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Basic Concepts Of Electronic

PrintingWilliam J. Bill McCalpin

EDPP, CDIA, MIT, LIT

The Xenos Group

(972) 857-0776

Xplor Global Conference

Los Angeles, CA 1999

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About The Speaker

Mr. McCalpin is Director of Product

Management at Xenos Group

He received the EDPP from Xplor

International in 1992. He received the CDIA from CompTIA in 1996.

He received the MIT from AIIM in 1997.

He received the LIT from AIIM in 1998.

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About The Speaker (cont.)

Mr. McCalpin writes and speaksfrequently on subjects in the

electronic printing and imaging

industries. He has spoken more than

forty times at Xplor, AIIM,DocuGroup, and Guide meetings.

Mr. McCalpin is a member of both

Xplor and AIIM. He serves on

multiple committees in AIIM and

Xplor.

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A (Very Brief) History Of Printing

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The Chinese

By the end of the

2nd century A.D.,

the Chinese had

the threerequirements for

printing:

paper

ink relief surfaces.

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The Chinese (cont.)

By the 8th century, wooden blocks were

used for the reliefs. The oldest known

printed works date from this time

764-770 - Buddhist incantations printed inJapan

868 - The first known book was made in

China, The Diamond Sutra.

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The Chinese (cont.)

Movable type was invented in China in

the 11th century, but this invention did

not catch on.

In the early 14th century, a Chinese

magistrate had a set of 60,000 Chinese

characters carved on wooden blocks for

the printing of a treatise on the history

of technology.

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The Arabs Bring Paper To The West

8th century - The knowledge of how to

make paper came through the caravan

routes of Central Asia.

12th century - Italians begin trading withthe Arabs to bring paper to Europe.

13th & 14th centuries - Europeans

create papermaking centers in Italy,

France, and Germany.

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Europe Learned About Paper, But

Not PrintingDespite trade and the travels of people

like Marco Polo, Europeans never

learned the art of xylography(printing from wood carving) from

the Chinese. The ability to print in

this way was spontaneously learned

by the Europeans no earlier than thelast quarter of the 14th century.

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The Europeans Start To Print

The first printed itemswere relief imagespressed onto paper,typically religious in

nature. Text was added to the

images, and so thefirst real books

appeared in Europe inthe first half of the15th century.

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Metallographic Printing

1430-1450 - After 12centuries, Europeansfinally go beyond theChinese by making

durable componentsfor Metallographicprinting:

the metal die

the matrix cast lead

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Johannes Gutenberg

About 1450,

Johannes

Gutenberg first

associated theidea of using die,

matrix, and lead

with the invention

of the printingpress.

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The Screw Press

The screw press

was used for the

next 350 years

with technological

improvements

allowing such a

press to print up

to 250 copies anhour.

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Technology Improves Printing

19th CenturyThe 19th century saw the introductionof:

stereotypy (stereotyped plates allowseveral presses to print the same text atthe same time)

steam power

cylinder presses

roll-fed rotary presses

typecasting machines such as theLinotype and Monotype.

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Technology Improves Printing

20th CenturyThe 20th centuryintroduced manymore advance-ments in printing:

offset printing, dryoffset, colorprinting,photocomposition

, even threedimensionalprinting.

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At Last - Electronic Printing!

1923 - Electrostatic printing was first

demonstrated when the ink of a

cylindrical typeform was attracted to

paper by means of an electronic charge.

1948 - two Americans conceived the

idea of using a dry powder rather than

ink, and the first modern office copiers

were born.

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The 9700

In 1977 or so,

Xerox

introduces the

9700, the firstcut sheet

production

printer, and our

industry startsto take off!

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How Electronic Printers Print

Xerox

Centralized

Printers are

white onblack

HP and other

printers are

black onwhite

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How A Xerox 9700 Prints

1.The image is resolvedinto a bit map.

2.Each 'scan line' isdispatched to theengine.

3.A photoelectric drumwhich is on a circularbelt is charged with ahigh voltage.

4. A laser is firedthrough a

piece of glass at arotating, mirroredpolygon.

5.The bits in the scanline cause the pieceof glass throughwhich the laser ispassing to vibrate.

6.The laser beam hits

the drum for eachoff pixel, anddischarges that spoton the drum.

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How A Xerox 9700 Prints (cont.)7.Toner is passed

over the drum, andthe toner sticks tothe charged areas.

8.Paper is passedover the drum, andthe toner now sticksto the paper.

9.The paper, now with

toner applied,passes

through a fuser,which is a set of veryhot rollers (400F)which fuse the

toner to the paper.10. The paper is post-

processed asneeded and placed

into an output bin.

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Definitions In Electronic

Printing

Or, how what Gutenberg did five

centuries still affects you today...

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Type

Type - from theGreek word typtein

- to beat or strike.

Even today, the

phrase in Italian for

to type is battere

a macchina,

literally, to beat

with the machine.

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Resources

Font

Forms

Image

Graphic

Logo

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Please Note

In AFP, a graphicrefers only to a

vector representation.

In AFP, an image refers only to a

raster representation.

The word logo is a reference to a

Xerox-specific object.

In AFP, a form is called an overlay.

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Measurements

Point

Pica Pitch

Monopitch

Proportional

x-height

em space

en space

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Point

996 points are equivalent

to 35 centimeters, or

one point is equal to

.01383 inches. Thismeans about 72.3 points

to the inch. We in

electronic printing use

72 points per inch

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Pica

From the MedievalLatin word for

directory, probably

referring to the usual

size of the type used

to print a directory,

about 1/6th of an

inch; hence, 12

points make up a

pica, and 6 picasmake up an inch.

A letter-sizedsheet of

paper in the U.S. is 66

picas long.

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x-height

The height of thelowercase x. Used

in typography as

the standard height

of the body for allthe characters in

the font, minus

their ascenders

and descenders.

b x p

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em

Originally, a unit ofmeasure equal to the

width of the capital M,

the widest character in

a font. Now the emspace is equal to the

height of the font,

hence the em space of

a 10 point font is 10

points (wide).

The default word

space for this font is1/3 an em space.

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en

Half an em space. Two ens addup to

an em.

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Pitch

Probably from

Middle English

picchen, to strike -

the number ofcharacters per

inch (applied to a

monopitch font)

Miwl

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Monopitch

Referring to a font in

which all the

characters are thesame width. Miwl10 pitch is 10 characters

per inch.

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Proportional

Referring to a font inwhich each

character has a

width appropriate

to the size of thecharacter. E.g., in a

proportional font

(like this one), I is

much narrowerthan W.

Miwlthe M is many times

wider than the i in

a proportional font.

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The Character

R

aster fonts arefonts whose

characters are

defined by bitmaps

(see right). Outline fonts (also

called scalable) are

fonts whose

characters aredefined by strokes.

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Character Anatomy

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Baseline

Baseline - An

imaginary line

upon which the

body of the

character sits. All

characters on a

line of text share

the same baseline,

even characters indifferent fonts.

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Ascender And Descender

Ascender - strokes

which rise above

the x-height (or

body of the

character). Descender -

strokes which go

below the baseline

(or the body of thecharacter).

b q

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Font Height And Baseline

Font height - the sum

of the length of the

longest descender,

longest ascender, and

x-height.

Line skip - Usually, the

distance from baseline

to baseline. Note, this

value is often largerthan the font height.

bxpWpxbM

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Kern

Kern - from theFrench word carne,

meaning projecting

angle or hinge,

ultimately from theLatin word cardo

(cardinis), a hinge.

Kern is that part of

the face of a letter

which projectsbeyond the body.

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Serif And Sans Serif

Serif & Sans Serif -

serif(also spelled

cerif) comes from the

Dutch word schreef,

meaning a stroke or aline, from schrijve (to

write, cf. German

schreiben), ultimately

from Latin scribere

Serif

Sans

Serif

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Leading

Leading - blank dies

made of the metal

lead were inserted

between

characters on a

line of type to

enable justifying

the line of text to fit

the print area

This text has

been left and

right justified

so the word

spaces vary.

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Upper Case And Lower Case

The box on the righthand side contained

individual pieces of

type

The less frequentlyused characters

would be at the top -

away from the printer

Hence, capital letters

were called upper

case

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Mind Your Ps And Qs

ps and qs - the phrase mindyour

ps andqs comes from the days of

metal type. On metal type, the image

of the character is backwards fromthe printed image. Since a p and a

q are mirror images of each other, it

is easy to confuse them, hence the

warning.

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The Family Tree of PrinterData Streams

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Philology

Philology is the study of language,

normally human languages

One field of study in philology is the

relationship that different languages

have to one another

What happens if we apply philology

to electronic printing?

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The Family Tree

i eata

i e ata

/ arria etr l

II

F aII

i e ata

/ ri ter

tr l

I ter re

a e

e e e

t ri t

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In The Beginning

The first computer created tables

for artillery Mechanical typewriters

Line Data

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EBCDIC Versus ASCII

BCD - Binary Coded Decimal

BCDIC - Binary Coded Decimal

Interchange Code

EBCDIC - IBM Extended BinaryCoded Decimal Interchange Code

ASCII - American Standard Code for

Information Interchange

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EBCDIC Line Data

EBCDIC encoded - 8 bit

Record-oriented because of IBM

OSs Carriage controls

Machine carriage controls

ANSI carriage controls

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ASCII Line Data

ASCII encoded - 7 bit Record orientation is not intrinsic to

OS

Text files use print controls to delimitrecords

Common print controls

x0d carriage return

x0a line feed x0c form feed

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The EBCDIC Family Tree

EBCDIC text 1403 data - EBCDIC records with a

carriage control

LCDS - Line conditioned datastream

3800 Mod I

3211 data with Xerox DJDEs

Others AFP and IPDS

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The ASCII Family Tree

ASCII text ASCII text with print controls

ASCII text with escape sequences

Epson MX-80 Xerox UDK (XES)

QMS QUIC IBM PPDS

HP PCL Xerox Metacode

Print programming languages using

ASCIIInterpress PostScript

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Escape Sequences Versus

Programming Language For escape sequence data streams,

the host completely formats the

documents - the printer merely

follows the instructions

For programming language data

streams, the host describes the

document to be printed - the printerfinishes the composition process

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Escape Sequences Versus

Programming Language (cont.) Escape sequence data streams

normally print faster on the printer

Programming language data streamsenable superior graphics

Both are capable of printing the

average business document: text,

fonts, graphics, scanned images, etc.

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Printing Resources: Basics

Anything the printer needs to resolve

the print datastream

Specialized groups of control

records

Fonts, Forms, and Graphics

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Fonts

The file(s) that define how the

characters should appear when the

file is created

One or more files in a vendor-specific format

Contain mappings of specific

codepoints (codepages/symbol sets)

to images of the characters

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Forms / Overlays / Macros

Contain data used repeatedly

designed to replace preprinted forms

may contain lines, text and/or

graphics may be inline or in a separately-

called file

format is different for each

datastream

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Images / Graphics

Bitmap images are made of a pattern

of dots

Vectorgraphics are mathematical

instructions for drawing lines All datastreams support one or more

types of bitmap images

Not all datastreams support vectors

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The Datastreams

What are they?

What are the pieces? (resources)

Where do you find the pieces?

Who uses them?

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What is AFP?

Advanced Function Printing (1980s) /

Presentation (1990s)

Publicly documented, open architecture

from IBM - an industry standard

Provides integration of data and

resources to create pages for printing,

viewing, or archiving

All Points Addressable datastream

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AFPDS

The device independent, object-based structured datastream

Contains text, image, forms, fonts,

bar codes, graphics, formatting

instructions, tagging for indexing or

finishing

Uses internal and external fonts,

graphics, & forms Resources are centrally controlled

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Print Services Facility

Printers are most often attached to a

mainframe or workstation that

maintains control of the print

process via PSF PSF transforms device independent

AFPDS to device dependent IPDS

PSF provides error recovery

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Flavors of AFP

Line Data (3211) - usually EBCDIC

may have CC and/or font index characters

Conditioned Line Data / Mixed Mode

Fully Composed - MO:DCA Mixed Object Document Content Architecture

IOCA, GOCA, FOCA, PTOCA, BCOCA

New objects: multimedia, page grouping,

navigation, non-AFP

ACIF - resources are bundled in a single file

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What Creates AFP? Script Languages

DCF, BookMaster, CompuSet

Industry-specific applications:

CSF, EZ-Letter, DocuMerge, CBIS

Transforms

Xenos Meta2AFP, PCL2AFP, etc.

Report management systems:

CA, New Dimension, RDS

AFP Print Driver for Windows, APIs, Toolbox

Form Design Packages Elixir, ISIS, ProForm, DOC1, XPRINT

User Created programs

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AFP Wrap-up

IBM AFP is based on an architecture,

which is published

AFP printers are centrally managed

from a host

Resources normally reside on the

host, not the printer

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Xerox Printer Datastreams

2 languages for high-speedcentralized printing: Metacode and

DJDE

UDK

/XES for Xerox decentralizedprinting

PostScript (Midrange and DocuTech)

PCL (Midrange)

XES/Metacode mixed - 4235

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Xerox Terms

Online Printing: Printer is attached toa host computer which controls the

print job.

Offline Printing: Printer is not

attached to a host computer. Print

jobs are fed via an attached

peripheral device, usually a tape

drive. Some commands behavedifferently.

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What is Metacode?

Native printer language to XeroxESS/Centralized printers

Fastest way to print on a Xerox

Centralized printer Partially documented, proprietary Xerox

Format - not an architecture

A set of ASCII formatting controls that

more closely resembles stream I/O

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Metacode / DJDEs

Printer control commands may be

interspersed with print data;

sometimes the printer control

commands appear within the same

record as the print data.

The Metacode printer may switch

between EBCDIC and ASCII data

modes between print jobs, or withinjobs as required.

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Other Flavors of Metacode

Conditioned Line Data: DJDE line data with DJDE records to change fonts,

and call forms and images

The bulk of all Xerox printing

Mixed Mode

Metacode and line data in the same print file,

sometimes in alternating records

Usually generated by 3rd-party products page interleaved files slow the printer down

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What Creates Metacode?

Script Languages DCF/BookMaster with DCF/PLUS, CompuSet/XICS

Industry-specific applications

CSF, EZ-Letter, or DocuMerge

Transforms Xenos AFP2Meta, PCL2Meta, etc.

Forms design packages

Elixir or Intran, Proform

User created programs (rare) Application of DJDEs to legacy line data

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Metacode Wrap-up

Metacode is not an architecture

There is no PSF to monitor resource

usage

Resources are usually stored on theprinter

Data and printer commands can be

either ASCII or EBCDIC

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What is PCL?

All Points Addressable Datastream

Publicly documented, owned by HP

Provides integration of data and resources to

create pages for printing

ASCII data with escape sequences to

designate printer commands

Many levels, newest is Level 6

Levels 4 and 5 are most commonly used

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What Creates PCL?

A variety of programs such as

PeopleSoft

User created programs

Print Drivers

Transforms such as Xenoss

AFP2PCL, Meta2PCL, XES2PCL,

PDF2PCL

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PCL Wrap-up

PCL is an ASCII datastream mostoften generated by PC-based

programs

PCL uses very few external resourcefiles

PCL fonts are often stored on the

printer either in ROM or on cartridges

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What is PostScript?

Adobes Document Formatting

Language

All Points Addressable

Complex Language with standardcomputing operators

Still changing

Designed for flexibility, not speed

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What Creates PostScript?

Adobe and 3rd Party Softwarepackages

Many graphics and page layout

programs

User created software (rare)

Windows Print Drivers

Transforms such as Xenoss

AFP2PS, Meta2PS, PCL2PS, XES2PS

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What is PDF?

Adobes Portable Document Format NOT exactly PostScript -No math or GOTOs

Self-contained for easier sharing

Designed for rapid Viewing

Designed to support Acrobat Reader and

Acrobat Exchange.

Supported by web browsers via plug-in

Designed for cross-platform compatibility

(Windows, MAC, UNIX, WWW)

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What Can You Do with PDF?

Post documents on the WWW

Create viewable versions of business

documents

Index, annotate, link and bookmarkdocuments

Combine, extract, and manipulate

document pages

View Thumbnails of pages

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What Creates PDF?

Created from PostScript files byAdobe Distiller

PDF Writer (emulates a print driver)

Transforms such as XenossAFP2PDF, Meta2PDF, PCL2PDF, and

XES2PDF

A growing number of other software

packages

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The Other Pieces - Adobe Fonts

Define how the characters shouldappear when the file is created

Printer-resident fonts used for most

PostScript jobs.

TrueType and Type 1 scaleable fonts

may reside on the host and be sent

to the printer with the job

May also use Type 3 bitmapped fonts

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PDF Fonts - Base 14

All Acrobat installations contain 14 basefonts:Helvetica Helvetica-Oblique

Helvetica-Bold Helvetica-BoldOblique

Times-R

omanT

imes-ItalicTimes-Bold Times-BoldItalic

Courier Courier-Oblique

Courier-Bold Courier-BoldOblique

Symbol (7]QFSP ZapfDingbats ()

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PostScript Wrap-up

PostScript in a complex printer

language that allows inline

programming

PostScript is evolving into alanguage which can be used in high

volume printing applications

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PDF Wrap-up

PDF is optimized for online viewing

and offers many features not

available with printed paper.

PDF is changing . PDF 1.3 wasannounced earlier this year.

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What is XES?

Xerox Escape Sequences, also called

UDK for User Defined Keys

Proprietary Xerox text-based

formatting for Xerox low-speeddecentralized (departmental) printers

Usually ASCII

Obsolete - these printers have been

end-of-lifed by Xerox

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XES Pieces

Bitmapped font files are usually

stored on the printer

Forms are usually defined inline

Bitmapped image and logo files are

usually stored on the printer

Vector Graphics (Line Draw) may be

defined inline

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What Creates XES?

XES only has about 20 commands so

it is usually hand coded or built by

user-created programs

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What Do We Do With XES?

Since XES printers have been end-of-lifedby Xerox, users will have to:

Convert applications generating XES to PCL or

PostScript (usually), or

Acquire 3rd party transforms such as XenosXES2PCL or XES2PS, or

Find someone willing to support these obsolete

printers

XES W

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XES Wrap-up

XES is an obsolete Xerox format for

low-speed printers

Most XES users are looking for a wayto convert to less-costly PCL or

PostScript printers

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AFP and Xerox Discussion Lists

Discussion lists are for people interested inparticular things to exchange information

Discussion lists communicate via e-mail to

registered users, rather than public bulletin

boards.

Xerox list-serve: xerox-lcds-

[email protected]

AFP list-serve: [email protected]

Additi l S i Thi W k

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Additional Sessions This Week

CAV 01 - A broad view of document

standards

Marilyn Wright

WED 3:00 PM - 4:00 PM FOC 21 - Moving your legacy documents

to new media

Pat McGrew, EDPP

WED 7:15 AM - 8:15 AM


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FOC 32 - The EDPP certificationprocess revealed

Stephen Wowelko, EDPP, Diana

Hillman, EDPP

WED 12:30 PM - 1:30 PM

INT 20 - XML update - Where is XML

going and how will it affect you?

Bill McCalpin - EDPPTHU 10:00 AM - 11:30 AM

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FUN 06 - From hardcopy to electronic

delivery: making the migration

Stephen Poe, EDPP

WED 11:30 AM - 12:30 PM FUN 04 - Buzz word central

David Weinberger and Stephen Poe,

EDPP

TUE 1:00 PM - 2:00 PM (right now!)


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KNO 07 - What knowledgemanagement is and isn't

David Weinberger

THU 3:00 PM - 4:00 PM ORG 25 - Is the document dead?

Bill McCalpin, EDPP, and Bill

McDaniel, EDPP

THU 3:00 PM - 4:00 PM

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Credits

Gutenberg Bible graphic - found athttp://www.huntington.org/LibraryDiv

/GutenbergPict.html

A...History Of Printing (Japanese

character forvigor) - found at

http://www.j-

mac.co.jp/amusement/steve/kanji/kan

jiframe.html

C dit

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Credits

Technology..20th Century (actuallya SM102 Heidelberg press) - found at

http://www.heidelbergaus.com.au/Sm

aster/SM102/SM102P.HTM

History of Printing - Encyclopaedia

Britannica

Screw Press (actually the first stop-

cylinder press) - EncyclopaediaBritannica

Credits

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Credits

Type - graphic from The ImperialDictionary Of The English Language

The Character (raster A) - from In-

House Publishing In A Mainframe

Environment (McGrew/McDaniel)

Character Anatomy - from The New

York Public Library Writers Guide To

Style And Usage

Credits

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T

Credits

The 9700 (actually a 4090) - from aPC graphics package

Chinese print shop, portrait of

Gutenberg, image of single page of

manuscript, woodcut of a Europeanprint shop, and the outside of the

Gutenberg Museum are all found at

http://www.gutenberg.de

Credits

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T

Credits

All other graphicscreated by Bill

McCalpin, EDPP,

and Chris Halicki,

EDPP On the right, the

Gutenberg

Museum in Mainz,

Germany

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