngTal;EtesaH.

enAqñaM1975 nig1976 \sSrCnCaeRcIndUcCa CYn RbsiT§i CaedIm )ansEmþg[eXIjkarRbwg

ERbgCaeRcInkñúgeKalbMNgeFVIGVImYy edIm,IbBa©úHbBa©Úl[CnCatikm<úCaEdlkMBugrs;enAÉbreTs

RtLb;cUlmkRbeTsvij nigrYmcMENkCYykarbdivtþn_. BYkbBaØvnþ nigGñkmanviC¢aCIv³esrI EdlFøab;

KaMRTsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nigExµrRkhmkñúgsm½ys®gÁam )aneqøIytbnwgkarGMBavnavenH. GñkxøH

kñúgcMeNamenaH Føab;)anB¤karniyayBIkarkab;smøab;mnusSedayRBav² nigkarGt;Xøan kardMNal

rbs;RbCaCnCaeRcIn Edlrt;ePosxøÜneTARbeTséfEdr b:uEnþBYkeKminRBmeCOeT edaycat;TukfaCakar

eXasnae)akR)as;. PaKeRcInénCnCatikm<úCaTaMgenH BuMEmnCasmaCikbkSeT b:uEnþ CaGñkmansman

citþFmµta EdlmanbMNgfa karbdivtþsgÁmniymc,as;CaeFVI[RbeTseKpøas;sPaBRTg;RTay nigeFVI[

eCaKvasnarbs;xøÜn)anRbesIrCagmunminxan.

BYkeK)anlHbg;muxrbr nigRKÜsarrbs;eKEdlrs;enAshrdæGaemrik RbeTs)araMg kaNada b¤

bNþaRbeTsGWr:ubxagekIt ¬eBlenaHCaRbeTsenAkan;lT§ikumµúynisþenAeLIy eTIbmkdl;qñaM1990

erogrhUtmk eTIbRbeTsTaMgenaH )anpøas;bþÚrRbB½n§neya)ayrbs;xøÜn CaRbeTskan;lT§iRbCaFib

etyütamEbbbs©imRbeTsvij¦. BYkeKsuxcitþe)aHbg;muxtMENgTUtrbs;eKenAmCÄwmbUBa’ b¤enAGasuI

nigbNþaRbeTskumµúynisþ nigminEmnkumµúynisþ EdlBYkeKFøab;eFVICatMNagbuBVehturNsirSrYbrYmCati

km<úCakñúgsm½ys®gÁam. ehIyBYkeK)anvilRtLb;mkRkúgPñMeBjvij sRmab;Et[eKcat;TukCa

\sSrCnEdleKsgS½y b¤CamnusSk,t;b:ueNÑaH.

GñkkarTUtmYyRkúm EdleKehA[RtLb;mkRkúgPñMeBjvijenAqñaM1976 RtÚv)aneKdwkBIGakas

yandæaneBacintug eTAkan;mnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøgCabnÞan; CaTIEdlGñkTaMgenaHRtÚveKeFVITaruNkmµ nig

RbharCIvitecal. BYkeKRtÚvkat;eTassmøab;ecal BIeRBaHEtBYkeKFøab;rs;enAÉbreTs dUecñH

{KWenAedayELkBIclnaehIy13} BYkeKsuT§EtmanTmøab;epþspþasedaykaresBKb;. kars¥b;Cn

breTsrbs;ExµrRkhm)anekInrwtEtxøaMeLIgKµanQb;Qr.

BYkbBaØvnþ nigGñkmanviC¢aCIv³esrI rYmbgáCaRkúmCnCatikm<úCaCaeRcInCageK EdlRtLb;BIbreTs

mkmatuRbeTsvij ehIy)anTTYlkareFVIbdisNæarkic©y:agRbesIrmYyenAeBlmkdl;dMbUg. kñúg

cMeNamenaHman RTI em:gh‘Yt14mñak;Edr EdlFøab;)anrYmcMENkeFVIskmµPaBneya)ayy:agskmµ edIm,I

buBVehtu{sgÁmniym} enATIRkúg):arIskñúgeBlRbeTsmans®gÁam edaylHbg;karsikSa nigsuxPaB


rbs;Kat; edIm,Ikarbdivtþn_mYy EdlnwgnaMmknUvyutþiFm’ nigesrIPaBsRmab;RbeTsKat;. Kat;)anvil

mkRkúgPñMeBjvijenAcugqñaM1975 eRBaHRtÚveFVI[eRsIbcitþxøaMgedayTsSnvis½ymYy edIm,IksaglT§i

sgÁmniymenARbeTskm<úCa. Kat;yl;c,as;BIkarPan;RcLMrbs;Kat; taMgeBlKat;mkdl;Gakas

yandæaneBacintugemø:H.

{BYkeyIgRtLb;mkRbeTsvijCuMKñaTaMgGs; -BYkbBaØvnþmkBIRbeTs)araMg rUm:anI Gg;eKøs

nigGaemrik>>>. BYkeK ¬BYkExµrRkhm¦ )anGnuBaØat[KUsVamIPriyaCatibreTsEtmñak;Kt; tammk

CamYybþIrbs;nag edaysarkareFVIGnþraKmn_rbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu pg ¬EdlenAEtCaemdwknaM

rdæaPi)alrNsirSmanEteQµaH b:uEnþ\tGMNacenAeLIy¦}.

TIRkúgPñMeBjEdl h‘Yt )aneXIjeLIgvij bnÞab;BIkarrs;enAR)aMbYnqñaMenAbreTs ElgCaTIRkúg

EdlKat;Føab;rkSaGnusSavrIy_eTotehIy. {TIRkúgmansPaBERbRbÜlxøaMgEmnETn rhUtdl;eFVI[´

Rsyutcitþy:agxøaMg. tam´nwkKit TIRkúgEdlpøas;bþÚreRcIndUecñH RbEhlBIeRBaHrbbfµImincg;[man

PaBxusKñaxøaMgeBkrvagBYkGñkman nigBYkGñkRkehIyemIleTA}.

h‘Yt manGayusamsibqñaM. tamBaküsmþIpÞal;rbs;Kat;fa Kat;Ca{skmµCn}mñak; énclna

sgÁmniym CanisSitRkIRkmñak; Edlts‘UTb;Tl;nwgCIvPaBy:agRtdabRtdYs edIm,IbuBVehtubdivtþ

eTaHbICaRklM)aky:agNak¾eday. erOgGs;enH dUcCaKµan)anplRbeyaCn_GVIbnþicesaH kñúgkarsak

l,grbs;Kat;knøgmk eBlEdlKat;cab;epþImnwkRBÜy)armÖtaMgBIkarmkdl;rbs;Kat;kñúgrdæFanIemø:H.

exov sMpn RtÚv)ancat;taMg[mkeFVIkarGb;rMxagneya)aymYy dl;BYkbBaØvnþEdleTIbnwgcuHBI

ynþehaHTaMgenH. kñúgcMeNammnusSTaMgbIrynak; BYkeKRtÚv)an[sñak;enAtambnÞb;epSg² énGtIt

sklviTüal½ybec©keTsmitþPaBExµr-sUevot. exov sMpn )anniyayeTAkan;BYkenHfa {eyIgsuT§Et

esµIPaBKña. mnusSTaMgGs;RtÚvEteFVIkar. kñúgRbeTsBuMmanRsUvGgáreRcIneT. karbdivtþn_ CakatBVkic©

rYmKñanwgBYkcin.

exov sMpn BuMmanelIkniyayBIRbeTsevotNameT. karGb;rMneya)ay)ancb;RtwmenH ehIy

kargar)ancab;epþImPøamedayKµanbEg¥bg¥g;eLIy. h‘Yt )andMNalfa {BYkbBaØvnþ RtÚveKdak;[sñak;enA

kñúg{eragbeNþaHGasnñCaeRcIn EdlmanmnusSeBjENn dUcCMrMBYkGñkePosxøÜnEdr} ehIyeK[GñkTaMg

enHeFVIkardb;BIrem:agkñúgmYyéf¶ edaydaMRsUv nigbEnøbgáarepSg². BYkeyIgsuT§EtRtÚveKeFVI[

xUcTwkctiþTaMgRsug. eyIgTaMgGs; suT§EtmanbBaðaxagsuxPaB nigpøÚvcitþ. ´minEdlnwkKitfa erOgenH

GacekItmancMeBaHrub´esaH. ´Kitfa nwgeFVIGVI²RKb;Ebby:ag edIm,IRbeTsrbs;´ b:uEnþ BuMEmndaMRsUv


b¤daMés<eBj²mYyqñaMG‘ÍcwgeT}.

h‘Yt )ansnñidæanfa enAcugqñaM1976 manBYkbBaØvnþBIR)aMryeTAR)aMmYyrynak; enAeFVIkar nigrs;

enACamYyKña kñúgtMbn;CuMvijTIRkúgPñMeBj dac;ELkBIRbCaCnTaMgGs;. h‘Yt enAnwkeXIjfa BYkGñkEdl

RtLb;BIshrdæGaemrikmkvij RtÚveKykeTAdak;[rs;rwtEtq¶ayBIeKBIÉgeTAeTotnaqñaMdEdlenaH. KW

enACMnan;enaHehIy Edl h‘Yt nigBYkbBaØvnþdéTeTot RtÚveKcat;[eTAenAeFVIkarkñúgEpñkmYyenAeRkamkar

RKb;RKgpÞal;rbs;RksYg]sSahkmµ ebItamKat;sµan KWedIm,ICMnYskmµkrRbmaNCadb;nak;EdlRtÚveK

smøab;kñúgeBlfµI²enAmnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøgenaHehIy. h‘Yt enAeFVIkarkñúgeragcRksøEdkelx7 tam

mat;Tenø)asak; ehIy)anemIleXIjBIcm¶aynUvrebobrbbrs;enArbs;bNþasmaCikénvN³Gñkman

ÉksiT§ieTotpg.

BYkGñkRtÜtkar nigBYkkmµkarsuT§EtCakmµaPi)alExµrRkhm. h‘Yt erobrab;fa {enAPñMeBjBYkeK

sñak;enAEk,rkEnøgrs;enArbs;eyIgEdr. BYkeKeFVIkarCamYyeyIg b:uEnþ briePaKy:agRKb;RKan;enA

eBlEdleyIghUbEtbbrravb:ueNÑaH. enHBuMEmnCasmPaBeT EdlBYkkmµaPi)alrs;enA nighUbcuk

RbesIrCageyIgeTAeTot. erOgenHvaminsMxan;b:unµaneTkalebI´mindwgsøab; b¤rs;enaH. etI´GacGYtxøÜn

beRmIRbeTs´dUcemþceTA?.

RTI em:gh‘Yt nigbBaØvnþdéTeTot )ancMNayeBlevlad¾sMxan;bMputkñúgCIviteBjv½yrbs;eK

edIm,IsikSaBIbBaðaepSg²Edl\LÚvenH RbeTskm<úCakMBugRbQmmux -etIRtÚveRbIR)as;[Gs;lT§PaB

nUvRbPBFnFand¾sþÜcesþIgrbs;xøÜn RtÚveFVITMenIbkmµksikmµ nig]sSahkmµ edayminBwgEp¥kshRKas

cRmúHCati b¤mhaGMNacbreTsnanaedayrebobNaeTA?. etIRtÚveRbImeFüa)ayEbbNa edIm,IjúaMg

[RbCaCneCOfa kargar nigkareFVIBlIkmµepSg² Edlpþl;[kñúgdMNak;kaldMbUgénkarbdivtþn_ c,as;Ca

TTYl)anlT§plkñúgkarEklm¥CIvPaBrs;enARbesIrCagmunmYy nigeFVI[manÉkraCüeBjeljdUcemþc

eTA?. b:uEnþ eK)anhamXat;min[eRbIR)as;karecHdwgrbs;eKeLIy. karsikSaRsavRCavrbs;BYkeK

)ankøayeTACarbs;EdleKsgS½yeTAvij. BYkeKetagEtlublageTasedayTTYlTNÐkmµ eFVIkargar

bBaØvnþCaeRcInqñaM EdlBYkeKRtÚvbMeBjedIm,IBYkExµrRkhm. h‘Yt EdlFøab;eCOfa GackøayeTACa

smaCikbkSkan;GMNacenaH enAeBlenHeTIbdwgxøÜnfa CaTaskrrbs;bkSeTAvijesaH. manEt

RbCaCnkm<úCaEdlmanvNÑ³PaBedImRtwmRtÚvmYycMnYnb:ueNÑaH EdleKcat;TukCamuxsBaØal¥kñúgkar

eRtómbBa©ÚlkñúgbkS. tambBa¢arbs;KN³elxamCÄim sun esn nig Duc )anykcitþTukdak;km©at;

smasPaBKhbtIecjBIkñúgépÞbkS BuMEmnbegáIncMnYnsmaCikbkSeT.


enAqñaM1977 BYkkumµúynisþ)ancab;epþImdak;Kuk nigsmøab;BYkbBaØvnþ BYkm®nþI EdlRtLb;mkBI

breTsGs;mYycMnYn -bBaØvnþ148nak; EdlmaneQµaHkñúgsMNuMÉksarenAmnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøg

nigGñkdéTEdlRtÚveKsmøab;Pøam²taMgBIdMbUg b¤Edl{)at;xøÜn}.

GñkrgeRKaHfµI²TaMgenH RtÚvsresrerobrab;BI {ExSbNþaj}rbs;eK EdlCaGñksmKMnit -enH

Carebobcat;EcgfµI edIm,Irk[eXIj {sm,úkcarburs} kñúgRbeTsTaMgmUl ehIytam sarI fa bBaðaenH

RtÚv)anGnum½tyl;RBmtaMgBIqñaM1976emø:H. TsSn³GMBI{ExSbNþaj}enH KWCarebobmYyEdlepSg

BIrebobcat;Ecgrbs; sþalIn edaysarfa bNþamitþPkþi «Bukmþay nigshkarIrYmkargar Edlman

ninñakardUcKña RtÚv)anvinicä½yCaGñkmaneTas BIbTsmKMnitCamYynwgGñkCab;ecaT.

rebobcat;EcgrkExSbNþajrYmKMnitk,t; )aneTACabBaðasñÚlrbs;mNÐlsnþisux EdlerobcM

eLIgeday Duc nigbkS edIm,Icab;epþImeFVIkare)assm¥atepSg² TaMgmUl. BYkemdwknaMbkS xitxM

RsavRCavrkrebobcat;Ecgd¾l¥\tex©aH EdlBYkxµaMgsRtÚvbiT)aMg edIm,IbMpøaj[dl;b£sKl;nUvkic©Rbwg

ERbgrbs;RbCaCn ehIyenATIbMput bMpøajkarbdivtþn_EfmeTot. tamkar[dwgrbs; eGog sarI15

fa

ebIsinCamnusSbInak;ecaTRbkan;mnusSTIbYn mñak;fa)anrYmKMnitRbqaMgnwgrbb nigCasmaCikén{ExS

bNþaj}mYyCnenHnwgRtÚveKsnµtfa CaGñkmaneTas ehIyGacRtÚvcab;xøÜneTot.sarI )anbBa¢ak;fa ³

ebIsinmnusSbInak;GHGagfa mñak;kñúgcMeNamBYkeKCaPñak;gar es>GuI>Ga> b¤ ka>ehS>eb> Gñkmñak;enaH

k¾RtÚvcab;xøÜnEdr}.

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elIbBa¢IrayeQµaHerOgepSg². BYkeKBuMh‘anbgðajxøÜn CaeBCÄXatsamBaØ EdlkMBugsmøab;KURbECg

b¤xµaMgsRtÚvy:agKµanrMePIbenaHeT. BYkeK)ancat;Ecgkarsmøab;Etm:üagKt; KWbnÞab;BIBYkGñkeTasTTYl

{sarPaB}fa xøÜnCaedImehtuénbBaðaepSg² EdlecaTeLIgcMeBaHkarbdivtþn_. kareFVITaruNkmµ nigkar

smøab; RtÚv)aneKcat;Tukfa CaviFImYyEdlmanlkçN³caM)ac;xanmin)an edIm,IRsavrkExSbNþaj

epSg². mnusSPaKeRcInénmnusSEdlmanerobrab;kñúgcMnYnExSbNþajbBaØvnþTaMgenH suT§EtCabuKÁlik

eFVIkarenARksYgkarbreTs kñúgenaHmanTaMg CYn RbsiT§i pg. RksYgenH CaeKaledAFMmYy kñúgcMeNam

eKaledAsMxan;²énrlke)assm¥atCaelIkdMbUg RbqaMgnwgvNÑ³GnuFn BIeRBaHfa KµanRksYgNamYy

epSgeTot manGtItbBaØvnþeRcIndUcRksYgenHeT. PaKeRcInénBYknisSit nigsa®sþacarü RKÚbeRgón

EdlRtLb;mkBIbreTseRkayqñaM1975 suT§EtsÁal;rab;GanmnusSEdleFVIkarenARksYgkarbreTs

CaBiess RbsiT§i nig eGog sarI ehIyGñkTaMgenaH )anrYmeFVIkarCamYyGñkTaMgBIrnak;enHeTotpg.


\sSrCnbkSmñak; kñúgcMeNam\sSrCn dMbUg²rbs;bkS EdleKykeTAdak;KukenATYlEsøg naExkumÖ³

qñaM1976 KWCam®nþICan;x<s;mñak;enARksYgenH.

mü:ageTot RksYgkarbreTs )anRtÚveKcRmaj;ykBYkGñkminl¥ecjCab;CaRbcaM eBjzir³evla

énsm½ykalExµrRkhm fVIebI eGog sarI CaemdwknaMenARksYgenHk¾eday. edayBiteTA eGog sarI )an

lak;bMBYnbBaØvnþ EdlmancMeNHviC¢ax<s;² BYkmnusSRbúsRsI EdlFøab;cMNayeBlevlaCaeRcInqñaM

enAbreTs k¾dUcenAkñúgéRBPñMEdr. sarI )ansEmþg[eXIjfa Kat;KµansmtßPaBkarBarBYkGñkTaMgenaH

)aneT ehIyk¾BuMGacbBa¢ÚnBYkenaHeTAbreTsvijEdr. nYn Ca )anbdiesFminRBmpþl;Tidæakar[ecj

sRmab;kmµaPi)almYycMnYn Edl sarI )anesñIsuMsRmab;muxtMENgkarTUtmYyenAbreTseLIy16. kñúg

r)aykarN_dMNac;qñaM1976 emdwknaMmñak; )anniyayt¥ÚjEt¥rBIkarBuMmankmµaPi)alecHdwgRKb;RKan;

sRmab;bBa¢ÚneTAbreTsfa ³ {karxVHxatEtmYyKt;rbs;eyIgenAbreTs KWkarKµankmµaPi)alEdlGac

eFVIkarkñúgvis½yTMnak;TMngenAeRkARbeTs. GñkxøHEdlvilBIbreTs RtÚveyIgdkecjBIclnabdivtþ.

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xøa nigRkeBI 389

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xøa nigRkeBI 393

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lak;xøÜn nigRbmUlpþúMkgT½Brbs;Kat;eLIgvij. enAqñaM1970 enAeBlEdlBYkevotNamT®nÞancUlmkkñúg

TwkdIkm<úCaTaMghVÚg²enaH esa Pwm nigkgT½Brbs;Kat; )anvayRbyuT§Rbekoksµa CamYynwgBYkenaHEdr.

CamYyBYkevotNam Pwm )anbgðaj[eXIjfa Kat;CaGñkcrcad¾cMNanmñak; edaymin Edlyl;


RBmtamsMeNIrbs;evotNam edIm,IbegáItbBa¢akardæancRmúHrvagkgT½BevotNam nigExµrTal;Et

esaH. Pwm ecHeqøótTajykRbeyaCn_Pøam²mYy BIsßanPaBEdlkgT½BRkúghaNUy kMBugeFVIkar

RbyuT§CaKuNRbeyaCn_sRmab;kgT½BExµrRkhm. BYkevotNam)anpþl;GavuF EdleKvayyk)anBI

sRtÚveTA[Kat;TaMgGs; ehIypþl;»kas[PUmiPaKbUBa’erobcMbegáItkgT½BpÞal;rbs;xøÜneTotpg. b:uEnþ

enAeBlEdl b:ul Bt bBa¢a[Kat;smøab;BYkkumµúynisþExµr EdlvilRtLb;BIRkúghaNUymkvijCamYy

kgT½BevotNam Pwm )aneFVItamCabnÞan;.

bnÞab;BIC½yCmñH Kat;enArkSaTukGMNacbBa¢akarPUmiPaKbUBa’dEdl ehIyenAqñaMbnÞab; eBlEdl

rdæaPi)alRtÚvbegáIteLIg Kat;RtÚv)anEtgtaMgCaGnuRbFanTImYyénKN³RbFanrdæeRkam exov sMpn

mYyfñak;. GnuRbFanrbs;Kat;mñak;kñúgcMeNamGnuRbFansMxan;²rbs;Kat;eQµaH PYg RtÚv)ancat;taMg

[TTYlbnÞúkRksYgcmáarekAs‘U ehIyRtÚv)anCMnYstambBa¢arbs;mCÄimeday\sSrCnmñak;eTotrbs;

PUmiPaKbUBa’ KWeQµaH can; Edl Pwm )anGb;rMENnaM [Rbkan;tamCMhrepSg²rbs;Kat;)anTaMgRsug.

mCÄimk¾)anbBa¢a[mankarpøas;bþÚrmYycMnYntUckñúgKN³dwknaMPUmiPaKEdr b:uEnþ edayEbbEpnTUeTAmYy

mCÄimmineRCótERCkkñúgkic©karrbs; Pwm eT CaBiess ebIeKeRbóbeFobCamYynwgkareFVI[mankar

RcbUkRcbl;epSg² EdltRmÚveTAelIPUmiPaKepSg²eTot.

minRtwmEt Pwm RbtibtþitambBa¢aepSg²rbs;mCÄimb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþ Kat;k¾)anrYmcMENkkñúgkar

ecjbTbBa¢aTaMgenaHEdr edayehtufaKat;CasmaCikKN³elxamCÄim nigCasmaCikKN³RbFanrdæ

mñak;. kgT½Brbs;Kat;Føab;)ancUlrYmkñúgkarCemøósRbCaCnecjBIRkúgPñMeBj edaysuT§citþ bnÞab;mk

karkemÞcBYkGñkeCOsasnagb; CaBiess CnCatiPaKticcamEdlrs;enACaRbéBNIyUrmkehIyenA

PaKxagekIt.b:uEnþ PUmiPaKrbs; Pwm )anBnüWteBlminTan;[mankarhUb )ayrYmPøam²eT ehIykñúgtMbn;

xøH²)anekItmankarts‘UminRBmeFVItambTbBa¢a[lubbM)at;kmµsiT§iÉkCneTotpg. KWcMeBaHmUlehtu

enHehIy Edl Pwm RtÚveKecaTRbkan;CabnÞab;mkeTotfa CaGñkesJIcsresIrEdlmancritCaGñkbeRmI

mñak;tamKMrUshkrN_Ebbcin.

b:uEnþ kñúgGtItkalrbs;Kat;KµanGVImYyEdlGnuBaØat[Kat;eFVICamitþmñak;rbs;RbeTsevotNam

eT. pÞúyeTAvij Kat;)ansEmþgTwkcitþrIkrayCaxøaMgEdl)anbdiesFminsßitenAeRkamcMNuHRkúg

haNUy kñúgeBls®gÁam k¾dUceBlmansnþiPaBEdr. mü:ageTot KµanGVImYybnSl;Tuk[eKsnñidæanfa

mankarExVgKMnitKñaxagneya)ayk¾eTEdr ³ Pwm )anekatsresIrCacMhnUvKMrUrbs;kUer:xageCIg EdlCa

maK’adwknaMy:agl¥sRmab;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü. eTaHCamanPaBBwgEp¥kTaMgRsugrbs;km<úCa cMeBaH

xøa nigRkeBI 395

RbeTscinnasm½yenaHk¾eday k¾BYkemdwknaMRkúgPñMeBjcUlcitþniyayfa xøÜnmancitþjúaMg[cg;eFVIkar

tamKMrUrbs;kUer:xageCIgCag CaRbeTskumµúynisþmYyepSgEdlmanTMhMtUc nigmaneKalkarN_twgruwg

edayelIksresIrBIPaBÉkraCüm©as;kar nigekþabkþab;RbCaCneRkamrbbmYy EdleRbIlT§ipþac;kar.

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edayRkúgsnþisuxpÞal;rbs;PUmiPaKenH. GñkCMnajkarmñak;)anvaytémøfa kare)assm¥atenH )an

b:HBal;eTAelIkmµaPi)alkumµúynisþ BIR)aMryeTAmYyBan;nak; enHCatYelxx<s;mYy sRmab;PUmiPaKbUBa’

EdlmankmµaPi)almYycMnYnFM eronsURtecHdwgRbesIreRcInCageK. eKmin)andwg[R)akdfa etI esa

Pwm CaGñkbgÁab;bBa¢a[eFVIkare)assm¥atTaMgenH b¤fa kare)assm¥atTaMgenHRtÚv)aneFVIeLIgeTAtam

karesñIrbs;mCÄimeLIy. TukCay:agNak¾eday k¾ Pwm )andwgBIerOgenH nigpþl;nUvkaryl;RBmrbs;

Kat; edayRbEhlCaTTYlsÁal;{P½sþútag}epSg² sþIBIGMeBIk,t;rbs;BYkkmµaPi)alTaMgenaHEdr. dUc

jwm rs; elxabkSPUmiPaKBay½Bü Pwm )anGnuBaØat[eFVIkare)assm¥atepSg² CaelIkdMbUgkñúgPUmiPaK

rbs;Kat;edaynwkKitfa mCÄim b¤RkúmsnþisuxpÞal;rbs;xøÜnmanP½sþútagepSg²sRmab;RbqaMgnwgBYkkmµa

Pi)alEdleKb:gR)afñaGs;ehIy.

b:uEnþ kñúgdMNak;kalfµIenH BYkGñkmanmuxmat;rbs;bkSEbb esa Pwm CaedIm suT§EtkøayeTACa

mnusSEdlGacRtÚvrgkarvayRbharxøaMgCageKbMput. KuNsm,tþiepSg²rbs;Kat;pÞal; EdlkalBI

munFøab;GnuBaØat[Kat;QaneLIgbuNüs½kþiCalMdab;lMeday )anERbkøayeTACalkçN³Biesseday

ELk EdlRtÚveKsgS½yeTAvij edayrYmbgáCacMNucsMxan;kñúgkarecaTRbkan;cMeBaHrUbKat;. ebI esa

Pwm ykcitþTukdak;xøaMgnwgkare)assm¥atepSg² enAPUmiPaKdéTeTot nigmUlehtuTaMgLay Edllak;

xøÜnBIeRkayerOgTaMgenaH Kat;c,as;CaemIleXIjBIkarRbúgeRbóbxøÜneFVIkare)assm¥atPUmiPaKpÞal;

rbs;Kat;Edrminxan.

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elIkdMbUgnUvbBaðasMxan;²rbs;karbdivtþ ³ karKµansmtßPaBFanasnþisuxeBjeljmYy ¬KWenAPaK

xageCIgEdlkgT½Brbs; ln; nl; eFVIRbtibtþikarvayTmøúHExSRkv:at;karBarcUly:ageRCAEtmþgKt; kñúg

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sgÁmkic©twgruwghYsehturbs;karbdivtþ. PUmiPaKBay½Bü CaeKaledAénkare)assm¥atbnÞab;mkeTot

BIeRBaHCakEnøgEdlFøab;ekItmanbraC½yxøaMgCag eKbMput ³ KeRmagkarRbkbedaymhicätarbs;mCÄim

edIm,IbegáItPaBrugerOgenATIenaHdUcsm½yGgÁreLIgvijRtÚvbraC½y ehIypÞúyeTAvij PUmiPaKBay½Bü


)anTTYlrgnUveRKaHGt;Xøan nigkarkab;smøab;mnusSmYycMnYnEfmeTot.

ebIKiteTAtamEbbbTrbs;mCÄim eKaledAbnÞab; RbEhlCaeKaledAEdlmCÄimRtÚvkar kar

seRmceCaKC½yRbesIrmYy ehIyEdlFøab;sÁal;braC½ydUcKña KWPUmiPaKbUBa’. EmnehIy mCÄimFøab;

epJIesckþITukcitþelI Pwm edIm,ITTYl)anC½yCmñHmYykñúgCemøaHRBMEdnCamYyRbeTsevotNam. sBaØa

smÁal;dMbUg²Edlbgðajfa RkúghaNUymankgT½BmYyRbesIrelIseK y:agCak;EsþgenaH )annaM[

mCÄimsgS½yfa Pwm mankarXubXitCasm¶at;CamYyRbeTsevotNam. skmµPaBBImun²rbs;Kat;kñúg

bkS )aneFVI[Kat;eTACatYy:agebkçCnsRmab;[eKecaTRbkan; BIbTdwknaMExSbNþajcarkmµmYy Edl

erobcMeLIgedayRbeTsevotNam kñúgeKaledApþÜlrMlMbkS nigkarbdivtþ.

mYyEpñkkareRbóbeFobrvag Pwm nigPUmiPaKbUBa’ ehIymYyEpñkeTotrvag tam:uk nigPUmiPaKnirtI

KWmanlkçN³eFVI[eKdwgerOgr:avy:ageRcIn. enAExkkáda qñaM1977 tam:uk nigPUmiPaKrbs;Kat; )ankan;

kab;sßanPaBd¾RbesIrmYy ebIniyayGMBIEpñkneya)ay. Kat;eTIbnwgdwknaMeFVIkare)assm¥atPUmiPaK

Bay½Bü nigPUmiPaKnirtI EdlCatMbn;RkIRk EdlminEdlmantYnaTIsMxan;NamYykñúgKeRmagkaresdækic©

rbs;mCÄimTal;EtesaH. BitEmnEtPUmiPaKnirtImanRBMEdnrYmmYyCamYyevotNamk¾eday k¾BuMEmn

TIenHeTEdlRbeTskm<úCa nigevotNameQøaHTas;ETgKñaBIbBaðaTwkdI nigPUmimYycMnYnenaH dUecñHkitiþys

GaRkk;enHRtÚvFøak;mkelIPUmiPaKbUBa’vij.

mü:ageTot m:uk BuMmankan;muxtMENgNamYyenAkñúgrdæaPi)aleT. edImeLIy Kat;manGaCIBCa

bBa¢akarT½Bmñak; ehIykøayeTACaelxabkSPUmiPaKrbs;Kat; RbEhlenATIbBa©b;éns®gÁamb:ueNÑaH.

Rbhak;RbEhlCaenAsm½yenaHEdr Kat;)anQancUlkñúgKN³elxamCÄim b:uEnþ BuMEmnCasmaCikd¾

sMxan;mñak;dUc esa Pwm eT. b:uEnþ critKµanGaNitGasUr nigkarbuinRbsb;EpñkeyaFarbs;Kat; )anpþl;

[Kat;nUvsMeLgd¾manb£T§iGMNacelIslb;eKÉg ¬Twkmat;éRb¦ kñúgépÞKN³kmµaFikarmCÄimbkSy:agqab;

rh½s. m:uk CaKMrUmnusSFun {Gñkéddl;} EdlkarBarPUmiPaKrbs;Kat; edaykarpÁab;pÁúnykKab;ykKYr

nigeKarBeFVItambTbBa¢aepSg²rbs; b:ul Bt Kµanel¥óg edayeCosvagmin[ekItmaneOgr:avGVI EdlnaM

[mankarlM)akdl;xøÜn nigsßitEtmñak;ÉgedayKµaneKsÁal;EfmeTot. dUecñH b:ul Bt emIlBuMeXIjfa

Kat;CamnusSKYr[RBÜy)armÖmñak;eT ehIyenATIbMput )ancat;TukKat;CamnusSsMxan;mñak;kñúgcMeNam

mnusSsMxan;² EdlGac[mCÄimeRbIR)as;seRmc)anlT§plCaeRcInRbkar kñúgkare)assm¥atTaMg

Layrbs;bkS.

CaCnsMxan;dUcKña m:uk RbEhlCasm<½n§mitþcas;mñak;rbs; Duc emKukTYlEsøgEdrehIyemIleTA.

xøa nigRkeBI 397

BYkeK )aneFVIskmµPaBneya)ayCamYyKñakñúgPUmiPaKnirtI kñúgry³eBlénqñaMdMbUg²rbs;karbdivtþn_.

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mankarsgS½yBIPkþIPaBrbs;bNþaemdwknaMPUmiPaKenH PkþIPaBpÞal;rbs;Kat; k¾GacRtÚveKsgS½yEdr

ehIyerOgenH vaCaeRKaHfñak;mYyEdlKat;cg;eCosvag[q¶ay.

edayman Duc enAeRkayxñg m:uk KWCamnusSEdlmansnþisuxy:agRKb;RKan;. esa Pwm nigyuT§Cn

eCIgcas;eqñIm²déTeTotrbs;bkS nwgRtÚvecaTRbkan;BIbTk,t;Cati edayrYmKMnitCamYybreTs. Cn

EdlsßitenAkñúgkarKaMBarrbs; b:ul BtpÞal;eQµaH v:n ev:t nwgRtÚvCab;ecaTBIbT eFVIviecäTkmµbMpøajbdivtþ

edayectna eRkayeBlbkScab;epþImeFVIkarvayRbharRbqaMgnwg esa Pwm bnþic. emdwknaMnana Edl

CaGñksñiTsñalnwg b:ul Bt b¤mansiT§iGMNackan;EtxøaMgkalNa BYkeKmuxCanwgeFVI[ Duc keRmIkeLIg

nUvkarsgS½yxøaMgeLIgkalenaHEdr.

b:uEnþ KWkardYlrlMrbs; esa Pwm nigkare)assm¥atPUmiPaKrbs;Kat;RbEhlCarYmbgáCavKÁerOg

mYyEdlKYr[rn§t;jab;j½r bNþal[mankarsøab;eRcIn nigEdlbMpøajxøaMgCageKbMput cMeBaHCIvit

y:agxøIrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

bbggççMMbbBBaa©©bb;;bbBBaaððaammYYyy

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evotNam nigBYkGñkEdlRbkasfaRtÚvEteFVI Camitþd¾CitsñiT§CamYyRbeTsevotNam.

karvayRbharenH)anbnþrhUtmk dl;Exkkáda qñaM1978>>>8.

CCYYnn mmuuMMdd

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km<úCa ehIyy:agehacNas; sRmab;BiPBelakxageRkABYkkmµúynisþ hak;dUcCaeRtómbRmúgedaH

RsaynUvCemøaHepSg² Edlcak;b£sy:ageRCArvagRbeTsTaMgBIrEfmeTot.

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RbQmmuxdak;KñaPøamGMBIbBaðaRBMEdn. BIqñaM1975 dl;qñaM1977 BYkemdwknaMRbeTsTaMgBIr)anebIk

eFVIkarRbCuMCahUrEhmYy edIm,IBiPakSaBIerOgEdndI nigEdnsmuTÞEdlCakmµvtßúkñúgkarCECkBiPakSaenA

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RBmeRBógenH. b:uEnþ RBMEdnEdlKUseLIgtaMgBICMnan;)araMg ehIyEdleFVI[xUcplRbeyaCn_RbeTs

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NamRBmeKarBRBMEdnenH. e)aHbg;TwkdIExµrmYycMGamEfmeTot nwgQaneTArkeRKaHmhnþrayy:agFM

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xøa nigRkeBI 399

b:ul Bt )anbMpøajexÞcxÞInUvsm<½n§PaBepSg² EdlbegáItCarUbragy:agsRmaMg ehIyEdlFøab;

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mnusSdUc esa Pwm elxabkSPUmiPaKbUBa’CaedIm. dUc CYn muM )anTTYlsÁal;erOgenHy:aggaybMput

fa {eyIg)anelIkéf¶Ex begáItbkSeTAqñaM1960vij kñúgeKalbMNgpþac;xøÜn[putBIbkSkumµúynisþ

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BYkeK)anyl; RsbtamkareBalGagrbs;bkSEdlfa smmitþTaMgenaH CaBYkviecäTkreFVIkarbeRmIBYk

evotNam. eBlEdlbkS kemÞcsmasPaBGnuFnecalenAqñaM1975 nigqñaM1976enaH k¾BYkem

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xøa nigRkeBI 407

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xøa nigRkeBI 409

s®gÁam.

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xøa nigRkeBI 411

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d,itGIsßankarN_)anpøas;bþÚrTaMgRsug ehIymanExSsgVak;mYyEdlKat;rkvaytémøBMuRtÚveLIy.

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bkSRbcaMtMbn;nana ehIyykT½BEdlkMBugsßitenAkñúgPUmiPaKenH mkRKb;RKgxøÜnÉg. Duc enAPñMeBj nig

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ecom edIreTArkkEnøgBiXatdUecñaHEdr.

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eTAeTot bnÞab;mknirsarTIbI ehIyenATIbMputnirsarTIbYn EdlCashkarId¾CaTITukcitþbMputrbs;Kat;.

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lukeTAelIPUmiPaKbUBa’edaykgBltUcBIr EdlkgBlmYymanTaMgrfeRkaH flClik pg ¬cuHTwkk¾)an

eLIgeKakk¾)an¦ ehIyqøgkat;TenøemKgÁ edIrcuHtampøÚvCatielx7edIm,IsRmúkeTArk esa Pwm.

xøa nigRkeBI 413

esa Pwm EdlCamnusSqab;eCOrhUtdl;TIbMput )ansakl,gP¢ab;karTak;TgtamviTüúCamYyRkúg

PñMeBj edIm,Itv:aRbqaMgnwgkarvaylukenH. edayBMu)anTTYlcemøIytbmkvij Kat;)aneLIgCiHLan

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dwknaMbkSnwgmkkan;kEnøgEdl)anNat;Kña ehIyeKTaMgBIrnwgbkRsaybMPøWBIkarsþab;KñaBMu)anEfm

eTot. CMnYskarmkCYbrbs; b:ul Bt mCÄim )anbBa¢ÚnnavaBIreRKÓgpÞúkeBjeTAedaykgT½BeTAvij.

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RtÚveK)aj;smøab;ecalEdr kñúgry³eBlEdlGñkTaMgenaH xMRbwgkb;exµacrbs;Kat;.

shkarImYycMnYnrbs; esa Pwm )anseRmccitþrt;ePosxøÜneTArs;enAkñúgéRB CaBiess G‘uk

b‘uneQOn EdlCasmaCikmñak;énkgT½BtMbn;rbs;bkS. ehg sMrin nig Ca suIm k¾eKcxøÜnrYcdUcKñaEdr.

BYkeK)anRbyuT§ts‘UeTAtamsmtßPaBerog²xøÜn RbqaMgnwgkgT½Brbs; mCÄim ehIy)anlak;xøÜnenA

kNþalRTÚgéRBeRCA. minyUrb:unµanedayes,ógGahar nigRKab;rMesvkan;Etrls;eTA² BYkeK)ancab;

epþImeFVIkarTak;TgCamYyBYkevotNamEdlenACit²TIenaH nig)anGMBavnavsMu[mkCYypg. b:unµanEx

eRkaymk KWenAExtula Ca suIm )andwknaMRbCaCnrbs;PUmiPaKbUBa’cMnYn bIrynak; qøgkat;RBMEdn

cUleTAkñúgRbeTsevotNam eRkayenaHbnþic kgT½Brbs;evotNam)anlukluycUlmkkm<úCa edIm,I

EsVgrk ehg sMrin nigkgT½Brbs;Kat; ehIy)annaMykGñkTaMgenHeTATukenAkEnøgmYy Edlman

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)aneqøIyR)ab;´fa GñkTaMgenaHnwgRtÚveKykeTA)aj;ecalTaMgGs;}.

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xøa nigRkeBI 415

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mYy EdleKRbDiteLIgTaMgRsug}.

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xøa nigRkeBI 419

)ansresrerOgr:avepS²y:ageRcIn EdlBYkevotNammincg;)an. Nay:an; can;da (Nayan Chanda) én

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m:üageTot cMnYnénkarsmøab;kan;EtekIneRcInkalNa karsm¶at;k¾rwtEtBi)akbiT)aMgkalenaH

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nwgGavuFRKb;RbePT. bnÞab;mk eKvHeBaHexµacTaMgenaHedIm,IkMu[ehIm. k¾b:uEnþ CYnkaleKkat;exµac

mnusSCakg;² edaycitþxilxUcEtm:üagb:ueNÑaH CaBiess CamYyRsI²29}.

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vinicä½yxagneya)aykñúgeBlfµI²b:ueNÑaH. BYkyuT§CneRCIserIsfµITaMgenH EdlmYycMnYnFMeTIbEtnwg

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ry³karhVwkhVWnec,al² nigbriyakasvk;vIrbs;xøÜn rebobkgT½BExµrRkhmEdlQñHs®gÁamBIqñaM

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yuT§CnfµIEdlkgT½Bbgðaj[eXIjeLIy.

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cas;[cUleFVIkarT½BEfmeTot.

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xøa nigRkeBI 421

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nisþ rbs;cinCapøÚvkarsRmab;ry³kalxøImYy. TMnak;TMngrvagbkSTaMgBIresÞIrEtdUcTMnak;TMngkñúgRKÜsar

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sm<½n§miRtrbs;xøÜnNamYy -RbeTscin nigshPaBsUevot- esñI[eFVIkarsgswkRbqaMgnwgkarlUkéd

edaypÞal;rbs;shrdæGaemrikeLIy. RbeTscinhak;dUcCaykcitþTukdak;pþl;nUvkarKaMBarRbeTs

km<úCarbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnuCageK ehIymhaGMNackmµúynisþTaMgBIr )ancab;epþImeQøaH

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eLIy.BYkcin)anbdiesF ehIy)anesñIeFVICaemdwknaM {rNsirSRbCaCnBiPBelak}mYy edIm,ICYyRkúg

haNUy EdlbdiesFmin[shPaBsUevotcUl. rNsirSenH)ankøayeTACakarBit ehIysaFarNrdæ

sgÁmniymsUevot RtÚvEtRbKl;CMnYyrbs;xøÜnmk[RbeTsevotNam edayKµankarCYyeRCamERCg

rbs;RbeTscineLIy.

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Gs;rbs;sUevot ehIyRBmanBYkevotNamfakarRBmTTYlykCMnYy karRbkan;ykviFIepSg²rbs;

sUevot EdlniymeRbItaMgBIyUrmkehIy edIm,IvayRbyuT§nwgshrdæGaemrik KWdUcBYkeKyl;RBmcUl


kñúgRbB½n§rbs;sUevot ehIynwgkøayCarNbmYyrbs;sUevotminxan. BYkcinGHGagfa BYkeKTTYlr:ab;

rgbnÞúks®gÁamTaMgGs; ebIsinCaRkúghaNUybdiesFCMnYyrbs;sUevot. b:uEnþ xül;)anpøas;bþÚrTis

karminTukcitþrbs;BYkevotNam cMeBaHectnaepSg²rbs;cin)ancab;epþImelceLIg. minRtwmEtRkúg

haNUyRBmTTYlCMnYysUevot edaykardwgKuNb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþBYkevotNam)ancab;epþImedIrtamKMrU

rbs;rusSúICagKMrUrbs;cinEfmeTot.

BYkevotNam)anERbRtLb;xøÜneTAxagshPaBsUevotTaMgRsug CamYynwgRbtikmµrbs;cin cMeBaH

kic©crcaenARkúg):arIsrvagevotNam nigshrdæGaemrikenAqñaM1968pg. enAeBlEdlRkúghaNUy

crcaCamYyBYkGaemrikaMg GMBIkarbBaÄb;karTmøak;RKab;Ebk BYkcin)anRbqaMgCMTas;y:agxøaMgkøa. kñúgbT

vicarNkfarbs;TsSnavdþIeb:kaMg elxecjpSayExemsa BYkcin)anRbkasfa {bBaðaevotNamGac

edaHRsay)anEttamry³kemÞcBYkGaemrikaMgQøanBanTaMgRsug enAelIsmrPUmi nigbeNþjecjBI

evotNamxagt,Úgb:ueNÑaH.

minRtwmEtBYksUevotGbGrsresIr karebIksnñisITenATIRkúg):arIsb:ueNÑaHeT BYkeKEfmTaMg

begáInCMnYyeyaFaeTA[RbeTsevotNamEfmeTot edaypþl;eRKÓgsa®sþavuFTMenIb² sRmab;karBar

xøÜnTl;nwgkarTmøak;RKab;Ebkrbs;GaemrikaMg. BYkcin )anRbqaMgCMTas;nwgkarpþl;GavuFEbbenaH

enHCaCMhrmYyEdlBYkevotNamlYceBbRCayEtkñúgcitþ. PaBRtwmRtÚvénmenaKmviC¢amann½yfa

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enAqñaM1968 BYksaFarNrdæniym)anTTYlC½yCmñHenAkñúgkare)aHeqñateRCIserIsRbFana

FibtIGaemrikaMg ehIy)anbBaÄb;karcrcasnþiPaBenATIRkúg):arIs. shPaBsUevot)ancUllukluy

TIRkúgR)ak¬rdæFanIRbeTseqkUsøÚv:aKI¦ RkúghaNUyBuMmankarRbqaMgCMTas;eLIy ³ BYkevotNamElg

Tieton {BYkGñkkarBarxøÜneTotehIy}. edayebþCJacitþykQñHs®gÁam BYkevotNam)anRbkan;

ykmaK’aneya)ayfµImYy CamaK’aEdlnwgnaMeTArkkarRbQmmuxmYyCamYyBYkcin ehIyenA TIbMput

k¾eFVI[b:HBal;dl;cMNgTak;TgepSg²rbs;evotNamCamYynwgkm<úCaEdr. mitþPaBpÞal;xøÜnrbs;

buKÁlmñak;²RtÚv)anCMnYsedaykarmnÞilsgS½y EdlmansPaBrwtEtF¶n;F¶reLIg². clacl Edl

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rbs;BYkcin nigesckþITukcitþEdleKGacpþl;[cinvij.

TnÞwmnwgenaH BYkcin)anvaytémøfaRbeTsevotNam)ancuHkic©snüaCamYybisac -shPaB


sUevot- edIm,IbeBa©ósvibtþiP½ymYyEdlminsUvKYr[RBWxøac KWcRkBtþiniymGaemrikaMg. b:uEnþRbCaCn

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)anvayRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgkgT½Brbs;GaemrikaMg. kñúgkMLúgs®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTIBIr shrdæGaemrik nig

sm<½n§mitþevotNamxagt,Úgrbs;eK)anTmøak;RKab;EbkelIRbeTsevotNam nUvbrimaNRKab;EbkmYy

mancMnYnbIdg eRcInCagcMnYnRKab;Ebksrub EdlTmøak;kñúgkMLúgs®gÁamelakelIkTIBIreTAeTot. RKab;

Ebk nigeRKÓgpÞúHRKb;RbePTepSg²eTot )anbMpøicbMpøajRbeTsTaMgxageCIg k¾dUcxagt,Úg17. Kµan

shRKasNamYykñúgPaKxageCIgeTaHbICatUctack¾eday k¾eKcminputBIkarTmøak;RKab;EbkEdr.

s®gÁamGakasrbs;GaemrikaMg)anbMEbreTArkkRmitrbs;va munqñaM1954eLIgvij edayTmøak;bMpøaj

mUldæan]sSahkmµEdlPaKxageCIgman. RKab;EbknigeRKÓgpÞúHepSg²)aneFVIxUcxat b¤bMpøajéRBeQI

cMnYn R)aMlanhikta épÞdIdaMduH cMnYndb;lanhikta. enAPaKxagt,Úg PUmitUc²CagBak;kNþal)anRtÚvxUc

xat. PaKxageCIg)an)at;bg;bNþajGKÁisnICnbTmYyPaKFM eRkamkarTmøak;RKab;Ebk. sñb;GKÁisnI

sRmab;bUmTwkbBa©ÚlERs sßitenAes¶ómKµanskmµPaBGVITaMgGs; ehIyksikrTaMgLayetagEtRtLb;

mkeRbIsñac)acTwkdUcBIedImeLIgvij. reNþARKab;Ebky:ageRcIn )anraraMgmin[ksikrmYycMnYnFM enA

PaKxageCIgeFVIERs)an.

enATIbMput y:agehacNas;RbCaCnevotNamBIrlannak; )anRtÚvsøab;kñúgkMLúgs®gÁamTl;nwg

shrdæGaemrik -s®gÁamTl;nwgBYk)araMg )aneFVI[manmnusSsøab;knøHlannak;b:ueNÑaH. RbCaCnevot

Nam db;lannak; køayeTACaGñkePosxøÜnkñúgRbeTspÞal;rbs;eK. PaKeRcInbMputénGñkrgeRKaHTaMgenH

rs;enAkñúgPaKxagt,Úg ehIytYelxBitR)akd RbEhlCamaneRcInCagenH BIeRBaHPaKxageCIgbdiesF

y:agcecs min RBmpþl;r)aykarN_lm¥it sþIBIkarxUcxatEdlkgT½Brbs;xøÜn)anTTYlrgeLIy.

sRmab;BYkevotNamyl;fa shrdæGaemrikBuMEmnCasRtÚv{bnÞab;bnSM}mYyeT. KWCasRtÚv

GaRkk;CageKbMput EdlBYkevotNamminFøab;EdlRbQmmuxttaMgesaH. KMnMurbs;BYkevotNam

xageCIg cMeBaHBYkGaemrikaMgmany:agRCaleRCA nigsßitesßryUrGEgVgCagkars¥b;ex< Im CaTUeTA

kñúgcMENkenH énBiPBelak.

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kareKcevHminpþl;CMnYyrbs;RkúgmUsÁÚkñúgry³eBléns®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTImYy KWCaRbvtþisa®sþ Edl

manBIyUryarNas;mkehIy. eday)armÖBIsßankarN_enH nigsBaØaénkareFVI[kan;EtCab;s¥iteLIg

rvagsm<½n§PaBrbs;evotNamCamYyshPaBsUevot RbeTscin)anseRmccitþ RBmeRBógKñaCamYy


sRtÚvénsRtÚvrbs;xøÜn KWshrdæGaemrik. enAqñaM1968 Rkúgeb:kaMg)anesñIebIkeFVIkic©BiPakSaCamYy

GaemrikeLIgvij ³ shPaBsUevot)ankøayeTACasRtÚvsMxan;bMput shrdæGaemrikkøayeTACardæd¾man

skþanuBlmYy sRmab;RbqaMgnwgkarQøanBanmYyrbs;sUevot.

enAqñaMdEdlenaH evotNam)anebIkkarvaylukrbs;xøÜn kñúg»kasbuNücUlqñaMcin-yYn enAPaK

xagt,ÚgevotNam ehIy)an)at;bg;kmµaPi)alrNsirSCatirMedaHPaKxagt,ÚgevotNamcMnYnR)aMmWun

nak;. eBlenaH PaKxageCIg)anbBa¢ÚnkgT½BRsYcmYycMnYnFM mkPaKxagt,ÚgeTot ehIyBwgEp¥kCa

sMGag{TICRmk}nanarbs;km<úCa nigkarCYyTMnukbRmúgrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu kan;EteRcIn

EfmeTot. enHCa»kasEdlBYkExµrRkhmeRCIserIs edIm,IepþImkarbHe)aredayGavuFrbs;eKRbqaMg

nwgsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu Edr.

edayminGacRbEkk)an BYkkmµúynisþevotNammincUlédxagNaTaMgGs; cMeBaHGVIEdlbNþa

smmitþkm<úCarbs;BYkeK vayRbyuT§nwgkmøaMgrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu enAqñaM1968. Rkúg

haNUy )ancat;TukkarseRmccitþrbs;ExµrRkhmfa manlkçN³KitEtxøÜnÉg nigCMrujeTArkbraC½y

minxan. RkúghaNUy)anRbkas18fa BYkkmµúynisþkm<úCa RKan;EtCatMNag[{PaKtic}mYykñúgcMeNam

hVÚgmhaCnEdlKaMRTsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu b:ueNÑaH ehIydUecñHBuMmanGVIEdlRtÚvRbyuT§nwgRBHGgÁ

eLIy. BYkevotNam)anTTYlsÁal;fa TRmg;xøHrbs;rbbsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu manlkçN³

RbEhlRbtikiriya nigskþiPUmiEmn -dUcEdlBYkeK)anGHGagBIerOgenHenAeBleRkaymk- b:uEnþQm

muxttaMgnwgsemþc KWdUcCaebIkTVar[mankarlUkédrbs;GaemrikaMgenAkm<úCaG‘Ícwg-enHCabBaðaBit

R)akd sRmab;RbeTsevotNam.

b:uEnþ karbdivtþn_kumµúynisþTaMgGs; )ancab;epþImdMbUgCamYynwgPaKticmYy dUcEdlBYkevotNam

)andwgBIerOgenHy:agCak;c,as;. b:uEnþbBaðaBuMEmnenARtg;n+uHeT TaMgkñúgBaküriHKn;epSg² EdlEføg[dwg

edayBYkevotNam ³ BYkemdwknaMkumµúynisþ km<úCa Føab;RtÚvcmøgeraKedaylT§iRtútsÁIniym enAeBlEdl

BYkeKsikSaeronsURtenATIRkúg):arIs.tamkarBit BYkkumµúynisþExµr ehIyCaBiesssaLútssuT§EtCa

GñkniymsþalInTaMgRsug enAeBlEdlBYkeKRtLb;mkBIRbeTs)araMgvij. tamkarBit BYkevotNam

RKan;Etvaytémøfa enAdMNak;kalenH s®gÁamrbs;eKmaneKeRbóbelIGVI²TaMgGs;b:ueNÑaH. BYkeKRtÚv

karsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nigkarCYy]btßmÖrbs;RBHGgÁ BuMEmnRtÚvkarsmrPUmifµImYy EdlBYkeK

RtÚvEtRbyuT§enaHeT. edayKµanTak;TgCamYykarRbyuT§tsU‘rbs;BYkkumµúynisþkm<úCa BYkevotNam

minyl;fa semþcehobnwgcakecjBIqakneya)ay- nigelOnrh½sdUecñHesaH.


TMnak;TMngepSg²rvagbkSkumµúynisþTaMg2 ERbeTACatantwgy:agxøaMg. BYkkm<úCaGHGagfa BYk

evotNam )anKMramkMEhgeFVIkarsgswkmkelIBYkeK ebIsinCaBYkeKminRBme)aHbg;karRbyuT§RbqaMg

nwgsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nigebIsinCaBYkeKeFVI[maneRKaHfñak;dl;pøÚvcUlrbs;BYkevotNammkkan;

{TICRmk} TaMgLaykñúgTwkdIkm<úCa nigkMBg;EpkMBg;esam. munrdæRbhar [qñaM1970] GVI²TaMgGs;

EdlbkSkumµúy nisþkm<úCadwknaMeFVIRtÚv)anBYkevotNamefáaleTasCanic©.

rdæRbharTmøak; semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )aneFVI[yuT§sa®sþrbs;bkSnImYy²pøas;bþÚr. BYk

kumµúynisþkm<úCa )anRbkasedayGakar³EdlmanC½yCmñHmYyfa eBlenaHBYkevotNam )anRtÚvbgçM

citþpøas;bþÚryuT§sa®sþPøam². {\LÚvenH GVI²EdlerobcMedaybkSkumµúynisþkm<úCa KWBitCaRtwmRtÚv

ehIys½kþismTTYlkarekatsresIreTotpg. kalBImun enAeBlEdl exov sMpn rt;cUléRBm:aKI BYk

evotNam)ansþIbenÞasbkSkumµúynisþkm<úCafa )anRbkan;ykkarsRmccitþPan;RcLMmYy. \LÚvenH

EdlKat;køayCasmaCikmñak;énrdæaPi)alrYbrYmCati BYkevotNam)anEføgsresIrbkSkumµúynisþkm<úCa

fa )anRbkan;ykkarseRmccitþmYy RbkbedaysuPnicä½y nigeRtómxøÜnmun)anl¥RbesIr19}.

eRkayBI)anEsVgrkkarsRmúHsRmÜlmYyCamYynwgrbb ln; nl; edIm,ICYyBYkkumµúynisþevot

Nam BYkcin)anbegáInkarKaMRTrbs;xøÜncMeBaHsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nigExµrRkhmy:agsem,Im.

cMeBaHcMNucenH BYkcin)anbgðaj[eXIjlkçN³RbúgRby½tñCagBYkevotNam Edl)anBRgIks®gÁam

rbs;eKenARbeTskm<úCaRbqaMgTl;nwgrbb ln; nl; bnÞab;BImanrdæRbharEtb:unµanéf¶b:ueNÑaH.

BYkevotNam)anBRgwg\T§iBlrbs;eKenARbeTsLav nigenARbeTskm<úCakan;EtxøaMgeLIg eday

eRCótcUly:ageRCAkñúgRbeTsTaMgBIrenH edIm,IeFVIs®gÁamCaRbeyaCn_dl;lT§ikumµúynisþ. TnÞwmnwgenaH

BYkcin)anRbwgERbgBRgIkTMnak;TMngepSg² rbs;BYkeKCamYyBYkkumµúynisþExµr nigLavEfmeTot eday

yl;RBmpþl;CMnYy nigkarKaMRTxagEpñkneya)ay. BYkcinxMRbwgbgáarTukCamunnUvkarrMelaPrbs;

sUevot b¤sm<½n§mitþTaMgLayrbs;xøÜn mkkñúgmNÐl\T§iBlrbs;eKEdr. enACMnan;enaH TahansUevot

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fa {nwgpþl;emeronmYy[BYkcin20}EfmeTot.

enAqñaM1970 RbeTscin)anTTYleFVI {snñisITedIm,IsamKÁIPaBCamYyRbCaCn\NÐÚcin} enATIRkúg

kg;tug ehIyRbKl;[semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu eFVICaGFibtIPaBsm½yRbCuMenaH. eRkaymk BYk

evotNam)anTamTarfa xøÜnCaGñkbegáItrNsirSEdlbRgÜbbRgÜmsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nigBYkExµr

Rkhm b:uEnþP½sþútagTaMgGs; )anedAbBa¢ak;[dwgfa karcgsm<½n§PaBenH KWBitCasñaédrbs;RbeTscin.


ehIyenAsnñisITqñaM1970enaH BYkcin)anFana[BYkevotNamrab;rkBYkGñkbdivtþkm<úCaedayesµIPaB

Kña ehIyCYyBYkTaMgenH[begáItkgT½BpÞal;rbs;eKpg.

ebIRkúghaNUy CYybegáItkgT½BExµrRkhmEmn nigCYyvayRbyuT§kñúgcenøaHeBlenaH Tl;nwg

kgT½B ln; nl; k¾shRbtibtþikarenHmanlkçN³twgEtgNas;. mundMbUgBYkevotNam)anTamTar

begáItbBa¢akardæaneyaFacRmúHmYyenAkm<úCa kareFVIskmµPaBeXasnarYmKñaEtmYy nigkarebIksala

eyaFamYyrbs;evotNamkñúgPaK|sanRbeTskm<úCaEfmeTot21. BYkExµrRkhm)anbdiesFkarpþl;

eyabl;TaMgenH rYmTaMgsMeNIepSgeTotsMedArlaybBa©ÚlkgT½B nigrcnasm<½n§kumµúynisþTaMgBIrpg.

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karmYy edIm,IrYmbBa©ÚlkgT½Brbs;eKCamYykgT½BevotNam Edlnwgpþl;[RkúghaNUymanGMNac

bBa¢aBIelIkarbdivtþrbs;km<úCaminxan.mü:ageTotkñúgry³eBls®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTImYy BYkevotNam

c,as;CabdiesFEdr ebIsinCaRbeTscinesñIbegáItbBa¢akardæaneyaFarYmmYy CaBiess ebIsinCaBYkcin

[eyabl;Camunfa RbeTsevotNamnwgeTACasmaCikPaKticénmhashPaBmYyrbs;cinenaH.

erOgTaMgenH CakarRbQmmuxcgGaXadKñadEdl² EdlekItmanenA\NÐÚcin bnÞab;BIs®gÁamenA

eBlEdltYÉkkumµúynisþnImYy²l,gkarBartYÉkmYyeTot edIm,InwgkMNt;BIEbbEpnRbesIrCageK kñúg

karrkSaGnutþrPaBrbs;xøÜn. cMeBaHEl,genH shPaBsUevot)ansEmþg[eXIjlkçN³esaHGegÁIy

bMput. RkúgmUsÁÚ )anbnþRbmUlpþúMkarRbwgERbgrbs;xøÜneTAelIkarCYyTMnukbRmúgcMeBaHRkúghaNUyEfm

eTot ehIycat;Tuks®gÁamenARbeTskm<úCa CaCMBUkcugeRkayéns®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTIBIr. BYksUevot

)anrkSaTuksßanTUtrbs;eKenARkúgPñMeBj eBjry³eBléns®gÁam ehIyyl;RBmedayhYseBleTA

ehIykñúgkardak;[manGñktMNagfñak;Tabmñak;enArNsirSrYbrYmCatirbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu /

ExµrRkhm.

RbeTscin)anTak;Tgkan;EtCitsñiT§CamYyRkúgv:asuInetan. enAqñaM1970 Rkúgeb:kaMg )anebIk

eFVIkarRbCuMcrcaCasm¶at;CamYyrdæaPi)alrbs;elak nicsun. enAqñaM1972 RbFanaFibtIGaemrikaMg

)aneFVIdMeNIrCaRbvtþisa®sþrbs;Kat; eTATIRkúgeb:kaMg edayRBmeRBógTTYlsÁal;RbeTscinCapøÚvkar

émÖbIqñaMbnÞab;BIC½yCmñHrbs; em:A. elak nicsun )aneFVIdMeNIreTAshPaBsUevotenAqñaMenaHEdr ehIy

)ancuHhtßelxaelIkic©RBmeRBógkRmitGavuFyuT§sa®sþ (SALT) pg. enHCasm½ykMBUlényuT§nakar

rbs;GaemrikaMg edIm,Ipþac;sm,TanepSg² BIRkúghaNUykñúgkarRbCMucrcasnþiPaB enATIRkúg):arIs ehIy

BYkemdwknaMevotNamxageCIg)anvinicä½yRbkbedaykarfb;)armÖkñúgcitþ cMeBaHbNþasm<½n§miRtrbs;


BYkeKEdlTTYlelaknicsun nig)anseRmceFVIkic©RBmeRBógfµICaeRcIn EdlnaM[xUcRbeyaCn_dl;

RbeTsevotNam.

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vb,Fm’RbéBNIrbs;eK edayRBmTTYlPaBrs;enAdac;EtÉg nigbuernicä½y EdlmanCab;mkBIkMeNItenA

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erOgs¶at;kM)aMgmYy GMBIbBaðaepSg²rvagRkúgeb:kaMg nigRkúghaNUy bnÞab;mk kñúgépÞénRtIekaN

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breTs EdlcMeBaHGñkTaMgenaH RbeTsTaMgBIr)anyl;RBmpþl;[siT§iBiessEfmeTot. edaysarehtu

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smaCikCnCatiPaKticcinenArdækumµúynisþfµIénRbeTserotNam nwgrkSasBa¢aticinrhUtdl;TIbBa©b;

éns®gÁam. RbCaCnTaMgenaHnwgmansiT§i nigkrNIkic©dUcKña nwgRbCaBlrdæevotNam ehIynwgGac

seRmce)aHbg; b¤mine)aHbg;sBa¢aticinrbs;eKtamsµR½Kcitþ. enARbeTsevotNamxagt,Úg RbFana

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kmµviFIsikSa EdlbeRgónCaPasacin edaymuxviC¢abeRgónCaPasaevotNamvij. cab;BIqñaM1970

eTA kUn²rbs;BYkcinRtÚvbBa¢Ún[eTAerontamsalaevotNamTaMgGs;. eRkayenaHbnþic BYkGñkkan;rdæ

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beRmICakmøaMgTIR)aM ecjBIRbeTsevotNameTARbeTscinvij. enAExmkra qñaM1978 BYkcinkat;

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\NÐÚensuI nighVIlIBIn eLIy. bNþardæCasmaCikénsmaKmRbCaCatiGasuIGaeKñy_ ¬Gas‘an¦ TaMgenH

)anbeBa©j RbtikmµCabnþbnÞab;GMBIeRKaHfñak;epSg² EdleKFøab;niyayeBjry³eBléns®gÁam3. KW

RbeTsTaMgenH ehIyEdlshrdæGaemrik GHGagkarBarBIkarRtÜtRtamYyrbs;BYkkumµúynisþevot-

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kumµúynisþTTYlC½yCmñHenA\NÐÚcin.

b:uEnþ eRkayqñaM1975Gaemrikhak;dUcCae)aHbg;El,gdUmINUenH RBmKñanwg\NÐÚcinEdr. enHCa

ry³kalRBÜy)armÖ nigRbkbedayTuTidæiniymmYy - edayELksRmab;RbeTssigðburI/ m:aeLsuI nig

RbeTséf. RbeTséf Casm<½n§mitþeyaFamYyrbs;shrdæGaemrik/ RbeTssigðburI CabkSsm<½n§

emaHmutCageKrbs;GaemrikenAGasuI. BYkm:aeLsuI nigBYkéf )anRbQmmuxttaMgnwgkarbHe)ard¾xøaMgkøa

rbs;BYkkumµúynisþ enAkñúgRbeTserog²xøÜn. enARbeTséf BYkkumµúynisþEdlTTYlkarKaMRTd¾mantémø

mYyBIrbb Lav nigkm<úCa Ek,rxag )aneFVIskmµPaBxøaMgkøaNas;. lIxVan;yU emdwknaMsigðburI EdlFøab;Ca

GñkkarBard¾ekøóvkøa nUv{RTwsþIdUmINU} nigFøab;)anENnaM[RbFanaFibtI hSnsun vayRbyuT§enARbeTs

evotNambnþeTAeTot edayxøacERkgfa s®gÁamnwgraldalmkdl;RbeTséf/ m:aeLsuI nigsigðburI.

m:üageTot RbeTsnanaénsmaKmGas‘an )ancUlrYmy:agskmµkñúgCemøaH edaykan;eCIgxag

GaemrikEdlcaj;. RbeTséf nighVIlIBIn )anpþl;kEnøg[BYkGaemrikaMgksagmUldæaneyaFaCaeRcIn.

RbeTssigðburI/ m:aeLsuI nig\NÐÚensuI )anpþl;nUvkarKaMRTtUctacmYy kñúgvis½ykarTUt b¤karbNþúH

bNþalkmøaMg b¤snþisuxrbs;evotNamxagt,Úv. RbeTseRcInkñúgcMeNamenaHRBWxøacNas; BIkar

sgswk ehIykñúgbNþaqñaM EdlmanbnþBIC½yCmñH RkúghaNUy )anedoltµHbNþaRbeTsénsmaKm

Gas‘anminQb; cMeBaHtYnaTIrbs;eKkñúgs®gÁam eRkamdwknaMbBa¢arbs;shrdæGaemrik.

mundMbUg RbeTsTaMgenH )aneFVIRbtikmµtbtedayELkBIKñaCamYynwgkRmiténkarP½ysøn;esøa

xus²Kña. RbeTséf )anesñIsMu[BYkGaemrikaMgrMsaymUldæaneyaFaTaMgGs;rbs;xøÜn bnÞab;mk

EsVgrkkarpSHpSaKñamYyCamYyRbeTscin EdlenATIbMputnwgnaMdl;TMnak;TMngxageyaFaeTot. R)akd


Nas;rdæaPi)aléfvinicä½yfa RbeTscinnwgpþl;[xøÜnnUvkic©karBarmYyRbesIrCagshrdæGaemrik. b:uEnþ

sßankarN_)anvivtþelOnrh½seBksRmab;kgT½BGPirkSmYy ehIyenAqñaM1976 rdæRbharbgðÚrQam

mYy )annaMkgT½B[mkkan;GMNacvij.

RbeTsm:aeLsuI )anEsVgrkkarsnÞnaCamYyBYkemdwknaMRkúghaNUy EdlmanC½yCmñH.

RbeTs\NÐÚensuI EdlEtgEtP½yxøacRbeTscineRcInCagRbeTsevotNam KWCaRbCaCatiEtmYyKt;

EdlrkSakares¶óms¶at;rbs;xøÜn. BYkhVIlIBIn kMBugxVl;nwgclnaRbqaMg nigkarbHe)arkñúgRbeTspÞal;

rbs;eK.lIxVan; yU CaemdwknaMGg;GacsVahab;rbs;RbeTssigðburI )anvaytémøfa snþisuxénrdæburId¾tUc

rbs;eKTamTar[mankmµviFITUeTAmYysRmab;RbeTsTaMgGs;énsmaKmGas‘an kñúgeKalbMNgecos

vagmanbBaðaepSg² CamYy\NÐÚcinkumµúynisþ.

lI R)afñaeFVI[eKTukcitþsmaKménRbCaCatiGasuIGaeKñy_eLIgvij nigeFVI[eTAkmøaMgneya)ayd¾

manGMNacmYypg. smaKmGas‘an)anRtÚvbegáIteLIgenAqñaM1976 kñúgeKalbMNgbegáItshKmn_

esdækic©mYy dUcshKmn_esdækic©GWr:ubenAkñúgtMbn;. eKaledAenH beBa©j[eXIjminGacseRmc)aneT

b:uEnþenAqñaM1976 smaKmGas‘anmaneKaledAfµImYy edaybgðajmuxminEmnkumµúynisþEtmYyb:ueNÑaH

RbQmnwgbøúkkumµúynisþ\NÐÚcinmYy.

cMnYnénkarRbCMurbs;Gas‘an )anekIneLIgy:ageRcInenAqñaM1975nig1976.lIxVan;yU )aneFVI

dMeNIreTAmkminQb;QrrvagsigðburI nigRkúg)agkk edIm,IriHrksßanPaBrYmmYyCamYyRbeTséf Ca

RbeTsEdlb:HBal;xøaMgCageKedaysarC½yCmñHrbs;kumµúynisþ. enAcugqñaM1976 eK)anQandl;

karRBmeRBógKñamYy. minRtwmEtRbeTsnanaénsmaKmGas‘anTTYlsÁal;bNþarbbfµIenA\NÐÚcin

b:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþBYkeK )anRtÚvr:UvKñasþIBIPaBcaM)ac;kñúg{karCYbsnÞnaKña}EfmeTot TaMgCamYyBYkevotNam

k¾dUcCamYyBYkcin. BYkeKyl;eXIjfa BYkeKElgGacsMGagelIBYkGaemrikaMgedIm,IFanasnþisux

rbs;eKeTotehIy ehIyfa RbeTséf mankarykcitþTukdak;EsVgrkkarFanaEbbenaHBIxagRkúgeb:kaMg

vij. CamYyKñaenaH BYkeKyl;eXIjfa eKmincaM)ac;»nlMeTanenAmuxRkúghaNUy nigRkúgeb:kaMgeT

ehIyfa edayrYmKñaCabøúkEtmYy BYkeKGackøayeTACaeRKÓgkarBard¾RbesIrTl;nwgsßanPaBFøak;cuH

Epñkneya)ay nigesdækic©rbs;eK.

R)akdehIy RbeTsTaMgenaHekItmankarRBÜy)armÖEmnBIerOgesdækic©rbs;eK bnÞab;BIqñaM

1975. ebIsinCaBYkGñkvinieyaKbreTs mine)aHbg;RbeTsnanaénsmaKmGas‘aneT eKBi)ak

EsVgrkGñkvinieyaKCafµINas;. BiPBGñkrksuImuxCarYjramindak;TuneLIgvijkñúgtMbn;EdlRbeTsbIeTIb


nwgkøayCardækumµúynisþeT. KWBitCaeFVI[GMBl;y:agcEmøk sRmab;bNþaRbeTsénsmaKmGas‘anEdl

CaGñkedIrtamliT§imUlFnniymy:agmWugm:at; ehIyEdlFøab;BwgEp¥kelIkarvinieyaKrbs;breTs edIm,I

GPivDÆn_esdækic©rbs;eK. enAeBlenaHÉg EdlBYkeKseRmccitþERbkøayxøÜnCaGñklk; nigGñkkarBar

edaypÞal;/ BRgIkehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigTak;TajBYkGñkvinieyaKinbreTsedayxøÜnÉg ehIyElgsMGag

elIkarCYyKaMRT rbs;shrdæGaemrikteTAeTot.

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Cak;EsþgTaMgenH køayeTACaGñkTTYlplRbeyaCn_y:agFMénsßanPaBenH -mYycMENkFMedaysarkar

RbwgERbgpÞal;rbs;eK edIm,IraraMgmin[RTwsþIdUmINUelcCarUbragBitR)akd. enAqñaM1978 enAeBl

EdlBiPBelak BMumanCeRmIsNaepSgeToteRkABIykcitþTukdak;CafµIcMeBaHPUmiPaKGasuIGaeKñy_enaH

bNþaRbeTsénsmaKmGas‘an )anbMeBjnUvGVIEdlBYkGñkCMnajkarGWr: ubcat;TukCa {GBÖÚtehtu

esdækic©}. eTaHbICaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_k¾eday k¾RbeTsGas‘anTaMgGs; )ansÁal;nUvkarlUtlas;

mYyx<s;CagkarlUtlas;CamFüménBiPBelak sRmab;bNþaRbeTsEdlR)ak;cMNUlCamFüm.

RBwtþikarN_EdlmansarsMxan;Edr KWRbeTsTaMgenaH )anseRmcpll¥ edayrYmkmøaMgKñaRbQmnwgkar

KMramkMEhgmYyrbs;breTs edaHRsaybBaðaepSg²rvagBYkeK EdlenAgMtaMgBIyUmkehIy.

Gas‘an )ankøayeTACasmaKmmanRbsiT§PaBEbøkBIeKmYy énBiPBelakEdlkMBugrIklUtlas;

ehIyGaceRbóbeFobnwgsmaKmdUcKñaepSg²enAkñúgBiPBelakEdlman]sSahkmµlUtlas;. b:uEnþ

BYkGaemrikaMgRtÚvkareBlevlad¾Cak;lak;mYy edIm,IEsVgyl;BIkarBitenH nigmUlehtuepSg² EdlxøÜn

Føab;eFVI[elceLIg. saklviTüal½ynana enAshrdæGaemrik minRtwmEtQb;ykcitþTukdak;nwg\NÐÚcin

b:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþ KWPUmiPaKGasuIGaeKñy_TaMgmUl. eRkayqñaM1975 bNþamCÄmNÐlRsavRCavGMBIPUmiPaK

GasuIGaeKñy_ )anrlay)at;BIsklviTüal½ykULúMebo/ EylnigsaklviTüal½yepSg²eTot.kaEst

nigTsSnavdþITaMgLay kRme)aHBum<pSaydMNwgepSg²sþIBIbNþaRbeTsénsmaKmGas‘anNas;.

CafµImþgeTot shrdæGaemrik)anykcitþTukdak;nwgbNþaénsmaKmGas‘an KWenAeBlEdl\NÐÚcin

sÁal;nUvehtukarN_sMxan;RbkbedayTukçesakCaeRcIn KWkarcakecjtamTUkTaMghVÚg²rbs;RbCaCn

EdlePosxøÜnecjBIRbeTsevotNamqñaM1978 ehIyeTAeLIgeKakenAtameqñHsmuRTRbeTsnanaén

smaKmGas‘an.

enATIbMput s®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTIbI bgðaj[eXIjfa GñkrgeRKaHsMxan;bMputénC½yCmñHrbs;


kumµúynisþenA\NÐÚcin KWBiPBkumµúynisþxøÜnÉgEtmþ. enAeBlEdlBYKeKQñHs®gÁamBYkkumµúynisþ\NÐÚcin

)anlubbM)at;mUldæanshRbtibtþikarEdlmanEtmYyrvagRbeTscin nigshPaBsUevot ebIeTaHCava

RKan;EtCanimitþrUbk¾eday KWbMNgrYmrbs;eKedIm,IykQñHGaemrik nigbNþasm<½n§mitþrbs;. eRkayqñaM

1975 BiPBkumµúynisþ)ansÁal;nUvkarEbk)ak;rbs;xøÜny:agRCaleRCA nigRsYcRsal;bMput taMgBIkar

eRbHqarvagcin-shPaBsUevot enAqñaM1963 CamYynwgplvi)akRbkbedaymhnþrayEfmeTot.

CemøaHCaRbvtþisa®sþxagEpñkmenaKmviC¢a nigTwkdIrvagRbeTsevotNam/ km<úCa nigcin Edl

rIkraldalRbkbedaykl,ic )anRtÚvcat;faCaerOgbnÞab;bnSM edays®gÁamRbqaMgcRkBtþiniym

GaemrikaMg eFVI[keRmIkeLIgvijrwtEtxøaMgeLIg. minRtwmEtvanaMeTArks®gÁammYyrvagRbeTsTaMgenHeT

b:uEnþva)aneFVI[RbeTscinTak;TgKñaCamYyRbeTselakxaglicEfmeTot CaBiess shrdæGaemrik.

RbeTscin nigshPaBsUevot )anRbQmmuxdak;KñaCacMh edIm,IRbTaj\NÐÚcinkumµúynisþ[Føak;

kñúgrgVg;\T§iBlrbs;eK ehIybgç¿[BiPBkumµúynisþeRCIserIsRkúmbkSrbs;xøÜn. edayEsVgrkkarKaMRT

mYyenATIdéTeTot enATIbMput RbeTskm<úCa nigevotNam k¾EbrmkrkbNþaRbeTsminEmnkumµúynisþenA

Ek,rxagvij KWsmaKmGas‘an.

enAqñaM1978 BYkkumµúynisþ)anbMpøajkarrYmsm,ac;nwgKñaEdlBYkeK)anseRmckñúgry³eBlén

s®gÁam. enAqñaM1975 karbHe)arrbs;kumµúynisþ hak;dUcCaTwkrlkEdle)akbk;eTArkGnaKt.

enAqñaM1978 BYkkumµúynisþpÞal; )ane)aHbg;ecalesckþIsgÇwmenH edayvayRbyuT§EtrvagKñanigKña

edayk,t;KñaeTAvijeTAmk edaydwknaMRbeTsrbs;BYkeKtamrebobd¾KYr[RBWxøacmYy EdlBYkeK)anbgá

[mankarRsgakcitþenAkñúgBiPBelakTaMgmUl.

rUbPaBRbeTsevotNam KWCarUbPaBmYykñúgcMeNamrUbPaBdMbUgeK Edlpøas;bþÚr. kñúgry³eBl

s®gÁam eK)anBiBN’naedayyutþiFm’fa RbeTsevotNamxageCIgdUcCaesþcedvId (David) tUcmYykMBug

RbQmmuxnwgykS háÚlIy:at (Goliath) énm:asuIns®gÁamrbs;GaemrikaMg. bnÞab;BIs®gÁam enAeBlenH

BYkkumµúynisþevotNam )anrkSaTukrUbPaBenHkñúgBiPBttiyelak nigRbeTssgÁmniymepSg².

eK)anGbGrsresIrBYkkumµúynisþevotNam Edl)anRbyuT§Tl;nwgkarRtÜtRtarbs;breTs eTaHbICa

manesckþIsgÇwmTTYlC½yCmñHticNas; nigRtÚvvayRbharkñúgry³eBlbITsvtSr_ edIm,IdeNþIm

ÉkraCürbs;xøÜnk¾eday.

b:uEnþ zan³rbs;RbeTsevotNamenAkñúgBiPBelak)anpøas;bþÚry:agsem,Im. CamYyRbCaCn

hasiblannak; RbeTsevotNam EdlbRgÜbbRgÜmEtmYy KWCamhaGMNackumµúynisþTIBIrenAGasuI.


eCaKC½yEpñeyaFarbs;xøÜnCaeCaKC½yEdleFVI[eKRsLaMgkaMg. CamYynwgsnþiPaB RkúghaNUyBMu)an

rMsaykgT½Brbs;xøÜneT b:uEnþpÞúyeTAvij )anbegáIncMnYnBiténkgT½Brbs;xøÜndl;mYylannak; EdleFVI

kgT½BevotNam manzan³TIbIkñúgBiPBelak. RbeTsevotNamk¾manmuxkñúgcMeNammhaGMNaceyaFa

sMxan;bMputTaMgR)aMénPBEpndIEdr. s®gÁamsamsibqñaM )aneFVI[evotNam xageCIgeTACasgÁmmYy

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Ca háÚlIy:at enAGasuIPaKGaeKñy_.

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kmøaMgTb;Epñkneya)aymYy RbQmnwg\NÐÚcinfµI EdlsuT§EtCaRbeTskumµúynisþ.

PaKeRcInénbNþaRbeTselakxaglic )aneFVIRbtikmµy:agxøaMgnwgsPaBminGacRbEkk)anmYy

eToténRbeTsevotNameRkaysm½ys®gÁam ³ vinaskmµy:agsem,Imrbs;RbeTs. RbeTsmYy

PaKy:agFM cg;CYyRbeTsevotNam. kñúgrvagmYyqñaM BYkevotNam )anbegáIt[manTMnak;TMngkarTUt

CamYyRbeTscMnYnekAsibR)aMBIr nigcUlCasmaCikGgÁkarGnþrCaticMnYnémÖBIr dUcCa FnaKarBiPBelak

GgÁkarrUbiyvtßúGnþrCati nigFnaKarGPivDÆn_GasuICaedIm.kñúgry³eBlBIr-bIqñaM RbeTseRkACaeRcIn)an

yl;RBmpþl;CMnYy CagR)aMmYyekadiduløar[RbeTsevotNam sRmab;karsßabnaRbeTseLIgvij.

b:uEnþ BYkevotNam)ancat;EcgedayminRbsb;nUvkmµviFIsþarRbeTseLIgvijrbs;BYkeK ehIy

RkúghaNUy)anrYsran;pþl;GaTiPaB cMeBaHbBaðaeyaFaCafµI. karsþarRbeTseLIgvij )anknøgputeTA

bnÞab;BIkarRtÜtRtatMbn;Edlcat;TukdUcCaeKaledAmanGaTiPaB. RbeTsLav4)ankøayy:agqab;rh½s

eTACardæGaNaBüa)almYyrbs;RkúghaNUy EdlCaCMhandMbUgeq<aHeTArkeKaledAenH.

BYkkumµúynisþrbs;Lav -):aeftLav- )aneLIgkan;GMNactamry³C½yCmñHtUctacCabnþbnÞab;

mYy ³ bTQb;)aj;KñaenAqñaM1973 karbegáItrdæaPi)alcRmúHenAExemsa qñaM1974 karRsutcuHrbs;

RkúmniymsþaMenAEx]sPa qñaM1975 nigkarRbkasbegáItsaFarNrdæRbCaFibetyüRbCamanitLav

enAéf¶TI2 ExFñÚ qñaM1975. KWBMumankareLamB½T§rdæFanIenATwkpþac;RBR½t EdleFVI[manmnusSsøab;RBat;

R)as; dUcenARbeTsevotNam nigkm<úCa TaMgBMumankarrt;eKcxøÜnrbs;BYkGaemrikaMgeLIy. kgT½Brbs;

):aeftLav )anedIrcUlkñúgrdæFanIevogc½nÞ rebobCak,ÜnBüúhyaRta edaymanyuT§Cnkan;GavuFtubEtg

edaypáaPJIpg.kñúgcMeNammnusSCaeRcIn eKsegáteXIjBYkGñkkarTUtGaemrikaMg ehIysßanTUt rbs;eK

enAEtebIkTVardEdl.

karEkERbRbeTsLav eFVI[eTACarNbrbs;RbeTsevotNam )anRbRBwtþeTAy:ags¶b;es¶óm.


enATIbMput kgT½BevotNamRbEhlbYnmWunnak; )ane)aHTItaMgsMctenAkñúgRbeTsenH EdlrYmbgáCakg-

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neya)ayrbs;Lav.

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ticCagbIlannak; KWCaRbeTssm,ÚrPñMEdlmanRbeTsÉeTotB½T§CMuvij dUcCaRbeTscin/ PUma/ éf/ km<úCa/

evotNam nigLav EtgEtEsVgrkkarKaMBarBIrdæmYyEdlmanGnuPaBCageKCanic©.

BYkevotNam )anbegáItclnakumµúynisþLavtamry³bkSkumµúynisþ\NÐÚcin ehIy)anKaMRT

clna enHy:ageBjTMhwgrhUtdeNþIm)anC½yCmñHCasßaBr. eRkayqñaM1975 RbeTsLavman

GtßRbeyaCn_bnþicbnþÜc EdlxøÜnRtÚvsßitenAeRkammøb;rbs;evotNam. RbeTsLav BMuKMramkMEhgdl;

RbeTsNamYyeLIy ehIymanesrIPaBy:agFMmYy kñúgvis½ykic©karbreTs k¾dUckñúgkarEfrkSavb,Fm’

Lav CaBiess CMenOrbs;Gñkkan;BuT§sasnapg. ):aeftLav )antRmÚv[RbeTsCati GnuvtþRbB½n§

kumµúynisþmYytamKMrUevotNam rYmTaMgbegáItCMrMGb;rMEkERbfµIpg b:uEnþ eRkamTRmg;mYyTn;Pøn;Cag nig

minsUveXaeXAb:unµaneT. fVIebIkarcab;epþImdMbUg²mankarlM)akk¾eday k¾esdækic©rbs;LavGaceFVI[

seRmc nUvkarlaybBa©ÚlKñamYyrvagshRKasesrI nigkareFVICatUbnIykmµ EdlenATIbMput)aneFVI[

kRmitCIvPaBrs;enAmYyPaKFMrbs;sgÁmRbesIrelIsmunEdr -enHCalT§plEdlTaMgRbeTsevot

Nam TaMgRbeTskm<úCa minGacGYtek¥gk¥ag)aneT.

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TaMgshrdæGaemrik. rdæFanIevogcnÞ )ankøayeTACabg¥ÜcmYysRmab;[BiPBelakxageRkABinitü

emIllT§plénkarpøas;bþÚrepSg² énkarbdivtþn_enA\NÐÚcin.

b:uEnþ témøénC½yCmñHTaMgenHmanlkçN³éføfñÚrNas;edayehtufa enHCaÉkraCürbs;RbeTs.

rdæaPi)alrbs;Lav etagEtyl;RBmTTYlykmeFüa)aybt;EbnTaMgGs; EdlbgÁab;bBa¢aredayRbeTs

evotNam TaMgkñúgRbeTsk¾dUceRkARbeTs. CaeRcInelIkeRcInsa BYkLav)aneFVIGVImYyedayKµanTak;Tg

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ebIsineyabl;EtmYysþIBIs®gÁam eFVI[manPaBÉkcä½nÞkñúgcMeNamBYkGaemrikaMg KWeyabl;fa shrdæmin

EdlcUlRbLÚkkñúgs®gÁamd¾bgðÚrQammYy EdlnaM[cMNayluyeRcIn nigCMrujeTArkbraC½ydUecñHeT.

dUcEdleK)anrMBwgTuk BYkevotNamEdlmanC½yCmñH )anxaMRkajnwgTsSn³EdlPan;RcLMrbs;

eKdEdl nigminEkERb\riyabfrbs;eKcMeBaHshrdæGaemrikeT munEdlRBwtþikarN_epSg²ekItman


eLIgedayécdnüenAkñúgRbeTspÞal;rbs;xøÜn EdlbgçM[BYkeKvaytémøCafµInUvGVIEdlmanlkçN³ caM)ac;

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BMuEmnedaykarGMBavnavénrdæaPi)alrbs;xøÜneT b:uEnþ edaysPaGaemrikaMg. GñktMNagra®sþ esþhVin

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éRBnKr nigRkúgPñMeBjeLIy. b:uEnþ EbøkGMBIGñkneya)ayPaKeRcIndéTeTot Kat;enAEtykcitþTukdak;

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Kat;)andwknaM KN³RbtiPUmYyRkúmeFVIdMeNIrmkkan;TIRkúg)agkk ehIy)anB¤eKniyayR)ab;BIerOgr:av

rbs;BYkGñkePosxøÜn ExµreTotpg. Bt’manenH)anRtÚvpþl;[Kat;dwgedayelak sðaléfV nIg (Charles

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sParUbenH mankarykcitþTukdak;CaBiessenaH KWkarCemøósRbCaCnCaelIkTIBIr Edlkñúgry³eBl

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kMBugEsVgrkGñkneya)aynana Edlcat;EcgelIkykbBaðasßankarN_enAkm<úCaeTABiPakSaKña. eRkay


kareFVIdMeNIrrbs;Kat;eTATIRkúg)agkk Kat;manGarmµN_fa sPaGaemrikaMg RtÚvEtebIksm½yRbCMu

CasaFarN³sþIBIbBaðaenH. Kat;yl;fa shrdæGaemrikRbEhlCanwgKµanGanuPaBbBaÄb;GMeBIsahav

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km<úCa Edlrs;enAkñúgCMrMnanatamRBMEdnéf GaceFVIdMeNIrmkkan;shrdæGaemrik edayRtg;. elak

sULa )armÖfa kñúgTIbMput mnusSTaMgenHnwgminRtÚveKrkerOgdUcBYkCIhVenAGWr:ubeT.

esckþIykcitþTukdak;dMbUg² )anekItmanenAEx]sPa qñaM1977. va)anTak;Tajkarykcitþ

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EføgkarN_epSg²edaymWugmat;bMput sþIBIGMeBIsahavyg;Xñg EdlRbRBwtþeLIgenAkñúgRbeTsenH.

elakRbFanaFibtI xaF½r )anbegáItKN³kmµaFikarsiT§imnusSmYykñúgépÞRksYgkarbreTs b:uEnþ GgÁkarfµI

enH BMuEdlecjpSayr)aykarN_NamYy sþIBIbT]RkidæepSg²rbs;BYkExµrRkhmeLIy. smaCikTaMg

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rbs;shrdæGaemrikb:ueNÑaH ehIyfa RbeTskm<úCaBMumancUlkñúgRbePTenHeT. hUlRb‘Úk )ancUlrYm

kñúgerOgenH ehIyedaysarkarRbwgERbgrbs;BYkGñkCMnajkarxagbBaðakm<úCarbs;Kat; rdæaPi)al)an

EføgBIbMNgxøÜnRbqaMgnwgkarrMelaPsiT§imnusS EdlRbRBwtþeLIgedayrbbRkúgPñMeBj.

kñúgcenøaHeBlenaH RBwT§smaCik r:UbWt_ dUl (Robert Dole) xagKNbkSsaFarNrdæRbcaMrdæexnsas

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ehIyGnuBaØat[CnCatikm<úCadb;R)aMBan;nak; cUleTArs;enAkñúgshrdæGaemrikkñúgzan³CaRkúm edaymin

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RtÚv )ankøayeTACaerOgRtÚvCECkEvkEjkKña enAeBlEdlrdæaPi)alrbs;elak xaF½r l,gbBaÄb;

sßankarN_kMBugERbRbÜlenAPUmiPaKGasuIGaeKñy_.


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rYmkñúgkarBiPakSaxagneya)aysþIBI\NÐÚcinenHEdr16. kalBImun Kat;)anbgðaj[eXIjnUvkarykcitþ

Tukdak;tictYccMeBaHRbeTsevotNam nigkm<úCa edayKat;xVayxVl;EtbBaðaepSg² EdlKat;vinicä½yfa

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rbs;Kat; Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI manTMenarcat;TukCemøaHepSg² kñúgbribTTUlMTUlaymYy ehIyCaTUeTAEdleFVI[

RBÜy)armÖbMput dUcbNþashkarIKat;enARksYgkarbreTsEdr. tamRbéBNI BYkGñkCMnajkarénRksYg

enH )anniyayENnaM[dak;CemøaHTaMgLaykñúgRkbxNÐdEdlvij. pÞúyeTAvij Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI EdlCaTI

RbwkSamñak;rbs;{mhaGMNacFM²} )anTajCemøaHepSg²ecjBIbribT manRBMEdnrbs;eK ehIyERb

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sUevot nigRbeTscin )anRbQmmuxdak;Kñatamry³{m:Uy}rbs;xøÜn EdleKdak;enAcenøaHkNþal.

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cMeBaH Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI EdlKat;)anerobrab;tamEtcitþnwkeXIj edayKµanBt’manepSg² edIm,ICasMGagdl;

smþIbgáerOgrbs;Kat;eLIy. tamesckþIraykarN_rbs;BYkGñkCMnajkarKat; v:an;s_ nighUlRb‘Úk dwgfa

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minpÞúymkvijeT.

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e)aHbg;ecalenAmuxTIRkúgRt½r. enAeBlyb;s¶at; TahanEdlbgáb;xøÜnenAkñúgeBaHesHenaH )ancuHecj


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neya)ayrbs;GaemrikaMgenAGasuI. CaGkusl bBaðasþIBI\riyabfEdlRtÚvRbkan;ykenAcMeBaHmux

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eBleRkays®gÁamnUvGtßRbeyaCn_mYy sRmab;BYksUevotenAGasuI ehIy)anRbkasCasaFarN³ BI

erOgenH enAeBlEdlBYkeKesñI[BYkGaemrikaMgrkSaTukmUldæan T½Brbs;BYkeKenAGasuIGaeKñy_dEdl.

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edIm,IbBa©b;nUvGVIEdlBYkcincat;TukCakareCOneTAmuxmYyrbs;sUevot bnÞab;BIkardkfyrbs;GaemrikaMg

kñúgBiPBelakTaMgmUl. BYkeK)anefáaleTasnUvBaküsnüaBImun²rbs;elak xaF½r EdlfabgáarCamun

nUvkarrIkdalRbkbedayeRKaHfñak; nigkat;bnßykarRbQmmuxsUevot-GaemrikaMg edaysarkarcrca

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CMhrEtmYyEdlKat;Føab;KaMRTtaMgBIyUrmkehIy ³ shPaBsUevot KWCamhaGMNacvatTIniymmYy

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b:uEnþ enAeBlEdl KIsSIghÁ½r Føab;eFVI[RtIekaN sUevot-cin-shrdæGaemrikvinasbnþicmþg² edIm,I

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karRBmeRBógKñamYy rvagcin-GaemrikaMg RbqaMgnwgsUevotvij.

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karenARbeTscin. Kat;)anecalsMdIeFVIkarRBmanxøaMg²rbs;Gaemrik GMBICemøaHd¾CUrct;rbs;RbeTs

enAGasuI EdlseRmccitþcUleTAxagRbeTscinral;elIk.

sRmab;GasuITaMgmUl qñaM1978 KWCaqñaMEdlRBwtþikarN_epSg²ERbRbÜly:agxøaMg. vibtþiCahUr

EhmYy EdlRbEhlCaKµanTak;TgrvagKñanigKña )anbNþal[mankarRbQmmuxxagneya)ayy:ag

twgEtg hak;dUcCasñameRbHCasBaØa[dwgmunBIkarrBa¢ÜydImYyEdr. enAEx]sPa rdæaPi)alGaemrikaMg

)andwgfa RbeTsevotNam manKeRmagkarcUlluyRbeTskm<úCa. kalBIExmun sßanTUtshrdæ-

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)annaM[{BYkGñkcaMXøaMemIl\NÐÚcin} enAsßanTUtsnñidanfa s®gÁamnwgpÞúHeLIgenAmundMNac;qñaMenH.

sßanTUtGaemrik cg;dwgfaBYkcinnwgeFVIRbtikmµ edaymeFüa)ayy:agem:cxøH ³ BYkeKnwgkarBarRbeTs

km<úCarbs; b:ul Bt edaymWum:at;Emnb¤?.

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enARbeTscin BIeRBaHBYkcin)anniyaykarBarbuBVehturbs;xøÜny:ageRcIn kñúgkarvivaTEdlnaM[BYkeK

RbqaMgnwgRkúghaNUyenaH. ¬erOgEdlmaneKalbMNg KWRkúgeb:kaMgBuM)anBiPakSaBIKuNsm,tþiénrbb

b:ul Bt enAkm<úCaeLIy¦. Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )aneFVI[cinrMePIbcitþ tamBaküsmþIfa {R)akdEmnehIy

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EdlBYkcinkt;smÁal;fa BYkevotNamCaGñkKMramkMEhgmkelIxøÜnenaHeLIy. RbeTsevotNam)an

køayeTACab:usþiCYrmuxmYyrbs;RkúgmUsÁÚ enARBMEdnPaKxagt,Úgrbs;RbeTscin}.

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niekçbbTrbs; Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI GMBIkarRbQmmuxmYy{tamkarRbKl;siT§i}. va)anbgðaj nUvmUldæan

EdlBYkcinBwgEp¥kCasMGag edIm,ITamTar[BYkGaemrikaMg e)aHbg;ecalbMNgeFVI[manRbRktIPaBnUv

TMnak;TMngepSg²rbs;eKCamYyRkúghaNUy. ém:xWl GUesnbWk GñkÉkeTsxagbBaðaRbeTscinenA

RkúmRbwkSasnþisuxCati )andMNalfa ³ {eyIgdwgfa TMnak;TMngepSg²rbs;RbeTscinCamYyBYkevot-


Nam )anERbeTACalVIgCUrct;y:agCak;c,as; b:uEnþ KWBitCaF¶n;F¶rxøaMgCageyIgnwkKiteTAeTot. dMbUg enA

eBlEdleyIg[dMNwgBYkcinfa eyIgmanbMNgnwgeFVI[manRbRktIPaBnUvTMnak;TMngrbs;eyIgCamYy

RbeTsevotNam BYkeK)aneqøIyedaysmþIeføas²mkeyIgfa ³ KWCakic©karrbs;GñkÉg. elIkenH

BYkeK)aneRbIsmþIxøaMg² RbqaMgnwgBYkevotNam nigkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBeTAvij.

Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )anRbjab;yl;RBmcMeBaHCMhrrbs;cinPøam. Kat;)anqøgputedayrIkraynUvRBMEdn

TaMgLay EdlerobcM[manTMnak;TMngcin-GaemrikaMg nigrYbrYmCaBYkm©as;pÞHrbs;Kat;edIm,IefáaleTas

shPaBsUevot nigRbeTsevotNam. Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI CaGñkeTscr)aneLIgkaMCeNþIrfµmhakMEBgeday

CMhanelatepøaH nigKµanB¤sMeLg ehIybeBa©jy:agxøaMgnUvBaküRbeTcpþasaRbqaMgnwgsUevot Ca{xøaXµúM

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mincuHcaj;karRbwgERbgrbs;RbCaCatiTaMgGs; EdlkMBugsVHEsVgbegáItGnutþrPaBmYyelIBiPBelak b¤

PUmiPaK}. Kat;GagelIBaküniyayBgVagrbs;cin sRmab;smÁal;shPaBsUevot nigevotNam ehIy

hak;dUcCadak;Tm¶n;elIshrdæGaemrik BIeRkaykarRBmanEdlRbeTscinbeBa©j[RbeTsTaMgBIr

dwgCasaFarN³.

b:uEnþ GaemrikGacnwgsßitenAedayELkBICemøaHTaMgenH CaBiess enAeBlEdlvaRbQmmuxEt

CamYyRbeTskumµúynisþnanab:ueNÑaH. eKminGacRbmaNBIlT§plPøam² EdlesckþIEføgkarN_rbs;

Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI maneTAelIRbeTsevotNameT. RkúghaNUy )anseRmccitþeFVIs®gÁamenARbeTskm<úCarYc

eRsceTAehIy. b:uEnþ vaR)akdfa kareFVIdMeNIreTARbeTscinepþImyuT§nakarmYyrbs; Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI edIm,I

erobcM nigP¢ab;GaemrikeTAxagBYkcinsRmab;dMNak;kals®gÁam\NÐÚcinbnÞab;xagmux ehIyfaRbkarenH

RbEhlCaeFVI[man\T§iBlRCaleRCAmYyeTAelIneya)ayGaemrikaMg kñúgqñaMbnÞab;²eTot.

edayRbqaMgtbtPøam² bnÞab;BIkarcakecjrbs;GaemrikaMg Rkúgeb:kaMg)anriHKn;CasaFarN³

sRmab;CaelIkdMbUgGMBIkareFVI)abedayRkúghaNUy cMeBaHGaNikCncinenARbeTsevotNam.

karecarRbkan; nigkarRbqaMgnwgkarecaTRbkan; )anmaneLIgbnþKña ehIyCnCaticinkat;evotNam

170>000nak; )anePosxøÜneTARbeTscinmunRkúgeb:kaMgbiTRBMEdnenAniTaXrdUv. RbeTscin)anp¥ak

kmµviFICMnYyrbs;xøÜneTA[RbeTsevotNam RkúghaNUy)ancUlCasmaCikGgÁkarkUemkug (COMECON)

EdlCashKmn_esdækic©rbs;bøúksUevot. enAExkkáda RbeTsevotNam )anRbmUlpþúMT½B 150>000

nak; tamRBMEdncin CamYyeRKÓgsBVavuF nigRKab;rMesvRKb;RKan;sRmab;karRbyuT§Kñad¾yUrmYyenAtam


RBMEdn.

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)anRtÚveFVI[xwgxøaMgNas; b:uEnþ ecosvagkarRbQmmuxedaypÞal;mYy CamYyTIRbwkSasnþisuxCati Edl

eBareBjeTAedayPaBrh½srhYn ehIyeBjcitþnwg{CECkrkxusRtÚv}GMBIcMNucExVgeyabl;KñaEt

b:ueNÑaH. elakrdæm®nþIkarbreTs CamnusSsßitkñúgCMhrBi)akedaHRsaymYy ³ TsSnkic©rbs;

Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )anTTYleCaKC½ymYy enAeBlEdldMeNIrrbs; v:an;s_ eTATIRkúgeb:kaMg nigkarcrcarbs;

hUlRb‘Úk CamYyRbeTsevotNam EbrCaTTYlbraC½y. kñúgCemøaHEdlekItmanrvagbNþaKURbqaMgkñúg

RbeTs Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI KWCaGñkRbesIrCageK ehIyKat;manBYkcinenAxagKat;eTot EdlenHRbEhlCaeFVI[

Kat;manGMNaceTotpg. RbeTsevotNam enAEtTamTar[GaemrikaMgpþl;CMnYymYyCanic© edIm,IeFVI[

TMnak;TMngrbs;xøÜnCamYyRkúg v:asuInetan manRbRktIPaB ehIym:üageTot erOgr:av edvId eRTÓg (David

Troung) k¾pÞúHeLIgEdr19.

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ry³eBlcrcaqñaM1978 sþIBIRbRktIPaBénTMnak;TMngepSg²rvagRbeTsTaMgBIr. ekItenARbeTs

evotNam eRTÓg CakUnRbúsrbs;smaCikeqñImmñak;énkmøaMgTIbIenAevotNamxagt,Úg EdlBMuEmnCaGñk

kumµúynisþTaMgk¾minEmnCaGñkRbqaMgkumµúynisþEdr. edaymksikSaenAshrdæGaemrik enATIbMput eRTÓg

)anmk taMgTIlMenAenARkúgv:asuInetan CakEnøgEdlKat;)ankøayeTACaGñknaMBakürbs;kmøaMgTIbIsRmab;

RbeTsevotNam.

eRTÓg nig rU:Nal; h‘um®hVI CaGñkCab;ecaTCamYyKñakñúgerOgr:avenH )anRtÚvecaTRbkan;BIbTpþl;[

BYkevotNam nUvTUrelxsm¶at;Tak;TgnwgbBaðaneya)ayCahUrEhmYy EdlmansarsMxan;sRmab;Rkúg

haNUy KWesckþIsegçbmYymancMNgeCIgfa karTak;TgGaemrikaMg-evotNam ³ ebskkmµ vUdxUk Edl

erobcMeLIgedaysßanTUtGaemrikaMgRbcaMRbeTsm:aeLsuIenAExemsa qñaM1977 RBmTaMgkarviPaKmYy

eRkamcMNgeCIgfa ³ TMnak;TMngeRkARbeTsrbs;evotNam Edlsresredaykugs‘ulGaemrikaMgRbcaM

TIRkúghugkug enAEx]sPa qñaM1977. PaKeRcInénTUrelxsuT§EtmancarbBa¢ak;fa {karsm¶at;} EtRtÚv

TTYlkarcat;Cafñak;eRkambMputxagvis½ysnþisux ehIyBYkemFavIrbs;GñkTaMgBIrmineCOfa ÉksarTaMg

enH manlkçN³sMxan; sRmab;snþisuxCatirbs;shrdæGaemrikeT. b:uEnþ eRTÓg nig h‘um®hVI RtÚv)an

kat;eTas ehIyrdæaPi)alrbs;evotNamRtÚvrYmbBa©ÚlkñúgerOgr:avenHEdr. ÉkGKÁrdæTUtdMbUgrbs;


evotNamRbcaMGgÁkarshRbCaCati RtÚvRtLb;mkRbeTsevotNamvij. RkúghaNUy )anniyay

GMBI{»kasbegáIterOgCak;Esþg} edIm,IbgðajeKÉg[dwg fVIebIshrdæGaemrikenArkSa{GriPaBcMeBaH

saFarNrdæsgÁmniymevotNamk¾eday}.

plvi)aksRmab;neya)ayrbs;GaemrikaMgenA\NÐÚcin KWkarBiPakSaCamYyRbeTsevotNam

edIm,IeFVI[TMnak;TMngepSg²manRbRktIPaB )anRtÚvBnüareBlrhUtdl;karedaHRsaybBa©b;erOgr:av

rbs; eRTÓg. Epnkarrbs; v:an;s_ )ankøayeTACaGsar\tkar. RbeTsevotNam nwgmineFVIshRbti

btþikarteTAeToteT ehIyRbeTscin)aneRbIR)as; Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI edIm,IbM)at;eyabl;TaMgGs; Edl[

GaemrikenAeRkAs®gÁamEdlRbúgeRbóbnwgpÞúHeLIgenA\NÐÚcin.

GVI²EdlGaRkk;bMputKW Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )ancab;bnþneya)ayeFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTscin

eLIgvij EdlenHCaKMnit v:an;s_ taMgEtBIedImdMbUg edIm,IeFVI[køayeTACaneya)ayRbqaMgRbeTsevot

Namvij. dMbUg elakrdæm®nþIkarbreTs )anCECktv:aedIm,IeFVI[manRbRktIPaBTaMgRsugmYy CamYy

Rkúgeb:kaMg b:uEnþ BMuEmneFVI[xUcsßirPaBenATIVbGasuIeT. enAqñaM1978 v:an;s_ R)afñabnþcrcaCamYy

RbeTsevotNam edIm,ImankmøaMgTb;Tl;nwg\T§iBlrbs;sUevotmkelIRkúghaNUy EdlecHEtekInxøaMg

eLIg². b:uEnþ Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )aneBalGHGagfa RbeTsevotNam sßitenAkñúgbøúkxagsRtÚvrYceRsceTA

ehIy ehIymanbMNgp¥akkarcrcaTaMgGs;CamYyRkúghaNUyrhUtdl;kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBTaMg

RsugCamYyRkúgeb:kaMgdUcR)afña.

v:an;s_ rkeFVIGVIminekItTaMgGs; ¬dUceKcgédCab;¦ edaysarRBwtþikarN_epSg² kMBugekItmanbnþKña

enAkñúg\NÐÚcin k¾dUckareRbImeFüa)ayepSg² edIm,IeTAdl;eKaledAGIVmYyrbs; Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI Edr. enAqñaM

1978GarmµN_rbsl;elak xaF½r )anpøas;bþÚr. Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI )antaMgxøÜnCaGñkmanKuNsm,tþi Edl)an

eFVI[eCOnelOneTAmux nUvkareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTscin ehIy)anEkøgerOgPUtedIm,IeFVI[eK

eCOfa kareFVI[manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNam KWCaKMnmYyEdlerobcMy:agl¥itl¥n; edayBYk

esrIniymenARksYgkarbreTs ehIyBuMEmnCaneya)ayrbs; xaF½r eT20. elakRbFanaFibtI BMu)an

bdiesFsmþIenHeLIy.Kat;RtÚvkareCaKC½y ehIy Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI GYtxøÜnfa GacykRbeTscindak;elIfas

mYymkCUnKat;.

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CamYyBYkevotNameLIy. enAeBlEdlerOgr:avcarkmµrbs; eRTÓg RtÚv)anedaHRsaycb;sBVRKb;

elakrdæm®nþIkarbreTs v:an;s_ )anGeBa¢IjBYkGñkCMnajkarevotNammkeFVITsSnkic© enAmnÞIrBiesaFn_


rkGtþsBaØaNsaksBenARkúghUNUlUlU. KN³RbtiPUevotNam )anmkdl;rdæhaév: enAéf¶TI11

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buKÁlikRksYgkarbreTs. KWenAeBlenaHehIyEdlsmaCikKN³RbtiPUseRmccitþRbKl;[ eR)an nUv

sarBiessmYy ³ RbeTsevotNamyl;RBmlHbg;karTamTarCMnYyesdækic©rbs;xøÜn ³ kareFVI[man

RbRktIPaBGaccab;epþIm)an.

karbeBa©j[dwgenHRtÚv)aneFVI[eKeCOfa R)akdRbCa ehIyBIrs)þah_eRkaymk v:an;s_ )anesñI

BYkevotNamtamry³KN³ebskkmµrbs;evotNam enARkúg):arIs[cab;epþImeFVIkarcrcaCafµI.

edayRsbeTAtamkic©RBmeRBógmYy hUlRb‘Úk nwgCYb egVón kUfac; ¬Gnurdæm®nþIkarbreTsmñak;eTot rbs;

evotNam¦ enAeBlebIkmhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCatienAExkBaØa naTIRkúgjÚvy:k.

eTaHbICaeTIbEtmYyqñaMknøgputeTAtaMgBIbraC½yénkarcrcarvag pan;ehon nighUlRb‘Úk k¾eday k¾

fac; RtÚgeFVIdMeNIreTAkan;RkúgjÚvy:k CamYyesckþIbgÁab;bBa¢aepSg²EdlbNþal[mansßanPaBmYy

xusKñaEdr21. ebskmµrbs; fac; sßitenARtg;bBa¢ak;BIGBüaRkwtPaB ¬karenACakNþal¦ rbs;shrdæ-

Gaemrik nigeFVI[TMnak;TMngepSg²rbs;cinCamYyRkúgv:asuInetan manlkçN³sµúKsµaj. b:uEnþ

BYkGaemrik)andwgBIkarerobcMRbúgeRbóbeFVIs®gÁamrbs;RkúghaNUyCaeRsc. kareqøIybMPøWrbs;

hUlRb‘Úk k¾dUcenAEx]sPa qñaM1978Edr CamYybdiBaØa ¬x EdlmanEcgkñúgkic©snüa¦ bEnßmfa Kat;RtÚv

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smpl¦ énedImehtuenH. hUlRb‘Úk nwgCCIksYrRbeTsevotNamGMBIkarRbúgeRbóbcMeFVIs®gÁam

nigGMBIGñkePosxøÜntamTUkrab;ryBan;nak; EdlkMBugrt;eKcecjBIRbeTs.

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epSg² manRbRktIPaBCamYyRbeTsevotNam kñúgkþIsgÇwmfa RbkarenHnwgeFVI[BYkevotNamrsay

citþ ehIynwgTb;sáat;karhUrCn;eCarrbs;BYkGñkePosxøÜn. smaKmGas‘an k¾sgÇwmfa kareFVI[

manRbRktIPaBnwgkat;bnßyeRKaHfñak;epSg²BIs®gÁammYyrvagevotNam nigkm<úCa. b:uEnþ enAeBl

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mYyCamYyRkúghaNUy.

hUlRb‘UkRtÚv)anR)ab;[dwgEdrfa shrdæGaemrikRbEhlCaGace)aHCMhany:agFMmYyeTArk

RbeTsevotNammunkare)aHeqñatenAsPaGaemrikaMgenAExvicäika qñaM1978.

GñkkarTUtGaemrikaMgrUbenH )anCYb fac; kñúgElVgbnÞb;rbs;KN³RbtiPUevotNamenAGgÁkarsh

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pþl;[RbeTsevotNam. hUlRb‘Úk EdlmanbMNgecaTsYr fac; nUvsMNYrmYysþIBIectnaepSg² rbs;

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esIcjjwm² b:uEnþ enAEtRbkan;elIcMNucenHdEdl.

kñúgGMLúgsm½yRbCuMelIkTIBIr nigelIkcugeRkay GñkcrcaevotNam)anbnþTamTarluyminQb;

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tamRbtikmµrbs;eKTaMgggwtggl;CaeRsc GMBIRbtikmµrbs;cincMeBaHs®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTIbI.

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nigRkúgeb:kaMg EdletOnbgçM[eRCIserIscUlxagbkSBYkeKkñúgs®gÁamkumµúynisþ Edlc,as;Camkdl;

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xagkm<úCak¾dUcevotNam.

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enHeT.

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Edr.

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yuvbursenaH BuM)anedjtaméT.

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nigPaBs¶b;s¶at;dUcvalexµac kñúgry³eBlmYyem:agknøH.

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bnÞab;mk eyIgRtÚveLIgCiHynþehaHeFVIdMeNIreq<aHeTARkúgeb:kaMgvij.

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smøab; xadEv:l edayectna.

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mans®gÁamCamYyRbeTsevotNam. P½sþútagRbeyalTaMgLay EdlmanenAkñúgcemøIysarPaB

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rbs; eGog sarI TTYlbraC½y. GVIEdlCak;c,as;KµansgS½y KWfasmaCikmñak;énRkúmemdwknaMbkS


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xadEv:l mñak;b:ueNÑaH edayRKab;kaMePøIgmYyRKab; BuMEmnedayRKab;EbkédmYyEdleKGacRKEvgcUl

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GñkkaEstGaemrikaMgenArs;CIvit edIm,IGacniyayr:ayr:ab;R)ab;BiPBelakBImrNPaBrbs; xadEv:l.

eyIgsmøwgemIlBYkkm<úCaelIkkþarmQUsdak;kñúgrfynþmYy bnÞab;mk k,Ünrfynþd¾eRkómRkM

rbs;eyIg)anecjdMeNIreq<aHeTAGakasyandæan. RbsiT§i )anCUndMeNIreyIgeTARkúgeb:kaMgEdr Ca

mYynwgsB xadEv:l. enAeBlenaH KµanGñkNamñak;)andwgBImrNPaBrbs; xadEv:l eT elIkElgEt

BYkeyIgpÞal; nigemdwknaMCan;x<s;rbs;rbb b:ul Bt b:ueNÑaH. enAeBleTAdl;Rkúgeb:kaMg Dudm;an;

nig´)anTamTareFVI dMeNIreTAsßankugsu‘lshrdæGaemrikedaypÞal; EdleyIgGacniyayeTAkan;

RbFanKN³ebskkmµrbs;eyIg)anKWelak eLGUNa vUdxuk. eyIg)ansMNUmBr[BYkkm<úCa bBa¢Ún

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rbs; xadEv:l dwgCamunpg. eyIgTaMgGs;Kña)aneTAdl;rdæFanIcinenAéf¶TI23 ExFñÚ qñaM1978

CamYysaksB xadEv:l. BIréf¶eRkaymk KWéf¶TI25 ExFñÚ qñaM1978 BYkevotNam)ancUllukluy

RbeTskm<úCa. éf¶TI7 Exmkra qñaM1979 BYkeK)anvaydeNþImkan;kab;TIRkúgPñMeBj)an.


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vaylukenH RtÚv)andwknaMeday]tþmesnIy_evotNammñak;eQµaH v:an; eTogyug CanayGKÁesnaFikar

kgT½B EdlFøab;)anepþImeFVIkarvaylukpþac;RB½RtRbqaMgnwgsaFarNrdæevotNamxagt,Úg enAqñaM

1975. Kat;)anGnuvtþnUvGVIEdlKat;ehAfa yuT§sa®sþ {páaQUkrIk} EdlRtÚveKeRbIR)as;CaelIk

dMbUg kñúgkarvaylukenAqñaM1975enaH.

munkarcUllukluyCaTUeTA enAéf¶buNüNUEGlBYkevotNam)ancab;vayRbhaenAéf¶TI21 ExFñÚ

kñúgtMbn;sm,ÚreTAedayéRBPñMenAPaK|san tRmg;mksÞwgERtg EdlenACab;mat;TenøemKgÁ. éf¶TI25

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nigxaglicRkúgPñMeBj. BIkMBg;EpsmuRThaeTog BYkenH)anvayeLIgmkPaKxagekItrYcsMedAeTArk

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yuT§sa®sþrbs;evotNam sßitenARtg;BgVagkic©karBarrbs;ExµrRkhm edIm,IQaneTAvayTItaMg

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ehaHGaemrikaMg EdleKrwbGUs)an nigynþehaHmuic-21 Edlpþl;edayBYksUevot.

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b:uEnþRkúghaNUy)anbdiesFKµanQb;Qrfa BuM)an[kgT½Brbs;xøÜncUlRbyuT§eT. evotNam

GHGagfa KWrNsirSse®gÁaHCatikm<úCaEdlCaGñkr:ab;rgkarvayRbyuT§TaMgGs; ehIyeK)anelIksr

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kar. bNþaGtItmitþPkþiBImun²rbs;RbeTsevotNam dUcCardæm®nþITImYyRbeTssu‘yEGd KWelak

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b:ul Bt RtÚv)aneFVI[PJak;ep¥IlegOgq¶l;TaMgRsug ³ RbeTsevotNam EdlKµanCMnYyBIbNþa

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)ak;TMnb;qøgkat;PaKxagekItRbeTskm<úCarYmCamYyGtItemExµrRkhmFM² edIm,I[eFVIGñkdwknaMkñúgkar

vaylukenH.

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eyIgeCOfa enHRKan;EtCakarecjbeNþaHGasnñb:ueNÑaH1}.

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Bt. RbeTsRtÚv)andak;eQµaHfa saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa ehIyrdæaPi)almYy)anRtÚvbegáIt

eLIg mansmasPaBsuT§EtGtItExµrRkhm Edl)aneKcxøÜnrYcBIkNþab;édBYksnþisuxrbs; b:ul Bt

kñúgkMLúgeBlénkare)assm¥atCaeRcIn.

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eTotrbs;rbbenHedIm,IerobcMeFVIkarkat;eTas b:ul Bt nigbnrbs;Kat;. bnþicmþg² BYkeK)anpSBV

pSay[saFarNCneXIjrUbftCaeRcIn Edlbgðaj[eXIjnUvsaksBmnusS EdlRtÚvsmøab;enA

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RBHbnÞÚlBIkarCab;XuMenAEtkñúgRBHraCdMNak;bIqñaM Edlkñúgry³eBlenaH RBHGgÁpÞM)anEtbIem:agb:ueNÑaH

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BIrqñaMdMbUg semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nigGñkenACuMvijrbs;RBHGgÁ minEdleXIjmnusSNamñak;eRkABI

exov sMpn eLIy. qñaMcugeRkay KWqñaM1978 semþcRtÚveKnaMedIrkMsanþeTACnbTnanaCaerogral;Ex

edIm,IelIkTwkcitþRbCaCneLIgvij edaymankarsnñidæanTukCamunGMBIkarQøanBanrbs;evotNam.

m:UnIk EdlGmdMeNIrCamYyRBHGgÁEdr )anbBa¢ak;fa {RBHGgÁmanRbCaRbiyPaBeRcInCagmuneBlmun

manrdæRbharqñaM1970 eTAeTot. RbCanura®sþERskGbGrsaTr ®sþI²yM>>>2}.

ecjBITIRkúgeb:kaMg semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anyageTAkan;RkúgjÚvy:k EdlRBHGgÁRtÚv

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plRbeyaCn_rbs;cin-GaemrikaMg ehIyGHGagfa RbeTscinnwgenAbnþXøaMemIlbBaðaepSg²rbs;

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eBjeljkñúgkarRbwgERbgepSg²rbs;cin edIm,IerobcMkgT½BExµrRkhmeLIgvij. enAniTaXrdUvqñaM

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breTséf edIm,IeFVI[EpnkarepSg²rbs;Kat;)anelOneTAmuxmYykRmit.

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dwknaMedayyuT§CneCIgcas;CiHelIekAGIruj. KµanvtÒmanrbs;RbFanaFibtI rIehÁn enAkñúgBiFIenaHeT.

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RBegIyGs;ry³eBld¾yUr. BIrqñaMmunenH TahaneCIgcas;BIs®gÁamevotNam )anemIleXIjeday

rMePIb nUvkarR)arB§rbs;saFarNCnGaemrik nUvkarRtLb;vijrbs;cMNab;xµaMgCnCati GaemrikcMnYn

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enH enAéf¶TI25 Exmkra qñaM1981 TIRkúgQIkaehÁa)anElgeb:ge):agelOgcMnYn 10>000 eTAelI

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EdlcaMgkñúgépÞexµAenaH. TahaneCIgcas;cMnYnCag 150>00nak; )anCYbCMuKñaenATIRkúgv:asuInetan

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Rsk;TwkEPñkyMedayeXIjCBa¢aMgenH ehIyk¾ykédsÞabeQµaHGñkrYmGavuFrbs;xøÜn EdlcarenAelI

enaH. bnÞab;BIeBlenaHmk CBa¢aMgbUCnIydæan EdlRbCaCanGaemrikeKarBskáar³enaH )ankøay

CakEnøgEdlmanGñkmkTsSnkic©eRcInCageKenAkñúgTIRkúgv:asuInetan. páa karcgcaM nigrUbftrbs;

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enApÞHrbs;BYkeKeTotpg.

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vij. karERbRbÜlcMeBaHkaryl;eXIj cMeBaHyuT§CneCIgcas; )anpÒl;RbeyaCn_dl;RkúmGñktv:a


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s®gÁam. edaymin)anviPaKEvkEjkGMBIKuNsm,tÒiéns®gÁamsaFarNCnrbs;Gaemrik )ansøúgyl;

fa s®gÁamenaH KWCakMhusmYy. karsøab; nigkar)at;xøÜnkñúgs®gÁam evotNamRtÚv)aneKEkERb[eTACa

mUlehtuénkarl,Il,ajeTAvij. Cab;nwgsPavKtiBIsm½yedIm saFarNCnTTYlykkarelIktemáIg

bBaðaeQøIyswk nigGñk)at;xøÜnkñúgs®gÁam Ca»kasmYyedIm,I EsVgrkkitÒiysBIRbeTsrbs;xøÜn Edl

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køayCabBaðacm,gkñúgyuT§sa®sþenA\NÐÚcin. Ganemol RKIhVIt naykRkúmCati énRKÜsarrbs;eQøIy

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bBaðaRKb;RKgrbs;evotNamenAkm<úCa.shrdæGaemrik bdiesFminRBmniyayerOgrbs;km<úCaCamYy

evotNameT Tal;EtevotNamGacbgðajnUvkarTTYlxusRtÚv cMeBaHerOgTahanGaemrik)at;xøÜn. enaHKW

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km<úCamin[ExµrRkhmcUlkm<úCavijpgeT.

b:uEnÒeTaHCay:agenaHk¾eday k¾ fac; enAEtCYbCamYy RKIshVIn enAGgÁkarshRbCaCatienAqñaM

1983. Kat;)ansakl,gBnül;dl; RKIshVIn fa CaerOgswgEtminGaceFVI)anmYyebIcg;[rdæaPi

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{minKitfaGaemrikKYreFVIdMeNIrQaneTAmux edIm,IBRgIkneya)ay EdlTak;TgdUcCakarpSHpSaTMnak;TMng

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mYyekIteLIg}.

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)anecjmkBIRbeTselakxagliceT EtEbrCaecjmkBIxagRbeTselakxagekIteTAvij. enaHKWkar

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kñúgmhnÒrayneya)ayd¾F¶n;F¶rmYy. sUevot)anQøanBanRbeTsGahÁanIsßan enAqñaM1979 ehIy

)ancab;epÒIm karRKb;RKgmYyrbs;sUevot EdlRtÚv)aneKBiBN’nafaCas®gÁamevotNamrbs;sUevot.


RbeTseRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;sUevotTaMgLayenAGWr:ubxagekIt )ancab;epÒImkarRbqaMgnwgshPaB

sUevot. karRbqaMgdMbUgbg¥s;KWcab;epÒImenAqñaM1980 enAeragcRkplitk):al;mYyeQµaH Gdansk enA

RbeTsb:ULÚj dwknaMeday eLc v:aeLsa. enAqñaM1983 T½BeCIgGakasrbs;sUevot )an)aj;Tmøak;

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xagBaNiC¢kmµ[eTARbeTscin. enaHCaskmµPaBdMbUg bnÞab;BIeBlCag20qñaMknøgmk. enAExvicäika

naqñaMenaH karRbCMukMBUlmYyCamYyelakRbFanaFibtI rIehÁn enATIRkúghSWENvk¾)anebIkeLIg.

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enAGasuICacMNuccm,génrebobvar³rbs;sUevot.

r:UháaqUv minEdlemIlRtLb;mkeRkayvijeLIy.

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smuRT):asuIhVikeQµaH vø:aDIvUsÒúk edIm,IerobcMeRKagBIyuT§sa®sþrbs;sUevotenAGasuI. Kat;)anniyay

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{edayEp¥kelIkarTTYlsÁal; nigyl;dwgGMBIkarBitCak;EsÒgEdlmanehIy}.

cMeBaHerOgd¾sµúKsµajCageKenAkm<úCa Kat;)anniyayfanwgBRgwgmitÒPaBCamYy RbeTsTaMgGs;

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kar)at;bg;d¾FMeFgrbs;km<úCa ehIybnÒfa bBaðarbs;km<úCaminGacedaHRsay)an {enATIRkúgq¶ay² b¤

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kalBIqñaM1972. eday\LÚvcinsßitenAelIeKkñúgbBa¢IenaHEdr r:UháaqUv KYrEtenAtaMgBIyUrmkehIy

esv:adNadehS )anepÒatelIsMNYrCMuvijGahÁanIsßan nigkm<úCa.

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Kat;k¾bnÒdMeNIr eTATIRkúgkg;Eb‘r:a nighSakata EfmeTot.

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Kat;)anCYbCamYy h‘un Esn. h‘un Esn )ankøayCanaykrdæm®nÒI enAéf¶TI14 Exmkra qñaM1985

ehIyRBmeBlCamYyKñaenaH Kat;enAkan;tMENgCardæm®nþIRksYgkarbreTsdEdl.

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taMgBIv½yekµg Kat;BMumanbBaðaerOgsuCIvFm’cMeBaHmnusSEdlmanv½ycMNas;CagKat;eLIy.

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GMNac)an Kat;nwg[GñkenaHcUlRkúmCamYy edayminRbkan;fa CnenaHCaRBHGgÁm©as; Caksikr CaGñk

CMnYj b¤k¾CaTahaneLIy. dUcGñkneya)aykñúgRsukdéTeTotEdr Kat;cUlcitÒeFVIdMeNIrCMuvijRbeTs

CECkelgCamYyksikr nigsem<aFTIlMenAfµI. eTaHbICaKat;lak;)aMgBIsBaØadMbUgénGMeBIBukrlYy Edl

TTYlR)ak;sMNUk nigGMeNay edIm,I[rdæaPi)alGnuBaØat Kat;minEdllak;nUvkarRsLaj;cUlcitÒcMeBaH

CIvitEdlRbesIreLIgenaHeT. Kat;CMruj[RbCaCnExµrrs;enA)anRbesIr ehIyecHTajRbeyaCn_

BIkarebIkTVarRbeTseLIgvij.

enAelIqakGnÒrCati hu‘n Esn maneRbóbmYyeTot. xusBIsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu Kat;)anpÒac;

xøÜnecj BIExµrRkhmtaMgBIyUrmkehIy ehIyxusBIsemþc RBHneratþmsIhnu Kat;minEdlCabuKÁlsMxan;

enAkñúgbkSrbs; b:ul Bt b¤k¾kñúgCYrTahan b¤rdæaPi)aleLIy. RbEhlCaKµanemdwknaMExµrRkhmNamYy

Føab;B¤eQµaH sÁal; hu‘n Esn muneBlEdlKat;eLIgkan;GMNac eBlEdlevotNamcUlRsukpgeT.

edayehtuenaH Kat;GacTamTarcrcaEtCamYysemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu Etmñak;b:ueNÑaH. Kat;)an[

ehtuplfa Kat;lHbg;Gs;y:ageRcIn eTIbGackarBarmin[ExµrRkhmRtLb;mkvij dUecñHKat;mincaM)ac;

CYbcrcaCamYyBYkExµrRkhmeT. r:UháaqUv )ansnüafa ExµrRkhmKg;EtnwgRtÚvdak;bBa©Úlkñúgkarcrca

eT. b:uEnÒ hu‘n Esn cg;[BYkeK KµanvtÒmanesaHkñúgkarCYbBiPakSarvagKat; nig semþc RBHneratþm

sIhnu eRBaHfaxøacBYkenaHeqøót»kasRtLb;mk kan;GMNacvij {eRkamsMBt;rbs;semþc RBHneratþm

sIhnu}.

edIm,I[BiPBelakyl;c,as;BICMhrrbs;Kat;enAkm<úCa ehÁa)aqUv )anGeBa¢IjGñkkaEstnaMmux

\NÐÚensuImñak;[mkeFVIkic©smÖasn_d¾kRmmYyenAmUsÁÚ enAéf¶TI21 Exkkáda. bnÞab;BI)anniyaymÒgeTot

snþiPaBGsarbg; 611

nUvCMhrrbs;Kat;kñúgkardkT½BBIGahÁanIsßan kñúgry³eBld¾xøI ehIyKat;)anbnÒGFib,ayGMBIsBaØad¾

Cak;lak;mYYyéndMeNaHRsayenAkm<úCa.

Kat;)anniyayfa {éf¶ExCak;lak;kñúgkardkT½BevotNamecjBIkm<úCaRtÚv)ankMNt; ehIyeyIg

c,as;fakarkMNt;enaHnwgRtÚveKeKarBnigeFVItam. ehIysMxan;CagenHeTotKW eTaHbICakarpSHpSaCati

mandMeNIryWtk¾eday b:uEnÒ R)akdCanwgekItmaneLIg}.

snúÞHéns®gÁamRtCak;RtÚv)anbMEbk. \LÚvKWkarRbECgfaetIRbeTsNaEdlGaceFVI[ semþc

RBHneratþm sIhnu nig hu‘n Esn enACamYyKña)an. GñkkarTUteFVIdMeNIrCMuvijBiPBelak edIm,IcUlrYm

cMENkkñúgRBwT§karN_RbCMuCaRbvtÒisa®sþrvagsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nignaykrdæm®nþI hu‘n Esn

EdlnwgedaHRsaynUvGMeBIhigSaCMuvijbBaðakm<úCa. GñkkarTUt eseNhÁal; Edl)andwknaMGgÁsnñi)at

GnÒrCatiGcié®nÒy_énGgÁkarshRbCaCatisÒIBIkm<úCa )aneFVIdMeNIreTATIRkúg)agkk edIm,IerobcMkar

RbCMu. eBlEdl)anCYbsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu enATIenaH GñkkarTUt\NÐÚensuI k¾manbMNgdUc eseN

hÁal; Edr. GñkkarTUtGURTIsk¾)aneFVIdMeNIreTATIRkúgBüúgy:ag edIm,IbBa©úHbBa©Úl[semþc RBHneratþm

sIhnu cUlrYmkñúgkic©snÞnactuPaKICamYyRKb;RkúmExµrTaMgGs;. xag\NÐÚensuI cg;[RBwtþikarN_enaH

ekItmaneLIgenATIRkúghSakata ehIyxagGURTIsKitfa KYrEtCaTIRkúgevotNamvij.

GñkkarTUtCb:un)aneTAhaNUy edIm,IerobcMkic©RbCMurvagkm<úCa eRkamkar]btßmÖrbs;Cb:un.

ehIyenAÉGgÁkarshRbCaCativij emdwknaMRkúmclnatsU‘minEmnkumµúynisþ sWn san )ansakl,g

bg¥ak;kic©RbCMurvag hu‘n Esn nig semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu edayRBm[rdæaPi)alenAPñMeBj køayCaEpñk

mYyénrdæaPi)alcRmúH. enHCaCMnUnmYyd¾cEmøk EdlminEdl)anTTYlnUvkareqøIytbTal;EtesaH.

enAkñúgkarRbNaMgRbECgenH GñkkarTUt nigGñkneya)ayTaMgxagekIt nigxaglic )anmkdl;kar

snñidæanrYmmYyKW {enaHCa»kasd¾kRmmYyEdlenAcMeBaHmuxBYkeK}. CMnan;Edlrs;enAkñúgs®gÁam

RtCak; \LÚvGacemIleXIj»kasedIm,IbBa©b;va. enAGasuIs®gÁamRtCak; RtÚv)anbRgÜmRtwmkarsRmúH

sRmÜlsUevot nigcin[RsuHRsYlKña EdlCaKnøwHGnuBaØat[RbeTsTaMgLayebIkTVarTMnak;TMng nignaM

mknUvTMnak;TMngl¥rvagRbeTsnigRbeTs ehIynaMeTArkkarQandl;karebIkRBMEdnelIkTI1 Gs;eBld¾

yUr eRkayBIeBlrbbGaNaniKmRtÚv)anbBa©b;. edIm,IsRmuHsRmÜlcin nigsUevot T½BevotNam RtÚv

EtdkecjBIRbeTskm<úCa nigkarbBa©úHbBa©Úl[ExµrQb;vaykñúgcMeNamKñaÉg Edl)ankøayCaktÒa

cm,génneya)ays®gÁamRtCak; ehIyRKb;Kñacg;mancMENkkñúgenaH.

enAkñúgkic©karTUtEdlmanlkçN³dUcePøógebIkéf¶enaH Gaemrik nigcin swgEtKµanlUkédcUl


esaH. RbeTsBIrEdlCaGñkkMNt;vin½ys®gÁamRtCak;kalBI8qñaMmun \LÚvkMBugenAcaMeRtómxøÜnrYcCa

eRsc edIm,IecjRbtibtÒikar. shrdæGaemrikniyayfa eKedIrtamRbeTsTaMgLayenAGasuIGaeKñy_

ebIniyay[cM KWeKminRBmlUkédkñúgerOgenaHeT. ÉcinvijkMBugtéføcuHbEnßmBIevotNam.

bnÞab;BIkarRbCMuBIrbIdgenAevotNamnig)agkk RbeTsTaMgLayenA\NÐÚcin nigRbeTsGas‘an

)anseRmcfa dl;eBlevlaEdlRtÚvBiPakSaerOgkm<úCaminEmnpøÚvkar EdlBYkeKnwgehAfa CakarRbCMu

eRkApøÚvkarmYy b¤ehA JIM (Jakarta Informal Meeting). enAExkBaØa rdæm®nþIkarbreTscin )anCYbCamYy esv:a

dNadehS BIerOgkm<úCa ehIykñúgGMLúgeBlEtmYyExb:ueNÑaHrdæTUtcinRbcaMenARbeTséf)anRbkasfa

RbeTsrbs;Kat;)anyl;RBmcMeBaHkarCYbRbCMurvagsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nig hu‘n Esn.

karcrcaBitR)akdRtÚv)aneFVIeLIgenAeRkAkarcMNaykarTUtCasaFarN³d¾éfø. eTaHbIenA

eRkayqakk¾mankarcrcaBIrdMNak;kalEdr. dMNak;kalTImYyKWCapøÚvkarTUtd¾caM)ac;. semþc RBH

neratþm sIhnu eFVIkarCamYy m:ataMg nigBYk)araMg. ehIyhu‘n Esn eFVIkartamry³ r:UháaqUv nigsUevot.

semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anseRmcehIyfa kic©RbCMunwgeFVIeLIgenARbeTs)araMg ehIysgÇwmfa

m:ataMg nwgr:ab;rgxagP½sÒúPa nigTMnak;TMngCamYysUevot nigevotNam. m:ataMg )anniyayfa {enAeBl

dMbUg Edl r:UháaqUv )anmkCYbeyIg edIm,IBiPakSaBIsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu ´)anR)ab;Kat;fa ´cg;[

semþc RBHneratþmsIhnu ecjBIcin nigBIeRkamRsemalrbs;cin mkRbeTsEdlGt;mancin nigBIeRkam

Rsemalrbs;cin mkRbeTsEdlmanGBüaRkwtPaB dUcCaRbeTs)araMg.

cMENkÉ r:UháaqUv vij mansuTidæiniymefa minEmnRtwmEt hu‘n Esn b:ueNÑaHeT EdlRBmtamsMeNI

rbs;Kat;edayQrelICMhrsaFarN³ edIm,IpSHpSaCati sUm,IEtevotNamk¾RBmsRmúHsRmÜlCamYy

semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu Edr. enaHKWCapøas;bÒÚrmYyy:agxøaMgbnÞab;BIb:unµanGaTitümun Edl hu‘n Esn

nigevotNam )anriHKn;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu y:agxøaMg ehIymineCOfa GacmandMeNaHRsay

snÒiPaB.

hu‘n Esn )anesñI[sUevoterobcM[Kat;eTA):arIs. ehIyenAéf¶TI18 Exvicäika qñaM1987 Kat;

)anRbkasfa Kat;nwgeTACYbCamYysemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu enAExeRkay EdlTukeBlticCagmYyEx

dl;éf¶RbCMuenAéf¶TI2 ExFñÚ edIm,IerobcMkarRbCMuenAvimansNæaKarmYyenAextÒénRsasM):ajrbs;)araMg

enA EhVr Gg; taDWn½r (Fere-en-Tardenois). r:UháaqUv )anniyayfa {eyIg[ynÒehaHmYydl;Kat; ehIy)araMg

r:ab;rgcMNayRKb;y:agepSgeTot EdldUcCakarshkarmYyCamYy)araMgEdr.

m:ataMg enAcaM)anfa sUevotFøab;mankarRBÜy)armÖcMeBaHRBHT½ygakerrbs;semþc RBHneratþm

snþiPaBGsarbg; 613

sIhnu ehIy r:UháaqUv )anbBa¢ÚnGñkCMnYykarCan;x<s;rbs;Kat;[eTAXøaMemIlkarCECkenaH. taMgBIeBl

enaHmk m:ataMg )anniyayfa {TMnak;TMngrbs;´CamYysUevot mansarsMxan;CagTMnak;TMngCamYy

evotNamxøaMgNas;}.

edaysarfa KµanExSc,as;KYrpÒac;rvagkarpÞúyKñaBITMnak;TMngkarTUt eRkABITMnak;TMngeRkApøÚvkar

semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nig hu‘n Esn k¾manTMnak;TMngpÞal;xøÜnEdr. edIm,IeFVI[eXIjfaGñkTaMgBIrerobcM

Tak;TgKñatampøÚvkarTUt BYkKat;)ansresrTak;TgKñatamry³TUrsarxøI² ehIyepJIeTApÞHrbs; hSg;hSak;

hÁaLaRb‘Ú. hSg;hSak; hÁaLaRbÚ‘ CaGtItGñkkarTUt)araMg manPriyaExµr eQµaHfa Exk Edlman«Bukman

TMnak;TMng yUrGEgVgCamYyraCvgSExµr nigsemþc RBHneratþmsIhnu.

RKÜsarhÁaLaRbÚ CaCeRmIsBIkMeNItsRmab;eFVIkargarenH. elakRsI hÁaLaRb‘Ú )ansÁal;semþc

RBHneratþm sIhnu swgEtmYyCIviteTAehIy. «Bukrbs;Kat; b:ug eb:gecg )aneFVIkarCamYysemþc

RBHneratþm sIhnu dl;qñaM 1982 ehIypÒac;xøÜnecj eRBaHsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu cUlrYmsm<½n§Ca

mYyExµrRkhm. Exk )anCYbCamYy hu‘n Esn mYyqñaM eRkayBIenaHenAeBlkic©RbCMukMBUlénRbeTs

ttiyelakenA Gg;ehÁaLa enAeBlEdlsVamIrbs;Kat;eFVITUtenATIenaH. hu‘n Esn )aneTArkKat;

ehIy)anR)ab;BIerOgrbs;xøÜn dl;Kat; nigsVamIrbs;Kat; enAkñúgeBlCYbTTYlTanGahareBlyb;d¾Evg

mYy. hu‘n Esn )anBnül;[bÒIRbBn§Kat;eCOfa {hu‘n Esn minEmnCaGay:grbs;evotNameT.

Kat;CaGñkesñhaCati. ´)anR)ab;Kat;G‘ÍcwgEdr ehIyniyaymuneBlmankaryl;RcLM}.

dl;eBlsemþc RBHneratþmsIhnu nig hu‘n Esn )anseRmccitÒCYbKña ehIyRtÚvkarGñkTMnak;TMng

enA):arIsenaH Exk nigbÒIrbs;Kat;)anTTYlesckÒITukcitÒBIbursTaMgBIr edIm,InaMsareTAmkrvagbnÞay

TaMgBIr.

karpøas;bÒÚrsarmanlkçN³KYrsm nigmanRbsiT§PaB. enAéf¶TI18 Exvicäika qñaM1987 mansar

mYy)anmkdl;PUmiRKwHrbs;RkúmRKÜsarhÁaLaRbÚ EdlenAelx173 pøÚvhSg;hSÚ epJIfVaysemþc

RBHneratþm sIhnu. KWCasarmkBI h‘un Esn TUlRTg;fa Kat;cg;cUlKal;RTg;enAeBlEdlRTg;

sBVRBHT½y. BIréf¶eRkaymk semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anepJIsareTA hu‘n Esn enAGasydæandUcKña

enaH EdlkñúgsarmanGtßn½yfa {edayeqøIytbeTAnwgsarrbs;elak ´mankitÒiys GnuBaØat[elak

cUlCYb´ enAÉsNæaKarrbs;´ enAEhVrGg;taDWn½r enAéf¶EdlelakGacmk)an. edayesckÒIrab;Gan

d¾x<g;x<s;GMBI´. semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu énkm<úCa.

bnÞab;BIrkarpøas;bÒÚrsarmÒgeTot edaykarCYynaMsarrbs;hÁaLaRb‘Ú éf¶ExCYbmYyRtÚv)ankMNt;


eLIg {´mankitÒiyssUmeKarBGeB¢IajelakmkcUlrYmkarTTYlTanGahareBlRBwk CalkçN³kargar

mYy enAem:ag10 éf¶BuF TI2 ExFñÚ qñaM1987 ÉsNæaKarrbs;´ eQµaH {the Hôltellerie du Château Fère-en-

Tardenois}. sUmGrKuNcMeBaHkaryl;RBm[ftTuknUvkarsnÞnarbs;eyIg edIm,IpSayTaMgRsugCa

saFarN³. BIsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu énkm<úCa.

mundl;eBlGahareBlRBwk sNæaKarmaneBareBjeTAedayGñkkaEst nigGñkkarTUt. enAÉ

kEnøgTTYlePJóvrbs;sNæaKar Gñkkan;kaemr:a )anRbeRCótKñaftedaydgmIRkÚhVÚn cak;b:Hcegáóg

RKIsÒal;. edaysarkarkk;TukmYyqñaMmunénBiFIGaBah_BiBah_mYy karCYbRbCMurbs;bursTaMgBIr RtÚv)an

elIkeBl. b:uEnÒTaMgenaHmin)aneFVI[ hu‘n Esn mankarrMxancitÒkñúgdMeNIrdMbUgrbs;Kat;eTAGWr:ub nigkar

CYbKal;elIkTImYyCamYysemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu eLIy. sñamjjwmrbs;Kat; KWrIkRbimRbiy

RbEhlnwgsñamjjwmrbs;kUnkemøaHkUnRkmMuEdlerobGaBah_BiBah_enAeBlenaHEdr.

enAéf¶dMbUgbursTaMgBIr)anCYbRbCMuGs;Cit7em:ag ehIy)anQandl;KeRmagsnÒiPaBmYyKW

{dMeNaHRsayneya)ayCatRmÚvkarmYy ral;KNbkSneya)aykm<úCaTaMgGs; RtÚvcUlrYmkñúgkar

crca ehIyenAeBlEdlkm<úCaQandl;sn§isBaØamYy sn§isBaØaenaHRtÚvEtGnum½tenAkñúgsnñi)at

GnÒrCatimYy EdlFananUvÉkraCüPaBénkm<úCa. emdwknaMTaMgBIr)ansnüaCYbKñaCaelIkTIBIrenAExmkra

nakEnøgdEdl nigelIkTIbIenAkUer:xageCIg.

enAéf¶TIBIrBYkeK)anCYbcrcaGs;ry³eBlbIem:ag CECkGMBICnePosxøÜn karCYsCulR)asaTGgÁr

nigbBaðasiTi§mnusS. enAéf¶TIbIBYkeK)ancuHhtßelxa nigeFVIkarkMNt;smÁal;d¾TUlaymYy. bnÞab;BI)an

Rbkasfa {TVarsnÒiPaBRtÚv)anebIkehIyenaH} semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anelIkykerOg EdlTuk[

RKb;KñaKitedayxøÜnÉgfa ExµrGacrksnÒiPaBrvagKñanwgKña. Kat;)anesñI[cin shPaBsUevot nigevot

NamQb;eQøaHKñaBIeRkaykm<úCa ehIyRTg;)ansnüafa nwgRtLb;eTAPñMeBjvij edIm,IdwknaMrdæaPi)al

TaMgbYnbkSkñúg{rdækm<úCafµIEdlmanrdæsPaEbb)araMg nigmanÉkraCüPaB100PaKry}.

tamry³GñkbkERb hu‘n Esn hak;dUcCaRby½tñRbEygnig)armÖ. enAéf¶dMbUg Kat;)anTTYlfa

Kat;cat;Tuk semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu dUcCa {RBwT§acarünig«Bukmñak;} ehIyGFib,ayBIkarCYbRbTHrbs;

BYkeKCa {TsSnkic©CamitÒPaBrvagCnrYmCati EdlGacnaMeTAdl;dMeNaHRsayd¾BitR)akdmYy}.

hu‘n Esn niyayenAeBlbBa©b;fa {eyIg)aneFVIkarehIyecjCalT§pl}. rUbftGFib,ayBI

GarmµN_enAeBlenaH c,as;CagesckÒIbB©ab;rbs;Kat;.semþc RBHneratþmsIhnu sk;BN’s Es,kPøWføa

kñúgsemøókbMBak;smsYn)ancab;édCamYy hu‘n Esn EdlmanEs,kRsEGmCagRBHGgÁeRcIn nigsk;

snþiPaBGsarbg; 615

labb:Um:at nigkñúgsemøókbMBak;GavFMPøWcaMg. semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu mansñamjjwmEbbkSRt

ehIy hu‘n Esn esIcEbbyuvCn.

TaMgenaH)anRbRBwtÒeLIgenAkñúgsNæaKarpáaybYn Edlsg;enACab;R)asaTRTúDeRTamburaNmYy.

sarRtÚv)anGanedayGñkpøÚvkarsMxan;² rYmmanrdæm®nþIkarbreTsGaemrik hSks‘Ul EdlbgðajBIkÒI

sgÇwmcMeBaHkarCECkenaH.m:ataMg enARKb;TIkEnøgRtÜtBinitüBIelIkarlm¥itRKb;y:agTaMgGs; cab;taMgBI

karerobcM[mankarftsMeLg Edlsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu TamTar nigcMNayelIRKb;vikáyb½Rt

rbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nig hu‘n Esn. {R)akdNas; )araMgnwgcMNayelIRKb;TaMgGs;}.

sarBt’manGnÒrCati)anRbkasBIeCaKC½y. sUm,IEtRTg; rNb£T§i CabuRta semþc RBHneratþm

sIhnu Edlmin sb,aycitÒCamYy hu‘n Esn k¾TTYlsÁal;famankarRBmeRBógrvagT½BenAPñMeBj nigT½B

tsU‘edIm,IQaneTArkkardak;GavuF.

erOgravl¥rhUtdl;fñak;mincg;eCO.

dUc)anKitTukmunkñúgry³eBlEtb:unµanéf¶b:ueNÑaH semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anERbcitÒehIylub

ecalnUvkar CYbeRkayeTot ehIyk¾elIkeTACYbenAéf¶TI20 Exmkra enAÉsaMgEhSmuaMgdWéL (St. Gemain-

de-Laye) enACit):arIs. elIkenH semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu Kg;enAsNæaKard¾RbNItmYyeQµaH ):avIyug

ehnrI TI4 (Pavillion Henri IV) EdlCakEnøgRbCMu. RTg;TamTar[hu‘n Esn enAkEnøgepSgeTot.semþc RBH

neratþm sIhnu cab;epÒImminsb,ay RBHT½ycMeBaHeCaKC½yrbs; hu‘n Esn. bnÞab;BIry³eBlBIréf¶

énkarRbCMu hu‘n Esn mansuTidæiniymfa {eyIgmankarQaneTAmuxy:ageRcIn}.

emdwknaMTaMgBIrrUb )anyl;RsbCaeKalkarN_cMeBaHkardkT½BevotNamTaMgRsug ecjBIkm<úCa

karbegáItrdæaPi)alcRmúH nigkare)aHeqñateRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;GnÒrCati. b:uEnÒ BYkeKenAminTan;

RsuHRsYlKñacMeBaHcMNucl¥iténKeRmagTaMgenaH nigminTan;ecjesckIÒEføgkarN_enAeLIy.

cMeBaHkarCECkKñaerOgenH rNriT§ EdlmancritdUcbita nigmanrUbragdUcbitarbs;RTg;ebHbiTenaH

)anecjmuxCECkeRcInGMBIerOgenaH. RTg;nwgQrerobb£kenAtampøÚvCeNIÒrFM edIm,IpÒl;bTsmÖasn_Ca

mYyGñkkaEst GMBIkarCECkd¾tantwgrvagbitarbs;RTg; nig hu‘n Esn. RTg;)anRbQmCamYyGñk

kaEstedayeRbITaMgPasaGg;eKøs nig)araMg nigRbkbedaylkçN³RceLat EdlRTg;)ansñg b¤cmøg

ecjBIbitarbs;RTg;mk.

kan;EtxMRbwgeFVI[dUcbitarbs;RTg; cMNucxusKñarvagRTg; nigbitak¾kan;EtemIleXIjc,as;eLIg

Edr. rNb£T§i ecjBIRbeTsenAeBlEdlRTg;manRBHCnµayuRbEhl émÖRBHvsSa ehIy)ankøayCa


sa®sþacarümYyrUbenARbeTs)araMg edayKµanbTBiesaFn_neya)ay kñúgRsukrbs;RTg;Tal;EtesaH.

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GrKuNsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu EdleFVICaGñksRmúHsRmÜl. eRkaymkKat;k¾ebIksniñsITmYykñúg

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snþiPaBGsarbg; 651

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Edr. cb;RtwmenaHÉg}.


Gvsankfa

R)aMBIrqñaMbnÞab;BIkarlukluyrbs;evotNam eKminGacsEmþgecjnUvesckþIsgÇwmfa dMeNaH

RsaymYyRtÚv)aneKKitKUreLIy. RbCaCnkm<úCaR)aMBIrlannak;enAkñúgRbeTsenARtÚvrt;eKcxøÜnrvag

stVxøa nigRkeBIenAeLIy.s®gÁamecHEtbnþeTAtamsgVak;énrdUvkal ³ kgT½Brbs;evotNam KWCam©as;

smrPUmienArdUvR)aMg T½BéRBExµrRkhm)anratt,atRbeTsenArdUvePøógFøak;.

s®gÁam)annaM[eKdwgerOgehtusMxan;²CaeRcIn b:uEnþ vaBuM)annaMmknUvkarERbRbÜlFMduMeLIy.

kgT½BénrNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExµr )anBRgwgxøÜnehIyecjmuxesñIeFVIkaredaHRsayminEmn

kumµúynisþ EdlKYr[TukcitþmYyrhUtdl;éf¶EdlBYkevotNamvaykemÞcmUldæannanarbs;xøÜn kñúgTwkdI

RbeTskm<úCaenAqñaM1985 exÞcxÞIGs; nigeBlEdlBYkemdwknaMrNsirSenH )anbMpøajclnapÞal;rbs;

xøÜnedaysarCemøaHépÞkñúgEdlekItmanminecHcb;. RbeTsCaeRcIndUcCa RbeTs)araMg nigGU®sþalI

CaedIm )ansakl,gpþÜcepþImKMnitEpñkkarTUtepSg²Edr EtRtÚvbraC½ymuneBlcab;epþImeTAeTot.

ebIKit[sBV²eTA esckþIraykarN_GMBIkmøaMgT½BminsUvmankarERbRbÜleT. kgT½Brbs;evotNam

mYyryhasibBan;nak; Edlkan;kab;RbeTskm<úCamancMnYneRcInCagkgT½Brbs;rdæaPi)alPñMeBj 3dg

EdlKµansmtßPaBkarBarRbeTsRbqaMgnwgBYkT½BéRBExµrRkhmeLIy. fVIebI)anRbkas {cUlnivtþn_}

CapøÚvkark¾eday k¾ b:ul Bt enAEtbnþdwknaMbBa¢aelIkgT½Brbs;Kat; nigTTYl)anCMnYyy:agsþúksþmÖmYy

BIBYkcindEdl kñúgkarsakl,grbs;Kat;edIm,IdeNþImykRbeTskm<úCaCafµI.

s®gÁamkñúgnaménRbeTskm<úCaenAEtCas®gÁamkumµúynisþmYy. bNþaRbeTsénsmaKmGas‘an

)anEsVgrkdMeNaHRsaysRmab;eFVI[sßankarN_ERbRbÜlEdr edayeCosminrYcBIvileTArksemþc

RBHneratþm sIhnu vijeLIy. enAExmifuna qñaM1982 semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu/ sWn san

nigBYkExµrRkhm )anerobcMbegáItrdæaPi)alkm<úCacRmúHmYy EtminsUv)anseRmceCaKC½yb:unµan eT

KW)anRtwmEteFVIsßanPaBT½lRckGUsbnøayeTAeTotb:ueNÑaH. eTaHCardæaPi)alenHenArkSaTukeQµaH

rbb]Rkidærbs; b:ul Bt k¾eday k¾RtÚv)anTTYlsÁal;CardæaPi)alpøÚvkarrbs;RbeTskm<úCa enAGgÁkar

shRbCaCati nigGgÁkarGnþrCatinanaEdr. mYycMENkFM KWedIm,IraMgramin[karkan;kab;rbs;evotNam

elIRbeTskm<úCa ERbkøayeTACaRBwtþikarN_mYyeBjlkçN³c,ab;. Rtg;cMNucenH Gas‘an)anTTYl

eCaKC½yelIsmrPUmikarTUtmYy b:uEnþenA\NÐÚcin neya)ayEpñkkarTUtkRmedaHRsay)anCemøaH

epSg²xagneya)ay b¤xageyaFaNas;. neya)ayrbs;RkúghaNUyk¾dUcneya)ayrbs;BYkExµr

Gvsankfa 653

Rkhm nigRkúgeb:kaMgEdr beBa©j[eXIjpøÚvEtmYyb:ueNÑaHsRmab;edaHRsaybBaða KWpøÚvhigSaeq<aHeTA

rkkareRbIkmøaMg)ay.

GVIEdlnaM[vinasGnþrayenaH KWbkçBYknImYy²GYtxøÜnfa xøÜnmanbTBiesaFn_eRcInCageBlNa²

TaMgGs;. CamYykarEbkExJkénbNþaRkúmGñkCatiniymminEmnkumµúynisþeTACaBYkCaRkúmbHe)ar Edl

RbeQøaHEtKñaÉg BYkExµrRkhm)aneFVI[eKTTYlsÁal;fa CakmøaMgsMxan;bMput EdlRbyuT§tsU‘nwgkar

kan;kab;rbs;evotNam. BYkeKsuT§EtCamnusSeXareXA Edl)anTTYlGtßRbeyaCn_y:ageRcInBIkar

minsb,aycitþ Edlkan;EtrIkFMeLIg²enARbeTskm<úCacMeBaHneya)aykan;kab;TwkdIrbs;BYkevot

Nam. KWkgT½Brbs;eKEdleRCIserIsBIkñúgcMeNamRbCaCnkm<úCa EdlFujRTan;nwgkarRtÜtRtaesÞIrEt

dUcGaNaniKmEdlRkúghaNUyeFVITukçeTaselIBYkeK.

eTaHbICaRbeTskm<úCaplitRsUvBuM)anRKb;RKan;sRmab;ciBa©wmRbCaBlrdæxøÜnk¾eday k¾eKRtÚv

bBa¢ÚnRsUveTARbeTsevotNamEdr. PasaevotNam )ankøayeTACaPasaTIBIr EtRtÚv)aneRbIR)as;

enAkñúgkariyal½yepSg²rbs;rdæaPi)al. cMnYnénniKmCnevotNamfµI²)anrIkFMeLIg Caerogral;qñaM

eTAtamdMeNIrmYyEdlmantaMgBIrab;ryqñaMmkehIy enAeBlEdlBYkevotNam)anT®nÞankan;kab;TwkdI

Edl\LÚvenH CaPaKxagt,ÚgRbeTsevotNam. dMbUg KWBYkQµÜjtUctacevotNam)ancUlmktaMgenA

¬Edl\LÚvenH manrs;enAesÞIrEtRKb;sgáat;kñúgRkúgPñMeBj¦ bnÞab;mk KWksikr nigBYkGñkensaTRtI.

BYkksikr)ancUlmkrs;enAelIEdndITaMgLay EdlkMBugmanvivaTenAtamRBMEdnevotNam -km<úCaEdl

eFVI[rwgEtminc,as;las;EfmeTotdl;karkRmitRBMEdnrvagRbeTsTaMgBIr. BYkGñkensaT)aneLIg

tampøÚvTwkBIeRkammk ehIyCRmúleTAdl;PaKxaglicTenøsabeTot. ebIsinCadMeNIrenHmanskmµPaB

bnþeTAeTot niKmCnEdlRtÚvmkdl;enAeBlxagmuxKWCaRkúmkgT½BevotNamrMsayecjBICYr Edlnwg

TTYl)andIFøICafñÚrnwgkareFVI[RbeTskm<úCamansnþiPaB.

BYkevotNamk¾)anerIsRbCaCnkm<úCarab;ryBan;nak; edIm,IsßabnaTMnb;karBar¬Epnkar k-5¦

RbqaMgnwgs®gÁamT½BéRBExµrRkhmkñúgPaKxaglicRbeTs. BYkGñkeFVIkarkñúgkariyal½y nigBYkemdwknaM

neya)ayExµrénrbbRkúgPñMeBj etagEteTAcUlrYm {kareronsURt} Edlr:ab;rgkarbeRgónRTwsþI enA

RbeTsevotNamedayeTogTat;. tamc,ab;k,Ünneya)ay enHCaerOgcaM)ac;edIm,IERbkøayRbeTs

km<úCaeTACarNbmYyrbs;evotNam EdlgayRsYldwknaMmunkarksagRbeTseLIgvij.

RkúghaNUyminGacGHGagfa kgT½Brbs;xøÜn)anrYmbgáCadMeNaHRsaysRmab;pøas;bþÚrBYkExµr

RkhmEdlmantictYck¾eTEdr. karRsavRCavmYyenAqñaM1985 sþIBIkarrMelaPsiT§imnusSenARbeTs


km<úCa )anbgðaj[eXIjcMnYnd¾KYr[PJak;ep¥IlmYyénkarcab;xøÜnedaybMBan kareFVITaruNkmµ kardak;Kuk

cMeBaHbTelµIsbeBa©jTsSn³ karvayeFVI)abenAkñúgKuknanarbskrbbRkúgPñMeBj EdlerOgTaMgGs;

enHsßitenAeRkamkarRtÜtRtaedaypÞal;rbs;BYkevotNam.

b:uEnþ etIGñkNamYyEdlnwgbeBa©H[RbCaCnkm<úCaeRbIR)as;GMeBIhigSa edIm,IbeNþjkgT½B

evotNamecjBIRbeTs ebIsinRbkarenHbNþal[mankarvilRtLb;rbs;BYkExµRkhm?

sßankarN_rwtEteFVI[eKTujT½lKMnitEfmeTot ebIsinCaeKcat;TukGñkkMBugdwknaMRbeTskm<úCafa

sßiteRkamGMNacevotNam ³ BYkGtItyuT§ikCnrbs; b:ul Bt. tamTsSn³d¾Cak;lak;mYy eKGac

sMKal;eXIjs®gÁamkñúgnaménRbeTskm<úCaCakartsU‘épÞkñúgbkSmYy. BYkkumµúynisþkm<úCamYyRkúm

EdldwknaMedayGtItkmµaPi)almñak;rbs;PUmiPaKbUBa’ nigbNþasmaCikénCatisasn_PaKticmYy )an

bgábegáItbkSeLIgvijeRkameQµaHfa bkSRbCaCnbdivtþ ehIy)anGHGagfa enHCabkSBitR)akd

EdlbegáIteLIgkalBIqñaM1951.b:ul Bt )anBiBN’naTukdUcCakarP½nþRcLMmYy EdlGMeBI]RkidæepSg²

manb£sKl;taMgBIqñaM1975.

kñúgskmµPaBEdlmaneRKagTukCamunenH GMeBI]RkidæFMbMputrbs;rdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü

KWkarTmøak;eTaskMhuseTAelIsmaCikmYycMnYnrbs;bkS dUcCaelak hu‘n Esn rdæm®nþIkarbreTsCaedIm

Edl)anRbkasR)ab;´ enAPñMeBjkalBIqñaM1983 ¬\LÚvenHKat;Canaykrdæm®nþI¦. ehtudUecñHehIy

)anCaKµankarlubbM)at;lkçN³pþac;karénlT§i{sþalInniym} nig{lT§iNahSúIniym} enARbeTskm<úCa

taMgBIkarlukluyrbs;evotNammk. saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCayl;eXIjfa ]RkidæCn BIrnak;

CaGñkTTYlxusRtÚvy:agsMxan;cMeBaHkarkab;smøab;RbCaCnÉgenH KW b:ul Bt nig eGog sarI. bkS

kumµúynisþEdlGñkTaMgBIrdwknaM RtÚv)anbgðajfaCaGñkrgeRKaHmñak; BuMEmnCaeBCÄXatsmøab;RbCaCn

ÉgeT.

TnÞwmnwgenaH BYkkumµúynisþEdlkMBugRbyuT§tsU‘eRkambBa¢arbs; b:ul Bt )anrkSaPaBminc,as;

las;[enAsßitesßrCabnþeTot eday)anRbkasCasaFarN³enAqñaM1981 BIkarrMlaybkSkumµúynisþ

km<úCa{BitR)akd}ecal. dUckñúgry³eBls®gÁamqñaM1970-1975Edr b:ul Bt cUlcitþlak;Tg;

Rkhmrbs;Kat;Cag.

eKBi)ak):an;sµanBImenaseBa©tnarbs;RbCaCnkm<úCa EdlkMBugrs;enAkñúgRbeTsNas;. ´Gac

snñidæanfa BYkeKmincg;[BYkExµrRkhmvilRtLb;mkeT. mü:ageTot ´k¾yl;fakarbnþkarkan;kab;rbs;

evotNam nwgeFVI[RbCaCnTaMgenaHrIkrayvijk¾eTEdr b:uEnþ´nwgminR)afñadwgBImtirbs;eKhYsGMBIkar

Gvsankfa 655

eBalGHGagc,as;las;TaMgBIrenHeT.

´minRtÚvkarmnusSEdlniyayTukCamuneLIy. eTaHbICamanbBaðaepSg² eTaHCaRbvtþisa®sþ

rbs;xøÜnRbkbedaykarsøab;RBat;R)asGnþrayy:agNak¾eday k¾RbeTskm<úCa enAEtCaRbeTsén

esaP½NPaB nigkartsU‘mincMNuHGñkNadEdl. ehIyesckþIbBa©b;EdlmanlkçN³smRsbCageK

KWRbEhlCaesckþIsegçbmYy énerOgr:avrbs;mnusSxøHkñúgcMeNammnusSCaeRcIn Edl´)anelIkeLIg

enAkñúgesovePAenH.

FnaKarik muI kumÖÚt

kumÖÚt )ankøayeTACamnusSmñak;kñúgcMeNamRbCaCncMnYn R)aMryBan;nak; Edlrt;ePosxøÜnecjBI

RbeTsrbs;eK ehIyEbkExJkeTArs;enARbeTsepSg²BaseBjBiPBelak. enAdMNac;qñaM1985

kñúgcMnYnGñkePosxøÜnTaMgGs;enH manmnusSRbEhl BIrryBan;nak; )anecjeTAtaMglMenAenAbreTs ³

mYyrysamsibBan;nak;enAGaemrikxageCIg citsibBan;nak;enAGWr:ub. émÖBan;nak;eTotrs;enAtamCMrM

epSg²rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatiEk,rRBMEdnéf. cMnYnRbCaCnkm<úCakñúgbrimaNx<s;bMput -BIrrysam

sibR)aMBan;nak; )anrs;enAtambeNþayRBMEdnéf-km<úCa edayKµankarKaMBarBIGgÁkarshRbCaCati

eLIy KµanTaMglkçnþik³CaCnePosxøÜnEfmeTot ehIysßitenARbeLaHkNþalrvagBYkGñtsU‘km<úCa nig

kgT½Brbs;éf.

kumÖÚt CamnusSmanP½BVsMNagmñak;kñúgcMeNamGñkTaMgenaH. Kat;)ancakecjBIRbeTskm<úCa

cMeBlEdlmankarcUllukluyrbs;evotNam ehIy)anqøgkat;RBMEdnéfenAEx]sPa qñaM1979

bnÞab;BI)anedIrqøgkat;RbeTsGs;ry³eBlbYnEx. Kat;niyayfa ³ {karyl;RcLMrbs;´ KWmkBI´eCO

fa eKc,as;CaTTYlrak;Tak;´ edayrak;Tak;minxan. ´Kitfa BiPBelakxageRkA nwgbgðajsmancitþ

rbs;eKcMeBaHeyIg}.

edayP½BVl¥ sßanTUtRbeTskaNada )anyl;RBmTTYlsÁal;´CaCnePosxøÜneBjc,ab; ehIyk¾

minRtÚveKrujRcaneTARBMEdnmçageTotEdr. ¬enAExmifuna qñaM1979 kgT½Brbs;éf)anbgçitbgçMRbCaCn

km<úCa EssibBan;nak; [qøgRBMEdneTAkan;kEnøgmYyEdlRbkbedayeRKaHfñak;y:agxøaMg. mnusSCa

eRcInnak;RtÚvsøab;. minyUrb:unµaneRkaymk shKmn_GnþrCati )anbBa©úHbBa©Úl[BYkéfRbkan;\riyabf

mnusSFm’CamunmYy cMeBaHGñkePosxøÜnkm<úCaTaMgGs;¦.


edayenArg;caMedIm,IcakecjBICMrM kumÖÚt )anesñI)ansuMbeRmIkarCaGñkbkERbPasa[RbCaCn

km<úCa EdlesñIsuMcUleTArs;enAshrdæGaemrik. enAdMNac;qñaM1976 Kat;)ancakecjdMeNIreTAkan;

RbeTskaNada Edlcab;BIeBlenaHmk Kat;)ancUleFVIkarCaFnaKarik manÉkeTsxagesdækic©Gnþr

Cati. Kat;)anCYyRKÜsarxagbgb¥ÚnCIdUnmYyrbs;Kat;[)aneTArs;enATIRkúgLÚGg;hSWeLs Edr.

Kat;)anTTYlsBa¢atiCakaNadabIqñaMmkehIy.

KUCIvitesµaHsµR½K bu)öaNa nig Edt

KUresñhaTaMgBIr )ankøayeTACanimitþrUbénCnrgeRKaHCaeRcInenAkñúgrbbExµrRkhm. muneBl

Edl bu)öaNa RtÚv)ansmøab;enAmnÞIrXuMXaMg s-21 nag)ansresrCasMbuRtCaeRcIneTAkan;bþIsmøaj;

rbs;xøÜn ¬Edt¦ ehIynag)anbnþeFVIy:agenHrhUtdl;TIbBa©b; BIeRBaHnagcg;eXIjkarBiténGVIEdls

nigGVIEdlexµA énerOgr:agTaMgenH nigGMBIkarbBa©b;erOgenHedayrebobNa. esckþIR)afñarbs;nagRtÚv

)anpþl;[edayelak riT§I):an; EdlCaCnePosxøÜnExµrmñak;rs;enARsuk)araMg ehIyEdl)ankøayeTACa

GñkftExSPaBynþl,Il,ajmñak;. elak)anykesovePArbs;´CaPasa)araMgeFVICaExSPaBynþmYy

EdlniyayGMBIerOgr:avCIvitrbs; bu)öaNa. ExSPaBynþl,Il,ajmYycMnYneTotrbs;elak riT§I):an;

rYmman GñkERs Edl)anTTYlrgVan;ExSPaBynþenATIRkúgkan RbeTsGIutalI. elak riT§I):an; )anTak;Tg´

ehIy´)anpþl;siT§[elakedayTUlMTUlay kñúgkareRbIR)as;ÉksaresovePArbs;´ sRmab;ftCa

ExSPaBynþGMBIerOgr:avCIvitrbs; bu)öaNa. CalT§pl ExSPaBynþmYyRtÚv)anpliteLIgCaPasaExµr

CaelIkdMbUgTak;TgeTAnwgGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ EdlmaneQµaHfa bu)öaNa ³ esadnakmµkm<úCa. ExS

PaBynþenHRtÚv)anbBa©aMgenAmehaRsBPaBynþTIRkúg ev:nIs ehIy)anTTYlrgVan;x<s;bMput enAqñaM

1996 enAÉmehaRsBPaBynþGnþrCati TIRkúgm:aksI.

bBaØvnþ RTI em:ghY‘t

h‘Yt CabBaØvnþEdlTTYlkarGb;rMenARbeTs)araMg)anRtLb;mkRbeTskm<úCavij bnÞab;BIC½y

CmñHrbs;ExµrRkhm. Kat;CabBaØvnþmñak;kñúgcMeNambBaØvnþCaeRcInEdl)ancakecjBIRbeTs bnÞab;BI

mankarlukluyrbs;breTs. dUckumÖÚtEdr Kat;)antaMgcitþCYyBYkGñkePosxøÜndéTeTot ehIy)an

Gvsankfa 657

køayeTACaRbFanCMrMeRkApøÚvkar nigCaGñkbkERbPasa. RbeTs)araMgCaGñkpþl;siT§iRCkekandl;rUb

Kat;.

enATIRkúg):arIs Kat;)anerobGaBah_BiBah_CamYy®sþImñak; ehIyrk)ankargarmYyxagEpñkKImI.

b:uEnþkñúgesovePAmYyEdle)aHBum<pSayenARbeTs)araMgedayCnrYmCatimñak; hY‘t RtÚv)anerobrab;

TaMgxusfa Kat;CasmaCikmñak;rbs;bkSkumµúynisþkm<úCaEdlFøab;e)aHbg;bBaØvnþdéT²eTot.

xagelIenHRbEhlCamUlehtumYykñúgcMeNammUlehtuCaeRcIn EdlKat;RtÚv)aneKlYceFVI

Xad. enAExmIna qñaM1985 h‘Yt RbBn§Kat;nigsVamIPriyamYyKUeTot RtÚveKsmøab;enAkñúgElVgbnÞb;én

GKarsñak;enArbs;Kat;enATIRkúg):arIs. enAelITVarbnÞb; eK)ansresrGkSrRkevmRkvamfa ³ {BYkGñk

enArs;BIGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_rbs;km<úCa¡}. tamkarsnñidæanfa h‘Yt CaCnCatiExµrdMbUgeKEdlRtÚv

eFVIXat edIm,IeFVIeTasRbedAcMeBaHbT]RkidæepSg²ExµrRkhm.

BYkmnusSEdlRtÚvecaTRbkan;BIbTmnusSXatedayectnaelIrUbelak xadEv:l

y:agehacNas;mnusSBIrnak; )aneqøIysarPaBeRkamkareFVITaruNkmµenAmnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøgfa

BYkeK)ancUlrYmkñúgkarrYmKMnitk,t;mYy edIm,Ismøab;ePJóvmñak;kñúgcMeNamePJóvbreTsbInak;.mnusSTaMg

BIrnak; enaHmaneQµaH qn nigeBOn BYkeK)anRbkaskñúgcemøIysarPaBrbs;xøÜnfa karrYmKMnitk,t;enH

maneKaledAbgçÚckitüanuPaBrbs;bkS EdlRtÚvdwknaMCasm¶at;eday sun esn rdæm®nþIkarBarRbeTs

rbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

cemøIysarPaBrbs; qn xøICageKTaMgGs; y:agehac bMENkEdl´)anTTYl EdlbkERbeday

esþehVn ehd½r. qn niyayfa RkúmXubXitrbs;Kat; )anseRmcsmøab;ePJóvCnCatiGg;eKøs edIm,I

{bMpøaj}neya)ayrbs;bkS nig {raMgrabkSmin[manmitþPkþieRcInkñúgBiPBelak}. xadEv:l GñkCati

niymCatieGkUs EdleKkMNt;TukCamuneRkamBaküfa {ePJóvCatiGg;eKøs} enAkñúgÉksarenaH RtÚv)an

eRCIserIsCamuxsBaØaEdleKRtÚvsmøab; BIeRBaHKat;Camitþmñak;rbs;rbbenH EdlepSgKñaBIePJóvCati

Gaemrik. mrNPaBrbs;Kat;nwgbgðaj[eXIjfa bdivtþn_KµansmtßPaByamkarBarbNþamitþPkþirbs;

xøÜn EdlCMruj[mankarRcbUkRcbl;EfmeToteLIy. CnCatiGaemrikaMgTaMgBIrRtÚveKTuk[enArs;CIvit

edIm,IGacBnül;BIXatkmµenH.

eK)aneFVI[ qn nigeBOn sarPaBdUcKñafa GñkbeRmIkñúgpÞH qµaMkarBar GñkebIkLan CaeRcInnak; k¾


smKMnitkñúgerOgenHEdr. GñkTaMgBIr)anRbkasfa Gñksmøab;maneQµaHfa vuF ehIyGñkrYmKMnitTaMgGs;

)anseRmccitþRbharCIvit vuF eTot eRkayBIva)ansmøab; xadEv:l rYc.

eBOn k¾RtÚvbgçitbgçM[eqøIysarPaBfa Kat;CasmasPaBmñak;kñúgkarYmKMnitk,t;mYy EdldwknaM

eday v:n ev:t EdlRtÚv)ankemÞcenAmnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøgrYcmkehIy munkareTAdl;RkúgPñMeBjrbs;BYk

eyIg. eBOn etagEtRbkasfa v:n ev:t Føab;mansmancitþcMeBaHRbeTsevotNam ehIyfaKat;)an

b:unb:gsmøab; b:ul Bt enAqñaM1977.

eBOn nig qn )an{eqøIysarPaB}TaMgBIrnak;fa kareFVIXatePJóvbreTs RtÚv)anerobcMeLIgeday

smmitþ kn EdlCaRbFanxagBiFIkarrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü. kn KWCaGñkEdleTATTYlBYkeyIgenA

Gakasyandæan nig)anCUntamdMeNIreyIgCaeRcInelIk.

b:uEnþ eBOn )anEføg[dwgfa GtþsBaØaNrbs;ePJóvEdlRtÚvsmøab; minsUvCamanPaBsMxan;b:unµan

eT. cemøIysarPaBrbs;GñkTaMgBIr mancuHkalbriecäTéf¶TI5 Exmkra qñaM1979.mnusSmYycMnYnEdl

qn nigeBOn erobrab;bBa©Úlkñúg{cemøIysarPaB}rbs;BYkeKsßitenAEk,r² b:ul Bt Canic© eRkayBIman

karcUllukluyrbs;evotNam ehIy)anbnþRbyuT§tsU‘eRkambTbBa¢aepSg²rbs; b:ul Bt dEdl.

sun esn enAEtCaemdwknaMkgT½Bd¾sMxan;mñak; kn enAEtTTYlxusRtÚvxagBiFIkardUckalBImun ehIyem

bBa¢akar BIn EdleyIgFøab;)anCYbenAsmrPUmiPaKxagekIt ehIyEdlmanCab;eQµaHkñúgcemøIy

sarPaBrbs;GñkTaMgBIrnak;enHEdrenaH )ansßitenACamYy b:ul Bt dEdl.

ebIsinCacemøIysarPaBTaMgenH RtÚveKRbDiteLIgedIm,Ibgá[mankarrlMdYlrbs; sun esn Emn

enaH KWCaerOgy:ag\tRbeyaCn_esµaH. RbEhl b:ul Bt bdiesF mineCO{P½sþútag}epSg² Edl Duc

pþl;mk[eT BIeRBaHEpnkareyaFarbs; sun esn )anbeBa©ósmin[empþac;kar nigbnrbs;Kat;RtÚvcab;

CaeQøIyswkedaykgT½BevotNam EdlkMBugsRmúkcUlTb;minQñHmkkñúgRbeTskm<úCaeLIy.

suIsUpa nigRKÜsarém:

suIsUpa RsICMnYyBüa)alCMgW )anrkeXIjb¥ÚnRsIBIrnak; nigb¥ÚnRbúsmñak; EdlrYcputBIesckþIsøab;

eLIgvij. BYkeK)anePosxøÜneTARbeTséf ehIyenAEx]sPa qñaM1980 GñkTaMgenH)aneFVIkarTak;Tg

CamYy´ ¬GñkniBn§¦ tamry³GñkkvIniBn§mñak; eQµaH ehSm hVg;tun Camitþmñak; Edl)an{pþl;Bt’man}

y:ageBjeljsþIBIs®gÁamenAkm<úCadUcCarUb´Edr. sUem:t b¥ÚnRbúsrbs;nag )aneFVIkarCaGñkbkERb

Gvsankfa 659

PasasRmab;kaEstv:asuInetanb:usþ× kñúgry³eBls®gÁam. RbFanEpñkneya)aybreTsrbs;kaEst

)anbBa¢ÚnTUrelxmYyc,ab;eTA[GaCJaFrmansmtßkic©nana edIm,IsuMGnuBaØat[RKÜsarém: )anecjeTA

rs;enAshrdæGaemrik. enATIRkúgv:asuInetan RKÜsar´CaGñkFanaxusRtÚvcMeBaHbgb¥Úném:TaMgenH.

bu)öa b¥ÚnRsImñak;kñúgcMeNamb¥ÚnRsITaMgBIr )anerobkarCamYy ram faj; ehIynagRbsURt)ankUn

RsImñak;enATIRkúgv:asuInetan Edlnag)andak;eQµaHfa favI. Xun bgb¤b¥Únrbs; faj; )anrYmdMeNIrmk

GaemrikCamYyBYkenHEdr ehIyBIéf¶enHeTA smaCikRKÜsarenHmanmnusSeBjv½yR)aMnak; CMTg;mñak;

nigTarkmñak;.

sUem:t eFVIkarenAkaEstv:asuInetanb:usþ× kñúgbNþaqñaMdMbUg²EdlBYkeKrs;enAshrdæGaemrik

bnÞab;mk Kat;)antaMglMenAenARbeTsGg;eKøsvij edayKat;eTArs;enACamYy hVg;tun ehIy)an

sresr{karcgcaMrbs;Kat;}enATIenaH.

smaCikdéTeToténRKÜsarenHsßitenAshrdæGaemrik. edayeFVIkarCaeRcInem:ag edaysnSM

R)ak;kaselIkarCYllMenAdæan edayrs;enAkñúgbnÞb;tUcmYyTaMgGs;Kña BYkeK)aneFVI[seRmcnUvbMNg

x¢ab;x¢ÜnmYykñúgcMeNambMNgx¢ab;x¢ÜnTaMgLayEdlmantaMgBIyUrmkehIy. qñaMmun BYkeK)anTijpÞHfµ

d¾FMlVwgelVIymYyxñgenACayRkúgv:asuInetan EdlmanR)aMbnÞb; nigsYnc,arFMmYy EdlBYkeKERb[eTACa

sYndaMbEnø nigpáaepSg²eTAvij. RBHsgÇBuT§sasna CaeRcInGgÁEtgnimnþmkbiNÐ)aRtdl;eKhdæan

rbs;BYkeK. kñúgcenøaHeBlenaH suIsUpa )anerobkarCamYyGñkePosxøÜnmñak;eTotBIs®gÁammYyepSg

eTotEdr eQµaH ®hVg;suIsáÚ qaev: EdlmkBIRbeTssalv:aD½r. BIrExbnÞab;BIkarmkrs;enAkñúgeKhdæanfµI

suIsUpa begáIt)ankUnRbúsmñak;Edlnagdak;bktinamfa suRta mann½yfa KtibNÐit.

GñkkarTUt køÚt m:aTIn nig GuIhÁ½r rU:háaqUv

m:aTIn nig rU:háaqUv bnþkargarkic©karbreTsrbs;xøÜn. m:aTIn KWCaÉkGKÁrdæTUt)araMgRbcaMenA

RbeTscin rhUtdl;TIbBa©b;énebskmµsnþiPaBGgÁkarshRbCaCati nigkare)aHeqñatenAkm<úCa. rU:háaqUv

eRkaymk )anbMeBjkargarbreTsenATIRkúgeb:kaMg CamYy m:aTIn Edr kñúgzan³CaÉkGKÁrdæTUt r:UsuI RbcaM

enARbeTscin eRkayeBlkarEbk)ak;énshPaBsUerot. m:aTIn )anRtLb;mkTIRkúg)arIsvij Edl

bc©úb,nñenH Kat;KWCam®nþICan;x<s;lMdab;TI3 enAÉRksYgkarbreTs)arMag EdlmankarTTYlxusRtÚv

BiesscMeBaHkic©karGuWr:ub nwgeKalneya)ayesdækic©. rU:háaqUv enARbeTscinenAeLIy sBVéf¶enH.


kMNt;cMNaMxøI²

CMBUkTI11

esckþIdkRsg;BI “In a Notebook”, in The Memory of War: Poems 1968-1982 (Edimbourg, Salamander Press, 1982).2

karsmÖasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§.3

s®gÁamelIkTImYy)anRbRBwtþeTABIqñaM1946 dl;qñaM1954 rvagevotmij nigBYk)araMgEdll,g

deNþImkarRtÜtRtaelIbNþaGaNaniKmrbs;BYkeKenA\NÐÚcineLIgvij bnÞab;BIs®gÁamelakelIkTIBIr.4

eKRbEhlCamindwgBIcMnYnGñkrgeRKaH EdlcUlrYmeFVIbdivtþn_enAkm<úCa edaykarsmøab;/ CMgW/ kar

briePaKGaharminRKb;RKan; BitR)akdesaHeLIy. sa®sþacarüsaklviTüal½y elak Stephen Heder

nigelak Ben Kiernan )anGHGagfa mancMnYnmYylannak;. elak David Hawk GñkTTYlxusRtÚvelIkar

GegátmYysþIBIGMeBIsahavyg;Xñgrbs;bdivtþn_km<úCa )anvaytémøfa cMnYnBIrlannak; KWekokbMput

nwg cMnYnBitR)akd ehIyKWKat;enHÉgEdl´Føab;sþIbenÞas ehIyvaBMumankarRsuHRsYlKñasþIBIcMnYn

RbCa BlrdæenAqñaM1975 EdlmanBIR)aMmYylaneTACagR)aMBIrlannak;k¾eTEdr.5

Rbvtþirbs;FnaKarik KWsMGagelIkarTak;TgKña EdlGñkniBn§)ansmÖasn_CamYyKat;enAkñúgGMLúg

eBls®gÁam nigkarsmÖasn_enAeBleRkay²mkeTot EdleFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§enAqñaM1982

nigenAqñaM1983.6

FnaKarGnþrCatiedIm,IkarsßabnaeLIgvij nigkarGPivDÆn_ (BIRD) nigsmaKmGnþrCatiedIm,IkarGPi

vDÆn_/ r)aykarN_rbs;KN³ebskkmµesdækic©enARbeTskm<úCa/ qñaM1969/ Éksarsm¶at;manbI

k,al/ éf¶TI12 Extula qñaM1970/ TMB½r45.7

Ibid., TMB½r45-46.8

elak Es‘k süúg/ {TsSn³rbs;km<úCaGMBIbdivtþn_}/ in Revolution and Its Aftermath in Kampuche:a Eight Essays,

eRkamkarcat;EcgdwknaMrbs;elak edvId eqnl½r nigelak ebn eXonin (New Haven, Yale University Southeast

Asia Studies, 1983).9

r)aykarN_rbs;KN³ebskkmµesdækic©/ op. cit., TMB½r46-47.10

sUmGan Cambodi:a The Search for Security, rbs;elak Michael Leifer (New York, Praeger, 1968) sRmab;

karviPaKeBjeljmYy.11

semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu EdlTajehtusMGagkñúgsarTUrelxrbs;sßanTUtshrdæGaemrikenARkúg

kMNt;cMNaMxøI² 661

PñMeBj bBa¢ÚneTA[RksYgkarbreTsGaemrikaMg/ éf¶TI12 Exemsa qñaM1963. rkeXIjCafµIeday

sarc,ab;sþIBIesrIPaBsarBt’man.12

karBiBN’na Ep¥elIkarykBt’manEdleFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§enACMnan;enaH.13

tamr)aykarN_sm¶at;mYyrbs;mUlniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati/ karvivtþn_Epñkesdækic©fµI²rbs;saFarN

rdæExµr/ éf¶TI27 Exvicäika qñaM1974.14

elak ®hVg;s½r b:ugsðÚ/ {km<úCaqñaMsUnü} ¬Paris, Julliard, qñaM1977¦.

CMBUkTI21

TsSnavdþI {Tg;bdivtþn_} elx8 ExsIha qñaM1975. kareBalsresIrGMBIKuNsm,tþikgT½BTaMg

Gs;EdlmanteTAeToténsunÞrkfa KWecjBIRbPBEtmYy.2

EpñksþIBIRbvtþisa®sþburaNenH KWsMGagCasMxan;elIesovePAepSg²dUcteTA ³

{bNþaRbCaCnenA]bTVIb\NÐÚcin} rbs;elak hS½k sWeds/ Paris, Dunod, 1962.

{bNþardæEdlniymsasnahiNÐÚ ¬RBhµBaØsasna¦ enA\NÐÚcin nig\NÐÚensuI}/ Paris, De Boccard, 1964.

GgÁr ³ An Introduction, Hong Kong, Oxford University Press, 1963.

{GgÁr/ mnusS nigfµ} rbs;elak EbNard_-hVIlIB ®háÚslIey:/ Paris, B. Arthaut, 1965.

“A History of South-East” rbs;elak D.G.E. Hall, New York, Sain Martin’s Press, 1980.3

hS½k sWeds4

Georges Coedès, Angkor: An Introduction (Hong Kong, Oxford University Press, 1963), TMB½r45.5

Ibid.6

er:suIdg; Can;x<s;enA Champeaux kñúgr)aykarN_TIBIrRbcaMRtImasrbs;Kat;enAqñaM1888 enAPñMeBj

EdlRsg;mkniyayCasMGagedayelak Milton Edgeworth Osborne, Rule and Response: Interaction in Cambodia and

Cochinchina (1859-1905) ¬niekçbbTfñak;bNÐit/ Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., 1968¦ TMB½r358.7

Ibid., TMB½r363 EdldkRsg;tamelak E. Aymonier CaGtItGñktMNagRbeTs)araMgenARkúgPñMeBj.8

Rbvtþirbs;nags‘uyhSan kabWueLsKWdkRsg;BI French Indochina rbs;GñkniBn§ Virginia Thompsom ¬New York,

Octagon Books, 1968, esoePAe)aHBum<tamc,ab;edIm/ 1937¦ nigkarsnÞnamYyrbs;GñkniBn§ CamYy

elak EbNard_ hVIlIB ®háÚslIey:.9

Virginia Thompson, op. cit., TMB½r358.


10elak V.M. Reddi, A History of the Cambodian Independance Movement 1863-1935 (Tirupati, Inde, Sri Venkateswara University

Press, 1970) TMB½r33.11

Rbvtþirbs; sWgg:kfaj; nigkareFVI)atukmµenARkúgPñMeBj KWBwgEp¥kCasMGagelIesovePArbs;elak

V.M. Reddy nig V. Thompson RBmTaMgniekçbbTfñak;bNÐitrbs;elak ebneXonin eRkamcMNgeCIgfa {etI

b:ul Bt cUlkan;GMNacEbbNa? ³ RbvtþiénlT§ikumµúynisþenAkm<úCa/ 1930-1975 (Monash

University, Victoria, Australia, 1983).12

V.M. Reddi, op. cit., TMB½r84.13

niekçbbTrbs; ebn eXonin/ op. cit., TMB½r60.14



{bTsmÖasn_rbs;smmitþ b:ul Bt>>> cMeBaHKN³RbtiPUGñksarBt’man yUehÁasøavI}/ RkúgPñMeBj/

ExmIna qñaM1978. CIvRbvitþrbs;yuvCn saLút s KWsMGagelIkareFVIsmÖasn_enH/ elIesovePA

sikçaKarik CMnan;GaNaniKm)araMg nigkareFVIsmÖasn_ Lút sYg Cab¥ÚnRbúsrbs; s edayelak

esþehVn ehd½r.17


kareFVIsmÖasn_ eGog FIriT§ CaRbBn§rbs; sarI edayGñkniBn§.19

niekçbbTrbs;elak Milton Osborne, op. cit..20

esovePA {GnusSavrIy_Ep¥mElðm nigCUrct;} rbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu (Paris, Hachette, 1981).

Rbvtþirbs;RKÜsar CYn KWRtÚv)anbMeBjbEnßmedaykareFVIsmÖasn_ mitþrYmviTüal½ymñak;eQµaH KirITit

nigkareFVIsmÖasn_ CYn m:um nig CYn RbsiT§ edayGñkniBn§.21

karviPaKGMBIneya)ayrbs;)araMgenAsm½yenaH KWsMGagelIesovePAepSg²dUcteTA ³

“Communism and the French Intellectuals” rbs;elak David Caute, New York, Macmillan, 1964.

“Les communistes français dans leur premier demi-siècle (1920-1970), rbs;elak Annie Kriegel, Paris, Le seuil, nouvelle édition

1985.

smaCenATIRkúgTYrs_ (Tours), karcab;kMeNItrbs;bkSkumµúynisþ)araMg/ Paris, R. Julliard, 1964.

“French Communism 1920-1972” rbs;GñkniBn§ Ronald Tiersky, New York, Colombia University Press, 1974.22

smÖasn_EdlseRmceFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§.


23Rbvtþiénkarrs;enArbs; sarI nig FIriT§ enATIRkúg):arIs KWsMGagelIkareFVIsmÖasn_mYyCamYy FIriT§

edayGñkniBn§pÞal;.24

esovePA Communism and the Frends Intellectuals rbs;GñkniBn§ David Caute, (New York, Macmillan, 1964), TMB½r179.25

Ibid., TMB½r195.26

esovePAmancMNgeCIgfa {ExµrRkhm¡} rbs;elak Es‘ksüúg nig ebneXonin (Paris, J.E. Hallier-Albin

Michel, 1981), TMB½r357-361.

CMBUkTI31

Im et Sivone Prom, Khmer Folk Tales ¬GtßbTvayGgÁúlIelx/ 1976¦.2

esovePA{bNþardæEdlniymsasnahiNÐÚenA\NÐÚcin nig\NÐÚensuI} rbs;elak hS½k sWeds/ Paris,

De Boccard, 1964.3

Ibid.4

esovePA The Great Chinese Travelers: An Anthology rbs;elak Jeannette Mirsky, (New York, Pantheon, 1964),

TMB½r218-219.5

niekçbbTrbs;elak ebneXonin {etI b:ul Bt cUlkan;GMNacEbbNa?³ RbvtþiénlT§ikumµúynisþ

enAkm<úCa 1930-1973/ (Monash University, Victoria, Australie, 1983).6

{clnats‘URbdab;GavuFExµr}/ esovePAesþIgrbs;KN³kmµaFikarsnþiPaBExµr/ Extula qñaM1952.7

niekçbbTrbs;elak ebn eXonin/ opt. cit..8

Ibid.9

ÉksarrwbGUs)anBIsRtÚv {karENnaMsþIBIlkçxNÐénkarcUlCasmaCikbkSrbs;CnCaticin}/

éf¶TI24Exmifuna qñaM1952.TUrelxCapøÚvkarrbs;GaemrikaMgelx749EdleKGacrkBt’manenA

Wasson-Echols Collection, Cornell University.10

karsmÖasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayelak esþehVn ehd½r.11

karsmÖasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§.12


esckþIeqøIysarPaBrbs; v:n ev:t EdlelIkmkniyayCasMGagkñúgniekçbbTrbs;elak ebn

eXonin/ op. cit..


14Rbvtþirbs; eGog lIm nigkarerobrab;BIerOgr:avTaMgGs;rbs;Kat; KWRsg;ecjBI{karsnÞnaCamYy

eGog lIm CaExµrRkhmcuHcUl}/ TUrelxénsßanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkúgPñMeBjbBa¢ÚneTA[RksYgkar

breTsenARkúgv:asuInetan/ éf¶TI30 Exvicäika qñaM1971.15


esckþIsegçbénRbvtþisa®sþbkSEdlman[eyabl;BIelI CaÉksarEdlrwbGUs)anBIEpñkTTYl

bnÞúkneya)aykgT½Brbs;PUmiPaKbUB’a.17

TUrelxénsßanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkúgPñMeBjepJICUnRksYgkarbreTs/ éf¶TI8 ExsIha qñaM1955.18

cMnYnEdldkRsg;BIÉksarRbvtþisa®sþbkS.19

ÉksarEdlbBa¢ÚnedaysßanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkúgPñMeBj eTARksYgkarbreTs enAéf¶TI8 Extula

qñaM1956.20

Ibid.21

ÉksarEdlbBa¢ÚnedaysßanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkúgPñMeBj eTARksYgkarbreTsenAqñaM1957.22

BIsßanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkúgPñMeBjeTARksYgkarbreTs/ éf¶TI9 Exmifuna qñaM1956.23

Ibid.24

ÉksarEdlbBa¢ÚnedaysßanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkúgPñMeBjeTA[RksYgkarbreTs/ éf¶TI19 Extula

qñaM1969.25

Laura Summers, karnaM[sÁal; exov sMpn.26

Ibid.27

Ibid.28

kEnøgGtßbTmþMúenH nigkareBalsresIr sMGageTAelIkarsmÖasn_mYyEdleFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§.29

Rbvtþisa®sþbkSBlkrevotNam/ 1930-1975 ¬haNUy/ esovePAEdle)aHBum<pSayCa

PasabreTs/ 1977¦/ TMB½r105.30

Rbvtþirbs; bU‘pat BwgEp¥kCasMGagelIÉksarepSg²enAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg. eKnwgrkeXIjesckþI

erobrab;BisþarmYynUvÉksar nigesckþIBnül;epSg²sþIBImNÐlXMuXaMgGñkeTas kñúgkMNt;ehtu

Biess GMBIÉksarTaMgLayenAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg EdlmanbnþBIesckþIkt;ehtuTaMgenH.31

karvaytémøEdlRsg;ecjBIkareFVICMerOnqñaM1962.32

karBiBN’naGMBImhasnñi)at nigkarelIkerobrab;BIÉksarbegáItbkSRtÚv)andkRsg;BIsunÞrkfa


rbs; b:ul Bt ³ {mhaeCaKC½yrbs;bdivtþn_>>>}/ ExkBaØa qñaM1977.33

Stephen Hedter, The Historial Basis of the Kampuchea-Vietnam Conflict: The Development of the Kampuchea Communist Movement

and Its Relations with Vietnamese Communism, 1930-1970 ¬GtßbTvayGgÁúlIelx/ Cornell University, 1978¦.34

GVI²EdlmanbnþBIRbvtþirbs; bU‘pat KWsMGagelIcemøIysarPaBrbs;Kat;.35

ÉksarEdlbBa¢ÚnedaysßanTUtGaemrikaMgeTARksYgkarbreTs/ éf¶TI11 Exemsa qñaM1963.36

Rbvtþisa®sþbkS.37

RbvtþiénkarbHe)artamGtßbT rbs;elak ebneXonin/ The Samlaut Rebellion and Its Aftermath: 1967-1970, The

Origins of Cambodia’s Liberation Movement (Melbourne, Monash University Center of Southeast Asian Studies, 1976).38

Stephen Heder, The Historial Basis... (op. cit.).39

eGog FIriT§ EdleFVIsmÖasn_edayGñkniBn§.40


b:ul Bt/ {mhaeCaKC½yrbs;bdivtþn_>>>}/ sunÞrkfa/ ExkBaØa qñaM1977.42

esovePA {kMNt;ehtusþIBIdMeNIrkñúgkEnøgsMxan;²enARbeTsesom/ km<úCa nigRbeTsLav/

1858-1861} rbs;elak hg;rI mUhUt.43

niekçbbTrbs;elak M.E. Osborne, Rule and Response: Interaction In Cambodia and Cochinchina (1859-1905) (Cornell

University, Ithaca, N.Y., 1968).44

b:ul Bt/ {eyIgbnþeRCagx<s;Tg;C½yCmñHrbs;bkSkumµúynisþkm<úCad¾CajC½y edIm,Ikm<úCaRbCaFib

etyü/ bnþeFVIbdivtþn_sgÁmniym nigksaglT§isgÁmniymEfmeTot}/ sunÞrkfa/ PñMeBj/ ExkBaØa

qñaM1978.45

b:ul Bt/ {mhaeCaKC½yrbs;bdivtþn_>>>}/ sunÞrkfa/ ExkBaØa qñaM1977.46

Ibid.47


cemøIysarPaBrbs; b‘Upat.49

Ibid.50


Ben Kiernan, The Samlaut Rebellion... (op. cit.).52

b:ul Bt/ {eyIgbnþ>>>}/ sunÞrkfa/ ExkBaØa qñaM1978.


CMBUkTI41

karerobrab;BIrdæRbharqñaM1970 tamBt’manEdlcuHpSaykñúgkaEstenACMnan;enaH nigesovePA

epSg²dUcteTA ³

Anatomy of a coup rbs;elak T.D. Allman.

Cambodi:a The Widening War In Indochina rbs;elak Jonathan Grant, Laurence Moss et Jonathan Unger (New York,

Washington Square Press, 1971).

The Khmer Republic at War and The Final Collapse, rbs;elak sak;s‘ut saxn (Washington, U.S. Army Center

for Milatary History, 1980).2

sak;s‘ut saxn/ op. cit..3

tamelak William Harben, The Antropological Lon Nol, TUrelxpÞal;xø Ünrbs;sßanTUtGaemrikaMgenA

RkúgPñMeBjepJIreTA[RksYgkarbreTs/ éf¶TI25 Ex]sPa qñaM1972.4

Ibid.5

kar[Gtßnyrbs; Merriam-Webster Dictionary (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1974).6

William Harben, The Antropological Lon Nol, TUrelxEdlerobrab;rYcmkehIy.7



karBiBN’naBIclnabM)at;CatiCIhV edayelak Jonathan Grand et al. (op. cit.) RBmTaMgelak William Shawcross,

Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon, and The Destruction of Cambodia ¬esaknadkmµmYyEdlKµan sarsMxan;/ Paris, Balland,

1979).10

ém: suIsupa EdlsmÖasn_edayGñkniBn§.11

TUrelxrbs;sßanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkúgPñMeBj epJIeTA[RksYgkarbreTs/ éf¶TI2 ExkBaØa qñaM

1970.12

Ibid.13


esovePA {nvexmrniym} rbs; ln; nl; ¬PñMeBj/ saFarNrdæExµr/ 1974¦.15

enAmankarCab;édRbyuT§eBjTMhwg manTahanGaemrikaMg BIrmWunR)aMBan;nak;enAkm<úCa enAéf¶TI7

Ex]sPa qñaM1970.


16sUmGanesovePArbs;elak Showcross (op. cit.) sRmab;karviPaKeBjeljmYyGMBIneya)ay

rbs;GaemrikaMgkñúgkarTmøak;RKab;EbkenARbeTskm<úCa.17


TUrelxrbs;sßanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkúgPñMeBj EdlcuHhtßelxaedayelakÉkGKÁrdæTUt eGm:UrI sVaMg

enAéf¶TI19 Exemsa qñaM1971 ehIybBa¢ÚneTA[RksYgkarbreTs.19

karelIkkitþiysenH nigkarerobrab;BIkarBiPakSakñúgépÞkgT½BGMBIerOgRbtibtþikarswkecnLaTI2 KW

Rsg;tamesovePArbs;elak sak;s‘ut saxn/ op. cit..20

karsnÞnaCasm¶at;rbs;elak Guin taM CamYyÉkGKÁrdæTUtGaemrikaMg tamTUrelxmYyrbs;sßanTUt

GaemrikaMgepJIeTARksYgkarbreTs/ éf¶TI13 Exvicäika qñaM1972.21

GtßbTvayGgÁúlIelxrbs;elak Timothy Carney: The Unexpected Victory.22

TwkR)ak;mYyekadiduløarCaCMnYyeTA[RbeTsevotNam RtÚv)an[dMNwgmkGñkniBn§edayGñknaMBakü

mñak;rbs;rdæaPi)alRkúghaNUy nige)aHBum<pSaykñúgkaEstv:asuInetanb:usþ× éf¶TI27 ExkumÖ³

qñaM1983. cMnYnTwkR)ak;srubénCMnYyGaemrikaMgpþl;eTA[saFarNrdæExµr KWRsg;tamelak Tim

Carney.23

karcuHykBt’manedayGñkBin§enAqñaM1973 sRmab;kaEstv:asuInetanb:usþ×.24

cMnYn KWdkRsg;BIr)aykarN_sm¶at;mYyrbs;GgÁkarmUlniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati.25

esovePAexµA ³ ehtukarN_ nigPsþútagénGMeBIQøanBan nigkarP¢ab;EdndIrbs;RbeTsevotNam

RbqaMgnwgkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü/ PñMeBj/ ExkBaØa qñaM1978.26

tamesovePArbs;elak Tim Carney, The Unexpected Victory (op. cit.) nigrbs;elak Richard Dudman, Forty Days

with the Ennemy (New York, Liveright, 1971).27

esovePAexµA ³ (op. cit.) TMB½r56.28

Ehm samin EdlsmÖasedayelak esþehVn ehd½r.29

Ibid.30

TUrelxrbs;sßanTUtGaemrikaMg EdlRsg;ecjBIRbvtþisa®sþEdlmantmkeTot nigkareBal

sresIrTaMgGs;.31

sgáat;GtßbTmþMúenH BwgEp¥kCasMGagelIesovePA “Backward Toward Revolution : The Chines Revolutionary Party”

rbs;elakEdward Friedman (Berkeley, University of California Presse, 1974),CaBiessenARtg;TMB½r213-215.


32tamesovePA Cambodia in the Southeast Asian War rbs;elak Malcolm Caldwell et Lek Hor Tan (New York, Monthly

Review Press, 1975).33

bBa¢IeQµaHbNþalsmaCikénraCrdæaPi)alrYbrYmCatikm<úCa nigrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCa edayyk

tambBa¢Irbs;elak Malcolm Caldwell.34

Ca suT§ EdlsmÖasedayelak esþehVn ehd½r enAExmifuna qñaM1981.35

karBiBN’na nigkarelIkniyaysMGagTaMgenH KWsMGagelIesckþIbkERbcMnYnBIr BIesovePA {Rs

eNaHRBlwgExµr} rbs;Guitsarin. esckþIbkERbmYyEdlvayGgÁúlIelx RtÚv)anesñIedayGñkniBn§

nigelak GuIsðúIy:am:a kUKI. esckþIdkRsg;xøHRtÚv)ane)aHBum<pSaykñúgGtßbT {etIExµrRkhmCaGñk

Na} edayGñkniBn§ enAkñúgkaEstv:asuIetanb:usþ×naExmIna qñaM1974. esckþIbkERbTIBIrEdlman

lkçN³eBjeljCag RtÚv)ane)aHBum<pSayedayelak Timothy Carney kñúgesovePA Communist Party

Power in Kampuchea (Ithaca, Cornell University, 1977). karelIkniyayTaMgb:unµantamesovePA{RseNaHRBlwg

Exµr} KW)anmkBIkarbkERbrbs;elak Carney b¤elak Koki.36

Xøa b¤GtßbTmþúM² nigkarBiBN’naEdlmanteTAeTotsuT§EtsMGagelIRbvtþisa®sþbkS.37

cemøIysarPaBrbs; Ekv mas/ {cemøIyrbs; X}/ éf¶TI30 ExkBaØa qñaM1976/ enAsarmnÞIr

TYlEsøg. GtßbTbkERbrbs;elak esþehVn ehd½r.38

BYkemdwknaMénclnats‘UExµr nigsmaCikraCrdæaPi)alrYbrYmCati enAxagkñúgRbeTskm<úCa.39

esovePAexµA (op. cit.).40

karerobrab;GMBIshkrN_TaMgLay KWykKMnittamGtßbT {kmµaPi)al/ bNþasmaCik/ RbCaCn

nigkgT½Bbdivtþn_RtÚvmUlmtiEtmYy}/ kñúgTsSnavdþITg;bdivtþn_ ExsIha qñaM1975 nigtamGtßbT The

Khmer Krahom Program to create a Communist Society in Southern Cambodia rbs;elak Kenneth Quinn, TUrelx

epJIeTARksYgkarbreTsenAéf¶TI19 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1974.41

sunÞrkfarbs; b:ul Bt {eyIgbnþeRCagx<s;>>>}/ ExkBaØa qñaM1978.42

CYn RbsiT§i EdleFVIsmÖasedayGñkniBn§.43

esovePA “Aftermath: The Struggle of Cambodia and Vietnam” rbs;elak John Pilger nig Anthong Barnett (Londres,

New Statesman, 1982), TMB½r52.44

tamTUrelxrbs;elak Kenneth Quinn Edlmanerobrab;rYcmkehIy RBmTaMgkarelIkerobrab;TaMg

Gs;EdlmanCabnþmkeTot.


45karBiBN’naGMBITIRkúgPñMeBjkñúgry³eBls®gÁam KWsMGagelIkarykBt’manepSg²EdlseRmceFVI

eLIgenACMnan;enaH edayGñkniBn§pÞal; rYmTaMgr)aykarN_RbcaMéf¶rbs;sßanTUtGaemrikaMgeBjGMLúg

eBléns®gÁam.46

tamesovePA The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung rbs;elak Stuart Schram (New York, Frederick A. Praeger,

1963).47

b:ul Bt/ kñúgTsSnavdþITg;bdivtþn_.48

Ibid.49

John Pilger et Anthony Barnett, op. cit.50

kareFVIsmÖasn_rbs;GñkniBn§.51


TUrelxrbs;sßanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkúgPñMeBj epJIeTA[RksYgkarbreTs/ éf¶TI31 Exkkáda qñaM

1973.53

Ehm samin EdleFVIsmÖasedayelak esþehVn ehd½r.54


TUrelxrbs;sßanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkúgPñMeBjepJICUnRksYgkarbreTs/ éf¶TI29 Exmkra qñaM1974.56

karBiBN’naBIkarRbyuT§pþac;RBR½t tamkarerobrab;rbs;elak sak;s‘ut saxn/ op. cit., nigr)ay

karN_epSg²RbcaMéf¶rbs;sßanTUtGaemrikaMg.57

TUrelxrbs;sßanTUtGaemrikaMgenATIRkúgPñMeBj epJIeTA[RksYgkarbreTs/ éf¶TI7 Exmkra

qñaM1975.58

sak;s‘ut saxn/ op. cit..

CMBUkTI51


esovePA Staline (Staline: A Political Biography) rbs;elak Isaac Deutscher, bkERbBIesovePACaPa

sa)araMgrbs;elak J.P. Herbert (Paris, Julliard, 1953).3

Franz Schurmann nig Orville Schell, GñkTTYlxusRtÚvelIesovePArYmmancMNgfa Communist China Revolutionary

Reconstruction and International Confrontation (New York, Vintage, 1967).


4kareFVIsmÖasn_ eGog sarI edayGñkniBn§ EdlkñúgenaHKWBwgEp¥kCasMGagelIesckþIraykarN_

EdleFVIeLIgeday sarI enAéf¶dMbUg²énC½yCmñH.5

GtßbTvayGgÁúlIelx The Unexpected Vicotry rbs;elak Tim Carney.6

karerobrab;BIkarpÁt;pÁg;PsþúParTIRkúgéRBnKr tam With Firm Steps: Southern Vietnam Since Liberation 1975-1977

¬haNUy/ kare)aHBum<pSayCaPasabreTs/ qñaM1978¦.7

kaEstjÚvy:kEfms_/ éf¶TI14 Exkkáda qñaM1975.8

karvaytémøGMBIkarxUcxatTaMgGs; tamsunÞrkfarbs; eGog sarI enAmhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCa

Cati naExtula qñaM1976 nigtamr)aykarN_sm¶at;rbs;GgÁkarmUlniFirUbiyvtßúGnþrCati.9

KMrUenA ram nigkMBg;esam KWdkRsg;BIkarcuHykBt’manmYyEdleFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§enAqñaM

1978.10

karBiBN’natamkareFVIsmÖasn_ FIriT§ edayGñkniBn§ nigesovePA{karvilRtLb;eTARkúgPñMeBj}

rbs;elak GuI pan;dara (Paris, A.M. Métaillé, 1982).11


karvaytémøTaMgenH sMGagelIkareRbóbeFobmYynUvcMnYntYelxrbs;elak ebn eXonin nig elak

esþehVn huID½r. ´Føab;snñidæanfa GtItPUmiPaK]tþr)anpþl;T½BbIkgBlFMeTA[mCÄim. BIrkgBlFM

sßitenAPñMeBj/ kgBlFMTIbI RtÚvbBa¢ÚneTARBMEdnPaK|san. PUmiPaKbUB’a pþl;eTA[RkúgPñMeBjEt

mYykgBlFMb:ueNÑaH ¬EdlsßitenAkñúgkgT½BmCÄim¦ nigrkSaTukBIrkgBlFM. PUmiPaKBiess )an

køayeTACaPUmiPaKrbs;mCÄim nig)anRbKl;kgT½Brbs;xøÜneTA[RkúgPñMeBjTaMgGs;. kgBlFMEt

mYyKt;rbs;PUmiPaKBay½Bü EdlmancMnYnT½BminRKb;RKan; RtÚv)anGnuBaØat[enAnwgkEnøg. PUmiPaK

nirtI )anpþl;T½B[RkúgPñMeBjmYykgBlFM ¬b:uEnþRtÚvdak;[RbcaMkarenAkMBg;esam kñúgPUmiPaKrbs;xøÜn

dEdl¦ ehIy)anrkSakgT½Brbs;xøÜnBIrkgBlFMeTot.13

Rbvtþirbs;PUmiPaKnirtI KWsMGagelIGtßbT {BI b:ul Bt dl;Eb:nsuvNÑ>>>} rbs;elak esþehVn ehd½r

EdlKat;)anEføgenAkñúgsnñisITGnþrCatisþIBI\NÐÚcin nigbBaðasnþisux nigsißrPaBenAGasuIPaKGaeKñy_

¬saklviTüal½yCULaLúgkn/ )agkk/ qñaM1980¦.14

CIvRbvtþirbs; tam:uk yktamcemøIysarPaBrbs; ng sYn EdlsresrenAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg

enAéf¶TI21 Exvicäika qñaM1976.15

CIvRbvtþirbs; esa Pwm yktamcemøIysarPaBrbs; v:n ev:t enAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg/ GtßbTbkERb


rbs;elak esþehVn ehd½r nigtamniekçbbTfñak;bNÐitrbs; ebn eXonin ³ etI b:ul Bt cUlkan;GMNac

EbbNa/ RbvtþiénlT§ikumµúynisþenAkm<úCa 1930-1970 ¬GtßbTvayGgÁúlIelx/ sakl

viTüal½y x½rENl/ qñaM1978¦.16

Ehm samin RtÚv)ansmÖasn_edayelak esþehVn ehd½r.17

sMLÚt CakarseRmccitþedImdMbUgrbs;kumµúynisþ kñúgkarcab;epþImkarts‘UedayGavuF ehIyéf¶TI17

Exmkra qñaM1968)ankøayeTACaéf¶ExénkarbegáItkgT½Bbdivtþn_. CYn RbsiT§i EdleFVIsmÖaseday

GñkniBn§.18


kñúgGtßbT {sRmÜcstiGarmµN_vNÑ³GFn>>>}/ TsSnavdþITg;bdivtþn_RbcaMExkBaØa-tula qñaM1976

EdlGtßbTenHRtÚv)anbkERbedayelak kwm sus nig FImU:FI xarnI.20

esovePA {RtútsÁI/ BüakarIRbdab;edayGavuF} rbs;elak Isaac Deutscher “The Prophet Armed: Trotsky 1879-

1921), karbkERbBIesovePACaPasa)araMgrbs;elak eb: eb:h‘Súy (Paris, Julliard, 1962).21

b:ul Bt/ {eyIgbnþ>>>}/ sunÞrkfaenAExkBaØa qñaM1978.22

Ibid.23

Ibid.24

esovePA {sþalIn} rbs;elak Isaac Deutscher (op. cit.).25

Ibid.26

esovePA “A History of Russia” rbs;elak Sir Bernard Pares (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1947), TMB½r507.27

Franz Schurmann et Orville Schell (op. cit.), TMB½r409-410.28

Ibid., TMB½r211. ¬bdivtþn_TIBIrbs;sþalIn nigneya)aymhaelatepøaHrbs;cin )anseRmcCMruj

Epñkesdækic©eTArk]sSahUbnIykmµ nigEkERbkarRbRBwtþiepSg² edIm,InwgeFVI[RbCaCnkñúgRbeTs

eCOfa eKQancUlsm½yTMenIbehIy. BYkExµrRkhmminsÁal;BIeCaKC½y EdlmankMNt;enH

pgeT¦.29

elak haNah_ Gaer:n )anniyayBüakrfa ³ {kalNaRBHraCakan;Etpþac;kar bdivtþn_Edlnwgmk

CMnYskEnøgrbs;RBHGgÁkan;Etpþac;karCagRBHGgÁeTAeTot}/ kñúgkarniBn§l,gsþIBIkarbdivtþn_

(Gallimard, 1985). eTvraCaénRbeTskm<úCa KWCaRBHraCakan;GMNacpþac;karCageKmYyGgÁkñúgcMeNam

RBHraCa Edlkan;GMNacpþac;karCageK ehIyBYkExµrRkhmCaGñkbdivtþn_eRbIGMNacpþac;karCageK


kñúgcMeNamGñkbdivtþn_ EdleRbIGMNacpþac;karCageK.30

D.G.E. Hall, A History of South-East Asia (New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1970).31

esovePAmancMNgeCIgfa {GgÁr} rbs;elak hS½k sWeds.32

viTüúRkúgPñMeBj/ éf¶TI12 Exmifuna qñaM1975 kñúgRBwtþibRtBt’manrbs;xøÜnCaPasabreTs.33

esovePA {GgÁr} rbs;elak hS½k sWeds EdlRsg;mþúM²manniyayCasMGagedayelak lVIs_

hVINUt.34

smÖasn_rbs;emdwknaMcMeBaHBYkGñkkaEstyUehÁasøavI. Edward Conze dans Buddhism, Its Essence and

Development (New York, Harper Torchbooks, 1959) EdlKUsbBa¢ak;fa eKaledArbs;RBHBuT§sasnaKW

{eFVI[mnusS mancitþs¶b;s¶at;}.35

GñkkarTUtcin EdlsmÖasn_edayGñkniBn§ nigmanbMNg[rkSaGnamikPaB.36

esovePA {KMnithYsvis½yEdlbNþal[manmnusSsøab;Gs;CaeRcIn} rbs; Bin y:aéf/ GñkrYcBI

eRKaHfñak;énGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_km<úCamñak; niyaybgðaj[eXIjerOgenaH (Paris, R. Laffont, 1979),

TMB½r97-98.37

A.L. Bashman, The Wonder That Was India (New York, Grove Press, 1954).38

Bin y:aéf/ op. cit., TMB½r35.39

CYn RbsiT§i EdleFVIsmÖasedayGñkniBn§.40

kaEstv:asuInetanb:usþ× ecjéf¶TI27 Exemsa qñaM1975.41

esovePA “Origins of the conflict” rbs;elak esþehVn ehd½r/ Southeast Asia Chronicle, ExkBaØa-tula

qñaM1978.42

kardMNaleLIgvijGMBIvibtþinava ém:y:aehÁ KWBwgEp¥kCasMGagelI{karcab;nava ém:y:aehÁ}/svnakar

rbs;sPaGaemrikaMgenAqñaM1975 nigesckþIkt;TukxøI²EdlsresredayGñkniBn§kñúg»kasénsnñisIT

kaEstEdleFVIeLIgeday eGog sarI sþIBIerOgenH enATIRkúgjÚvy:knaéf¶TI6 ExkBaØa qñaM1975.43

esckþIkt;TukxøI²rbs;GñkniBn§ nigGtßbTkñúgkaEstv:asuInetanb:usþ×éf¶TI8 ExkBaØa qñaM1975.44

TsSnavdþIEfm éf¶TI26 Ex]sPa qñaM1975.45

esovePAesþIgsþIBIvimanrMB£kviBaØaNkçn§GtItyuT§CnenARbeTsevotNam/ Rkúgv:asuInetan/ D.C..46

TUrelxrbs;sßanTUtGaemrikaMgenARkúg)agkk epIJeTA[RksYgkarbreTs/ éf¶TI5 Ex]sPa qñaM

1975.


47sun esn )anRbkasfa Kat;Føab;)ansikSaBIs®gÁamTaMgLayrbs;GWr:ub kñúgkareFVIsmÖasn_mYy

Edlpþl;dl;elak esþehVn ehd½r enAqñaM1979.48

karerobrab;GMBIkariyaFibetyü ¬GMNac/ Tmøab;/ rebobcat;Ecgkic©karrdæ¦ nigkarRbRBwtþeTArbs;

rbbenH KWyktamkareFVIdMeNIrrbs;GñkniBn§eTAkan;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü enAqñaM1978 nigkar

smÖasn_CaeRcIn Edl)aneFVIenACMnan;enaH.49

EpñksMxan;²énCIvRbvtþiTak;Tgnwg nYn Ca KWyktamniekçbbTrbs;elak ebn eXonin/ op. cit..50

enAxN³enH kgT½B)anTTYlbBa¢a[bBa©b;muxkarepSg²rbs;xøÜnCasnþisux EdlrYmmankarsmøab;

mnusSpg. elakLÚr:asamm½r nigebn eXonin )anbkRsayerOgenHfa dUcCabBa¢amYy[bBaÄb;kar

smøab;TaMgGs;. b:uEnþ vahak;dUcCafa BMumankarp¥akCabeNþaHGasnñkñúgkarsmøab;mnusSeT b:uEnþfa

kic©karcaM)ac;enH RtÚv)anRbKl;[EpñksnþisuxenAmnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøgEdldwknaMeday Duc vij.

tamBit KWeRkaymanbBa¢aenHbnþic EdlmnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøgcab;epþImdMeNIrkar.

CMBUkTI61

sMbuRtenH CacMENkmYyénÉksarrbs; hYt bu)öaNa enAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg EdlrkeXIjedayGñk

niBn§enAmCÄmNÐlenH ehIybkERbenAnwgkEnøgeday CMu bUrI CamKÁúeTÞsk_rbs;rdæaPi)al. kñúg

ÉksarenHmanémÖmYydMu ³ esckþIRbkasrbs;nagenAéf¶EdlsnþisuxnaMxøÜnmkdak;Kuk/ CIvRbvtþirbs;

nag/ karlatRtdagBIeQµaHsmaCikEdleKGHGagfa CaExSbNþajrbs;nagcMnYn 15c,ab; cemøIy

sarPaBGMBIsMbuRtCaeRcIn EdlnagsresrepJI[sVamIrbs;nag/ CIvRbvtþimYyrbs;bþInag nigmti

ENnaMy:agEvgrbs; Duc epJIeTA[kmµaPi)alEdlTTYlbnÞúksYrcemøIy. BYkGñkEfrkSasarmnÞIr

TYlEsøg)anniyayR)ab;´fa enHCaÉksarRkas;CageKkñúgcMeNamÉksarenATIenaH.2

RTI em:ghYt nig buin Nal; EdleFVIsmÖasedayGñkniBn§.3

tamc,ab;rdæFmµnuBaØ Edle)aHBum<pSay nigviPaKeday emon sg;KIm kñúg Southeast Asian Affairs,

qñaM1977.4

bTePøgCatiRtÚv)ane)aHBum<pSay kñúgTsSnavdþI {km<úCaRbCaFibetyüe)aHCMhaneTAmux} EdlCa

TsSnavdþIpøÚvkarmYyrbs;rbbenH.5

smÖasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§.6

Hannah Arendt, On Violence (New York, Harcourt, Brace & World, 1969), TMB½r53. {BIkarPUtkuhk eTAGMeBIhigSa


(Paris, Calmann - Lévy, 1972).7

Ibid., p. 55.8

Ibid., p. 55.9

Rbvtþirbs; bu)öaNa nig Edt KWsMGagelIÉksarrbs;nagenAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg. kareRbIR)as;

ÉksarenH nigÉksarepSg²eTot EdleRbIsRmab;bBa¢ak;GMBIsm½yenH KWRtÚv)anjúaMg[pusKMnit

edayelak Jonathan Spence, The Death of Woman Wang (New York, Penguin, 1982).10

esovePA “The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse” rbs; sak;s‘ut saxn (Washington, U.S. Army Center

for Military History, 1980).11

karykBt’manEdleFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§enAsm½yenaH.12

sUmGanerOg {ramayN³} ¬ramekrþ×¦ edIm,IdwgBIerOgyuT§kfaTaMgmUl.13

karBiBN’naGMBImnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøgtamkareFVITsSnkic©rbs;GñkniBn§enAqñaM1983. lkçN³Bitén

cemøIysarPaBCaeRcInenAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg KWRtÚv)anGHGagbEnßmeday eGog sarI kñúgkareFVI

smÖasn_mYyEdlyl;RBmnwgGñkniBn§ ehIyRtÚve)aHBum<pSaykñúgGtßbT {bnÞb;mrN³rbs;BYkExµr

Rkhm}rbs;kaEstv:asuInetanb:usþ× éf¶TI2 ExsIha qñaM1981.14

bTsmÖasn_TaMgLayrbs;GñkniBn§enAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg nigkarBiPakSaCamYy edvId hk.15

bTsmÖasn_Edlyl;RBmeFVICamYyGñkniBn§ edayBYkGñkePosxøÜnEdlcUlcitþlak;GnamikPaB.16

eGog sarI EdleFVIsmÖasedayGñkniBn§.17

bNþaemdwknaMshkrN_rbs;PUmiPaKnirtI EdleFVIsmÖasedayGñkniBn§enAExFñÚ qñaM1978.18

sUmGanGtßbTvayGgÁúlIelx {shkrN_TaMgLaykñúgkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü} rbs;elak LÚr:a

samm½r/ ExsIha qñaM1981 nigkareFVIsmÖasn_ eGog sarI edayGñkniBn§.19

tamGtßbTrbs;elak LÚr:a samm½r/ op. cit..20

Rbvtþirbs;RKÜsarém: KWRsg;ecjBIkareFVIsmÖasn_EdlGnuBaØatpþl;dl;GñkniBn§edaysmaCikRKÜsar

Edlrs;ranmanCIvitcMnYn4rUbKW suIsupa/ bUpa/ sUem:t nig »Pa.21



Ibid.24

smÖasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§.


25karerobl¥itl¥n;sþIBIkarpøas;bþÚrxagBaNiC¢kmµrbs;BYkExµrRkhm nigRkúmh‘un er:nhVúg (Ren Fung, Co.)

kñúgTsSnavdþIesdækic©cugbUB’a (FEER) éf¶TI20 Ex]sPa qñaM1977.26

r)aykarN_dMNac;qñaM rbs;rdæaPi)al KWelIkmkniyayCasMGagkñúgesovePArbs;elak David

Chandler, A Revolution in Full Spate: Communist Party Policy in Democratic Kampuchea, December 1976 ¬bTGnþraKmn_

enAsnñisITRBIns_tun sþIBIRbeTskm<úCa/ Exvicäika qñaM1982¦.27

Chandler, op. cit..28

kareFVIsmÖasn_ nigTsSnkiic©enAkm<úCaRbCaFibetyürbs;GñkniBn§enAqñaM1978.29

kareFVIsmÖasn_Edlpþl;dl;GñkniBn§edayvisVkr r:UdulhVÚ hSúyGaer: EdlCYsCulRbB½n§Farasa®sþ

rbs;RbeTsenHBIExsIha qñaM1980 dl;Exkkáda qñaM1982.30

smÖasn_EdlseRmceFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§.31

karBiPakSaCamYysa®sþacarü ®hVg; GuhVm:an Edl)anbMPøW´GMBIcMNucenH.32

elIkmkniyayCasMGagkñúgesovePA “The Norms and Standards International Human Rights and Khmer Rouge Rule

in Democratic Kampuchea 1975-1979” rbs;elak edvId hk EdlCitecjpSay.33

Rbvtþirbs; han tav sMGagelIbTsmÖasn_mYyEdlyl;RBmpþl;[GñkniBn§enAqñaM1979 nigRtÚv

)anbMeBjbEnßm edaykareFVIsmÖasn_CnCaticinkat;Exµr R)aMmYynak;epSgeTot.34

sunÞrkfarbs; b:ul Bt {eyIgbnþeRCagx<s;>>>}/ ExkBaØa qñaM1978.35

karerobrab;BIkare)assm¥atfµI² KWyktambBa¢IeQµaHCnrgeRKaHEdlCab;Kuk nigRtÚvsmøab;enA

mnÞIrXMuXaMg s-21 eRkamrbb b:ul Bt/ eGog sarI. mnÞIrenHsßitenAkñúgGtItviTüal½yTYlsVayéRB

RkúgPñMeBj ¬ÉksarvayGgÁúlIelx/ sarmnÞIrTYlEsøg/ BMumancuHkalbriecäTeT¦.36

smÖasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayelak esþehVn ehd½r.37

David Hawk, op. cit..38

bTsmÖasn_Edlyl;RBmpþl;[GñkniBn§ edayelak qaMg sug/ GtItrdæm®nþIRksYgBt’manrbs;

saFarNrdæExµr.39

{BIkarPUtkuhkeTAGMeBIhigSa} rbs;elak Gaer:nd_.40

David Hawk, op. cit..41

Xøa b¤GtßbTmþMú² KWdkRsg;ecjBITsSnavdþIyuvCnbdivtþn_ tamesovePA “Communist Party Power in

Kampuchea (Cambodia): Documents and Discussion” rbs;elak Timothy Carney, Conell University Southeast Asia Program,


Data Paper No 106, Ithaca, 1977).42

GtßbT {GñkNaxøHCaBYkExµrRkhm?} rbs;GñkRsI eGlIhSaEbt eb‘kx½r cuHpSaykñúgkaEst

v:asuInetanb:usþ× ExmIna qñaM1974.43

v:un EdleFVIsmÖasedayGñkniBn§enAqñaM1978.44

embBa¢akar BIn EdlsmÖasedayGñkniBn§.45

karkt;smÁal;rbs;GñkniBn§kñúgry³eBlénkareFVIdMeNIrenAqñaM1978.46

karsmÖasn_EdlseRmceFVIedayGñkniBn§enAqñaM1979.

CMBUkTI71

tamcemøIysarPaBrbs; b‘U pat ¬sMuNMuÉksarenAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg¦.2

karerobrab;BImnÞIrXuMXaMgTYlEsøg nigsmÖar³eFVITaruNkmµ tamkareFVITsSnkic©EdleFVIeLIgeday

GñkniBn§enAqñaM1983.3

edvId hk/ {mnÞIrsmøab;mnusSTYlEsøg Index on Censorship, Londres, Exmkra qñaM1986.4

karerobrab;GMBIkare)assm¥atenAPUmiPaK]tþr nigBay½Bü KWyktamÉksarepSg²rbs;elak

Timothy Carney, The Organization of Power in Democratic Kampuchea, ¬ÉksarvayGgÁúlIelxEdlBinitüeLIg

vijenAExsIha qñaM1982¦.5

smÖasn_EdlseRmceFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§.6

Timothy Carney, The Organization of Power..., (op. cit.).7

karcab;xøÜn nigkarsmøab; kuy FYn KWyktamesovePAexµA/ ehtukarN_ nigPsþútagepSg²énGMeBI

QøanBan nigkarP¢ab;TwkdIrbs;RbeTsevotNam RbqaMgnwgkm<úCa ¬PñMeBj/ 1978¦ nigbBa¢ICn

rgeRKaH EdlCab;Kuk nigsmøab;enAmnÞIrs-21 kñúgrbb b:ul Bt / eGog sarI/ GtItviTüal½y

TYlsVayéRBenARkúgPñMeBj ¬GtßbTvayGgÁúlIelx/ sarmnÞIr]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_enA

TYlEsøg/ PñMeBj/ KµankalbriecäT.8

tambBa¢ICnrgeRKaH>>> (op. cit.).9

karvaytémøtambBa¢ICnrgeRKaH>>> (op. cit.) nigkarRsavRCavrbs;elak esþehVn ehd½r nigelak edvId

hk.10

ÉksarcuHkalbriecäTéf¶TI30 ExkBaØa qñaM1976/ mancMNgeCIgfa {cemøIyrbs; X. elIkTI mYy ³


karsnÞnaCacMhGMBIbdivaTkmµnwgRkúghaNUy sþIBIkareRCIserIséf¶ExqñaMénkarbegáItbkS/ 1951

b¤ 1960 ¬ÉksarenAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg¦/ GtßbTbkERbrbs;elak esþehVn ehd½r. karerobrab;

TaMgGs; EdlmanCabnþ KW)anmkBIcemøIysarPaBTaMgenH.11

bBaðaénéf¶xYbkMeNIt KWyktamelak David Chandler, “Revising the Past in Democratic Kampuche:a When Was the

Birthday of the Party?”, Pacific Affairs, rdUvePøóg qñaM1983.12

David Chandler, A Revolution in Full Spate: Communist Party Policy in Democratic Kampuchea, December, 1976, ¬GtßbT

vayGgÁúlIelx EdlbgðajCUnenAsnñisITRBIns_tun sþIBIRbeTskm<úCa/ Exvicäika qñaM1982¦.13

Ibid.14

Rbvtþirbs; RTI em:ghYt tamkarsmÖasn_Edlyl;RBmeFVICamYyGñkniBn§.15

smÖasn_Edlpþl;dl;GñkniBn§.16

Ibid.17

David Chandler, A Revolution in Full Spate (op. cit.).18

esckþIdkRsg;BIcemøIysarPaBrbs; h‘U nwm Edle)aHBum<pSaykñúgesovePA “The Bureaucracy of Death:

Documents from Inside Pol Pot’s Torture Machine” rbs;elak Anthony Barnett, Ben Kierman, Chantou Boua, New Statement

(Londres), éf¶TI2 Ex]sPa qñaM1980.19

tambTsmÖasn_EdlseRmceFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§enAExkkáda qñaM1981.20

elak ®hVg; hVaNug/ RKÚeBTüxagcitþviTüa ekItenAekaHm:aTInik EdleFVIkarenARbeTsGal;ehSrI

nig)ankøayeTACabkSB½n§énkarbdivtþn_enATIenaH. esovePA {BYkGñkrgTukçxøaMgenAelIEpndI} rbs;

Kat; EdlGYtGMBIksikr nigkarbdivtþn_tamry³kareRbIkmøaMg )anCH\T§iBleTAelImnusSniymeqVg

nigGñkbdivtþn_CaeRcIn kñúgTsvtSr_ 1960 CaBiessenAGa®hVik nigGaemrikxagt,Úg.21

GVI²EdlmanbnþBIRbvtþirbs; kumÖÚt KWyktamkarCYbsmÖasCaeRcInelIkEdleFVIeLIgedayGñk

niBn§.22

GVI²EdlmanbnþBIRbvtþirbs; pat KWyktamcemøIysarPaBrbs;Kat;.23

esovePAEdlrkeXIjenAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøgedayelak edvId hk nigbkERbedayelak esþehVn

ehd½r.24

Gñk)aneXIj-)andwg-)anB¤ enAPUmiPaKnirtI EdlsmÖasedayelak edvId hk nigGñkniBn§.


CMBUkTI81

smÖasn_EdlRBmpþl;[GñkniBn§enAExmkra qñaM1979.2

esovePA {savtaréns®gÁam>>> nigesckþIsgÇwm} rbs;semþc RBHneratþmsIhnu (Paris, Hachette - Stock,

1979).3

cMnYntYelx KWyktamcemøIyCalaylkçN_GkSrrbs; b:ul Bt cMeBaHsMNYrepSg²EdlecaTsYr

edayGñkniBn§ nigelak rIqad Dudm:an enATIRkúgPñMeBj naExFñÚ qñaM1978.4

karerobrab;BIEpnkar 4qñaM tamsunÞrkfarbs; b:ul Bt/ {eyIgbnþelIkeRCag>>>}/ PñMeBjExkBaØa

qñaM1978.5

bTsmÖasn_Edlpþl;[GñkniBn§/ km<úCaRbCaFibetyü/ enAExFñÚ qñaM1978.6

Ibid.7

karviPaKGMBIPUmiPaKbUB’a KWyktam ³

esckþIsegçbénkarkat;eTas ¬edaykM)aMgmux¦ b:ul Bt nig eGog sarI enAExsIha qñaM1979

enAPñMeBj EdlmanpSaytamviTüúCapøÚvkar.

esovePA “Wild Chickens, Farm Chickens and Cormorans” rbs;elak Ben Kiernan, kñúgesovePA “Revolution and Its

Aftermath in Kampuche:a Eight Essays rbs;elak David Chandler nig Ben Kiernan (New Haven, Yale University Southeast

Asia Chronicle, No 64 ¬ExkBaØa - Extula qñaM1978¦.

karsmÖasn_nwg Ehm samin EdleFVIeLIgedayelak esþehVn ehd½r enAExkkáda qñaM1981.

karmÖasn_CamYy h‘un Esn nig G‘uk b‘uneQOn EdleFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§enAPñMeBj/ qñaM1983.

Rbvtþisa®sþbkS.8

smÖasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayelak esþehVn ehd½r enAExsIha qñaM1980.9

karviPaKGMBI\riyabfrbs;km<úCacMeBaHRbeTsevotNam KWyktamesovePAdUcxageRkam ³

Cambodi:a The Search for Security rbs;elak Michael Leifer (New York, Praeger, 1967).

Document on Border Issue ¬haNUy/ RksYgkarbreTsevotNam/ éf¶TI7 Exemsa qñaM1978¦.

“Origins of the conflict” rbs;elak esþehVn ehd½r (op. cit.).10

Stephen Heder, ibid..11

smÖasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayelak esþehVn ehd½r.12

smÖasn_EdlGnuBaØat[GñkniBn§.


13smÖasn_Edlpþl;[GñkniBn§.

14karelIksresIrenH nigGVI²EdlmanbnþmkeTot KWdkRsg;ecjBIsunÞrkfarbs; b:ul Bt {mha

C½yCmñHrbs;bdivtþn_>>>}/ ExkBaØa qñaM1977.15

karsmÖasn_Edlpþl;[GñkniBn§.16

smÖasn_Edlpþl;[GñkniBn§.17

elak Nay:an; can;da kñúgTsSnavdþIesdækic©cugbUB’a (FEER) ExkumÖ³ qñaM1978.18

smÖasn_Edlpþl;[GñkniBn§enAExvicäika qñaM1977.19

tamTIPñak;garBt’manevotNamfµI.20

tamviTüúkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.21

karerobrab;GMBIkare)assm¥at nigkarsmøab; esa Pwm KWyktamesovePA “Wild Chicken...” (op. cit.)

rbs;elak Ben Kiernan.22

karsmÖasn_Edlpþl;[GñkniBn§enAExkkáda qñaM1979.23

cMnYnEdlGHGagedayelak ebn eXonin/ op. cit..24

elak Nay:an; can;da kñúgTsSnavdþIesdækic©cugbUB’a/ qñaM1979.25

sunÞrkfa b:ul Bt {eyIgbnþ>>>}/ ExkBaØa qñaM1978.26

esckþIdkRsg;BIlixitpøÚvkarrbs;BYkGñkkaEstkñúg “Seven Days”, éf¶TI19 Ex]sPa qñaM1978.27

r)aykarN_eBjeljéndMeNIrenHmankñúg Robert Brown, The New Face of Kampuchea (Chicago, Liberator Press,

1979).28

karkt;smÁal;epSg²rbs; b:ul Bt cMeBaHelak emor_dal; nigKN³RbtiPUEblhSik KWyktam

karsmÖasn_Edlyl;RBmedayb:ul Bt cMeBaHelakhSg; emor_dal; nig b:ul BtsnÞnaCamYyKN³

RbtiPUsmaKmEblhSik-km<úCa/ PñMeBj/ ExsIha qñaM1978.29

tamkarsmÖasn_Edlpþl;[GñkniBn§ dUckarelIkGVI²mkniyayCasMGagrbs; han tav Edr.30

esovePA {q¶ayhYseCIgemX/ R)aMqñaMCamYyBYkExµrRkhm} rbs;GñkRsILÚr:g;Bic (Paris, Barrautt, 1984).31

Ibid.32

erOgEdlmanbnþBIRbvtþirbs; suIsupa KWyktamkarsmÖasn_Edlpþl;[GñkniBn§.33

esovePA {karRtLb;mkPñMeBjvij/ RbeTskm<úCa ³ BIGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_eTAkartaMgCaGaNa

niKm} rbs;elak GuI pan;dara. kareFVICasakSI ¬GarmÖkfa edayelak Jean Lacouture, Paris, A : M. Métailié,


1982). karGHGagbEnßmBIkarpøas;bþÚrrebobcat;Ecgkargareday LÚr:g;Bic (op. cit.) nig RTI em:ghYt

¬smÖasn_Edlpþl;[GñkniBn§enAExkkáda qñaM1979¦.34

cemøIysarPaBrbs; v:n ev:t EdlbkERbeTACaPasaGg;eKøs edayelak esþehVn ehd½r

¬ÉksaenAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg¦. tamkmµviFIrbs;rNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCa/ qñaM1978.

CMBUkTI91

sUmGanesovePA ³ ehtukarN_epSg² nigPsþútagénGMeBIQøanBan nigkarP¢ab;TwkdIrbs;RbeTs

evotNam RbqaMgnwgkm<úCa ¬PñMeBj/ qñaM1978¦ edIm,I[dwgPaKl¥itl¥n;EfmeTot.2

Timothy Carney, Background to Cambodia - Vietnamese Relations ¬ÉksarvayGgÁúlIelx/ éf¶TI12 ExkumÖ³

qñaM1978¦.3

Rbvtþisa®sþrbs;evotNam KWyktamesovePATaMgLaydUcxageRkam ³

Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled, Vol. 1 : From Colonialism to the Viet-Minh rbs;elak Joseph Buttinger (New York,

Praeger, 1967).

bNþaRbCaCnenA]bTVI\NÐÚcinrbs;elak hS½ksWeds/ Paris, Dunod, qñaM1962.

A History of South-East Asia rbs;elak D.G.E. Hall (New York, St. Martin’s Press, qñaM1970.4

Timothy Carney, Background to Cambodia - Vietnamese Relations (op. cit).5

Rbvtþirbs; hU CImij/ lT§iCatiniym nigkumµúynisþniymrbs;evotNam KWyktamesovePAdUc

xageRkam ³

{hU CImij} rbs;elak hSg; LaKUeTor/ ):arIs/ qñaM1968.

“Vietnamese Anticolonialism” rbs;elak David Marc (Berkely, University of California Press, 1971).

{lT§ikumµúynisþniym nigCatiniymrbs;evotNam} rbs;elak EBür rUest ¬)arIs/ Galilée,

qñaM1978¦.6

EBür rUest/ op. cit., TMB½r200-202.7

Ibid.8

Rbvtþisa®sþbkS.9

TUrelxCapøÚvkarcuHéf¶TI24 Exmifuna qñaM1952 rbs;KN³kmµkarkic©karbreTs. Echols Collection,

Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.


10Rbvtþisa®sþbkSkumµúynisþkm<úCa/ op. cit..

11kmµviFIneya)ayrbs;rNsirSCatirMedaHevotNamxagt,Úg ¬eqkUsøÚv:aKI/ qñaM1967¦.

12esovePA Chinese foreign Policy in an Age of Transition: The Diplomacy of Cultural Despair rbs;elak Ishwer C. Ojha

(Boston, Beacon Press, 1971).13

Elizabeth Becker, “The Chinese Invasion of Vietnam: Changing Alliances”, Indochina Issues, No. 1, ExmIna qñaM1979.14

Ishwer Ojha, op. cit..15

karsmÖasn_Edlpþl;[GñkniBn§enARkúghaNUy/ qñaM1979.16

hSg; LaKUeTor/ op. cit..17

cMnYntYelx nigkarerobrab;BIkarxUcxat KWyktam ³

The Endless War: Fifty Years of Struggle in Vietnam rbs; James Harrison (New York, Free Press, 1982).

With Firm Steps: Southern Vietnam Since Liberation 1975-1977 ¬haNUy/ kare)aHBum<pSayCa PasabreTs/

qñaM1979.

Alexandro Casella, “Dateline Vietnam: Managing the Peace”, Foreign Policy, niTaXrdUv qñaM1978.18

CemøaHrvagevotNam-km<úCa ¬haNUy/ kare)aHBum<pSayCaPasabreTs/ qñaM1979¦.19


Harrison Salisbury, War between Russia and China (New York, W.W. Norton, 1969).21


CemøaHrvagevotNam-km<úCa (op. cit.).23

Ibid.24

RbCaCnevotNam 929>600nak; )anePosxøÜneTAbreTsenAqñaM1984 tamkar[dwgrbs;

GKÁsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCati TTYlbnÞúkCnePosxøÜn. BIrryhasibBan;nak;eTot TMngCasøab;

kñúgsmuRT.25

Van Tien Dugn, Our Great Spring Victory, karbkERbCaPasaGaemrikaMgrbs;elak John Spragens Jr. (New York,

Monthly Review Press, 1977).26

karBiBN’naBITIRkúgéRBnKr eRkaysm½ys®gÁam KWyktamesovePAepSg²dUcxageRkam ³

“The Fall of Saigon” rbs;elak James Fenton, Granta (Londres) No 15, 1985.

“Giai Phong : The Fall and Liberation of Saigon” rbs;elak Tiziano Terzani (New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1976).


With Firm Steps (op. cit.).

Van Tien Dung, op. cit..

“The Myth of a Liberation” rbs; Truong Nhu Tang, New York Review of Books, éf¶TI21 Extula qñaM1982.27

sgáat;GtßbTmþú MenH nigGVI²TaMgGs;EdlmanteTAeTot EdlepþateTAelI\riyabfrbs;RbeTs

evotNam eRkaysm½ys®gÁam KWsMGagelIkarsmÖasn_Edlyl;RBmpþl;dl;GñkniBn§ eday

m®nþIpøÚvkar)araMgmñak;EdlR)afñalak;GnamikPaBrbs;xøÜn.28

Troung Nhu Tang, op. cit..29

Tiziano Terzani, op. cit..30

Ibid.31

Hoang Nguyen EdleFVIsmÖasedayGñkniBn§enARkúghaNUy qñaM1983.32

karsmÖasn_Edlpþl;[GñkniBn§.33

smÖasn_Edlyl;RBmnwgGñkniBn§ enARkúghaNUy qñaM1979.34

cMnYntYelxénplitplRsUv/ GtiprNa nigkarxVHxatRsUv KWRsg;ecjBIGtßbT ³ {RbeTsevotNam

RbwgERbgbnþkarGPivDÆn_ ³ karsnüaeFVIsgÁmniym/ vibtþiP½yBIeRKaHFmµCati nigkarhat;eronCa

Gcié®nþy_}/ vb,Fm’ nigkarGPivDÆn_ ¬saklviTüal½ykatUliklUvuaMg/ EblhSik/ qñaM1979¦.35

Vietnam: A Socialist Economy in Transition, r)aykarN_sm¶at;rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak/ éf¶TI5 ExmIna

qñaM1980/ PaKTI1/ TMB½r15.36

karsmÖasn_Edlpþl;dl;GñkniBn§enARkúghaNUy enAqñaM1979.37

esckþIraykarN_GMBIrbskmµenAsaFarNrdæsgÁmniymevotNam/ GgÁkarelIkElgeTasGnþr

Cati/ TIRkúgLúgRd_/ qñaM1981.38

Duyen Anh EdleFVIsmÖas_edayLik ehatan; kñúg Index on Censorship, TIRkúgLúgRd_/ ExmIna qñaM 1984.39

karsmÖasn_Edlpþl;dl;GñkniBn§ enARkúghaNUy enAqñaM1979.40

karsmÖasn_Edlpþl;dl;GñkniBn§ enARkúghaNUy enAqñaM1979.41

karviPaKGMBIbBaðaCnCatiPaKticcin nigkarRsavRCavkrNIenH KWyktam ³

ÉksarvayGgÁúlIelx The Chinese Community in North Vietnam : Comrades in Confrontation (1979) rbs;elak

Alexandro Casella nig Paul Quinn-Judge, kareFVIsmÖasn_GñkePosxøÜnCabnþbnÞab;enATIRkúghugkug BIéf¶TI4

dl;éf¶TI10 Exmifuna qñaM1979/ kñúgnaménGgÁkar American Friends Service Committee ¬Éksarvay


GgÁúlIelx¦. karsikSaBIkrNIenH KWmYyEpñkFMdkRsg;ecjBIGtßbTrbs;elak Casella.42

Alexandro Casella, The Chinese community in North Vietnam (op. cit.).43

Elizabeth Baker, “The Chinese Invasion of Vietnam” (op. cit.).

CMBUkTI101

eGlIhSaEbt eb‘kx½r/ kaEstv:asuInetanb:usþ×/ qñaM1975.2

BImun/ GaharUbkrN_CaeRcInrbs;RksYgkarBarRbeTs )anCMruj[mankarsikSaRsavRCavBI

\NÐÚcin. sUmGanGtßbT “Cambodian Tragedy”, Problems of Communism rbs;GñkRsI eGlIhSaEbt eb‘kx½r/

Ex]sPa-mifuna qñaM1984.3

GtßbTmþúM²sþIBIsmaKmGas‘an KWyktamkareFVIsmÖasn_GñkkarTUtCaeRcInrbs;RbeTsTaMgenH nig

karykBt’manepSg²enACMnan;enaH.4

EpñksþIBIRbeTsLav KWdkRsg;tamGtßbT “Laos : The Widening Indochina Conflict” rbs;GñkRsI eGlIhSaEbt

eb‘kx½r/ Indochina Issues, No 2 ¬Exmifuna qñaM1979¦.5

smÖasn_Edlyl;RBmpþl;[GñkniBn§.6

karerobrab;GMBIclnasnþiPaBniymeRkayqñaM1975 KWeFVItamkarkt;smÁal;epSg²rbs;GñkniBn§

nigkarsnÞnaCamYyskmµCnCaeRcInnak;.7

karelIkerobrab;TaMgGs;rbs; xUr:a ev:s suT§EtdkRsg;ecjBIkareFIVsmÖasn_Edlyl;RBmpþl;

dl;GñkniBn§ enAExkkáda qñaM1983.8

karelIkerobrab;TaMgGs;rbs; hSÚeGn)aeG KWRsg;ecjBIkareFVIsmÖasn_EdlRBmpþl;dl;GñkniBn§

enAExtula qñaM1982.9

karerobrab;TaMgGs;rbs; eLGUNard_ vUdxUk KWdkRsg;BIbTsmÖasn_ Edlpþl;dl;GñkniBn§ enAExFñÚ

qñaM1981.10

karbkRsayrbs; pan; ehon GMBIkarcrca KWyktambTsmÖasn_Edlpþl;dl;GñkniBn§ enARkúg

haNUy enAqñaM1983. karbkRsayrbs; eLGUNard_ vUdxUk tamkareFVIsmÖasn_ Edlyl;RBm

pþl;[GñkniBn§.11

karsmÖasn_smaCikmñak;énRkúmkargar EdlR)afña[lak;GnamikPaB.12

karyl;eXIj nigkarerobrab;TaMgLayrbs; hUlRb‘Úk KWdkRsg;BIkarsmÖasn_EdleFVIeLIgCamYy


GñkniBn§enAExFñÚ qñaM1983.13

hUlRb‘Úk nig pan; ehon )anGHGagbEnßmeTAvij eTAmknUvkarbkRsayBIkarcrcarrbs;eK enATIRkúg

):arIs kñúgkareFVIsmÖasn_CamYyGñkniBn§dac;edayELkBIKña.14

smÖasn_Edlyl;RBmeFVICamYyGñkniBn§.15

karbriyayerOgrbs; esþehVn sULa nigkarerobrab;TaMgLay KWyktambT smÖasn_Edl

yl;RBmeFVICamYyGñkniBn§ enAExsIha qñaM1982.16

karBiPakSatTl;rvag Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI - suIrusv:an;s_ sþIBIneya)ayGaemrikaMgenAGasuI KWBwgEp¥kCa

sMGagelIBt’manepSg²EdlpSayecjenACMnan;enaH RBmTaMgelIkareFVIsmÖasn_EdlRBmpþl;[

GñkniBn§ edaymnusSBIrnak; ¬mñak;enAExkkáda nigmñak;eTot enAExvicäika qñaM1981¦ nigedaybNþa

shkarIrbs;Kat; rIqad hUlRb‘Úk ¬enAExemsa qñaM1981 nigExvicäika qñaM1983¦/ ém:xWl

GUkesnbWk ¬enAExvicäika qñaM1981¦ nig r:UbWtGUklI ¬enAExFñÚ qñaM1981¦pg. karerobrab;TaMgGs;

-elIkElgEtBt’manpÞúy- suT§EtdkRsg;ecjBIkareFVIsmÖasn_TaMgenH.17

bTGnþraKmn_rbs; suIrusv:an;s_ enA Asia Society enARkúgjÚvy:k/ qñaM1977.18

TUrelxEdlGñkniBn§manmeFüa)ayyk)an edaysarRbPBBt’manepSg² EdlecjBIrdæaPi)al.19

karykBt’manEdlbMeBjedayGñkniBn§enACMnan;enaH ehIyEdlmYyEpñk)anecjpSaykñúg

kaEstv:asuInetanb:usþ× enAéf¶TI1 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1978.20

sUmGansarNarbs;elak xaF½r nig Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI ³

{GnusSavrIy_rbs;RbFanaFibtImñak;} rbs;elak CImmIxaF½r/ Paris, Plon, qñaM1984.

“Power and Principe : Memoirs of the National Security Advisor 1977-1981” rbs;elak b‘ÍkjÚ Rb‘ÍhSInsÁI (New York,

Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983).21

karerobrab;BIkarcrcatamkareFVIsmÖasn_nana EdlRBmpþl;dl;GñkniBn§eday egVón kUfac;/ rIqad

hUlRb‘Úk nig ém:xWl GUkesnbWk.22

karmÖasn_EdleFVIeLIgedayGñkniBn§enAExFñÚ qñaM1981.23

tamcemøIyCalaylkçN_GkSrrbs;elak CImmI xaF½r tbnwglixitsYrrbs;GñkniBn§EdleFVI[Bisþar

kñúgsarNa énGtItRbFanaFibtI (op. cit.).24

kalb,vtþienH KWsMGagelIGtßbTepSg²EdlecjpSayenAsm½yenaH CaBiesskñúgTsSnavdþI

esdækic©cugbUB’a (Far Eastern Economic Review).


CMBUkTI111

CMBUkEdlmanbnþmkeTot KWEp¥kelIkMNt;xøI² nigrUbftCaeRcInEdlftedayGñkniBn§ enAkñúgry³

eBléndMeNIrBIrs)þah_rbs;xøÜnenAkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü naExFñÚ qñaM1978.

CMBUkTI121

smÖasn_Edlyl;RBmpþl;[GñkniBn§ enAExtula qñaM1980.2

smÖasn_Edlyl;RBmpþl;[GñkniBn§ enAExmkra qñaM1979.3

smÖasn_Edlyl;RBmpþl;[GñkniBn§ enAExkkáda qñaM1981.

CMBUkTI131

RksYgkarbreTsrbs;shPaBsUevot)ansYrsMNYreTA GuIhÁ½r rU:háaqUv>>> enH nigÉksarrbs; rU:háaqUv

TaMgGs; nigBaküsmþIdkRsg;pÞal;TaMgGs;KWEpñkelIbTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§CamYy r:UháaqUv enATIRkúg

):arIs enAéf¶TI22 Extula qñaM1991 nigenATIRkúgjÚy:k enAéf¶TI23 ExkBaØa qñaM1992.2

PasacinEdlKat;niyayKW {BiessEmnETn ehIynigBieraHEmnETn}. bTsmÖasenATIRkúg

v:asIunetan DI>sIu> CamYy Yassen N. Zassoursky EdlCaRBwT§bursrbs;mhaviTüal½ysarBt’manviTüa

enAsaklviTüal½ym:UsÁÚ .3

r:y manGarmµN_fagayRsYleFIVTMnak;TMngCamYy rU:háaqUv Nas;>>> bTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§CamYy

esþbPøWlfun r:y enATIRkúgv:asIunetanDIsIu enAéf¶TI1 Exkkáda qñaM1991. 4

{Kat;RtÚv)ankt;smÁal;edaysarkarKitEbbminTak;TgeTAnwgsasna nigedaysarPaBTn;Pøn;>>>>}.

bTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§CamYy Yevgniy V. Afansyev enAéf¶TI 17 ExkBaØa qñaM1991.5

cab;taMgBIGayu16qñaM enAeBlEdlKat;e)aHbg;kareronsURtenAfñak;viTüal½y>>> luHRtaNaEt

niyaymü:ageTot ral;BaküsmþIdkRsg;pÞal; nigÉksarRbvtþirUbrbs; elaknaykrdæm®nþI h‘un Esn

TaMgGs; KWsm¥ageTAelIbTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§enA TIRkúgPñMeBjenAéf¶TI08 Exmkra qñaM1983/

enATIRkúgs½ssug rbs;RbeTs)araMg enAéf¶TI10 Exvicäikar qñaM1988/ enATIRkúgPñMeBj enAéf¶TI 20

ExmIna qñaM1989/ enATIRkúg):arIs enAéf¶TI28 Exkkáda qñaM1989 nigéf¶TI30 ExsIha qñaM1989/

enATIRkúgPñMeBj enAéf¶TI5 Ex]sPa qñaM1992.6

Kat;)anniyayfa {´mansMNag}. bTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§ enAqñaM1983.


7dUecñH Kat;)aneLIgCiHynþehaHenAvtþnaKv½nþ>>> bTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§ enAExmIna qñaM1989.

8{>>>eRKaHfñak;minEmnRtwmEtenAkñúgTVIbGasIueT b:uEnþBITIVbGasIueTAkan;BiPBelak}.semþc RBHneratþm

sIhnu/ GñkniBn§/ “Sihanouk Center Stage,” Washington Post éf¶TI15 Exmkra qñaM1979.9

{qakCIvitrbs;´KWCaerOgpÞúyRsLH>>>} enAkñúgGtßbTxagelIdEdl.10

enAkñúgkayvikarqÁgxusBIFmµta>>> Nayan Chanda, Brother Enemy: The War After the War (San Diego: Harcourt,

Brace, Jovanovich, 1986), p. 365.11

{eyIg)anR)ab;Kat;}. GñkniBn§smÖasCamYy rIqad hUlRbÚk enAqñaM1983.12

{enAExmkra qñaM1997 kñúgTIRkúgjÚy:k ´TTYlsÁal;faxøÜn´KYr[GaNitdUc Job Edr >>>} Souvenirs doux

et amers.13

{ebIBinitüemIlGMBIkarRKb;RKgCamunrbs;rdæaPi)alevotNamCamYybBaðasuvtßiPaB>>>}. bTsmÖas

rbs;GñkniBn§CamYy Robert B. Oakley enAéf¶TI26 Exmifuna qñaM1979.14

{KµanpøÚvEdlelakGacTTYl)an>>>}. GñkniBn§smÖasCamYy rIqad hUlRbÚk enAéf¶TI29 Exvicäika

qñaM1983.15

RbeTskm<úCaenAEtenA)attaragdEdl>>>. sUmemIl Eva Mysliwiec, Punishing the Poor: The International

Isolation of Kampuchea (Oxford: Oxfam Publishers, 1988), p. 77.16

{´manyl;sbþiGaRkk;mYy>>>}. GñkniBn§smÖasCamYysemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu/ Washington Post

éf¶TI27 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1980.17

enAGayu35qñaM køÚt m:aTIn enAekµg>>>. enH nigral;BaküsmþIdkRsg;nigBt’manTaMgGs;EdlBak;B½n§nwg

køÚtm:aTIn KWEp¥kelIbTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§EdleFIVenATIRkúg):arIs enAExvicäika qñaM1989enAExkkáda

qñaM1990 nigenAExFñÚ qñaM1991 ehIynigEp¥kelIlixit nigkarsnÞnatamTUrsBÞBITIRkúgeb:kaMg enA

Exvicäika qñaM1990 nigExkkáda qñaM1992 nigBITIRkúghugkug enAEx]sPa qñaM1991.18

Ep¥kelIÉksarCasarBt’man nigbTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§enAtamRBMEdn.19

{enATIenH mankarcMNayRCúl edayKµankarsgS½yeLIy}. bTsmÖasrbs; GñkniBn§ Washington Post

enAéf¶TI1 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1981.20

karBiBN’naGMBITIRkúgPñMeBj edayEp¥kelI William Shawcross, The Quality of Mercy: Cambodia, Holocaust and

Modern Conscience (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984).21

sUmemIl Report of the International Conference on Kampuchea, New York: United Nations, July 13-17, 1981.


22{karTUtEbb esþbPøWlfun r:y}. bTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§ enAExtula qñaM1984.

23semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anGeBa¢IjGñkRbCaFibetyümkBITIRkúgRbÚkKIøn>>> GñkniBn§smÖasCamYy

Stephen Solarz enAExkkáda qñaM1991.24

elakRsI Griffith )anniyayfa {eyIg)anniyayc,as;ehIy}. GñkniBn§smÖas CamYy Ann Mills

Griffith enAEx]sPa 1991.25

enAeBlEdl ehÁa)aqUv kan;GMNac>>> ÉksarenHBwgEp¥kTaMgRsugelI Michael Dobbs, Down with Big

Brother, The Fall of the Soviet Empire (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997).26

mIxaGuIl ehÁa)aqUv eFIVdMeNIreTAkan;TIRkúgkMBg;Ep Vladivostok... Vital Speeches of the Day, pp. 706-11.27

kalb,vtþiEdlEp¥kelIÉksarCasarBt’manBI New York Times, Washington Post, Bangkok Post, and Patrick

Raszelenberg and Peter Schier, The Cambodia Conflict: Search for a Settlement, 1979-1991, an Analytical Chronology

(Hamburg: Mitteilungen des Instituts für Asienkunde, 1995).28

{eyIgviPaKedayesµaHRtg; nigTTYlsÁal;y:agkøahan>>>} Asia 1988 Yearbook, Far Eastern Economic Review,

p.252.29

{elak r:UháaqUv KWsMxan;bMputsRmab;´>>>}. enH nigBaküsmþIdkRsg;bnþbnÞab;KW BwgEp¥kelIbTsmÖas

rbs;GñkniBn§enATIRkúg):arIs enAqñaM1989 nig1991/ enATIRkúgPñMeBj enAqñaM1989 nigqñaM

1991 nigenATIRkúgv:asIunetan enAqñaM1991.30

manExSTMnak;TMngpÞal;xøÜnpgEdr>>> ehtukarN_énerOgenHKWBwgEp¥kelIbTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§CamYy

Jean-Jacques nig Khek Galabru enATIRkúg):arIs kñúgqñaM1989 nig1990 nigÉksarcmøgrbs;TUrelx

cMnYn14 rvagelaknaykrdæm®nþI h‘un Esn nigsemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu.31

Ep¥kelIkarykBt’manrbs;GñkniBn§CMuvijkic©RbCMuBIrrvagelaknaykrdæm®nþI h‘un Esn nigsemþc

RBHneratþm sIhnu.32

enAkñúgbTsmÖassresrd¾EvgmYy>>>. bTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§ enAExkkáda qñaM1988.33

elak qaTIéq Qunhav:an )anR)ab;TIRbwkSaekµgTaMgBIenH>>>. GñkniBn§smÖasCamYyelak qaTIéq

Qunhav:an, Kraisak Choonhaven, nig Pansak Vinyaratn, enATIRkúg)agkk enAqñaM1990/ ehIyBaküsmþI

dkRsg;epSgeTotBI Pansak KWBwgEp¥kelIbTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§enAkñúgTIRkúg):arIs enAqñaM1989

enAkñúgTIRkúg)agkk nigTIRkúgv:asIunetan enAqñaM1991.34

dMeNIrTsSn³kic©rbs;elaknaykrdæm®nþI h‘un Esn Ep¥kelIesckþIraykarN_ tamsarBt’manBI


Bangkok Post nig The Nation (Bangkok).35

ÉksarBI James A. Baker III, The Politics of Diplomacy, Revolution, War and Peace 1989-1992 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s

Sons, 1995), pp. 72-83.36

ÉksarCasarBt’man nig Dobbs, Down with Big Brother.37

ÉksarCasarBt’man nigDonald Morrison, ed., Massacre in Beijing: China’s Struggle for Democracy (New York: Times,

Inc., 1989).38

Ep¥kelIkaryksarBt’manrbs;GñkniBn§enAkñúgRBwtþikarN_ nigÉksarpøÚvkarrbs;snñisITenATI

Rkúg)arIs.39

kic©RbCMuCamYy Nguyen Co Thach nig General John W. Vessey, Jr. EdlEp¥kelI bTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§

CamYy Vessey enATIRkúgva:sIunetanDIsIu enAqñaM1991.40

enAÉkic©RbCMu sULÚm:Un )anR)ab; køÚt m:aTIn GMBIEpnkarrbs; ebkK½r>>> ral;BaküsmþIdkRsg;TaMgGs;BI

rIqat sULÚm:Un nigr)aykarN_GMBIkic©RbCMukarTUtrbs;Kat;EdlEp¥kelIbTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§ enA

qñaM1991 nigqñaM1992.41

enAéf¶TI2 Exmkra qñaM1990 rdæm®nþIRksYgkarbreTs James Baker )anepJIrlixitmYy>>>. eday

Ep¥kelIkMNt;ehtuÉkCnrrbs;m®nþIGaemrikCan;x<s;mñak;Edl)ancUlrYmenAkñúgkic©ccarTaMgenH.42

KMnitkñúgkarekaHRbCMusmaCikGcié®nþy_rbs;RkúmRbwkSasnþisuxGgÁkarshRbCaCati. bTsmÖas

CamYysULÚm:Un nig cn bUltun.43

karerobrab;GMBIkicRbCMurbs;smaCikGcié®nþy_TaMg5 rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati EdlEp¥kelI

bTsmÖasCamYysULÚm:Un/ rU:háaqUv/ m:aTIn/ bUltun nigkMNt;ehturbs;m®nþImñak;EdlminsÁal;eQµaH.44

{manmnusSmYyRkúmenAkñúgCYrrdæ)al>>>}. bTsmÖasrbs;GñkniBn§CamYy Robert Kimmit, enATIRkúg

v:asIunetan DI>sIu> enAExFñÚ qñaM1990.


]bsm<½n§sþIBIÉksarepSg²enAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg ¬GtItmnÞIrs-21¦

kñúgCMBUkTIbI ´)anerobrab;BIRbvtþirbs; b‘U pat; EdleKsÁal;eRkameQµaHfa pat; ehA hgS

edaydkRsg;ecjBIÉksarTaMgmUlrbs;Kat; EdlmanenAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg. kEnøgenH )ankøay

eTACasarmnÞIrmYy nigCabNÑal½ymYy Edlmantmál;sMNuMÉksarGtItGñkeTas cMnYndb;Ban;nak;

dUcCa b‘U pat; CaedIm RBmTaMgÉksarRbvtþisa®sþepSg²eTotsþIBIrbbExµrRkhm.

sMNuMÉksarTaMgenaH rYmpSM)anCaRbPBBt’manmYy EdlminGackat;éfø)an sþIBIRbvtiþsa®sþ

rbs;ExµrRkhm. ÉksarTaMgGs;enH mancMNucsMxan;²CaeRcInsRmab;pSMpÁúMeLIgvij nUvkarCemøaHTaMg

Lay EdlmanlkçN³bt;EbnsµúKsµaj nigGaf’kM)aMgenAépÞkñúgbkS munnigeRkaykarQaneLIgkan;

GMNacrbs;ExµrRkhm edIm,Iyl;dwgBIRbkarEdlbkS)ankan;kab;GMNacenHtammeFüa)ayNa nig

EvkEjkBIkarbMpøicbMpøajRbeTspg.

b:uEnþsMNuMerOgsRmab;pÁúMeLIgenH RtÚv)anraykarN_edayRbúgRby½tñ nigeRbóbeFobeTAnwgÉk

sarRbvtþisa®sþdéT²eTot. sMNuMerOgrbs;GñkeTasmñak; KWmanEpñkxus nigEpñkRtÚvpg. CIvRbvtþidMbUg

EdlsresredayGñkeTasmñak; CaTUeTA KWeRcInEtniyayRtg;Gs;BIdYgcitþ eRBaHenAeBlenaH GñkeTas

enAEteCOfa xøÜnGacmanP½BVsMNagRtÚveKedaHElg[manesrIPaBvij. ehIyenAeBlEdleKniyay

erobrab;BICIvitpÞal;rbs;Kat; dUcEdleKsYrnaMenaH Kat;xMRbwgbgðaj[eXIjBIPaBKµaneTaséBr_rbs;

Kat;Canic© ehIybdiesFecalkarecaTRbkan;epSg² EdlBYkGñkRtÜtRtaKuk)anecaTTmøak;mkelIKat;

eTotpg. eRkaymk bnÞab;BIkareFVITaruNkmµ karKMramkMEhg RbqaMgnwgRKÜsar nigbNþamitþPkþirbs;Kat;

GñkeTask¾RBmcuHcaj; ehIysarPaBBIGMeBI]RkidæepSg² EdlKat;BuMEdl)anRbRBwtþTal;EtesaH.

cemøIysarPaBTaMgGs;suT§EtsresrCaPasaExµr elIkElgEtcemøIysarPaBrbs;GñkeTas

breTsmYycMnYnecj EdlminsUvmanplRbeyaCn_xagRbvtþisa®sþb:unµaneLIy. PasaEdlGñkTaMg

enaHeRbIR)as; manlkçN³Bi)akyl;Nas;sRmab;RbCaCnkm<úCaFunmFüm BIeRBaHvaTamTarnUvkarecH

dwgmYyxagEpñkvaküs½BÞ EdlbBa©ÚledayBYkExµrRkhm nUveQµaHmnusS Bakü nigXøaRbeyaKBiess²

EdlBYkeKeRbIR)as;sRmab;EtKñaeKb:ueNÑaH. dUecñH karbkERbÉksarTaMgenH esÞIrEtminGaceFVI)an

eLIysRmab;RbCaCnkm<úCaPaKeRcIn. ´)anehArkGñkRsavRCavCatiGaemrikaMgmñak;eQµaH esþehVn

ehd½r edIm,ICYybkERbÉksarmYyPaKeRcInenAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg. EdlmanRbeyaCn_dl;xøÜn´ ehIy´

RtÚvEtdwgKuNKat;CaerogrhUt. bEnßmBIelIGñkbkERbmñak; ´)anrkmKÁúeTÞsk_mñak;eTot Edl)anBuH


TmøayPaBsµúKsµajénkarecaTRbkan;epSg² nigGkSrsm¶at;rbs;BYkExµrRkhm.

m:üageTot Kat;manTwkcitþTUlMTUlaybMput Edlpþl;[ńUvÉksarepSg² EdlrkeXIjenA

sarmnÞIrTYlEsøg. ehd½r pÞal; nig edvId hk Edl)anesuIbGegátBIbBaðasiT§imnusS )andak;[éRbI

R)as;nUvBt’man nigÉksarCaeRcInEdlKat;RbmUl)anenATYlEsøg ehIyEdlGnuBaØat[´)ansresr

esovePAenHeLIg. ´sUmEføgesckþIdwgKuNcMeBaHelak FIm:UFI xaNI CaGñkÉkeTsGaemrikaMgmñak; eTot

xagbBaðakm<úCanigCasmaCikEpñkkic©karTUt Edlbgðaj[eXIjnUvTwkcitþTUlay eday)anpþl;

ÉksarCaRbvtþisa®sþy:ageRcInmk[´ EdlmanmYycMnYnFM KWKat;RbmUl)anmkBIKukTYlEsøgEdr.

xaNI k¾CamnusSd¾kRmmñak;kñúgcMeNammnusSd¾kRmCaeRcInnak; EdlmansmtßPaBbkERbBIPasa

Gg;eKøseTACaPasaExµr EdlGac[eKyl;esckþI)anBIerOgBYkkumµúynisþkm<úCa.

CMnYyrbs; ehd½r/ hk nigxaNI manlkçN³kMNt;seRmcBIerOgenH BIeRBaHeK)anraraMgĆaeRcIn

elIkeRcInsa min[éFVIdMeNIreTARbeTskm<úCa nigTajykKuNRbeyaCn_BIÉksarepSgenAsarmnÞIr

TYlEsøg edayxøÜn´pÞal;eT. rbbrbs;elak ehg sMrin )anRtÜtRtay:agRby½tñRbEyg min[GñkNa

mñak;cUleTArkÉksarTaMgenaHeLIy.sRmab;bBaðaTaMgenH eKRtÚvEtTTYl)ankarGnuBaØatBiessmYy.

GñkGPirkSsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg )anniyayR)ab;Ćasm¶at;enAqñaM1983fa CaTUeTARbCaCnkm<úCaBuMEdl

)anTTYlkarGnuBaØat[cUlemIlÉksarTaMgenaHeT ehIyfa manEtCnbreTsmYycMnYnb:ueNÑaH EdleK

GnuBaØat[ftcmøgÉksarTaMgenaH)an. mü:ageTot karcUleTARsavRCavÉksar KWRtÚv_)ankRmitRBMEdn

edaysarPaBkRmecjTidækar EdleKyl;RBmpþl;[BYkbreTsedIm,ITsSnaRbeTskm<úCatictYceBk.

eRkayBIkardak;BaküsuMcUlrbs;́ 2qñaM ´)anTTYlTidæakarmYyenAdMNac;qñaM1980b:uEnþ rdæaPi)al

rbs;evotNam)anraraMgkareFVIdMeNIrrbs;́ eTot edaybdiesFminRBm[´qøgkat;tamRbeTsevotNam

eLIy EdlenAeBlenaHvaCapøÚvEtmYyKt;EdlGaceTAdl;RbeTskm<úCa)an. bnÞab;BI)anesIerIBaküsuM

rbs;́ eLIgvij ´)anTTYlkarGnuBaØateTAkan;RbeTsTaMgBIrenAqñaM1983 b:uEnþtaMgBIeBlenaHmkTidæakar

epSg²)anRtÚveKRcanecalCanic©. b:uEnþ ÉksarCaeRcInEdl´RbmUl)anenAqñaM1983 )anGnuBaØat

[´bBa©b;esovePArbs;ćb;sBVRKb;.

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vaEdr. ehIykñúgbTsmÖasn_mYy EdlKat;)anGnuBaØat[ĆYbenAqñaM1981 eGog sarI mnusSTIBIr

rbs;bkS )anbBa¢ak;bMPøWBIlkçN³BiténcemøIysarPaBCaeRcIn Edl´)andak;CUnKat;Binitü Ca]TahrN_

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nigkarTTYlxusRtÚvrbs;BYkExµrRkhmkñúgkarRbRBwtþGMeBIsahavyg;Xñg enATYlEsøgedIm,I[rwtEtc,as;

las;EfmeTot. ¬´)ane)aHBum<pSayesckþIbBa¢ak;bMPøWenH kñúgGtßbTmYyeRkamcMNgeCIgfa ³ {bnÞb;

mrN³ rbs;BYkExµrRkhm} kñúgkaEstv:asuInetanb:usþ× ecjenAéf¶TI2 ExsIha qñaM1981¦.

sMNuMerOgrbs; bU‘ pat CatYy:agKMrUmYy rYmman 8 cMENkEvg² EdlmanCIvRbvtþixus²KñabYn nig

ÉksarbYnepSg²eTot sþIBIsßankarN_enAPaK\sanRbeTskm<úCamunsm½ys®gÁam {kMhusxagsIlFm’}

rbs; pat; CamYyRsI² kareFVIXatemdwknaMbkSmñak;enAPUmiPaK]tþr kñúgry³eBls®gÁam nigesckþI

segçbmYyéncemøIyrbs; pat; cMeBaHsMNYrepSg² EdleKsYrbnþKñaminecHcb; edayGñksYrcemøIy

Gnamikmñak;.

ehd½r )anRbTHeXIjÉksarenHenAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøgkñúgqñaM1981 ehIyKat;)anbkERb

sRmab;´ enAqñaM1982. ´)aneRCIserIsykÉksarenH BIeRBaHRbvtþirbs; pat; kargarrbs;Kat;kñúg

épÞbkS )anpþl;nUvrUbPaBmYy EdlswgEtsBVRKb;sþIBIsmaCikbkSfñak;mFümmñak; BIeRBaHmuxgarEdl

Kat;)anbMeBjCabnþbnÞab; suT§EtmanCab;Tak;TgCamYynwgBYkemdwknaMCan;x<s;mYycMnYndUcCa exov

sMpn/ eGogsarI nig b:ul Bt pÞal;.mü:ageTotGnaKtrbs;Kat;k¾qøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjBIGnaKtrbs;clna

ExµrRkhmEdr. CakUnkMRBaEdlmanmuxrbrkMbuikkMb:uk Kat;)ankøayeTACaemdwknaMtMbn;d¾sMxan;mñak;

bnÞab;mk)anGnþrayCIvit enAkñúgkare)assm¥atd¾FMmYykñúgcMeNamkare)assm¥atFM²rbs;bkS.

edIm,IerobpÁúMeLIgvijnUvRbvtþirbs; pat; ´)aneRbIR)as;Bt’manCaeRcInEdlmanenAkñúgsMNuMÉk

sarrbs;Kat; ehIy´)anykBt’manenHeTAeRbóbeFobnwgÉksarepSg²eTot KWBt’manEdleKrkeXIj

kñúgsMNuMerOgepSg²eTotenAsarmnÞIrTYlEsøg b¤mkBIRbPBCaeRcInminEmnkumµúynisþ kñúgCMnan; semþc

RBHneratþm sIhnu nig ln; nl;. kñúgsMNuMerOgpÞal;rbs;Kat; CIvRbvtþidMbUgEdlsresredayédrbs;

pat; KWCaRbvtþimYymansarsMxan;CaTIbMput. ehIyxageRkamenH KWCakarbkERbmYy Edlpþl;cMeBaHmitþ

GñkGannUvKMrUmYy énbNþaCIvRbvtþi nigcemøIysarPaBCaeRcIn Edlyk)anmkBITYlEsøg. enHKWCa

karbkERbbRgÜjmYy GtßbTeBjTaMgRsugmanesckþIEvgeBk BuMGaccuHkñúgesovePAenH)aneLIy.

CIvRbvtþimYy

eQµaHedIm ³ bU‘ pat;/ eQµaHbdivtþ ³ hgS GayuEssibqñaM ekItenAPUmiremj RsukekaHGENþt

extþtaEkv.

eQµaH«Buk ³ bU‘ ePaK/ eQµaHmþay ³ nBV kUv. GñkTaMgBIrrksuIciBa©wmCIvitedayeFVIERscmáar.


Kat;TaMgBIr)ansøab;taMgBIénAekµgenAeLIy. ´minEdlnwkRsémeXIjBImuxmat;ragerArbs;Kat;y:ag

dUcemþceT.

´manbgb¥ÚnRbúsRsIR)aMBIrnak; bgRsIbg¥s;eQµaH efg \LÚvenHKat;RbEhlCamanGayu 60

qñaM ehIy¬KitRtwmqñaM1978¦ĆakUneBAeKbg¥s;>>>.

bnÞab;BI)at;bg;«Bukmþay eyIg)anrksuIciBa©wmCIvitedayeFVIERsdEdl>>>.

BIqñaM1950 dl;qñaM1953 ´)aneronsURtenAkñúgsalamYyenAekaHGENþt. enAqñaM1954 ´

cUleronenAsalavtþKW vtþeméRBemlg>>>. ´)ansikSaenATIenaHrhUtdl;fñak;GaTikdæan. kalenaH´

rs;enAkñúgvtþCamYyRBHsgÇCaeRcInGgÁ. enAqñaM1955 nigqñaM1956 ´)anmkbnþkarsikSa ¬fñak;

GaTikdæanTI2¦ enAsalaeBaFicintug RsukPñMeBj. enAeBlenaH ´)anrs;enAeRkamGaNaBüa)al rbs;

bgRbúséQµaH bU‘ Tit CanayTahanBak;skþimYyénkgT½Bq½RteyagRbcaMbnÞayeBaFicintug. BIqñaM

1956 dl;qñaM1959 ´)ansikSaenAviTüal½yÉkCnkm<úCbuRtRkúgPñMeBj>>>. ´sUmCRmabfa kar

bMBak;bMb:nGMBIbdivtþrbs;´ )ancab;epþImtaMgBIqñaM1957mk enAviTüal½yÉkCnkm<úCbuRt. ´Føab;

)ancUlrYmkñúgskmµPaBeXasnaepSg² edIm,IBRgIk\T§iBlkaEst{RbCaCn} kñúgcMeNamkUnsisS

viTüal½yCaeRcIn.

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Tak;TgCamYymCÄdæanGñkceRmInniymrbs;kaEstTal;EtesaH>>>.

enAcugqñaM1959 ´)anrt;ecjBIpÞHbgRbúsrbs;´ bU‘ Tit TaMgkNþalGRFaRt edIm,IeTArs;enAkñúg

kariyal½yrbs;kaEst {GñksegátkarN_} EdlkñúgenaH ´)aneFVIkarxagkMENGtßbTkaEst EdleK

e)aHBum<sakl,gdMbUg nigkargarxagEckkaEst>>>. minyUrb:unµaneRkaymk ´)ancUleFVIkarCamYy

bgEhm ¬eQµaHbdivtþ exov sMpn¦. ´RtÚveKcab;xøÜn nigdak;Kuk dMNalKñanwgGñkeFVIkarenAkaEst bYn

nak;epSgeTot edayrdæaPi)alCMnan;enaH. eBlécjBIKukenAedImqñaM1960 ´)aneTAenAvtþsVayBEB

mYyry³xøI edayenAEteFVIkarTak;TgCamYy bgEhm Canic© EdlenAEtCaemekayrbs;´dEdl>>>.

´)ankøayeTACakmµkrsg;pÞHfµ>>>> b:uEnþ Kij)antamdaný:agRbkit>>> ´)aneKcxøÜneTAenACa

mYynwgRBHsgÇ ehIy)ancUlrYmkñúgkarsresresovePA>>> karviPaKxagGkSrsil,_CamYy {mitþmñak;}

eTot. eyIg)anlk;siT§iniBn§kñúgesovePAmYyk,alcMnYn bIBan;erol bnÞab;mk eyIgEbgEckluyKña

nigcayvayeTAelIrbs;eRbIR)as;epSg².

[karRsavRCavrbs;b:Ulissm¶at;)anbgçM[Kat;pøas;bþÚrTIlMenA nigmuxrbrCafµImþgeTot]. ´)an


CYlxÞmsøwkmYyenAEk,rXøaMgpÞúkes,ógGahar nigRKab;rMesvrbs;kgT½BexmrPUminÞ. ´RtÚveKnaMcUl[

eFVIkarCaCagsg;pÞHeQI>>>. enAqñaM1962 kaEstRbCaCn)anecjpSayeLIgvij ehIy´)aneTA

eFVIkarCaGñkEkGtßbTenATIenaHmþgeTot. enA»kasmhasnñi)atBiessrbs;bkSkumµúynisþ GñkniBn§

naykrbs; kaEst)anRtÚveKcab;dak;Kuk. bnÞab;BIecjpSay)anEtmYyelx {GgÁkar})anpþl;bT

bBa¢a[eyIgbBaÄb;karecjpSay nigcab;eFVIskmµPaBedaylYclak;vij.

éf¶mYyEdl´kMBugsßitenAkñúgTIlak;xøÜnmYy>>> CIm )anmkrkCYb´ ehIysYr´fa {smmitþ Gñkcg;

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Gtßn½yénbkSCaGVIeTA ehIy)anesñI[´suMcUl. tmkeTot ´)ansresrRbvtþirUbBisþarmYy edIm,Iyk

eTACUnfñak;elIBinitü. éf¶TI28 Exemsa qñaM1962 ´)anRtÚveKeFVIBiFIbBa©ÚlbkSenAkñúgpÞHmYy sßitenA

xageRkaymnÞIreBTüRBHsgÇ CamYymnusSEdlKYr[emIlgay KWsmmitþ y:a nigvI EdlCaGñkesñI

ebkçPaBrbs;´ nigGñkFana´mñak;eTotKWsmmitþ Ekv mas. [{mnusSEdlKYr[emIlgay} CaBaküEdl

bMBak;elIeQµaHbNþasmmitþEdleCOCak;kñúgxøÜnBIGMeBIk,t;. enAqñaM1978 y:a nig Ekv mas )ankøay

eTACaGñkrgeRKaHBIkare)assm¥atmYy ehIy)anRtÚveKsmøab;ecalTaMgGs;].

enABak;kNþalqñaM1962 smmitþ b:g; EdlmanbuNüskþiFM )annaMéTAeronRTwsþICabnþeTot kñúg

pÞHEdlsßitenAxageRkayeBTüRBHsgÇdEdl edaymanbgTImYy ¬b:ul Bt¦ CaRKÚ]eTÞsnam. GVIEdl

énAEtnwkeXIjkaleNaH KWmankUnsisSEtb:unµannak;b:ueNÑaH>>>>.

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niyayR)ab;´fa ńwgRtÚvcakecjeTAkan;éRBm:aKIkñúgeBlqab;²enHehIy>>>. bnÞab;BIsßitkñúgsPaB

lYclak;cMnYndb;Ex yb;mYy GgÁkar)anykecjBITIenaHenAcugqñaM1962. smmitþ y:a )anR)ab;´

[enArg;caMLanmYy EdlmanelxsmÁal;mYyxuseKenAxageCIgvtþTUlTMBUgtameBlem:agkMNt;Tuk.

rMeBcenaH Lan)anmkdl;Pøam edaymindwgelcecjBIxagNa. ébIkTVarrfynþ ehIy)aneXIjbgTI

mYy ¬b:ul Bt¦ GgÁúyenAkñúgenaHEdr. edayebIkbrvilvg;kñúgRkúgPñMeBjbeNþIr Kat;sYr´beNþIrfa

etIGñkÉgR)akdCacg;cakecjdac;xatEmnb¤.

bnÞab;mk Kat;)anebIktRmg;eTAsþatcas; ehIybt;eTAkan;kEnøgmYyEdlmansuT§EtKMnrRkÜs

l¥it ¬RkÜsGacm_páay¦ ehIyeyIg)anCYbbgTBIr ¬eGog sarI b¤ nYn Ca¦ enATIenaHEdr. bgTIBIr

)anBRgwgkarseRmccitþrbs;´ ehIynaMćakecjeTACamYynirsaryYnmñak;>>>. enAeBlRBwk ´)an


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sVayerog tamreTHeKamYyeRKÓg nigqøgcUleTAkñúgRbeTsevotNamxagt,Úg. ´)aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan;

TIsñak;karEpñkeXasnarbs;evotkugeTot.

´)ansßitenACamYyBYkevotkugkñúgry³eBlRbEhlR)aMmYyEx ehIyCYyeFVIkarBYkenaHsRmab;

viTüúpSayCaPasaExµr. bnÞab;mk RbEhlCaenAExkkáda qñaM1963 ´)anCYbbgTImYy nigbgTIBIr Edl

mkykécjBIBYkyYn ehIy´)aneFVIdMeNIreTArs;enACamYy{GgÁkar}eyIg EdlenAeBlenaHrYmman

smasPaB ³ bgTImYybgv:an; ¬eGogsarI¦ nigbgexov ¬sun esn¦. enAqñaM1964´)anerobkarRbBn§

CakUnRsIrbs;smmitþ sak;KI enAcMeBaHmuxbg Pwm ¬esa Pwm emdwknaMPUmiPaKbUBa’>>>¦. enAqñaM1966

bkS)ancakecjBItMbn;valrabeTAtaMgenAextþrtnKirIvij. bgv:an; )anecjdMeNIreTAmuneK>>> RbBn§

rbs;ÉdlmankUnmYyeTAehIy )anTTYlbBa¢a[sßitenACamYy«BuknagkñúgTIsñak;karcas;EdltaMg

enAEk,rRBMEdnsin.

enAExkkáda b¤ExsIha qñaM1967 ´)ancakecjBItMbn;valrabeq<aHeTArtnKirICamYybgTImYy

nigsmmitþmYycMnYnFMepSgeTot>>>. ĆaGnuRbFanmnÞIrTTYlbnÞúkxagGkSrsm¶at; nigeragBum<>>>.

RbEhlenAExkumÖ³ qñaM1968 bgTImYy )anerobcMkmµviFIeFVIkarhVwkhat;k,ÜneyaFaCaelIkdMbUg

bg¥s;>>>. Kat;eTIbEtbgðajCUnBIkmµviFIsikSaRsab;EtkgT½Brbs; ln; nl; ¬eBlenaHCaembBa¢akar

kgT½Brbs;semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu¦ )ancab;eFVIskmµPaBvayqµk;mYy RbqaMgnwgeyIgkñúgcMeNamkar

vayqµk;CaeRcInrbs;BYkeK.

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bdivtþBuMEmnsemþceT.

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esn EdlnwgkøayeTACaembBa¢akarkgT½BExµrRkhm¦. BIqñaM1969 rhUtmkdl;eBlmanrdæRbhar

´sßitenAkñúgRsukvWunés dEdl ¬extþrtnKirIPaKxaglic¦. bnÞab;BIrdæRbhar ¬qñaM1970¦ bkS)an

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sRtÚvenARsuk)anlug extþrtnKirI>>>. RbEhlCaenAExsIha qñaM1970 bkS)anEtgtaMgĆasmaCik

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mrNPaB bkS)anRbKl;tMbn;rbs;Kat; ¬103¦ mk[´TTYlxusRtÚvrhUtmkdl;cugqñaM bnÞab;mk


bkS)anbBa¢ÚnRbFanKN³kmµaFikartMbn;fµImñak;eTot edaymanéFVICaelxa>>>.

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sarPaBdMbUgTaMgenH )anqøgBICIvRbvtþiBitR)akdmYyeTAnwgkaresuIbGegátmYysþIBIkMhusCayfaehtu

epSg² karRbRBwtþxusKnøgmaKa’ nigGMeBI]RkidæpÞal;rbs; pat;.

yb;mSil smmitþ Duc xagEpñksnþisuxBiess)anRbkasfa BYkyuvCn nigBYkcas;² RbCaCn

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bkSCaTIeKarB nigCaTIesñha.munnwgxøÜnRtÚvCab;Kuk ´KµanP½yxøacfabkScab;´ edaysarmanTak;

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rs;enApg. BIeRBaHĆasac;CaQamBitR)akdrbs;bkS.

eFVIenAmCÄmNÐlXuMXaMgrbs;Epñksnþisux

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GP½yÉksiT§i CagRbCaCnsUevotFmµta. tamry³«Bukrbs;Kat; Kat;)anRtÚvciBa©wmbI)ac;[mankar

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k¾dUcCaCnCatisUevotPaKeRcIn EdlmankarRsLaj; nigsJb;EsJg EtcMeBaHvb,Fm’GWr:ubenaH. GP½y

ÉksiT§imYyeTot EdlKat;manCab;CamYyRtkUlrbs;Kat;KW tMENgmYyenAkúñgRksYgkarbreTs Edl

nwgFanadl;Kat; nUvCIritRbkbedaykareFIVdMeNIrd¾RbesIrmYy ehIyBiPBrbs;Kat; nwgBMumanEdnkMNt;

eLIy. RKan;Etcab;epþImbeRmIkargarTUtPøam CMnajPasarbs;Kat;RtÚv)aneKs¶b;Es¶gy:agxøaMgrYceTA

ehIy. GñkeFIVkarCamYyKat;)anGFib,ayfa Kat;niyayPasacinBUEk ehIymanxül;beBa©jsMeLg

PasacinBieraH RtÚvx¢ab;xÜ¢nNas; KuNsm,tþiEpñkPasarbs;Kat; )aneFVI[Kat;køayCaGñkbkERbsMNBV

nigCMnitrbs;emdwknaMcin nigsUevotmYycMnYn. CagenHeTAeTotsmtßPaBénkaryl; nigviPaKvinicä½y

rbs;Kat; kúñgkaryl; nigpñt;KMnitdUcGasuI )anpþl;dl;Kat;nUvtMENgd¾sMxan;mYy.

tMENgdMbUgrbs;Kat; KWeTAeb:kaMg kúñgGMLúgBIqñaM1956 dl;qñaM1961 KWmuneBlEdlTMnak;

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edIm,IsikSatamdanGMBIcMNgmitþPaBrvagshrdæGaemrik nigcin EdlenAeBlenaH kMBugEtRbesIreLIg.

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cinenARkúgv:asuInetan. eBlenaH KWCaeBlEdlGaemrik kMBugEtEccg;cin ehIyGñkxøHehAneya)ay

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stvtSr_TI14 dl;TI19 ³ karcuHGab;»nénraCaNacRkGgÁr.

1863-1864 ³ RBHmhakSRtneratþm LayRBHhsþelxaelIsn§isBaØa[manGaNaBüa

)almYyrbs;)araMg EdlmanfirevlarhUtdl;qñaM1953.

1930 ³ ®sþICati)araMg s‘uyhSn kabWueLs begáItBuT§sasnbNÐitüEdlnwgbeRmICamCÄdæanCYy

dl;karrIklUtlas;rbs;clnaTamTarÉkraCümYyrbs;km<úCa nigCamUldæanmYyrbs; sWg

g:ukfaj; eFVIskmµPaBEdr.

hU CImij begáItbkSkumµúynisþ\NÐÚcin EdlpSay\T§iBlmkelIRbeTsevotNam km<úCa

nigLav.

1941 ³ BYkTahanCb:uncUlRkúgPñMeBj.

semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu RtÚv)anGPieskCaRBHmhakSRtedayrdæPi)alRkúgvIQI.

1942 ³ sWg g:ukfaj; erobcM)atukmµdMbUg²RbqaMg)araMgenARkúgPñMeBj edIm,IKaMRTKMnitCatiniym

rbs;RBHsgÇTaMgLay.

enATIRkúg)agkk BYkkm<úCa)anbegáItKN³kmµaFikar\sSr³ ¬esrIPaB¦ edIm,Its‘URbqaMgnwg

BYk)araMg.

1945 ³ BYkTahanCb:un )ankm©at;RkúmGñktMNagrdæaPi)al vIQI ecjBIGMNacedaykareFVIBl

RbharmYyehIyyl;RBmpþl; {ÉkraCü} [RbeTskm<úCaedaymansemþc RBHneratþm

sIhnu CaRBHmhakSRtpg.

s®gÁamputrlt; semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu cg;)ankarvilRtLb;rbs;BYk)araMgmkvij.

enATIRkúghaNUy hU CImij RbkasÉkraCüsRmab;RbeTsevotNam.

1946 ³ s®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTImYy )anpÞúHeLIgrvagkgT½Bevotmijrbs; hU CImij nigBYk)araMg.

1949 ³ saLúts ¬GnaKt b:ul Bt¦ )aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan;TIRkúg):arIs edIm,IeronsURt ehIy)ansßit

enATIenaHrhUtdl;qñaM1953. enAeBlKat;RtLb;mkRbeTskm<úCavij KWKat;)ankøayeTA

CaCnkumµúynisþrYceTAehIy.

1951 ³ karbegáItbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_Exµr ecjBIbkSkumµúynisþ\NÐÚcin.


1953 ³ semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anTTYlBIRbeTs)araMgnUvÉkraCüEdlmankMNt;mYy.

1954 ³ kgT½B hU CImij vayRbharBYk)araMgenA eDonebonPU.

snñisITRkúghSWENv edIm,IedaHRsayCemøaHrbs;kUer: nig\NÐÚcin.

semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu TTYlkan;kab;GMNacTaMgRsugmYyelIRbeTskm<úCamYy Edl

manÉkraCü.

emdwknaMkumµúynisþExµrsWg g:ukmijnigclnakumµúynisþExµrRbEhlBak;kNþal)ancakecj

BIRbeTseTAevotNamxageCIg.

1955 ³ kare)aHeqñatenARbeTskm<úCa. semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )andak;raCüCaKuNRbeyaCn_

dl;RBHbitaRBHGgÁ. semþc)anbegáItKNbkSCarbs;RBHGgÁpÞal; ehIy)anTTYlC½y

CmñHPøÚkTwkPøÚkdImYy.

1955-1960 ³ BYkkumµúynisþ)ansakl,geRCótRCktaMgenAkñúgRkúgPñMeBjk¾dUcenACnbT.

1959 ³ niBn§naykkaEstmYykñúgcMeNamkaEstBYkkumµúynisþ)anRtÚveFVIXad.

suIvehg emdwknaMkumµúynisþsRmab;EpñkxagkñúgRbeTssuIvehg )ancuHcUlxagsemþc

RBHneratþm sIhnu CasaFarN³.

1960 ³ kñúg»kasénmhasnñi)atmYyEdlebIkeFVIenARkúgPñMeBj BYkkumµúynisþ)anbegáItbkS

m:akS-elnIn mYyrbs;km<úCa KWbkSBlkrkm<úCa ¬EdlnwgRtÚvRbsiT§namfa bkSkumµúynisþ

km<úCaenAqñaM1966¦.

1963 ³ enAmhasnñi)atelIkTI2 saLút s )ankøayeTACaGKÁelxaFikarbkS.

PaKeRcInénemdwknaMbkS )ancakecjBIRkúgPñMeBj edIm,IbegáItclnarbs;eKkñúgéRBm:aKI.

1965 ³ shrdæGaemrik epþImdak;kgT½BRbyuT§CaelIkdMbUgbg¥s;enARbeTsevotNam.

semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu kat;pþac;TMnak;TMngTaMgGs;CamYyshrdæGaemrik.

1966 ³ semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu GnuBaØat[BYkkumµúynisþevotNameRbIR)as;tMbn;nana enAtam

RBMEdn nigkMBg;EpsmuRTrbs;RBHGgÁ.

1967 ³ karbHe)arrbs;RbCaksikrRbqaMgnwgkarRbmUlRsUvenAsMLÚt kñúgPaKBay½BüRbeTs.

karegIbbHe)arenH )annaM[BYkkumµúynisþseRmccitþepþImkarts‘UedayGavuFRbqaMgnwg

semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu.

1967-1980 ³ semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anr:ab;rgedaykarRbyuT§nwgclnaExµrRkhm

kalb,vtþisegçb 705

d¾tUcEdlman kmøaMgeLIgdl; 5>000nak; - RbQmnwgkgT½BCati 35>000nak;.

1969 ³ karTmøak;RKab;Ebkrbs;GaemrikaMgCasm¶at; nigedayxusc,ab;elIeKaledAnanarbs;

evotNam EdlsßitenAkñúgTwkdIExµr.

1970 ³ éf¶TI18 ExmIna ³ semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anRtÚvTmøak;BIGMNaceday ln; nl;/ sirimt³

nig ecg ehg.

éf¶TI23 ExmIna ³ semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu RbkasBIkarbegáItrNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCa

EdlrYmmanBYkExµrRkhmpg.

éf¶TI9 Extula ³ saFarNrdæExµr )anRtÚvRbkaseLIgenAkñúgPñMeBj.

1971 ³ kgT½BevotNamxageCIg bnþkarvayRbyuT§Tl;nwgkgT½B ln; nl; kñúgeBlEdlBYkExµr

RkhmbegáItkgT½Brbs;xøÜn. enAExFñÚ kgT½BRkúgPñMeBj )anepþImeFVIRbtibtþikarswkecnLa

TI2 ehIy)anRtÚvrgkarvayRbhary:agxøaMgedaykgT½BevotNamxageCIg. Rbtibtþikar

swkenH minEdlcab;epþImCafµIesaHeLIy.

1972 ³ ln; nl; RtÚv)ane)aHeqñatCab;CaRbFanaFibtI rbs;saFarNrdæExµr.

1973 ³ éf¶TI27 Exmkra ³ karcuHhtßelxaelIkic©RBmeRBógRkúg):arIssþIBIkarbBa©b;s®gÁamenA

evotNam. BYkkumµúynisþkm<úCa)anbdiesFmincrca.

BYkExµrRkhm r:ab;rgkarvayRbyuT§PaKeRcInbMputenAkm<úCa enAeBlEdlBYkkumµúynisþ

evotNam dkfyeTAbNþatMbn;Cab;RBMEdn.

shrdæGaemrik )ancab;epþImTmøab;RKab;EbkelIRbeTskm<úCaeLIgvij.

BYkExµrRkhmbBa¢a[begáItshkrN_kñúgtMbn;TaMgGs;EdlBYkeKkan;kab;.

smaCGaemrikaMg)antRmÚv[bBaÄb;karTmøak;RKab;EbkenAéf¶TI15 ExsIha.

1974 ³ CaqñaMcugeRkayEdleBareBjedays®gÁamenARbeTskm<úCa. BYkExµrRkhmdeNþImyk

karRKb;RKgclnabHe)aredaykm©at;BYkkumµúynisþ EdlRtLb;mkBIevotNamxageCIg

bNþasmaCikénCnCatiPaKticevotNam nigBYksemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu niym.

1975 ³ karvaylukpþac;RBR½trbs;ExµrRkhm )ancab;epþImenAéf¶cUlqñaMskl ¬01-01-

1975¦.

éf¶TI17 Exemsa ³ BYkExµrRkhmedIrcUlkñúgRkúgPñMeBj nigbBa¢a[CemøósRbCaCnecjBI

rdæFanIPøammYyrMeBc.


éf¶TI30 Exemsa ³ BYkkumµúynisþevotNamQñHs®gÁam nigdeNþImkan;kab;TIRkúgéRBnKr.

éf¶TI12 Ex]sPa ³ karcab;navaCMnYjGaemrikaMgeQµaH ém:y:aehÁ edaykgT½BeCIgTwkExµr

Rkhm EdlnaM[mankarTmøak;RKab;Ebkrbs;GaemrikaMg nig]b,tþiehtuF¶n;F¶rmYy.

bdivtþn_ExµrRkhmRbwgERbgerobcMRbCaCnTaMgGs;[rs;enAkñúgshkrN_nana tamCn

bT. enAExkkáda BYkkumµúynisþ)ancab;epþImdak;mnÞIrepSg²rbs;bkS nigrdæaPi)alenARkúg

PñMeBj. enAcugqñaM BYkkumµúynisþ )anbBa¢a[eFVIkarCemøósBYkGñkTIRkúgCaelIkTIBIrBIPUmiPaK

nirtIeTAPUmiPaKBay½Bü nigPUmiPaKepSg²eTot EdlenAPaKxageCIg.

1976 ³ enAmhasniñ)atbkS/ BYkemdwknaM)anseRmcbegáInel,Ónbdivtþn_ nigBRgIkERscmáarEfm

eTot.

karRbkas[eRbIrdæFmµnuBaØkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.

semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu sMulaElgBImuxgarTaMgGs;rbs;RBHGgÁCaRBHRbmuxrdæ.

karRbkasCapøÚvkarnUvrdæaPi)alkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüedayman {b:ul Bt} Canayk

rdæm®nþI.

mrNPaBrbs; em:A esTug. b:ul Bt cakecjBImuxtMENgrbs;Kat;CabeNþaHGasnñ.

karepþImeFVIkarsmøab;BYkemdwknaMbkSkñúgRkbxNÐénbBaðamanTMnak;TMngCamYyRbeTs

evotNam.

BYkkumµúynisþbBa©b;kare)assm¥atPUmiPaK]tþr.

1977 ³ bkS)anbBa©b;karkm©at;ecalbNþaemdwknaMénrbbcas;esÞIrEtTaMgRsug nigbegáInkareFVI

visuT§kmµkñúgCYrrbs;xøÜnpÞal;.

RbeTskm<úCa bgá]b,tþiehtuepSg²tamRBMEdnCamYyRbeTséf nigevotNam. KWCamYy

RbeTsevotNamenHÉgEdlkarvivaTmanlkçN³F¶n;F¶rbMput.

karepþImeFVIkare)assm¥atPUmiPaKBay½Bü.

Exkkáda ³ RbeTsevotNam nigRbeTsLav cuHhtßelxaelIsn§isBaØamitþPaBmYy EdlBYk

kumµúy nisþkm<úCa cat;TukCatRmúysMxan;mYyeq<aHeTArkeKaledArbs;evotNam kñúgkar

begáItshB½n§\NÐÚcinmYy.

ExkBaØa ³ b:ul Bt enATIbMputk¾RbkasCasaFarN³fa RbeTsrbs;Kat;CaRbeTskan;lT§i

kumµúynisþ. Kat;)aneFVIdMeNIreTARbeTscin nigkUer:xageCIg edaylatRtdag[dwg


Gaf’kM)aMgfa Kat;Ca saLút s.

s®gÁamtamRBMEdnCamYyRbeTsevotNam)ancab;epþIm.

éf¶TI31 ExFñÚ ³ RbeTskm<úCakat;pþac;TMnak;TMngkarTUtrbs;xøÜnCamYyRbeTsevotNam.

1978 ³ BYkevotNam dkfykgT½Brbs;eK BIkñúgRbeTskm<úCa/ BYkExµrRkhmERskRbkasBI

eCaKC½y.

kñúg»kasénkarRbCMuCasm¶at;mYyenAniTaXrdUv BYkemdwknaMevotNam )anseRmccitþcUl

lukluyRbeTskm<úCa nigpþÜlrMlMrdæaPi)al b:ul Bt.

kare)assm¥atPUmiPaKbUB’a.

edayrYmRbCMuCamhasnñi)at bkSkm<úCa)anbgðajEpnkar]sSahUbnIykmµrbs;xøÜn.

ExFñÚ ³ viTüúrbs;evotNam)anRbkas[dwgCasaFarN³ BIkarbegáItrNsirSsamKÁI

se®gÁaHCatikm<úCa edIm,IRbqaMgnwgrdæaPii)al b:ul Bt.

m:al;xUm xadEv:l RtÚv)aneFVIXadenARkúgPñMeBj.

éf¶TI22 ExFñÚ ³ RbeTsevotNamcab;epþImkarvaylukrbs;xøÜn.

1979 ³ éf¶TI7 Exmkra ³ kgT½BevotNamdeNþIm)anTIRkúgPñMeBj.

éf¶TI8 Exmkra ³ BYkevotNamRbkasCasaFarN³BIkarbegáItRkúmRbwkSaRbCaCnbdivtþn_

mYy edayman ehg sMrin GtItRbFankgBlFMelx4 CaGñkdwknaM.

éf¶TI16 ExkumÖ³ ³ rdæaPi)al ehgsMrin cuHhtßelxaelIsn§isBaØamitþPaBmYyCamYyRbeTs

evotNam.

b:ul Bt nigBYkkumµúynisþkum<úCa EdlenAEtesµaHRtg;nwgKat;)anRbmUlpþMúKñaeLIgvijenAtam

beNþayRBMEdnrvagRbeTséf nigkm<úCa. edaymankarRKaMRTBIRbeTscin BYkExµrRkhm

)anepþImeFVIs®gÁamT½BéRBmYyRbqaMgnwgkgT½Bkan;kab;evotNam.

eRKaHTurÖikSKMramkMEhgRbeTskm<úCa Edlnwgb:HBal;dl;mnusSBIrlannak;/ enHebItamkar

[dwgrbs;BYkemdwknaMfµIenARkúgPñMeBj. kareFVIyuT§nakarpþl;CMnYyCaGnþrCatid¾sem,Im

mk[RbCaCnkm<úCa.

karbegáIt {rNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExµr} edayGtItnaykrdæm®nþI sWn san EdlCa

clnats‘UminEmnkumµúynisþRbqaMgnwgBYkevotNam.

kardak;TNÐkmµesdækic©rbs;GaemrikaMgRbqaMgnwgRbeTsevotNam.


karkat;eTasb:ul Bt nig eGogsarI edaykM)aMgmux enARkúgPñMeBjBIbTRbl½yBUCsasn_.

1980 ³ eRKaHTurÖikSFMmYyRtÚv)anbeBa©ós.

semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu erobcMbegáItclnats‘UpÞal;RBHGgÁ.

karRbwgERbgdMbUg²kñúgkarsßabnaRbeTseLIgvij ³ karbBa©ÚlRkdasR)ak;CafµI/ karebIk

mhaviTüal½yevC¢sa®sþ nigkarerobcM[manRbB½n§Gb;rMeLIgvij.

karelceFøaeLIgnUvmenaseBa©tnaRbqaMgevotNam.

1981 ³ karbBa©b;nUvCMnYyes,ógGahar.

rbbRkúgPñMeBjRbkasBIkarbegáItbkSm:akS-elnIn fµImYy KWbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_km<úCa.

kare)aHeqñatsPa. manEtKNbkSkan;GMNacmYyb:ueNÑaH Gacdak;ebkçCnrbs;xøÜn[Qr

eQµaHe)aHeqñat.

clnats‘UTaMgbI -ExµrRkhm/ semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nig sWn san- eRKagbegáIt

rdæaPi)alcRmúHmYy. smaKmGas‘anCaGñkpþl;GavuF nigluykak;eTA[clnats‘UminEmn

kumµúynisþ.

enARkúgjÚvy:k/ snñisITGnþrCatisþIBIRbeTskm<úCaEdltMNagEtclnats‘U nigsm<½n§mitþ

rbs;xøÜnb:ueNÑaH.

1982 ³ karvayRbyuT§enAtamRBMEdnéf-km<úCa RbqaMgnwgkgT½BExµrRkhm. karvaylukrbs;

evotNam CaelIkdMbUgRbqaMgnwgclnats‘U.

enAExmifuna/ clnats‘UrYmKñabegáItrdæaPi)alcRmúHmYyCapøÚvkar.

kardkkgT½Brbs;evotNamCaelIkdMbUg. Eb:n suvNÑ CaCnTI2rbs;rbbRkúgPñMeBj RtÚv

)ankm©at;ecj ¬eday])ay¦ BIGMNac.

1983 ³ karvaylukkan;EtekIneLIg/ BYkevotNam)anvayRbharCMrMCnePosxøÜnnana rbs;clna

ts‘U ehIyedjtamTahanbHe)arrhUtdl;TwkdIéf.

enARbeTsevotNam manebIksnñisITkMBUlrbs;\NÐÚcinelIkTImYy taMgBIqñaM1970 Edl

[sc©ab½ndl;karRtÜtRtarbs;evotNamelIRbeTsLav nigRbeTskm<úCa.

niKmCnevotNamCaeRcIn)ancUlmktaMgenARbeTskm<úCa. tamkar[dwgrbs;RkúgéRB-

nKrfa cMnYnrbs;niKmCnTaMgenaH manminelIsBIcMnYnshKmn_evotNam EdlFøab;rs;enA

kñúgRbeTskm<úCaBImuneT.


1984 ³ enAExkkáda/ rdæaPi)alRkúgPñMeBjTTYlsÁal;fa s®gÁamtamRBMEdn)anraldalmkkñúg

RbeTsehIyfa sßankarN_mansPaB {tantwg}.

1985 ³ BIExFñÚ qñaM1984 dl;ExmIna qñaM1985/ karvaylukCaTUeTArbs;evotNam enAtam

beNþayRBMEdnéf-km<úCa RbqaMgnwgmUldæanTaMgLayrbs;clnats‘U.

karRcbUkRcbl;kñúgépÞclnats‘U. kareQøaHTas;ETgépÞkñúgCMuvijxøÜn sWn san. semþc

RBHneratþm sIhnu Rbkasfa RBHGgÁminR)akdkñúgRBHT½yrkeXIjdMeNaHRsaymYy

enAeBlRBHGgÁ enAmanRBHCnµenAeLIyeT.

h‘un Esn )ankøayeTACanaykrdæm®nþIenAeBlKat;manGayu 34qñaM.

GgÁkarGaemrikaMgmYy )anecaTRbkan;rdæaPi)alRkúgPñMeBjBIbTrMelaPsiT§imnusSF¶n;F¶r.

1986 ³ eCaKC½yrbs;clnatsUkñúgs®gÁamqµk;rbs;xøÜn. dMeNIrlM)akr:ab;rgrbs;BYkevotNam.

enATIRkúgeb:kaMg rdæaPi)alcRmúHrbs;clnats‘URbkasBIsMeNIsnþiPaBfµI².

enATIRkúgPñMeBj karpøas;bþÚrkñúgépÞrdæaPi)alEdlRtÚvecaTRbkan;fa BukrlYy.

1987 ³ RkúgmUsÁÚ EsVgrkdMeNaHRsaysnþiPaBmYysRmab;RbeTskm<úCa edayrYmbBa©ÚlPaKITaMg

Gs;enAkñúgkarcrca.

C½yCmñHfµI²rbs;BYkExµrRkhm nigBYksemþc RBHneratþm sIhnu niymenARbeTskm<úCa.

enAEx]sPa semþc RBHneratþmsIhnu e)aHbg;muxtMENgCapøÚvkarrbs;RBHGgÁ.

RbeTséf biTCMrMCnePosxøÜncugeRkayeRkamkar]btßmÖrbs;GgÁshRbCaCati KW xav

GuIdag.

karCYbKñaCaÉkCnenARbeTs)araMgrvag semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nig h‘un Esn EdlRBm

eRBógKñasþIBIeKaledA EdlRtÚvQan[dl; ³ ÉkraCüRbeTskm<úCa EdlFanaedaysnñisIT

GnþrCatimYy. tam h‘un Esn fa BYkevotNamnwgcakecjBIRbeTsenAqñaM1990.

1988 ³ karCYbsnÞnaelIkTIBIr rvag semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu nig h‘un Esn enAtMbn;CayRkúg

):arIs. karbegáItrdæPi)alrYbrYmCatimYyRtÚv)aneRKagKit.

karvayRbyuT§)anfycuHenARbeTskm<úCa EdlPaKITaMgGs;rg;caMkarrIkceRmInénkar

crcaCafµI.

semþc RBHneratþm sIhnu )anesñI[mankarCYbRbCMuedIm,IcrcaedaypÞal;CamYyBYk

evotNamsþIBIkardkT½B fyecjBIkm<úCa.


esckþIEføgGMNrKuN

´sUmsMEdgnUgkardwgKuNrbs;´cMeBaHGñkTaMgLayNa Edl)anCYyeRCamERCg´[eFVIkar

RsavRCav nigniBn§esovePAenHeLIgtammeFüa)ayepSg² ³ Gñke)aHBum<pSayesovePArbs;´ Alice

Mayhew EdlmansT§acMeBaHesovePAenH nigTTYlsÁal;PaBbt;EbnTaMgGs;tampøÚvEdlKat;RtÚvEtedIr

tam. cMeBaH muI kumÖÚt nig qaMg sug EdleFVI[´sÁal;RbeTsrbs;eKkñúgry³eBléns®gÁam nigCYy´[

yl;c,as;BIesaknadkmµrbs;xøÜnenAeBlenaH nigeRkaymkeTot. cMeBaHGñkÉkeTsneya)ay Stephen

R. Heder Edl)anbkERbÉksarCaeRcIn nigeqøIytbedayGt;Fµt;cMeBaHsMNYrepSg²rbs;´ sþIBI

neya)ayExµrRkhmnigCYyGansMeNAedImrbs;´ nigcMeBaHGñkkarTUt nigRbvtþviTU Tim Carney EdlCYy´

edaycitþsb,úrskñúgkarEsVgrkÉksarepSg²rbs;´ nigCaGñkGansMeNARBagrbs;´mYyEpñkEdr.

cMeBaHRKÜsarém: nig ram -suIsUpa/ bu)öa/ faj;/ Xun/ favI/ sUem:t nig »Pa- cMeBaHmitþPaB nigkarsÁal;

rab;Ganrbs;eK RBmTaMg James Fenton Edl)anerobcM[eyIg)anCYbKñapg.cMeBaHelaksa®sþacarüEdward

Friedman sRmab;karENnaMTaMgLayrbs;Kat;sþIBIbNþakarbdivtþn_enAGasuI. cMeBaHelak Peter Pringle Etel

Adnan EdlCYypþl;[´nUvTRmg;epþIménesovePAenH. cMeBaHelak Ben Kiernan Edl)anbBa¢ÚnniekçbbTfñak;

bNÐitrbs;Kat;mk[´. cMeBaHkaEstv:asuInetanb:usþ× Edl´Føab;eFVIkarCamYysRmab;mYyEpñkFMénkar

RsavRCavrbs;´ ehIyCaBiesscMeBaHbNþaGtItshkarIrbs;´H.D.S. Greenway nig Laurence SternsRmab;

karelIkTwkcitþrbs;eKenARKadMbUg/ cMeBaH Lynn Darling nig John Burgess.cMeBaHshkarITaMgGs;rbs;kaEst

nigbNþasmaCikénGgÁTUt Edl)anCYb nigelIkkmøaMgcitþ´ edayKµansMéc CaBiesselak Sathiah, Kishore

Mahbubani, Alexandro Casella, Betsy Kenedy, Neil Davis, Dominique Gerard, Desaix Anderson, David Hawk, Christopher Hitchens nig

Nayan Chanda. William Goodfellow nigmCÄmNÐlneya)ayGnþrCati Edl)anyl;RBmpþl;GaharUbkrN_

mYy[´sRmab;ry³eBlmYyqñaM. Bob Borosage nigviTüasßanRsavRCavneya)ay Edl)anpþl;kariya

l½yeFVIkarmYy[´. Carol nig Ping Ferry Edl)anpþl;GaharUbkrN_mYysRmab;kareFVIdMeNIrrbs;´. J.R.

Reeder Edl)ansresrsMeNIsMu[BinitüÉksarepSg²eTAtam c,ab;sþIBIesrIPaBkñúgkarpþl;Bt’man.

cMeBaHbNÐit Marianne Faure nig Wendy Law-Yone sRmab;karRsLaj;ykcitþTukdak;rbs;Kat;. cMeBaHelak

Steve Mendelson sRmab;KMnUrrbs;Kat;. enATIbBa©b; ´sUmbBa¢ÚnnUvkarEføgGMNrKuNd¾kk;ekþAcMeBaHRbCaCn

km<úCaCaeRcIn Edl´)aneFVIsmÖasn_enAkñúgRbeTsrbs;eK b¤enAbreTs ehIyEdl)anerobrab;R)ab;´

edaykøahannUverOgr:avrbs;Kat; EdlCajwkjysßitkñúgkal³eTs³minKYr[eCOeTAeTot. TIbMput KW

GñkTaMgenHehIyEdlpþl;CameFüa)ay[´sresresovePAenHeLIg¼


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eGlIhSaEbt eb‘kx½r KWCaGñkeqøIyqøgsarBt’manrbs;sarBt’man v:asuInetanb:usþ×EdleRkay

mk )anTTYltMENgCaniBn§naykbreTsCan;x<s;rbs;viTüúCati ehIyfµI²enH CaCMnYykarniBn§nayk

rbs; sarBt’manj:Úvy:kEfms_ TTYlbnÞúksarBt’manbreTs nigsarBt’manhriBaØvtßú. Kat;)anray

karN_ nigsresrBt’manBIRbeTskm<úCacab;taMgBIqñaM1973 [eTAj:Úvy:kEfms_, The London Review of

Books, TsSnavdþIesdkic©cugbUBa’ nig Die Tageszeitung. esovePA enAeBlEdls®gÁamrlt;eTA TTYl)anrgVan;

esovePArbs; Robert F. Kennedy nigRtÚv)aneRbIR)as;CamUldæansRmab;karftExSPaBynþÉksarrbs; riTI§

):an; EdlmancMNgeCIgfa bu)öaNa. Kat;k¾CaGñkniBn§esovePARbvtþisa®sþ s®gÁamevotNamrbs;

shrdæGaemrik. Kat;TTYl)ansBaØb½RtEpñk karsikSaBIGasIuxagt,Úg BIsaklviTüal½y TIRkúg

v:asIunetan ehIysBVéf¶ kMBugrs;enACamYykUnBIrnak;rbs;Kat;enATIRkúgv:asIunetanDIsIu.


Book Final JSRC · 2014. 7. 23. · viC¢a kumµúynisþem:Aniym neya)ays®gÁamrbs;shrdæGaemrik...

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Transcript of Book Final JSRC · 2014. 7. 23. · viC¢a kumµúynisþem:Aniym neya)ays®gÁamrbs;shrdæGaemrik...