Bloa Summary
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BLOA SUMMARY
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Animal research can provide insight into human behaviour
Biological correlates of behaviour exist
The active brain can be studied scientifically and non-invasively
Cognitions, emotions & behaviours are products of the anatomy & physiology of
our nervous system
Patterns of Behaviour can be inherited through genetics
Outline principles that define the
biological level of analysis
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Animal research can provide insight into human behaviour-Martinez & Kesner, Rosenweig & Bennett
Biological correlates of behaviour exist- Intelligence (Bouchard)Memory (CW, HM), Aggression (Young et at)
The active brain can be studied scientifically and non-invasively-Clive Wearing, Maguire, Raine
Cognitions, emotions & behaviours are products of the anatomy &
physiology of our nervous system- Janowsky, Clive Wearing,Martinez & Kesner, Wher et al)
Patterns of Behaviour can be inherited through genetics- Heston,Bouchard, Curtis & Fessler
Explain how principles that define the biological level
of analysis may be demonstrated in research.
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Discuss how & why particular research methods are
used at the biological level of analysis
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Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies
at the biological level of analysis
Ethical considerations must be taken into account; the APS (AustralianPsychological Society) Ethical Guidelines guides researchers to consider the
implications of their research and deals with a number of methodological
issues such as:
- Informed consent (CW & HM, Schachter & Singer)
- Deception (Schachter & Singer, Money Study)
- Brief / debriefing
- Right to withdraw from the study (CW, HM)
- Voluntary participation (Schachter & Singer, Money Study)
- Confidentiality (HM, Clive Wearing Permission to disclose name)
- Protection of participants from both physical and psychological harm.
(Schachter & Singer, Janowsky, Money Study, Bouchard, Heston)
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Explain one study related to
localisation of function in the brain
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Using one or more examples, explain effects of
neurotransmission on human behaviour
Neurotransmission refers to the method by which electrical
impulses are transferred across the synapse once intensity is
reached. A neurotransmitter is a chemical that is released
from a neuron to relay information to another cell. NTs are
stored in membranous sacs called vesicles in the axonterminal. Each vesicle has 1000s of chemicals of a
neurotransmitter.
STUDIES
Serotonin and behaviour/hallucinations (Kasamatsu and Hirai,1999) Crane 40
Noradrenalin Janowsky (1972) Crane 151-152
Acetylcholine & memoryMartinez & Kesner (1991) Crane
text p.41
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Using one or more examples,explain functions of
two hormones in human behaviour
A hormone is a chemical released by a cell or a gland in one part of the bodythat sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism. Only a
small amount of hormone is required to alter cell metabolism. In essence, it is
a chemical messenger that transports a signal from one cell to another.
Hormones travel through the bloodstream to target cells to alter behaviour, &
are therefore slower-acting than NTs Hormones are produced and secreted by glands in the Endocrine system
Melatonin, Sleep and SAD- Wehr et al (2008)
AND Avery (Pearson Pg 56) SAD & Melatonin Cortisol, poverty & depression Fernald & Gunnar (2008) Crane text
p.153
Schachter & Singer (1962)- Adrenalin(epinephrine) Injections
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Hormone Glands Function
Adrenalin Adrenals Flight or fight response;arousal
Cortisol Adrenals Arousal; stress; memory,
regulating BP and
cardiovascular function,
use of proteins, carbs and
fats
Melatonin Pineal Regulation of sleep
Oxytocin Pituitary & hypothalamus Mother-child attachment
Testosterone & oestrogen Gonads Development; emotion
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Discuss two effects of the environment on
physiological processes
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Discusstwo effects of the environment on physiological processes cont.
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Examine ONE interaction between cognition & physiology in
terms of behaviour. Evaluate two relevant studies.
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Link to cognition to physiology
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Discuss the use of brain imaging technologies in
investigating the relationship between biological
factors & behaviour
FMRI- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MRI- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PET Positron Emission Tomography
EEG- Electroencepholography
STUDIESMirror neuron activity in humans w fMRI Iacoboni (2004) see Crane p.48
Spatial memory w MRIMaguire et al. (2000) & PET (1997) HaralambosPg 352
Aggression/murder (localisation of function) w PET scans Raine et al.(1997)
Clive Wearing MRI, PET
PET / fMRI in investigating Alzheimers Disease Mosconi Study (2005) p86Crane
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GENETICS and BEHAVIOUR
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W.r.t relevant research studies, to what extent
does genetic inheritance influence behaviour?
IntelligenceBoth genetics and environment play crucial role
o Poverty tends to correlate with low IQ
Meta-analysis of 111 IQ studies found the closer the kinship the higher the
correlation for IQ (Bouchard & McGue, 1981)
Minnesota Twin Study (Bouchard et al., 1990) pg 55 Crane
o MZ twins raised together compared to MZ twins raised apart longitudinal study
o Estimate that heritability accounts for about 70% of intelligence
Criticism
Media coverage to recruit participants - possible sample bias
Ethical concerns about how he reunited the twins who were reared apart
No control over how often the twins reared apart visited each other prior to study
Equal environment assumption - cannot assume twins raised together experience
same environments (e.g. treatment from parents, experience with friends and peers in
school and at home)
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Schizophrenia Heston (1966)
- Heston studied children in foster homes & correlated the incidence of Schizophrenia
with those whose mothers were diagnosed with schizophrenia.
- General population incidence of schizophrenia = 1%
- Adoptees with no family history = 1%
- Adoptees with mother diagnosed w schizophrenia = 10%
- Strong evidence for genetic component.
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Adoption studies
Scarr & Weinberg, 1977; Horn et al., 1979)o No significant difference found in IQ correlations between adoptive and
natural children in families despite adoptive parents being wealthy, white
and with high IQ and adopted children being from poor backgrounds
Wahlstein (1997) French study
oTransferring an infant from a low socio-economic-status to a high s-e-s
home improved IQ scores by 12-16 points thus showing the importance of
an enriched environment.
Suggests a strong interaction between genes & environment
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Examine one evolutionary
explanation of behaviourDISGUST:
Promotes survival (Fessler, 2006)
Introduce idea of mechanisms of behaviour *natural selection cannot
select for a behaviour; it can only select for mechanisms that produce
behaviour]
Confirmed by on-line survey (Curtis et al. 2004), where Ps had greatest
reaction to stimuli which threatened the immune system
Related to biological preparedness and phobias as animals eliciting this
reaction can be poisonous, avoidance promotes survival.
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Key Studies:
FESSLER et al. (2006)LINK to evolutionary theory of disgust:
EXAMPLE: during the first trimester women have the strongest
disgust mechanism, this fits with evolutionary theory since when
their immune system is weakest (to protect foetus from rejection)
they require the strongest level of protection from any
contaminated food. Thus those women with the genes for the
strongest mechanism for disgust during the first trimester havesurvived and their genes have passed from generation to
generation.
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Key Studies contd.
CURTIS et.al. (2004)LINK to evolutionary theory of disgust
EXAMPLE: women stronger reaction than men is of evolutionary
significance as women have a greater involvement In reproductionand need to protect the foetus
age older persons less involved in reproduction
BUT older people have greater experience and have learned coping
mechanisms and strategies to respond in different ways to
problematic items...using culture, prior knowledge, analysis of
setting etc.
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Alternative Views
eg Rozinargues that disgust isculturally acquired ie learnt behaviour
**see notes
EKMAN once disagreed with evolutionary theories BUT now isconvinced that six emotions are universal including disgust
see G:Drive doc from BJ txt.
GENERAL EVALUATION f E l ti
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GENERAL EVALUATION of Evolutionary
theories: Research is speculative as little is known about human
ancestors Reductionist complex ideas simplified
Experimentation problematic thus cause and effect not
shown
Determinist tendency to ignore conflicting research, Hayes(2005)
confirmation bias
CONCLUSIONthere is considerable evidence to support theview that the mechanism for disgust has been
advantageous to human survival and has evolved over
millions of years , however, the impact of the
environment/culture on our disgust mechanism should not be
underestimated. eg vegemite
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Discuss ethical considerations in research
into genetic influences on behaviour
Genetic research --> potentially more risky, problematic Open to abuse/misuse, findings about genetic inheritance and
behaviour and future lifestyle - do we or should we know ourgenetic future? (responsibilities of the researcher?)
Genetic research into foetal abnormalities fraught with difficult
issues - ethical, religious, spiritual, personal Ethics in relevant genetic studies - Heston and Bouchard
Privacy/confidentiality - who consents, who knows, is told all,parent, child, school, employer, insurance agency, military
Mistaken paternity, anonymisation of data (double blind)
Consent - community - aboriginal culture - informed, implicationand potential harm if not gained.
Results uncertain, may cause disorder, consequences?
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PROTECTION from HARM: Genetic research attempts to uncover whether an individual has
a particular genetic make-up, whether you have the genes for
x eg schizophreniaor more accurately the pre-disposition Heston found that 10% of adopted children whose biological
mothers had been diagnosed with S developed S cf. only 1% ofadopted children with bio mothers not diagnosed with S.
Counselling: child if told should be informed that this is not a
certainty, they may have a pre-disposition but it is NOTdetermined, they will not necessarily develop the disorder
BUT this raises a key issue with genetic researchwe dontknow what we might findeg misattributed paternity, may findthat this is not your child?? May carry recessive genes for
unfortunate characteristicsie one of the genes for depression Caspis 5HTT short allele, may have only one not two of these
what are the risks?? Of developing depression?
Should this information be made public : who?? individual,parent, school, employer, insurance company .
False positives???
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Consent
Consent = Informed!! But hard to be informed in such a grey area.
Who consents = child needs parental consent, what about wider
familywhat you find out may affect siblings etc and then the wider
community
eg Aboriginal community decision as wider implications for thecommunity.
In the Money study David Rheimers parents consented and even
asked for Moneys help BUT Money may have misled them about
how easy it would be to reassign their childs gender identity and
they were not aware of the practise sexual behaviour
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Confidentiality
Confidentiality/privacy = Should this information be made
public : who?? Individual, parent, school, employer, insurance
company .
Heston did not reveal the names of the adopted children but
may have obtained access to their medical and psychologicalrecords without their consent. Money did not reveal the name
of David Rheimer.
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Right to withdraw = not easy for children to do this when adults are
in control of researchMoney example.
Unintended consequences of research = Charles Murrays use of IQand race in America to mislead and feed into racist debates. Also the
media misuse of Hamers research into the Xq28
gene.misreported as finding a gay gene.
Stigmatizing if someone is labelled with a pre-disposition they
may not be employed or get life insurance or it may lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy..interpret all unusual behaviour as psychotic
and result in further disturbed behaviour etc.
Self-awarenesssimilar effects on an individual.do you want to
know you carry the genes for Alzheimerseffect on parents if
passed certain genes on to children