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Big Bang Cosmology Believed: The Expansion was: Isotropic = having the same properties in all directions Homogeneous = uniform distribution of all properties This eliminates a center to the universe, since everything is the same wherever you are.

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First Challenge to Homogeneity

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Hubbles Horror Such a condition would imply that we occupy a unique position in the universe, analogous, in a sense, to the ancient conception of a central Earth This hypothesis cannot be disproved, but it is unwelcome and would only be accepted as a last resort in order to save the phenomena. Therefore we disregard this possibility the unwelcome position of a favored location must be avoided at all costs... such a favored position is intolerable Therefore, in order to restore homogeneity, and to escape the horror of a unique position must be compensated by spatial curvature. There seems to be no other escape. The Observational Approach to Cosmology, 1937

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Spatial Curvature = Homogeneity

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Expanding Universe

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1989 COBE Probe Finds Anistropy and Inhomogeneity in CMB

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2001 Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)

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COBE = WMAP

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Tegmarks Original WMAP Image: Anisotropic Heat Distribution

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Hubbles Galactic Isotropy Problem Compounded by CMB Anisotropy Problem

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CMB Dipole Intersected by Ecliptic Plane

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Quad- & Octupole Aligned with Earths Ecliptic; Intersects Dipole at Earths Equinoxes

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Lawrence Krauss Admission on the CMBs Ecliptic Alignment But when you look at CMB map, you also see that the structure that is observed, is in fact, in a weird way, correlated with the plane of the earth around the sun. Is this Copernicus coming back to haunt us? That's crazy. Were looking out at the whole universe. Theres no way there should be a correlation of structure with our motion of the earth around the sun the plane of the earth around the sun the ecliptic. That would say we are truly the center of the universe.The new results are either telling us that all of science is wrong and we're the center of the universe, or maybe the data is simply incorrect, or maybe its telling us theres something weird about the microwave background results and that maybe, maybe there's something wrong with our theories on the larger scales. The Energy of Empty Space is Not Zero, 2006

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Leading Cosmologists Admit Earth- Centered CMB Axis (2004) The correlation of the normals [vectors] with the ecliptic poles suggest an unknown source or sink of CMB radiation .Physical correlation of the CMB with the equinoxes is difficult to imagine, since the WMAP satellite has no knowledge of the inclination of the Earths spin axis. Dominik J. Schwarz, Glenn D. Starkman, Dragan Huterer and Craig J. Copi, Is the Low-l Microwave Background Cosmic? Physical Review Letters, November 26, 2004, pp. 221301-1 to 4

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2010 Restudy of the Issue: Galactocentrism Eliminated there is no obvious way to explain the observed correlations.Our studies indicate that the observed alignments are with the ecliptic plane, with the equinox or with the CMB dipole, and not with the Galactic plane: the alignments of the quadrupole and octopole planes with the equinox/ecliptic/dipole directions are much more significant than those for the Galactic plane. Large-angle anomalies in the CMB, Craig J. Copi, Dragan Huterer, Dominik J. Schwarz, and Glenn D. Starkman, November 12, 2010, arXiv:1004.5602v2.

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A Final 2012 Paper Looking into this anomaly more deeply we will find that it remains robust through all seven years of published WMAP data. The best one can say is that these full-sky solar-system correlations remain unexplained. The Oddly Quiet Universe: How the CMB Challenges Cosmologys Standard Model, Glenn D. Starkman, Craig J. Copi, Dragan Huterer, Dominik Schwarz, January 12, 2012, acXiv:1201.2459v1.

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CMB Does not Match Big Bang and furthermore that it is very difficult to explain within the context of the canonical Inflationary Lambda Cold Dark Matter of cosmology [i.e., the Big Bang].Our first observation is that none of those data curves look like the [LCDM] theory curve. The Oddly Quiet Universe: How the CMB Challenges Cosmologys Standard Model, Glenn D. Starkman, Craig J. Copi, Dragan Huterer, Dominik Schwarz, January 12, 2012, acXiv:1201.2459v1.

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2004 Paper by Land & Magueijo

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Double arrow at 7:00 oclock to 1:00 oclock is the Axis of Evil and the CMB Dipole, with upper arrow pointing to Virgo-Leo and about 23.5 degrees off center. Double arrow at 10:00 oclock to 4:00 oclock is Asymmetric Axis aligned with the Sun- Earth ecliptic and is formed by the CMB quadrupole and octupole

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The Hair on Your Neck The discovery that the CMB is cosmically aligned to the Earth should make the hair on the back of your neck stand up. Lawrence Vescera, The Discovery that Dare Not Speak its Name, November 9, 2007,

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2005 Sloan Digital Sky Survey

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Concentric Galaxies Disappear Unless Observed from Within 0.3% of the Center of the Universe

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the probability of our galaxy being so close to the centre of the cosmos by accident is less than one out of a trillion Our galaxy is the centre of the universe, quantized redshifts show, D. Russell Humphreys, Journal of Creation 16(2):95104, August 2002.

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2010 paper by Hirano and Komiya A widespread idea in cosmology is that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic above a certain scale. This hypothesis, usually called the cosmological principleis thought to be a generalization of the Copernican principle that the Earth is not in a central, specially favored position. However, according to a Fourier analysis by Hartnett & Hirano, the galaxy number count N from redshift z data (N z relation) indicates that galaxies have pre- ferred periodic redshift spacings of z = 0.0102, 0.0246, and 0.0448 in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), with very similar results from the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dF GRS). These redshift spacings have been confirmed by mass density fluctuations, the power spectrum P(z), and N pairs calculations.

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2011 study of the SDSS DR7 data by Russian team The radial density method indicates inhomogeneities in the spatial distribution of galaxies with a scale length of 200 Mpc/h and a density contrast of two, confirming the recently established violation of statistical homogeneity in deep samples of SDSS galaxies. The Non-Uniform Distribution of Galaxies from Daa of the SDSS DR7 Survey, A. O. Verevkin, et al., Sobolev Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg University, Russia, Astronomy Reports (2011) Vol. 55, No. 4, p. 340.

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Periodic Distribution of Quasars

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Y. P. Varshni on Quasar Distribution The Earth is indeed the center of the Universe. The arrangement of quasars on certain spherical shells is only with respect to the Earth. These shells would disappear if viewed from another galaxy or quasar. This means that the cosmological principle will have to go. Also it implies that a coordinate system fixed to the Earth will be a preferred frame of reference in the Universe. Consequently, both the Special and General Theory of Relativity must be abandoned for cosmological purposes. The Red Shift Hypothesis for Quasars: Is the Earth the Center of the Universe? Astrophysics and Space Science, 43: (1), (1976), p. 3.

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Periodic Gamma Ray Bursts

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Jonathan Katz on Gamma Rays The uniform distribution of burst arrival directions tells us that the distribution of gamma-ray-burst sources in space is a sphere or spherical shell, with us at the center. But Copernicus taught us that we are not in a special preferred position in the universe; Earth is not at the center of the solar system, the Sun is not at the center of the galaxy, and so forth. Jonathan Katz, The Biggest Bangs:The Mystery of Gamma- Ray Bursts, The Most Violent Explosions in the Universe, 2002, pp. 90-91.

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Other Earth-Centered Celestial Bodies BL Lacertae X-Ray Bursts Spectroscopic Binaries Globular Clusters

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Now for the Z Axis

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Michelson-Morley Revisited: Einstein Admits STR Based on MMX You, my honored Dr. Michelson, began with this work when I was only a little youngster, hardly three feet high. It was you who led the physicists into new paths, and through your marvelous experimental work paved the way for the development of the Theory of Relativity. You uncovered an insidious defect in the ether theory of light, as it then existed, and stimulated the ideas of H. A. Lorentz and Fitzgerald, out of which the Special Theory of Relativity developed. Without your work this theory would today be scarcely more than an interesting speculation; it was your verifications which first set the theory on a real basis. Bernard Jaffe, Michelson and the Speed of Light, 1960, pp. 167-168.

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Einsteins 1923 Kyoto Speech Soon I came to the conclusion that our idea about the motion of the Earth with respect to the ether is incorrect, if we admit Michelsons null result as a fact. This was the first path which led me to the special theory of relativity. Since then I have come to believe that the motion of the Earth cannot be detected by any optical experiment, though the Earth is revolving around the sun. Yoshimasa A. Ono, Physics Today, 35 (8), 45 (1982).

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Why Was Michelson-Morley So Important? Einsteins biographer, Ronald W. Clark: In the United States Albert Michelson and Edward Morley had performed an experiment which confronted scientists with an appalling choice. Designed to show the existence of the etherit had yielded a null result, leaving science with the alternatives of tossing aside the key which had helped to explain the phenomena of electricity, magnetism, and light or of deciding that the earth was not in fact moving at all. Einstein: The Life and Times, p. 57.

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Non-Moving Earth Was Unthinkable The problem which now faced science was considerable. For there seemed to be only three alternatives. The first was that the Earth was standing still, which meant scuttling the whole Copernican theory and was unthinkable. Einstein: The Life and Times, pp. 109-110.

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What Was Expected from MMX

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Actual Results from MMX

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Less Than One-Sixth of Earths Velocity The experiments on relative motion of earth and ether have been completed and the result is decidedly negative. The expected deviation of the interference fringes from the zero should have been 0.40 of a fringe the maximum displacement was 0.02 and the average much less than 0.01 and then not in the right place. As displacement is proportional to squares of the relative velocities it follows that if the ether does slip past [the Earth] the relative velocity is less than one sixth of the Earths velocity. Letter dated August 17, 1887, from the Rayleigh Archives, cited in Dorothy M. Livingston, The Master of Light: A Biography of Albert A. Michelson, 1973, p. 130.

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Lorentz-Fitzgerald Length Contraction to the Rescue Expected Results Fixed Results

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Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity Based on False Assumption Instead of saying that MMX did not detect the Earth moving through ether, Einstein claimed that MMX did not detect ether. He then made space a vacuum, dilated time and increased mass by the Lorentz factor of 1 v/c.

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Shortening of Length and Time is made a Principle of Nature Rather than Ether Expected Results Fixed Results

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The bare fact is, MMX did measure an ether drift. It just didnt measure a drift commensurate with an Earth moving around the sun at 30kms, but a movement of about 5km/sec.

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In fact, All Experimenters Found Ether of about 2-10km/sec Morley-Miller in 1903-1905 Rayleigh, 1902 D. B. Brace, 1904 Trouton-Noble, 1903, Georges Sagnac 1913, Kennedy-Thorndike, 1927 Michelson-Pease-Pearson, 1926-1929 Michelson-Gale, 1925 Dayton Miller, 1905 to 1925.

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1925 Michelson-Gale Most Significant The observed displacement of the fringes was found to be 0.230 .005, agreeing with the computed value 0.236 .002 within the limits of experimental error. All we can deduce from this experiment is that the earth rotates on its axis. Fact: Michelson-Gale found a diurnal rotation within 98% of 24 hours.

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Proper Conclusion Must Be Since Heliocentrism requires both the earth to revolve around the sun and rotate on an axis, but empirical evidence shows only a rotation, Heliocentrism is apparently falsified. The better solution is: the ether rotates around a non- moving Earth. The universe, filled with either, rotates around the Earth, giving Michelson-Gale a perfect result and Michelson-Morley a negative result.

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A Relative Irony Einstein invented Special Relativity to escape the evidence from Michelson-Morley that pointed to a non-moving Earth. He then had to invent General Relativity due to the inadequacy of Special Relativity, General Relativity supports the viability of geocentrism.

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Einsteins GTR Agrees with Geocentrism Let K [the universe] be a Galilean-Newtonian coordinate system [a system of three dimensions extending to the edge of the universe], and let K [the Earth] be a coordinate system rotating uniformly relative to K [the universe]. Then centrifugal forces would be in effect for masses at rest in the K coordinate system [the Earth], while no such forces would be present for objects at rest in K [the universe]. Already Newton viewed this as proof that the rotation of K [the Earth] had to be considered as absolute, and that K [the Earth] could not then be treated as the resting frame of K [the universe]. Yet, as E. Mach has shown, this argument is not sound. One need not view the existence of such centrifugal forces as originating from the motion of K [the Earth]; one could just as well account for them as resulting from the average rotational effect of distant, detectable masses as evidenced in the vicinity of K [the Earth], whereby K [the Earth] is treated as being at rest.

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Thus Einstein Said The struggle, so violent in the early days of science, between the views of Ptolemy and Copernicus would then be quite meaningless. Either CS [coordinate system] could be used with equal justification. The two sentences: the sun is at rest and the Earth moves, or the sun moves and the Earth is at rest, would simply mean two different conventions concerning two different CS.

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G. J. Whitrow on MMX It is both amusing and instructive to speculate on what might have happened if [the Michelson-Morley] experiment could have been performed in the sixteenth or seventeenth centuries when men were debating the rival merits of the Copernican and Ptolemaic systems. The result would surely have been interpreted as conclusive evidence for the immobility of the Earth, and therefore as a triumphant vindication of the Ptolemaic system and irrefutable falsification of the Copernican hypothesis. G. J Whitrow, The Structure and Evolution of the Universe, 1954, p. 79

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Disproof of the Proofs for Heliocentrism

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Newtons Laws and the Center of Mass Heliocentric View Geocentric View

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Stellar Parallax

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Stellar Parallax Slide 2

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Stellar Parallax Slide 3

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Stellar Aberration

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Heliocentric Explanation

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Geocentric Explanation

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Retrograde Motion of Mars Heliocentric Geocentric

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Retrograde of Mars Slide 2 Heliocentric Geocentric

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Foucault Pendulum

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Geocentric Seasons Winter Summer