ASTRONOMY 161 Introduction to Solar System Astronomykresimir/planeti/uvod_planeti_1.pdf · Mantle...
Transcript of ASTRONOMY 161 Introduction to Solar System Astronomykresimir/planeti/uvod_planeti_1.pdf · Mantle...
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Uvod u astronomiju
Terestrički planeti
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Sunčev sustav: struktura
Unutrašnji sustav Vanjski sustav Oortov oblak
terestrički planeti jovijalni planeti kometi
asteroidi sateliti, planeti patuljci
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Terestrički planeti:
Zemlja i unutrašnja skupina planeta
Merkur, Venera, Mars
Zemlja-Mjesec: dvostruki planet?
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Terestrički planeti
• Mala masa i polumjer
• Velika gustoća
• Metali i stijene
• Čvrsta površina
• Vrlo malo satelita
• Bez prstenova
• Blizu Sunca, topliji
Jovijalni planeti
Velika masa i polumjer
• Mala gustoća
• H, He, H2O, CH4, NH3
• Nemaju čvrstu površinu
• Puno satelita
• Prstenovi
• Daleko, hladniji
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(1) Terestički planeti građeni su pretežito pd stijena i metala
Terestički planeti imaju: malu
masu (< od Zemljine mase)
veliku gustoću ( > 3900 kg/m3). voda = 1000 kg/m3
zrak = 1 kg/m3 stijene = 3000 kg/m3
željezo = 7800 kg/m3
nikal = 8900 kg/m3
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Terestrički su planeti nastali diferencijacijom: metali velike gustoće potponi su prema središtu, stijene manje gustoće isplivale su prema površini
Da bi došlo do diferencijacije, planeti su morali biti potpuno rastaljeni.
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Unutrašnja struktura
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Unutrašnja struktura: potresi
Potresi stvaraju dva tipa valova: S valova (poprečne) i P valove (uzdužne)
Tekuća jezgra propušta P valove, ali reflektira S valove
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Unutrašnja struktura: konvekcija
Prijenos topline konvekcijom (miješanjem tvari): sporo cirkuliranje rastopljenog materijala stijena
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Unutrašnja struktura: magnetsko polje
Zemljino magnetsko polje nalik je polju bar magneta.
Dinamo efekat: jezgra planeta mora provoditi struju, rotirati i biti konvektivna.
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da ne više ne slabo ne
vrlo jako vrlo spora previše spora hladno rotacija hladno rotacija
Unutrašnja struktura: magnetsko polje
Magnetsko polje pomaže planetima očuvati atmosferu.
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Zemlja
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Zemlja: fizikalne karakteristike
Masa = 5.97×1024 kg
Srednji polumjer = 6,373 km
Polarni polumjer = 6,357 km
Gustoća = 5,515 kg/m³
Siderički rotacijski period = 0.9973 d (23.934 h)
Nagib rotacijske osi = 23.4°
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Prosječna gustoća Zemlje = 5500 kg/m3
Zemlja ima preveliku gustoću nije građena samo od čvrstih stijena:
bazalt = 3300 kg/m3 granit = 2700 kg/m3
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Važne karakteristike:
Tektonika ploča
Atmosfera (sastav i klima)
Magnetsko polje
Tekuća voda
Život
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Unutrašnja struktura Zemlje
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Konvekcija u plaštu
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Procesi koji su oblikovali Procesi koji su oblikovali Zemljinu povrZemljinu površinušinu
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Udarni krateri:
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VuklanizamVuklanizamRastopljene stijeneRastopljene stijene
(magma) (magma) nalaze putnalaze put kroz Zemljinu korukroz Zemljinu koru (lithosphere) (lithosphere) do do površinepovršine..
Rastopjene stijeneRastopjene stijene nazivamonazivamo lavalava nakon što dosegnu nakon što dosegnu površinu. površinu.
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Vulkani:
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Erozija:
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Erozija vodomErozija vodom
Rijeka Colorado i Rijeka Colorado i dalje se usjeca u dalje se usjeca u Grand Grand Canyon.Canyon.
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Erozija ledomErozija ledom
Glečeri su Glečeri su oblikovali oblikovali Yosemite Yosemite udolinuudolinu..
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Erozija vjetromErozija vjetrom
Mrvljenje Mrvljenje stijena i stijena i stvaranje stvaranje duna.duna.
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Continental MotionContinental Motion Idea of Idea of
continental drift continental drift was inspired by was inspired by puzzle-like fit of puzzle-like fit of continentscontinents
Mantle material Mantle material erupts where erupts where seafloor seafloor spreadsspreads
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Tektonika ploča:
Zemljina kora je skup ploča u sporom gibanju.
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Tektonika ploča: zemljotresi
Rubovi ploča najčešće su područja zemljotresa.
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PANGAEA.
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ZemljinaZemljina mmagnetoagnetosferasfera
Zemljino magnetsko polje štiti nas od Zemljino magnetsko polje štiti nas od nabijenih čestica sa Suncanabijenih čestica sa Sunca protects us protects us from charged particles from the Sun.from charged particles from the Sun.
Nabijene čestice mogu stvoriti auroruNabijene čestice mogu stvoriti auroru (“sjeverno svjetlo”) (“sjeverno svjetlo”)
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Atmosfere terestričkih planeta:
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Zemljina atmosfera
(1) Zemljina se atmosfera sastoji uglavnom od dušika (N2) i
kisika (O2).
(2) Kada na Zemlji ne bi bilo života, zrak ne bi sadržavao O2; bez oceana bio bi mnogo veći udio ugljičnog
dioksida (CO2).
(3) Ozonski (O3) sloj djelomično je uništen kemijskim
procesima klorofluorokarbonatima.
(4) Suvišak CO2 može prouzročiti globalno zagrijavanje
preko stakleničkog efekta.
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Različitost atmosfera
Venera: vrlo gusta atmosfera, 96% ugljik dioksid (CO2).
Mars: vrlo rijetka atmosfera, 95% CO2.
Zemlja: prosječno gusta atmosfera, 0.04% CO2.
Zašto je tako malo CO2?
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Neobičnost kisika
Značajan udio kisika (O2) u zraku prilično je neobičan.
Kisik se rado spaja s ugljikom i vodikom (gorenje) te sa željezom (korozija)
Zašto je tako puno O2?
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Kada na Zemlji ne bi bilo života, zrak ne bi sadržavao O2; bez oceana bio bi mnogo veći
udio ugljičnog dioksida (CO2).
Rana Zemljina atmosfera: CO2, N2, H20.
Hlađenjem, H20 je kondenzacijom (kišom) stovrio oceana.
CO2 se lako otapa u vodi (oceanima), i dalje taloži kao karbonatne soli (kao
što je vapnenac).
CO2 je zarobljen u stijenama.
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Pred 3.5 milijardi godina, fotosintetski organizmi počeli su oslobađati O2.
Fosilizirana kolonija “cyanobacteria” (plavo-zelene alge)
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energija C6H12O6 + 6 O2
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Kombinacija mnogih faktora...Kombinacija mnogih faktora...
Zemlja je habitabilna jer je:
dovoljno velika da održi geološku aktivnost, na pravoj udaljenosti od Sunca da su mogli nastati oceani, i
sačuvala je vodu u atmosferi koja pomaže CO2 ciklusu
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Staklenički efektStaklenički efekt
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Staklenički plinoviStaklenički plinovi
Plinovi koji apsorbiraju infracrveno zračenje Plinovi koji apsorbiraju infracrveno zračenje
StakleničkiStaklenički plinoviplinovi: : najčešće molekule koje najčešće molekule koje sadrže dva različita elementasadrže dva različita elementa (CO (CO22, H, H22O, CHO, CH44))
NNestaklenički plinoviestaklenički plinovi: : molemolekule s jednim ili dva kule s jednim ili dva atoma istog elementaatoma istog elementa (O (O22, N, N22))
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Staklenički efektStaklenički efekt
Zemlja je toplija zbog stakleničkog efekta Zemlja je toplija zbog stakleničkog efekta nego što bi bila bez atmosfere... ali isto je i s nego što bi bila bez atmosfere... ali isto je i s Venerom..Venerom....
Kako je Zemlja uspjela “regulirati”Kako je Zemlja uspjela “regulirati” CO CO2??
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Goldilocks Goldilocks i Zemljini Zemljin COCO22 ciklus ciklus
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Goldilocks & Goldilocks & i Zemljini Zemljin COCO22
ciklusciklus
Što Cola ima s astronomijomŠto Cola ima s astronomijom??
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U početku Cola nije bila “pjenušavi” napitakU početku Cola nije bila “pjenušavi” napitak
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Ciklus ugljikovog dioksidaCiklus ugljikovog dioksida
• Kako atmosfera & tektonika zajedno reguliraju temepraturu?
• Kakvu ulogu ima život na te procese?
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Ciklus ugljikov dioksidaCiklus ugljikov dioksidaKorak 1: Isparavanje/kiša
• Tekuća se voda Tekuća se voda isparavaisparava
• Kondenzira u oblacima u Kondenzira u oblacima u nižoj atmosferinižoj atmosferi
• Kiša padaKiša pada kroz kroz atmosferu stvarajući atmosferu stvarajući karbonatnu (ugljičnu) karbonatnu (ugljičnu) kiselinu kiselinu (H(H22COCO3)3)
COCO22 plin je apsorbiranplin je apsorbiran
1
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Ciklus ugljikovog dioksidaCiklus ugljikovog dioksidaKorak 2: Erozija kiselim kišama
• Karbonatna kiselinaKarbonatna kiselina (H(H22COCO33) ) u rijekamau rijekama eroderodira stijeneira stijene
• Karbonatni ionKarbonatni ion (CO (CO332-2-) )
pokuljen u mineralima pokuljen u mineralima ispire se u oceanispire se u ocean
• Kalcij se lako otapaKalcij se lako otapa
COCO22 se unosi u oceanse unosi u ocean
2
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Ciklus ugljičnog dioksidaCiklus ugljičnog dioksidaKorak 3: Vezanje ugljika u stijene i
organsku tvar• Kalcij u stijenama činiKalcij u stijenama čini
CaCOCaCO33 ( (kalcijev kalcijev
karbonat)karbonat) • CaCOCaCO33 = = VapnenacVapnenac
• CaCOCaCO33 = = KoraljiKoralji, , školjkeškoljke!!3
COCO22 se akumulira na se akumulira na dnu oceana.dnu oceana.
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Ciklus ugljičnog dioksidaCiklus ugljičnog dioksidaKorak 4: Tektonika & subdukcija!
• TeTektonika postepeno ktonika postepeno gura morsko dno dubljegura morsko dno dublje
• CaCOCaCO33 puca upuca u CO CO22 & & i i
druge druge mineral mineralee
4 COCO22 je sada u korije sada u kori
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Ciklus ugljičnog dioksidaCiklus ugljičnog dioksidaKorak 5: Uloga vulkana
• Vulkanska aktivnost Vulkanska aktivnost pušta pušta CO CO22 ponovno u ponovno u
atmosferu.atmosferu.5
COCO22 ponovno u atmosferi!ponovno u atmosferi! oko 25 milijuna godina za oko 25 milijuna godina za globalni procesglobalni proces
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CO2 ciklus
toplije više kiše manje CO2 slabiji efekt staklenika
hladnije manje kiše više CO2 jači efekt staklenika
Tektonika ploča važna za povrat CO2 u atmosferu.
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Klimatske promjene
Male pravilne promjene u Zemljinoj orbiti i otklonu rotacijske osi dovode do promjena u količini Sunčeva zračenja koje stiže na tlo.
Cikličnost ledenih doba svakih ~ 100000 godina.
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CO2 i ledena doba
Tijekom ledenog doba, led pokriva ocene.
CO2 kojeg ispuštaju vulkani gomila se u atmosferi.
Velika koncentracija CO2 stvara ubrzano zatopljenje (staklenik) i prekida ledeno doba.
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Koncentracija CO2 i temperatura slijede jedna drugu. Ljudska aktivnost dovela je do naglog porasta CO2 koncentracije.
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Dramatične posljedice globalnog zatopljenja u polarnim područjima.
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