Arşiv belgelerine göre Balkanlarda ve Anadoluda Yunan mezalimi

8/3/2019 Ariv belgelerine gre Balkanlarda ve Anadoluda Yunan mezalimi

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T.C.

BABAKANLIKDEVLET AR VLER GENEL MDRL

Osmanl Arivi Daire BakanlYayn Nu: 22

AR V BELGELERNE GREBALKANLARDA VE ANADOLUDA

YUNAN MEZLM

IBALKANLARDA YUNAN MEZLM

ANKARA1995


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Proje Yneticisi smet B NARK

Devlet Arivleri Genel Mdr

Proje Sorumlular Necati AKTA Necati GLTEPE Devlet Arivleri Devlet Arivleri

Genel Mdr Yardmcs Genel Mdr Yardmcs

smet DEM ROsmanl Arivi Daire Bakan

Yayna Hazrlayanlar Hac Osman YILDIRIM

U urhan DEM RBA li KAYA Ahmet ALTINTA uran KOLTUK

Vahdettin AT K hmet ZKILIN Murat CEBEC O LU uhammed SAF

O uz AKIL ustafa SER N Temur ALKIN bdullah S VR DA

Ali Osman INAR abibe TOPALO LU Mcahit DEM REL sman USLU

Receb KARACAKAYA uman YEKELER Mustafa KARAZEYBEK urat YZBA IO LU

Bilgisayar DizgiSevin AKA

Ali CO KUN Reyhan NTA

Sayfa DzenlemeYakup YILDIRIM


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AR V BELGELERNE GREBALKANLARDA VE ANADOLUDA

YUNAN MEZLM

IBALKANLARDA YUNAN MEZLM


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N S Z

Osmanl Devleti, kurulu undan itibaren idaresi altnda bulunanmilletleri dil ve ho grl bir biimde ynetmi , devletin tebaas olanbtn unsurlar, sa lanan bu geni hrriyet ortamndan yararlanm lardr. Osmanl tebaasnn nemli bir ksmn olu turangayri mslimler iinde yer alan Rumlara da di er btn milletlereoldu u gibi her trl hrriyet, mlkiyet gvenli i, e itim ve dilserbestisi, ekonomik refah sa lanm tr; rk ve din hrriyetlerini bar ve gven iinde koruma frsat verilmi tir. Rumlar yzyllar boyuncahibir sknt ile kar la madan ya am lar, hatt kendilerine Osmanltebaas olan Ortodoks Hristiyanlar iinde imtiyazl bir stat detannm tr.

XIX. yzyln sonlarna do ru, birok tarih olaylar ve dnyadakigeli melerden dolay eski gcn kaybeden Osmanl Devletinin budurumunu istismar ederek, kendilerine menfaat temin etmeye al andnemin byk devletleri maksatlarna ula abilmek iin trl yollar denemeye ba lam lardr.

Dvel-i Muazzama diye anlan bu devletler, Osmanl Devletialeyhine takip ettikleri politikalarnda Yunan unsurunu da devreyesokmu lar ve bu toplumu XX. yzyln ilk eyre ine kadar kendi amalardo rultusunda kullanmay ba arm lardr.

Mart 1821de, Fenerli bir Rum olan Aleksandr psilanti, Eflk- Bo danda ilk Yunan ayaklanmasn ba latm , fakat muvaffak olamam tr. Ayn yl Aleksandr psilantinin karde i Dimitri psilanti de Mora syann ba latm tr. 1827 ylnda Osmanl Devletinin Yunanayaklanmasna son darbeyi indirmeye hazrland srada ngiltere, Rusya ve Fransa donanmas Navarinde Osmanl donanmasn imha


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ederek (20 Ekim 1827) Yunanllar iin ok msait bir ortamhazrlam lardr. 1828-1829 Trk-Rus harbinden sonra meydana gelengeli melerin sonucunda ngiltere, Fransa ve Rusyann basklar ileOsmanl Devleti 1830 ylnda, Yunanistann ba mszl n kabul etmek zorunda kalm tr.

Yunanistan, ba mszl n Avrupann byk devletlerinin deste iile sa lad gibi, kurulu yllarndan itibaren ba layarak izledi iOsmanl aleyhindeki yaylmac politikasn da bu byk devletlerinkoruyuculu unda srdrm tr. Nitekim, Bizans mparatorlu ununOsmanl snrlar iinde kalan eski topraklarn yeni Yunanistanakazandrmay hedefleyen bu politikann (Megali dea) sonucunda,Trkler ve e itli Balkan milletlerinin Yunan hegemonyas altnaalnmalar hedeflenmi tir. Hatt Balkan Slavlarnn dahi Helen kltriinde eritilmeleri tasarlanm tr.

Yunanistan, 1830dan 1922ye kadar geen srede Teselya, Makedonya, Gney Epir, Rodos ve Giriti e itli siyas manevralarlagerekle tirdi i i galler sonucu ele geirirken, buralarda ya ayanTrkler de e itli bask ve zulmler sonucunda yerlerinden yurtlarndanatlm lardr.

Yunanllar ok milletli topraklar zerinde tek milletli bir devlet olu turabilmek iin, Trk-Mslman nfusunu, hatt buralarda ya ayan Mslman olmayan di er milletlere her trl zulm ve basky insafszcave sistemli bir ekilde uygulayarak, onlar yok etmeye ve zvatanlarndan zorla koparp atmaya al m lardr.

Devlet Ar ivleri Genel Mdrl nce hazrlanan bu eser sayesinde, Yunanistann Bat Trakya Trkleri zerindeki zulm vebasklar ile Ege denizindeki yaylmac politikasnn gemi tekitemellerini daha iyi anlamak, Trkiye ile Yunanistan arasnda hal problem te kil etmekte olan konularn Yunan kaynakl k sebepleriningzler nne serilmesini sa lamak mmkn olacaktr.

Bu eserin hazrlanmasnda eme i geen Ba bakanlk Devlet Ar ivleri Genel Mdrl Osmanl Ar ivi Daire Ba kanl personeline

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te ekkr ediyor ve eserin ilgililere yardmc ve yararl olmasndiliyorum.

Ali Naci TUNCER Ba bakanlk Mste ar V.

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P R E F A C E

The Ottoman State has ruled since its early establishment the peoplesunder its administration with justice and tolerance and all the people

under the administration of the state have profitted from this extensive freedom. As has been so for all the non-muslims, who constituted animportant part of the Ottoman citizens, the Greeks also profitted from the freedom, security of property, liberty in education and language, and economic prosperity; and were given the opportunity to protect their racial and religious freedom in peace and security. The Greeks havelived for many centuries without facing any trouble, moreover they havebeen appointed a privileged status among the Orthodox Christians whichwere Ottoman citizens.

Towards the end of the XIX th century the Ottoman State lost its former power due to many historical events and the developments in theworld. The big states of the period took advantage of this situation for their own interest. They tried many ways to reach their goal.

These states which were called the Big Powers included theGreeks in their policies carried out on the disadvantage of the OttomanState and succeeded to use this people in accordance with their objectives until the first 25 years of the XX th century.

In March 1821, Aleksandr Ipsilanti who was a Greek Phanariot,

started the first Greek rebellion in Walachia- Moldavia but has not beensuccessful. In the same year Dimitri Ipsilanti, the brother of Aleksandr Ipsilanti, started the Mora rebellion. In 1827 when the Ottoman Statewas preparing for the last strike in the Greek rebellion, the navy of England, Russia and France destroyed (20 October 1827) the Ottomannavy in Navarin by which they prepared very suitable conditions for the

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Greeks. As a result of the developments after the Ottoman - Russo War between 1828-1829 the Ottoman State had to accept in 1830 theindependence of Greece with the oppression of England, France and Russia.

Greece gained its independence with the support of the big Europeanstates and in the same way continued its spreading policy against theOttomans since its establishment under the guardianship of the bigstates. As a result of this policy (Megali Idea) desiring to have newGreece gain the former territory of the Byzantine Empire which was left within the borders of the Ottoman State, they aimed to gather the Turksand the various Balkan people under the Greek hegemony. Moreover, it was planned to assimilate the Balkan Slavs within the Helenic culture.

In the period between 1830 and 1922 Greece got hold of Teselia, Macedonia, South Epir, Rhodos and Crete after various politicalmanoeuvres; the Turks who lived here were banished from their homeland as a result of various oppressions and violences.

In order to establish a state consisting of one people on a territory

where many peoples had been living the Greeks applied cruelly and systematically all kind of violence and oppression to the Turkish-Muslim population and also to the other non-Muslim peoples living here bywhich they tried to annihilate them and have them escape from their homeland.

With this work prepared by the General Directorate of the State Archives it will be possible to understand better the historical basis of the spreading policy of Greece in the Aegean Sea and the violence and oppression applied to the Eastern Thracian Turks; and to reveal that theoccurrence of problems between Turkey and Greece relating to certainsubjects are caused by the Greeks.

I would like to thank the personnel of the Prime Ministry General Directorate of the State Archives Directorate of Ottoman Archives whospent effort in the preparation of this work and hope that it will behelpful and useful to those who are interested in this subject.

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Ali Naci TUNCER Prime Ministry Acting Undersecretary

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S U N U

Trkleri, zellikle Osmanl asrlarnda, ula tklar kltr vemedeniyetin yaratc ve terkipi uuru ile tarih sahnesine karan ve buolu u vcda getiren srlar nelerdir? te bu tlsm bulmak, gemi adna ne kadar nemli ise , hl ve gelecek namna da o kadar ehemmiyetli ve lzumludur. O kadar lzumludur ki, bu tlsml ifrezlmedike, Trkl n istikbalini aacak anahtar bulmak mmknde ildir.

una millete inanmak yerinde olur ki, devrini tamamlam vegemi in hfzasna terkedilmi bu tarih hdiseler, vakti gemi , vazifesitamamlanm olaylar olarak grlmemelidir. Bunlar, belki de gelece intemellerini te kil etti i iin, toplum olarak, byk bir uyanklk ve urlazerinde durmamz gereken gereklerdir. Unutulmamaldr ki, istikbalinkula na sylenecek bir ift sz, vadesi tamamlanm gibi grnen butarih hazinesinin derinliklerinde sakldr.

Osmanl Trkl , tarihin bu drt bin yllk ok eski kavmine yenibir iklim, yeni bir co rafya ve yeni bir medeniyet ufku aarak, Trknkaderine ihti aml bir gelecek sa lamak suretiyle, btn dnyanndikkatini, birok defalar da endi e ve korkusunu stnde toplayan bir ftih millet, bir medeniyet yaratcs olmu tur.

Millet olarak, bilmeye ve grmeye iddetle muhta oldu umuzgereklerin ehresine ayna tutup, hakikatlerin muhasebesini yapmamzkanlmazdr.

Gerek Seluklu, gerekse Osmanl mparatorluklarnn dnyatarihindeki yerlerini tyin ederken, yalnzca siyas ve asker seyirlerinitespit edip, meden, manev, itima arklarnn dn n ve dnyamedeniyeti tarihine getirdikleri nizm, slp ve ahengin mhiyet ve

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ehemmiyetini belirtmezsek, Trk tarihi, bir siyaset ve askerlik med vecezrinden ibaret kalr.

Osmanl Devleti, asker rejim esasna gre kurulmu olmasnara men, mparatorluk tarihini, kllarn ve snglerin dnya co rafyasstnde izdi i geni hudutlarda de il; Trk deh ve medeniyetinin, yeryz medeniyetleri zerinde kurdu u mantkl, dil, msamahakr vemanev saltanat iinde bulmak mmkndr.

Osmanl asrlarnn tarih tekml iinde ilerlerken, bu mucizeliolu un ykseli sebeplerini, yalnz politikann ve ordularn ard srade il, idar, hukuk, iktisad, vicdan, din, itima, bedi ve kltrel ynleriyle ara trmak icap eder.

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Osmanl Devleti ktaya yaylm co rafyas, e itli rk, din, dil,rf ve detlere sahip topluluklar bnyesinde barndrmas; bu ok zengin ve renkli kltr yaps iinde alt asrdan fazla hkmrn olmasile dnya tarihinde kurulmu ve tarihin seyrine messir olmu byk

devletler arasnda ok nemli ve mstesna bir yer i gal eder. Devletin kurucusu Osman Gazi ve ondan sonra gelenler, yukarda

ifade etmeye al t mz nizm, slp ve terbiyenin tedrisindengetiklerinden, hep dil, msamahakr ve hakkaniyete dayal bir idaretarz uygulam lardr. Bu sebeple, e itli din ve rktan topluluklar Osmanlnn adaletli idaresini benimsemi lerdir. Anadoluda do mu Osmanl Beyli inden cihan ml bir devletin ortaya kmas bu sayedemmkn olabilmi tir. Osmanl Devleti, kendine has messeseleriyleasrlara tasarruf eden mkemmel bir idare ekli ortaya koymu , fethetti itopraklarn zerinde ya ayan halka eski mlklerinde oturma ve ya amahakkn tanm , onlara hibir ekilde sosyal, din ve kltrel bask yapmam tr. Bu topluluklarn zorla Mslmanla trlmas veyaTrkle tirilmesi yoluna gidilmemi tir.

Osmanl Devleti bnyesinde huzurlu ya ayan gayri mslimler, busistem iinde rk ve din kimliklerini korumakla kalmam , ok yaygn

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bir ekilde u ra tklar ve ellerinde tuttuklar ticaret sayesinde, stelik Mslmanlara nazaran daha rahat bir hayat srm lerdir. MslmanTrk askere giderken, dedikleri askerlikten muafiyet vergisine (bedel-iaskeriye) kar lk, askerlik yapmayan gayri mslim unsurlar ticar hayatn btn dallarnda sz sahibi olmu lardr.

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Tarih boyunca Osmanl asrlar incelendi inde, her dnemdeOsmanlnn dil ve m fik idaresini grmek mmkndr. Trk devlet gelene i teden beri drst ve dil bir izgi takip etmi tir. Trkler, patronajlar altndaki topluluklara, aznlklara kar insafl, drst vem fik davranm ve asla mstemlekecilik politikas takip etmemi lerdir.

Trk- slm devlet gelene inin en nemli unsurlarndan biri olanho gr sayesinde, Osmanl Devleti, tarihte hibir devlete nasipolmayacak bir ekilde, halklarn bar ve refah ierisinde bir arada ya atm tr. Siyaset gere i, endoktrinasyon, yani sosyalle tirme metod veusullerine ba vurmadan, aznlklar asimile etmeden bunu asrlarcasrdrm tr.

Trk her devirde, her zaman, her gitti i yerde kurtarc olmu ;adalet da tc, medeniyet kurucu ve hrriyet getirici bir rol stlenmi tir.Trk ar ivleri bunun canl hididir.

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Rumlarn, Osmanl Devleti ierisinde, di er gayri mslimtopluluklara nazaran daha zel bir durumlar vardr. Bilindi i gibi, IV. Hal Seferinden (1204) sonra, Egede stnl n Bizans mparatorlu undan, Venedik Devletine gemesiyle birlikte, Katolik Venediklilerin din konulardaki ho grszlkleri ve iktisad alandakisert tutum ve davran lar kar snda zor durumda kalan Ortodoks Rumlar, daha sonralar buralara hakim olmaya ba layan drst ve dilOsmanl ynetimini tercih etmekte tereddt etmemi lerdir.

Fatih Sultan Mehmed zamanndan ba layarak Venedikle giri ilensava larda, Akdenizdeki Venedik deniz stnl sona erdirilmi , Do u

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Akdenizde Ceneviz ve Venedikten bo alan yerin ncelikle Osmanl Rumlarnca doldurulmas yoluna gidilmi tir. Osmanl ynetimi, Rumlarticarete te vik eden tedbirler almay dahi ihml etmemi tir. Egeadalarndan az vergi toplanmas bunun en ak rne idir.

Fatih Sultan Mehmed, stanbulun fethini mteakip burada ya ayan Rumlara kendi patriklerini seme hakkn tanyarak din ve zel hukuk alanna ait meselelerin zmn, Rum Ortodoks Kilisesine imtiyazolarak bah etmi tir. Ayrca, divn tercmanl , Eflk-Bo dan beyliklerigibi nemli grevler de o u kere Rumlara verilmi tir.

Yzyllar boyunca Osmanl Devleti bnyesinde imtiyazldurumlarn koruyup nemli mevkiler elde eden Rumlar, ele geirdikleriilk frsatta, kendilerini ma a olarak kullanan Avrupal byk devletlerinde yardmlaryla, Osmanlya kar ihanet ve isyana kalk m lardr. Rumlar arasnda bu tr ayrlk fikirlerin geli mesinde, Avrupal byk devletler nemli rol oynam lardr.

Rumlar, Fransz htillinin ortaya kard milliyetilik d ncesiile, Napolyonun Yedi Aday i galinden sonra tan m lardr. Yedi

Adann, 1800-1807 tarihleri arasnda Rusyann gvencesi altndaba msz bir devlet stats kazanmasndan sonra da milliyetilik d ncesi Ruslarn gayretleri ile Rumlar arasnda iyice yaylm tr. Nitekim Rusya, 1812de Bkre Antla masyla muhtariyet kazandrd Srbistandan sonra Rumlar da ayaklandracak uygun bir ortambekliyordu.

Bu dnemde kurulan ihtillci gizli cemiyetlerden Filiki Eteryannetkili al malar ile Rumlar arasnda Osmanl Devletine kar isyan plnlar yaplmaya ba lanm t. Di er taraftan, Avrupa kamuoyundaeski Yunann Avrupa medeniyetine be iklik etti i gr yaygnla m , Avrupal aydnlar eski Yunan kltr ile daha fazla ilgilenmeyeba lam lardr. Bu ilgi, Yunan hayranl na dn m ve Avrupakamuoyunun Rumlarn gelecekleriyle ilgilenmeleri zemininihazrlam tr.

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Rum isyann, dolaysyla Rum isteklerini ark Meselesinin bir paras olarak de erlendirmek gerekir. Bilindi i gibi ark Meselesinin zn, Trklerin Avrupa ve Anadoludan karlmasd ncesi te kil etmektedir. Siyas tarih terminolojisinde yer alm olan ark Meselesi tbiri, Osmanl Devletinin Batl devletler tarafndan paralanmaya al lmasn ifade etmektedir. Bilinmelidir ki, Rummeselesinin kayna nda, tpk Ermeni meselesinde oldu u gibi, ark Meselesi diye adlandrlan milletleraras bir strateji yatmaktadr. Bubakmdan Osmanl Devleti bnyesindeki aznlklarn ayrlk maksatlar

do rultusunda k krtlmas ve isynlarn te viki te ebbsleri de ark Meselesi iinde de erlendirilmelidir. Dvel-i Muazzama denilen bubyk Avrupa devletleri arasnda Avrupa veya dnya hkimiyetikonularnda o u zaman bir rekabet oldu u iin, ark Meselesikonusundaki gr alar da bu rekabetten etkilenmekteydi. Bu sebeple,bu devletlerin ark Meselesi hakkndaki politikalar, zaman iindede i iklikler gstermi tir.

XVIII. yzyldan itibaren Osmanl Devletine kar Avusturya ilee itli ittifaklar iine giren Rusya, Osmanl Devletini paralamak ve

scak denizlere inmek gayesini gdyordu. Rusyann gneye inmesinikarlarna uygun bulmayan ngiltere ise Osmanl Devletinin gszolmasn, fakat varl n srdrmesini kendi menfaatleri asndan uygungryordu. 1821 ylnda Morada meydana gelen Yunan ayaklanmasnakadar Osmanl Devletinin toprak btnl n koruma politikasnsrdren ngiltere, bu olaylardan sonra politika de i tirerek, isyanc Rumlar desteklemeye ba lam tr. nk ngilterenin Yunan meselesineseyirci kalmas, Rusyann Yunanistan zerinde nfuz sahibi olmas ve Akdenize rahata inmesi anlamna geliyordu. Bu blgede sz sahibiolmak isteyen ngilterenin, insiyatifi tamamen Ruslara kaptrmamak iin

Yunanllara destek olmas ve daha aktif davranmas gerekmi tir. Balkanlara ynelik yaylmac bir politika takip eden Avusturya ve

Rusya ise, XVIII. yzyln ikinci yarsndan itibaren Rumlar arasndaba mszlk d ncesini prati e geirerek, aktif hale getirmeye gayret sarfetmi lerdir. Ruslar, 1768-1774 Osmanl-Rus Sava nda, Osmanl Devletini iten vurmak ve paralamak maksadyla Balkanlarda ve

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Moradaki Ortodoks halk isyana te vik etmi lerdi. Ayrca, arieKaterinann Ortodoks Slavlar ve Rumlar Osmanl idaresindenkurtaracak Grek Projesi ile de, Bizans yeniden diriltmek istemi lerdir.

Tepedelenli Ali Pa a ile stanbul arasndaki anla mazl frsat bilen Rumlar, 1821de ayaklanm lar, bu isyan te ebbs Osmanl Devleti tarafndan Msr Valisi Mehmed Ali Pa ann da yardmylabastrlm tr. Mehmed Ali Pa a gibi gl bir komutan ve idarecinin, Akdenizin kilit blgesinde bulunmasndan rahatszlk duyan ngiltere,Fransa ve Rusya devletleri gnderdikleri ortak donanma ile Navarin Limannda bekleyen Osmanl donanmasn, hibir sava durumu yokken, beklenmedik bir baskn sonucu tamamen yakm lardr. Bubaskn, Osmanl Devleti asndan ok a r kayp ve zararlara sebepolmu tur.

Navarin felketinden sonra, Rusyann Osmanl Devletine ynelik basklarn ve tehditlerini artrmas, Osmanl Devletinin bu lkeye sava amasna sebep olmu tur. 1828de yaplan Osmanl-Rus Sava sonucunda, Osmanl ordular do uda ve batda yenilgiler alm ; busava n sonunda 1829da imzalanan Edirne Antla mas ile Osmanl Devleti Yunanistann ba mszl n tanmak zorunda kalm tr.

Rumlar, Yunan devletinin kurulmasndan sonra da Megali deann gerekle mesini d politika hedefleri olarak belirlemi lerdir.Yunanllarn gemi te ya am olduklar iddia edilen topraklar elegeirip, ba kent stanbul olmak zere, eski Bizans diriltmek eklindehayal ettikleri Megali dea, Rumlar yaylmac bir politikaya sevk etmi tir.

Yunanistann Megali deay uygulamas blgedeki dengeleri alt st edebilirdi. Hatt byk devletlerden birisini yanna ald takdirde,bu devletin nfuz alann di erlerinin aleyhine geni letmesi, sadece yeniele geen blgeyi etkilemekle kalmayp, Avrupadaki kuvvet dengelerinide bozabilirdi. Bu sebeple; ngiltere, Fransa ve Rusya, de i enmilletleraras artlarda Yunanistan bir piyon gibi kullanm lar, fakat kontrolsz brakmam lardr.

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Ancak, Megali dea politikas do rultusunda Yunanistann gerek Mslman Trk halkna, gerekse Balkanlarn di er gayri mslimtopluluklarna uygulad bask ve mezlime ve i ledi i bu insanlk suuna, batl dostlar da seyirci ve hatt ortak olmu lardr.

lk Rum isyanndan itibaren, Mora, Attika, Teselya, Girit ve di er Ege adalarndan, Rum nfusunun ok zerinde bir Trk nfusu yerinden yurdundan atlm tr. Kymlar, gler ve nfus mbadelesi olmasayd,bugn Yunanistanda Yunan nfusundan daha fazla Trk nfusubulunacakt. Nitekim, Trklerin bu blgelerden plnl ve sistemli bir ekilde karlmas ve mezlime maruz braklmas ile Rumlar iin yenibir Hayat sahas meydana getirilmek istenmi tir.

Yunanistan, Trklerin nfusu hakknda rakam vermemektedir. Ancak, 1923 ylnda Lozan Antla masnn imzaland tarihte Trklerinnfusu 130 bin idi. Yllk nfus art nn % 2.8 oldu u esas alnrsa,bugn Yunanistandaki nfusun 500 bin olmas gerekmektedir. Aradaki350 bin fark, Yunan asimilasyonu sonucu yurt d na kan ve geridnmesine izin verilmeyenlerle, arazisi e itli sebeplerle ellerindenalnarak i blgelere ge zorlanan ve buralarda i bulma vaadi vee itli basklarla Yunanla trlmak istenenlerdir.

1953 ylnda Bat Trakya arazisinin % 84 Trk aznl a ait iken,istimlkler, Osmanl tapularnn kabul edilmemesi ve benzeri yollarla buoran bugn % 20-30a d rlm tr.

Bat Trakyann 27 Mays 1919da Neuilly Antla mas ileYunanistana verilmesinden bu yana, Yunanistann Trkler zerindekibask ve asimilasyonu, 76 seneden beri her an biraz daha iddetleartarak devam etmektedir.

Yunanistanda ya ayan Mslman Trkn maruz brakld bask,mezlim ve hakszlklar u ekilde sralamak mmkndr:

Trk Trke mal satamaz, birbirlerinden mlk edinemezler.

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Buna kar lk Trkiye, 24 Temmuz 1923 tarihli Lozan Antla mas ileaznlk statsn onaylayarak, Rumlara, Trk vatanda larnn sahipoldu u ferd hak ve hrriyetlerin tamamn kullandrm tr.

Rum asll vatanda larmz, bugn Trkiye Cumhuriyeti Devletinin yksek gvencesi altnda olup, her trl hukuk haklarn serbestekullanmaktadrlar. Eskiden oldu u gibi, lkenin varlkl vatanda larolup, her mesle i serbest bir ekilde yapabilmektedirler. Kendiinanlarna gre, kiliselerinde ibadetlerini yapmakta, kendi okullarndakendi dilleri ile e itim grmekte, kendi dillerinden yaynlar yapmakta,sosyal ve kltrel faaliyetlerini srdrmektedirler. zetle, Rumvatanda lar, Trk vatanda larnn sahip olduklar btn haklardan e it ekilde yararlanmaktadrlar.

*

Bilinmelidir ki, Trkn tarih boyunca, gerek Balkanlarda gerekse Anadoluda maruz kald Yunan mezlimini grmezlikten gelmek,hakkn ve adaletin btnn ldrr.

Trk milleti olarak, kan dvs gtmek, intikam almak gibihareketlere ba vurmak, inancmza da, tarih eref ve asletimize de yara maz; ancak hakikatleri ortaya koymak, unutulmamaldr ki, mill,insan ve ayn zamanda bir ilm vazife ve mkellefiyettir.

Devlet Ar ivleri Genel Mdrl nce yaynlanan, Ar iv Belgelerine Gre Balkanlarda ve Anadoluda Yunan Mezlimi adlal mada, Megali deay gerekle tirebilmek iin hareket eden Rumlarn Balkanlarda ve Anadoluda plnl olarak Ulah, Bulgar,

Makedon, Srp ve Mslman Trk nfusunu yok etme al malar, yaptklar mezlim belgeleriyle ortaya konulmaktadr. Eser,"Balkanlar'da Yunan Mezlimi" ve "Anadolu'da Yunan Mezlimi" olmak zere, iki cilt olarak hazrlanm tr.

Bu eserin birinci cildinde, 1853-1925 tarihleri arasndaki olaylaraait 133 belge yer alm tr. Bu belgelerin, Rumlarn, Mslman

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Trklerden ba ka, kendileriyle ayn dinden olan Balkanlarn di er etnik unsurlarna kar yrtt bask, hakszlk ve mezlimleri de ortayakoymas dikkat ekicidir.

Eser ana blmden meydana gelmektedir:

Birinci blmde, Yunan mezliminin hangi artlarda gerekle ti iniortaya koyan ve Trk-Yunan mnasebetlerinin tarihesinden bahsedenGiri ksm yer almaktadr.

kinci blmde, Belgelerin zet ve transkripsiyonlar, yer, ahsve messese adlarna ait ndeks ve Giri ksm iin faydalanlankaynaklarn verildi i Bibliyografya blmleri bulunmaktadr.

Belgeler kendi ierisinde Gayri Mslimlere Yaplan Mezlim veMslmanlara Yaplan Mezlim ba lklar altnda iki ksmaayrlm tr.

Bu blmde, nce belgelere, kronolojik sraya uygun olarak belgesra numaras ve belgenin muhtevasn ifade eden bir ba lk, daha sonrada k eli parantez iinde italik yaz ile belgelerin zeti verilmi tir.

zetin altnda belgenin tarihi bulunmaktadr. Daha sonra, belgelerintranskripsiyonuna yer verilmi tir. Orijinal metindeki harf ve heced klkleri k eli parantez iinde gsterilmi tir.

Belgelerin sralan nda oldu u gibi, ayn belgenin iindekivesikalarn sralan nda da kronolojik sra gzetilmi olup,transkripsiyon ve fotokopiler de bu sraya gre dizilmi tir.

nc blmde ise, belgelerin fotokopileri bulunmaktadr. Bublmdeki belge numaralar ile ikinci blmde yer alan belgenumaralar birbirinin ayndr. Her iki blmde de belge numaras vezet ba lklar ayn tarzda verilmi tir. Belge fotokopisinin hemen altnda,belgenin kimli i olarak vasflandrlabilecek referanslar yer almaktadr. Bu referanslar, belgenin Ba bakanlk Devlet Ar ivleri Genel Mdrl Osmanl Ar ivinde hangi fonda bulundu unu, dosya ve gmlek numaralarn gstermektedir. ok sayfal belgelerde, referans en sonsayfann alt ksmnda verilmi tir. Eserin ikinci cildini te kil eden

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"Anadolu'da Yunan Mezlimi" adl al ma da, en ksa zamanda ilimevrelerinin dikkat ve yararlanmasna sunulacaktr.

*

Takdir edilece i zere, tarihin gerek bilgileri ilk elden orijinalkaynaklara, yani ar iv belgelerine dayanr. Belgesiz tarih yazlamaz veolaylarn gerek ynleri gn na karlmaz.

Ar iv belgeleri olmadan ve bilinmeden, varsaymlarla tarih yazmak,belirli bir devir hakknda hkm vermek, bir devri veya olaylarde erlendirmek, tarih biliminin gerekti i tarafszl a ve ilm objektifli es maz.

Konusunda byk bir bo lu u dolduracak olan bu ar ivbelgelerinin ne re hazrlanmasnda eme i geen Ba bakanlk Devlet Ar ivleri Genel Mdrl Osmanl Ar ivi Daire Ba kanl personelinitebrik ediyorum.

Bu vesileyle al malarmzda her trl te vik ve deste i bizlerdenesirgemeyen Ba bakanlk Mste ar V. Sayn Ali Naci TUNCERe ve Mste ar Yardmclar Sayn Kadir GNAY ve Sayn O uz TEZMENete ekkrlerimizi sunmay grev biliyorum.

Eserin, tarih hakikatlerin ilmin nda aydnlanmasna yardmcve ilgililere al malarnda yararl olmas en samimi dile imizdir.

6 Haziran 1995

smet B NARK Devlet Ar ivleri Genel Mdr

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F O R E W O R D

What are the secrets that put the Turks on the stage of history withthe creative and compounding conscience in the culture and civilization

they reached, especially during the Ottoman centuries, and the secretsthat made this possible? To find this spell is not only important for the past but it is also important and necessary for the present and the future. It is necessary because as long as the code for this spell is not deciphered it will not be possible to find the key to the future of theTurks.

As a nation we should not consider these historical events whichhave completed their age and are left to the memory of history as past events which have completed their function. These are facts which we asa nation should be consider with great attention and conscience becausethey may constitute the basis of the future. One should not forget that thecouple of words to be whispered in the ears of the future is hidden in thedeepness of the treasury of history.

The Ottoman Turkish entity has been a creator of a civilization and aconquering nation attracting attention and many times the anxiety and fear of the whole world by creating a new season, a new geography and a horizon of a new civilization to this very old nation having a past of four thousand years, with which a magnificent future has been provided for the fate of the Turks.

It is inevitable for our nation to mirror the truth, which we dreadlyneed to know and to understand, and to appraise the real facts.

Turkish history would be no more, than political and military tides if when determining the place in history of the Seljuks and the OttomanEmpire only political and military developments would be stated without

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mentioning the civil, moral and social developments and the character and importance of the organization, style and harmony brought to theworld civilization.

Although the Ottoman State was established according to principlesof military regimes its history has not been written with the wide borderson the world geography determined with swords and bayonets; instead it is possible to find the reasonable, just, tolerant and moral sultanateestablished by Turkish intelligence and civilization on the world.

The reasons for the magic rise during the progress of Ottomancenturies should not be sought only in the policies and military forces, it should also be sought from the administrative, legal, economic, moral,religious, social, esthetic and cultural points of views.

*

The Ottoman State occupies a very important and special placeamong the big states which have been established during the world history and which have been influential on the direction of historybecause it has dominated three continents covering peoples of variousraces, religions, languages, traditions and customs and in this wealthyand colourful cultural structure it has ruled for more than six centuries.

Osman Gazi, the founder of this state, and his successors have allapplied the administration based on justice, tolerance and equitybecause they were grown up with the discipline, style and educationwhich has been tried to be explained above. For this reason the peopleswith various religions and races accepted the just administration of theOttomans. This made it possible for an Ottoman province in Anatolia tobecome a worldwide state. The Ottoman State has with its peculiar organizations established an excellent method of administration whichhas lasted for many centuries, has given the people living on its territorythe right to live on their land and has not applied any social, religious or cultural pressure. These people were not forced to become Muslim or Turkish.

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The non-muslims living in peace in the Ottoman State did not only protect their racial and religious identity they also lived conveniently incomparison with the muslims because they were extensively occupied with trade which was under their dominance. While the muslim Turkshad to render military service, non-muslims did not in return for a tax of military exemption (bedel-i askeriye) which eased them to become prominent in all branches of trade.

*

When examining the whole history of the Ottoman centuries one canobserve in every period the just and tender administration of theOttomans. The Turkish state tradition has always been fair and equal.The Turks have been reasonable, fair, and tender towards the peoplesunder their patronage and have never applied colonization policies.

Tolerance, which is an important factor in Turkish-Islam statetradition, made the peoples in the Ottoman State live together in peaceand prosperity which has not been achieved by any state throughout history. The Ottoman State has continued this for many centuries

without, according to their policy, using methods or ways of indoctrination or in other words socialization and without assimilatingthe minorities as the big states did.

In every period, wherever Turks have gone, they have rescued people, provided justice, established civilizations and brought freedom.The Turkish archives are the living evidence of this.

*

The Greeks had a more special place in the Ottoman State in

comparison with the other non-muslim peoples. As it is known, after the IV th Crusade (1204), the dominance of the Aegean region moved fromthe Byzantine Empire to the Venetian State. Hereupon the OrthodoxGreeks confronted many difficulties due to the religious intolerance and the severe attitude and behaviour of the Catholic Venetians. So they did not hesitate to prefer the just and fair Ottoman administration whichlater dominated this region.

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Wars with Venetia, starting during the period of Sultan Mehmet theConqueror, gave an end to the Venetian naval superiority in the Mediterranean and the places in the East of the Mediterranean left bythe Genioses and the Venetians were first filled with the settlement of theOttoman Greeks. The Ottoman administration did not even neglect totake measures encouraging the Greeks to be occupied with trade. Themost obvious example of this is the fact that in the Aegean islands asmall amount of tax was collected.

After the conquest of stanbul Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror gavethe Greeks who lived here the right to choose their own patriarchs and the Greek Orthodox Church had the privilege to solve problems relatingto their religious and private legal matters. Besides, the Greeks weremany times appointed to important posts such as the post of Imperialtranslator or governor of the province called Walachia-Moldavia.

Although the Greeks had privileges and were appointed to important posts in the Ottoman State during many centuries they rebelled and betrayed the Ottomans at the first opportunity with the support of theEuropean big states that used them as tools. The European big stateshave played an important role in the development of such discriminatingideas among the Greeks.

The Greeks met with the idea of nationalism put forward with theFrench Revolution when Napoleon occupied the Ionic Islands. Between1800-1807 the Ionic Islands gained the status of being an independent state under the security of Russia after which the idea of nationalismdeeply spread among the Greeks by the efforts of the Russians. Nevertheless, Russia first had Serbia gain its autonomy with the Bucharest Agreement in 1812 and waited for the suitable conditions to

have the Greeks rebel.The influential activities of a secret revolutionary organization

called Filiki Eterya established in this period started to make plans for rebellion among the Greeks against the Ottoman State. On the other hand, the European public opinion extensively believed that ancient Greece was the cradle of European civilization and European

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intellectuals started to be more interested with the culture of ancient Greece. This interest changed to admiration for Greece and prepared theEuropean public opinion to show interest in the future of the Greeks.

The Greek rebellion, thus the Greek demands should be dealt with asa part of the Oriental Question. As it is known, the essence of theOriental Question is the idea to move the Turks out of Europe and Anatolia. The term Oriental Question, which takes place in theterminology of political history, means the efforts of the Western states tobreak down the Ottoman State. It should be known that the source of theGreek matter is an international strategy called the Oriental Question just like it was with the Armenian question. That is why the provocationsof the minorities in the Ottoman State for discriminating purposes and the efforts to encourage the rebellions should be evaluated within theOriental Question. The big European states called the Great Powers usually were in competition concerning the dominance of Europe or the world. So their opinions about the Oriental Questionwere under the influence of this competition. Consequently the policiesof these states concerning the Oriental Question have changed from

time to time.Since the XVIII th century Russia had various alliances with Austria

against the Ottoman State with the aim to break down the Ottoman Stateand to reach warm waters. England considered Russias move to thesouth unagreeble with its own interests and wanted for its own benefit the Ottoman State to weaken but to continue its existence. England continued its policy to protect the territorial unity of the Ottoman Stateuntil the Greek upheaval in Mora in 1821. After these events it changed its policy and started to support the rebelling Greeks because if England would ignore the Greek question Russia could be influential on Greeceand thus be able to move easily to the Mediterranean. England that wanted to be dominant in this region had to support the Greeks and to bemore actively so not to leave the initiative only to Greece.

Austria and Russia followed a spreading policy in the Balkans and starting from the XVIII th century they put into practice the idea of

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independence among the Greeks and spent effort to activate this. The Russians had encouraged during the Ottoman-Russo War between 1768-1774 the Orthodox people in Mora and the Balkans to rebel so to strikethe Ottoman State internally and to break it down. Besides, they wanted to revive the Byzantine Empire with the Greek Project of CzarinaKaterina so to save the Orthodox Slavs and Greeks from the Ottomanadministration.

The Greeks taking advantage of the disputes between Tepedelenli AliPasha and stanbul upheaveled in 1821; this rebellion attempt wassuppressed by the Ottoman State with help of the Governor of Egypt Mehmed Ali Pasha. England, France and Russia were irritated of the presence of Mehmed Ali Pasha, being a powerful commander and administrator, at an important position in the Mediterranean and sent ancorporate navy to the Navarin Harbour to organize a unexpended attack to the Ottoman Navy although there was no state of war and burnt thewhole naval force. This attack had caused considerable losses and damages regarding the Ottoman State.

Following the Navarin disaster, Russia increasingly oppressed and threatened the Ottoman State. After the Ottoman-Russo War in 1828 theOttoman armies were defeated in the east and the west and at the end of this war the Ottoman State had to recognize the independence of Greecewith the Edirne Agreement signed in 1829.

After the establishment of Greece the Greeks continued their foreign policy objectives to realize the Megali Idea. Megali Idea isimagined as the revival of the old Byzantine Empire with stanbul as thecapital city by recapturing the territory claimed to be inhabited by theGreeks in the past. This imagination has directed the Greeks to follow

their spreading police. If Greece would apply its Megali Idea the stabilities in this region

would be upside down. Moreover, if Greece would be supported by oneof the big states, this state would expand its area of power on thedisadvantage of the other states. This situation would not only influencethe captured region but it would also disturb the balance of powers in

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Europe. Consequently England, France and Russia used Greece for their interests under changing international conditions, but never left Greeceout of control.

Nevertheless, the western friends of Greece have not reacted to,instead corporated with the human crimes, the violences and crueltiesapplied by the Greeks according to the policy of Megali Idea to boththe Muslim Turks and to the other non-muslim peoples in the Balkans.

Starting from the first Greek rebellion a number of population muchhigher than that of the Greek population have been banished from Mora, Attika, Teselia, Crete, and other Aegean islands. If there had not occurred any genocide, migration or exchange of population the number of Turkish population would be much higher than that of the Greeks inGreece today. The planned and systematic banishment of the Turks fromthese regions and the violences and cruelties the Turks have been subject to are carried out to establish a new Area of Life for the Greeks.

Greece does not give any number about the Turkish population. However, when the Lausanne Agreement was signed in 1923 the

population of the Turks was 130 thousand. If one accepts a yearlyincrease of 2.8%, the population should be around 500 thousand. Thedifference of 350 thousand between these two numbers is because of those Turks who went abroad due to the assimilation and were not permitted to come back, or who were forced to migrate because their land were taken from them for various reasons or who became Greek byvarious oppressions or with the promise to be employed.

In 1953, 84% of the land in Western Thrace belonged to the Turkishminority, however this percentage had decreased to 20-30% today due tolegal expropriation, the refusal of Ottoman land deeds and other similar reasons.

Since Western Thrace has been appointed to Greece with the Neuilly Agreement signed on 27 May 1919 the pressure on and assimilation of the Turks in Greece has increasingly been continuing for 76 years.

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It is possible to list the pressure, violence and injustices which the Muslim Turks suffer in Greece as follows:

Turks cannot sell goods to Turks, they cannot buy property fromeachother.

Property of the Greeks is five times more valuable than that of the Turks,so the property of the Turks are tried to be taken over for whatever price.

Education of Turkish children is limited in every way.

Pious foundations, their goods and their real estates are seized.

The Greeks are given unlimited credit to ease the purchase of Turkish property.

The Turkish youth is prevented from attending sportive and culturalactivities.

Turkish young people who are forced to render military service in theGreek army, are faced with behaviour dishonouring Turkish proud.

Turks are not allowed to perform traditional weddings. They cannot freely live according to their traditions and customs.

Families are forced to send little Muslim Turkish children to thekindergartens established in the villages with the aim to Christianisethem.

On the other hand, although it has partially been provided that the peoples except the Muslim Turks, Pomaks and Gypsies were attached tothe Orthodox sect and were joined with the support of the church, stillsome people of Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Albanian and Cretian

source were secretly carrying out activities for their independence; as it has been in the past these people have been facing various oppressionsand injustices.

To sum up, in Greece it is forbidden to live as a Turk or to speak Turkish. Our descendants of a family that came in with the conquest areunlucky to live under the tyrannic Greek administration which has

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accepted it as a rule to hate the Turks; still they have succeeded to protect in spite of all the oppressions their national culture and existencealthough they have not been able to protect their independence.

*

On the other hand, the Treaty of Lausanne signed on 24 July 1923,Turkey accepted the status of minorities and gave the Greeks all theindividual rights and freedom equal to the Turks.

Our citizens of Greek origin are under the high security of the stateand they are free to use all their legal rights. As it has been in the past,they are the wealthy citizens of the country and are occupied in every profession. The Greek citizens are praying in churches according totheir own beliefs, are educated in their own schools and language, are preparing publications in their own language, and are continuing their social and cultural activities. To sum up, Greek citizens are equallybenefitting from all the rights given to the Turks.

*

It should be known that ignoring the Greek cruelties to which theTurks, both in the Balkans and in Anatolia, have been subject tothroughout history will kill the entity of right and justice.

Our religious belief, our historical honour and our nobility refrainthe Turkish people to have blood feuds, to murder and to take revenge;however revealing the truth is a national, human and scientific duty and responsibility.

This work, which is called Greek Violences and Cruelties in the Balkans and Anatolia According to Archives published by the General Directorate of the State Archives puts forward on the basis of records thecruelties and the planned annihilation attempts applied by the Greeks tothe Wallachian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian and Muslim Turkish population in the Balkans and Anatolia in order to realize the Megali Idea.This work consist of two volumes as "Greek Violences and

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Cruelties in the Balkans" and "Greck Violences and Cruelties in Anatolia".

The first volume of this work includes 133 records relating to eventsbetween 1853-1925. It is interesting that these records reveal theoppression, injustice and cruelties of the Greeks applied not only to the Muslim Turks but also to the other ethnic entities in the Balkans who areof the same religion.

This work consists of three main chapters:

The first chapter is the Introduction part which explains thehistory of the Turkish-Greek relations and reveals the conditions inwhich the Greek cruelties occurred.

The second chapter consists of the Transcriptions and summaries of the records, the Index listing the names of the places, persons and organizations and the Bibliography giving the utilized sources in theIntroduction part.

The records are divided among themselves under the headings called

Cruelties and Violences Applied to the Non-Muslims and Crueltiesand Violences Applied to the Muslims.

In this chapter, the records are first given a record number according to their chronological order and a summary headingexplaining the content of the record. Next the summaries are givenwithin square parantheses printed in italic. Under the summary the dateof the record can be found. Following this, the transcriptions of therecords take place. Letter and syllable droppings in the original text areshown in square parantheses.

As it has been in the order of the records, records consisting of morethan one page have also been organized chronological; transcriptionsand photocopies are in the same order, too.

In the third chapter, there are the photocopies of the records. Therecord numbers in this part and those in the second chapter are thesame. The record number and the summary headings are given

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according to the same method. Right under the photocopies of therecords there are references which may be, in a way, identified as theidentity of the record. These references show the fond and the filenumber of the record in the Prime Ministry General Directorate of theState Archives Directorate of Ottoman Archives. In the case of recordsconsisting of more than one page the reference is given at the bottom of the last page.The second volume of this work called "Greek Violencesand Cruelties in Anatolia" willbe presented as soon possible to theattention and use of cireles of ..............?......

As it will be appreciated, true information about history depends on first - hand sources or archival records. Without archives history cannot be written and the real aspects of the events cannot be made known.

It does not suit to the objectivity required by history and science towrite histories, to decide on a certain period and to evaluate a period or events based on hypotheses without using and knowing archives.

I congratulate the personnel of the General Directorate of the State Archives Directorate of Ottoman Archives who have spent effort to prepare these archival records for publication which will fill in a biggap in this field.

On this occasion, I would like to thank the Prime Ministry ActingUndersecretary Ali Naci TUNCER and the Deputy UndersecretariesKadir GNAY and O uz TEZMEN who supported and encouraged us inour activities.

We wish that this work will be helpful in revealing the historical

truth in the light of science and will be useful in the work of thoseinterested.

6 June 1995

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smet B NARK

General Director of the State Archives

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K I S A L T M A L A R

M. MuharremS. SaferRa. Rebu'l-EvvelR. Rebu'l-hirCa. Cemziye'l-EvvelC. Cemziye'l-hirB. Receb. abnN. RamaznL. evvlZa. Zi'l-kadeZ. Zi'l-hicceA. MKT. UM. Sadret Mektb Umm Vilyetb. bin, ibnBCA. Babakanlk Cumhuriyet Arivibk. baknzBOA. Babakanlk Osmanl Arivif. iftlik

DH. EUM. 3.b. Dhiliye Emniyet-i Ummyye 3.beDH. KMS. Dhiliye Kalem-i MahssHR. SYS. Hriciye Siyasik. karyeks. kasabakz. kazam. mahallen. nahiyenu. numaras. sayfasn. sancakTFR. 1 A. Teft t- Rumeli Sadret

TFR. 1 KV. Teft t- Rumeli KosovaTFR. 1 M. Teft t- Rumeli MteferrikTFR. 1 MN. Teft t- Rumeli ManastrTFR. 1 SL. Teft t- Rumeli SelanikTFR. 1 UM. Teft t- Rumeli Umm VilyetY. PRK. HR. Yldz Perakende HriciyeY. PRK. ZB. Yldz Perakende Zabtiye

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N D E K L E R

Sayfa

NSZ .............................................................................................................. V

PREFACE......................................................................................................................................................................... IX

SUNU ...........................................................................................................XIII

FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................................................. XXVII

KISALTMALAR........................................................................................................................................................ XLI

NDEKLER ............................................................................................................................................................. XLIII

I. BLM

G R

Giri .................................................................................................................. 3

I- Osmanldresinde Rumlar........................................................................................................................... 6

1- Din ve Eitim Hrriyeti................................................................................................................... 6

2- Ticaret Hrriyeti.................................................................................................................................... 9

II- Yunan syan ve Yunanistan Devleti'nin Kurulmas............................................................... 10

1- Milliyetilik Akmnn Rumlar Arasnda Yaylmas................................................ 10

2- Filiki Eterya'nn Kurulmas ve Faaliyetleri...................................................................... 11

3- Tepedelenli Ali Paa'nn syan ................................................................................................. 124- Rum syannn Balamas ve Gelimesi.............................................................................. 13

a- Eflak-Budan syan.................................................................................................................... 13

b- Mora syan ........................................................................................................................................ 13

5- D mdhaleler ve Yunanistan Devleti'nin Kurulmas......................................... 14


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III- Megalidea veya Helen Emperyalizmi............................................................................................ 17

1- Girit Meselesi........................................................................................................................................... 17

a- Girit syanlar (1821-1877).................................................................................................... 17

b- Girit'te 1877'den Sonraki Durum...................................................................................... 21

2-Yunanistan ile Snr Anlamazl ............................................................................................ 22

3- 1897 Trk-Yunan Sava ................................................................................................................ 24

a- Sava Hazrlayan Olaylar........................................................................................................ 24

b- Savan Safhalar........................................................................................................................... 27

c- stanbul Konferans ve Bar Antlamas ................................................................... 284- Girit'i Yunanistan'a Balama Giriimleri........................................................................... 29

5- Gudi Darbesi ve Elefterios Venizelos'unktidara Gelmesi................................ 31

IV- Balkan Savalar ................................................................................................................................................. 34

1- Balkan Devletleri Arasnda Birlik Kurulmas............................................................... 34

2- Birinci Balkan Sava (1912-1913)........................................................................................ 35

3- Londra Antlamas (30 Mays 1913)..................................................................................... 36

4- kinci Balkan Sava (1913) ........................................................................................................ 37

5- Avrupa Devletlerinin Ege Adalar zerine Planlar................................................. 38

V- Birinci Dnya Sava ve Yunanistan'n Savaa Katlmas................................................. 40

1- Paris Bar Konferans vezmir'in Yunanllar Tarafndanstilas ................ 41

2- Bat Anadolu'nun Yunanllar Tarafndanstilas ve Sevr Antlamas 43

3- Birinci nn Muharebesi ve Londra Konferans (21ubat-12 Mart1921) ............................................................................................................................................................. 45

4- kinci nn Muharebesi................................................................................................................. 46

5- Sakarya Meydan Muharebesi...................................................................................................... 47

6- Byk Taarruz......................................................................................................................................... 48

VI-Genel Deerlendirme....................................................................................................................................... 501- Gayr-i Mslimlere Ynelik Saldrlar.................................................................................. 50

2- Trklere Ynelik Saldrlar........................................................................................................... 53

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II. BLMBELGELERN ZET VE TRANSKRPS YONU

A- GAYR- MSLMLERE YAPILAN MEZLM1 Rumlarn Akhisar'daki Protestanlara Bask Yaptklar....................................... 61

2 Yunan Askerlerinin Palama Kynden Bir Kiiyi ldrp Drt KiiyiYaraladklar.................................................................................................................................. 61

3 Korfu'da Bir Kz ocuunun Hamursuz Bayram'nda KatledilmesiSebebiyle Yahudilerin, Yunanllarn Saldrlarndan Kurtulmakinstanbul veskenderiye Gibi Yerlere G Ettikleri ........................................ 63

4 Kesriye Rum Metrepolidi ile Emrindeki Silahl Rumlarnki BulgarKilisesini Cebren gal Ettikleri ..................................................................................... 64

5 Bulgarlarn Rum Kilisesine Girmeleriin Rum Ekylarnn BiriBulgar Papaz Olmak zereki Kiiyi Katledip Bulgar AhaliyeBask Yaptklar.......................................................................................................................... 65

6 Kesriye'de Rum Ekysnn Be Bulgar ldrdkleri ...................................... 67

7 Selanik'in Davud- Bl Kyn Basan Rum etesininki Bulgar Ar

ekilde Yaraladklar.............................................................................................................. 698 Rum Eky etelerinin Yunan Hkmeti'nce Silahlandrlp

Korunduu ve Rum Kyllerin etelere Yardm Ettikleri ...................... 71

9 Yunan Zabiti Dimitri Vasendi'nin Etrafna Toplad Eky ile RumeliVilyetlerinde Karklk kartmakin Hazrlklar Yapt ................ 80

10 Ulah-Rum Gerginliinden Dolay Ulahlarn Daha Fazla Osmanl AskeriTalep Ettikleri ............................................................................................................................... 81

11 Rum Ekysnn Florina'nn Srebreno Kyne Saldrarak KatlimYaptklar.......................................................................................................................................... 82

12 Yunan Ekysnn Karaferye'nin Baraynie iftlii'ne Saldrarak On Kiiyi Katlettikleri ............................................................................................................ 83

13 Karaferye Civarndaki Ulahlara Kar Rum Ekysnn SaldrlardaBulunduklar ................................................................................................................................... 85

14 Kesriye Blgesinde etelerin Halka Yaptklar SaldrlarnEngellenmesiin Seyyar Mfreze Kurulmas ................................................. 87

15 Rum Eky etesinin Bir Papaz Yaralayp Bir Bulgar KilisesindekiBulgarca Kitaplar Yaktklar ........................................................................................... 89

BelgeSra Nu. Sayfa

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16 Rum Eky etesinin Karaferye'nin Banesne iftlii'ni Basarak kiKiiyi Katlettikleri .................................................................................................................... 90

17 Grice'de Rum Ekysnn Palaskulbeleri Kyn Basarak UlahKilisesindeki Kitaplar Yaktklar ve Ulaha Ayin YaplmamasKonusunda Halk Tehdit Ettikleri ................................................................................ 92

18 Gevgili'ye Bal Moin Kynden Drt Bulgarn Rum EkysTarafndan Kesilerek Katledildii ............................................................................... 93

19 Rum ken Bulgarl Seen Bir Kiinin Rum Ekylarnca ldrlpBir Kiinin de Yaraland ................................................................................................. 94

20 Patrikhanenin Emriyle Grice Rum Metrepolidinin Nfus SaymndaUlah ve Arnavudlarn Rum Olarak Yazlmamalar Halinde AfarozEdileceklerini Belirttii ........................................................................................................ 95

21 Yunan Eky etelerinin Ulahlara Yaptklar Tehdit ve Tecvzler 96

22 Rum Eky etesinin Armancka'da Bulgar Kilisesine Saldrarak Kitapve Evrak Yaktklar ................................................................................................................ 97

23 Aydos Kyne Giren Rum Eky etesinin Sekiz Ev ve Bir DkkanYakp, Bir Bulgar ldrd ........................................................................................ 98

24 Manastr'da Ulahlara Ait Mabedinnasn Durdurmak MaksadylaRum Ekylarnn Ulah Halka Taarruz Ettii ................................................... 99

25 Yunan Ekysnn Ulahlara Ynelik Saldrlarna Ait Liste........................... 100

26 Florina'nn Nolyan- Bl Kynde Bir Dn Evine Saldran RumEkysnn Evi Atee Verip ou Kadn ve ocuk On KiiyiKatledip Alt Kiiyi Yaraladklar ............................................................................... 104

27 Rum etelerinin Grebene'nin Avrala Kynde Ulahlara Ait EvleriAtee Verdikleri ......................................................................................................................... 105

28 Yunan etelerinin Rumeli'deki Bulgar ve Ulahlara Kar YaptklarSaldrlarn Son Gnlerde Artt ................................................................................. 106

29 Rum Ekysnn Bulgarlara, Rum Patrikhanesi'nentisab EtmeleriinBask Yaptklar .......................................................................................................................... 107

30 On Be Kiilik Bir Rum etesinin Grebene'nin Perul KyndekiUlahn Evini Yaktklar ........................................................................................................ 108

31 Drt Bulgar ldrp kisini de Yaralayan Rum EkysnnYakalanarak Tutukland .................................................................................................. 109

32 Horpete'nin Ezere Kyne Gelen Yunan Ekysnn YaktSamanlklarda Bir Kiinin ld .............................................................................. 110

33 Rum ve Ulahlar Arasndaki Gerginlie Metrepolidin Sebeb Olduu vedaresindeki Manastr Rum Hastanesi'nde Rum Ekysnn Tedavi

Edildii .............................................................................................................................................. 111

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34 Kuruova Rum Cemaatinden Alt Kiinin Ulahlara Saldrd ...................... 114

35 Karaferye'de Ayamarin iftlii'ni Basan Rum Ekysnn Bir Bulgarldrerek Katklar ................................................................................................................ 115

36 Halk Bulgar Olan Urla Kyne Saldran Rum Eky etesinin kiBulgar Katlettii ........................................................................................................................ 116

37 Karaferye'ye Tabi Bulgar Kylerinde Rum Eky etelerinin KatlimYaptklar .......................................................................................................................................... 117

38 Polete Kynden Kiinin Rum Ekys Tarafndan ldrld... 121

39 Yenice'de Drt Bulgar ile Ulahn Rum Ekys Tarafndan Katle-dildikleri ............................................................................................................................................ 122

40 Bir Rum etesinihbar Ettiinden Dolay Gevgili'de Ulah BekininRum Papaz ve Yandalar Tarafndan Ar ekilde Dvld 123

41 Selanik'in Yaylac iftlii'nin Rum Ekys Tarafndan Baslarak BirEvin Bombaland ve ki Kiinin Yaraland .................................................. 125

42 Rum Ekysnn Kaymakalan'da Bulgar oban Katlettikleri ........... 126

43 Rum Komitelerinin Manastr'a Bal Kylerden On Drt Bulgarldrmekstedikleri ................................................................................................................ 127

44 Ulahlarla Meskn Patocin Kynde On Hane ile Yavoriyan iftlii'ninRum Ekysnca Yakld ................................................................................................ 128

45 Yunan etelerinin, Halk Bulgar Olan Horpete'nin Ezere KynBasarak Ahalisini Zorla Rumlatrmak Maksadyla KatlimYaptklar .......................................................................................................................................... 130

46 Drama Rum Metrepolidinin Arnavudlar Kullanarak BulgarlarYaralatp ldrtt .............................................................................................................. 136

47 Manastr'a Bal Kylerde Rumlarn Ulahlara Kar SaldrlardaBulunduklar ................................................................................................................................. 138

48 Dolan Kynden Drt Ulahn Rumlar Tarafndan ldrld ................. 140

49 Katrin, Karaferye ve Grebene Kazalarna Tabi Kylerde Ulahlara

Yunan Ekys Tarafndan Tecvzlerde Bulunulduu ........................... 14150 Katrin'de Rum Ekysnn Duvarlara Bildiri Asarak Ulaha Konu-

mann Yasakland Yolunda Tehditte Bulunduklar .................................. 146

51 Yunanl Yorgala Atana'n Ulah Kostantin Veled-i Dimitri'yi Yaralad .................................................................................................................................................................... 147

52 Bulgar Mihalo'un Menlik Rum Metrepolidinin Tevikiyle ldrld .................................................................................................................................................................... 149

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53 Bulgarlk ddiasnda Bulunarak Bulgarca Ayin YapmaksteyenEridere Ky Ahalisinden Angel Nikola'nn Rum EkysTarafndan ldrld ..................................................................................................... 153

54 Kavala'da Bir Bulgar ldrp Bir Bulgar Yaralayan Rum'unYunan Konsolosluu'nda Sakland ....................................................................... 155

55 Bir Rum etesininsteveniye Kynde Komitenin Srlarn Akla-dklarndanphelendikleri Alt Rumu ldrdkleri ................................ 157

56 Grice'nin Kilisora Nahiyesindeki Ulahlarn Rum Ekysnn Mezlimve Basksna Maruz Kaldklar ....................................................................................... 158

57 Florina'da Bulgar Kalenik- Bl Kyne Gelen Rum Eky etesinin Haneyi Yakp Bir ocuu ldrdkleri ve Bir Kadn daYaraladklar ................................................................................................................................. 161

58 Siroz, Zihne ve Demirhisar Kazalarnda Mill Husmetleri DolaysylaRum ve Bulgarlarn Birbirlerine Kar Saldrlarda Bulunduklar ... 162

59 Bir Rum etesinin Oteme Kynde Eksarhhne'ye Mensup Drt KiiyiKatledip Kiiyi de Yaraladklar ......................................................................... 170

60 Selanik Yunan Konsolosunun Emrinde Hareket Eden Bir Rumetesinin eitli Cinayetler ledii ve Cebren Para Toplad........... 171

61 Katrin Kasabas Meclis-idre'sinin Ulah Azas Naki'nin RumluuKabul in Tehdid Edildii ............................................................................................... 173

62

Kesriye'de Rum Ekys Tarafndan Bulgar Kadnn ldrlpkiTanesinin de Yaraland .................................................................................................... 174

63 Rum Ekysnn Baz Bulgarlar Rumlatrmaya altklar ...................... 176

64 Rum Ekysnn Yakt Hanelerin Yeniden Yaptrlmas ............................ 177

65 Garanc Kynde Katlim Yaparak Firar Eden Rum etesinin TakibineDevam Edildii .......................................................................................................................... 184

66 Rum Ekysnn Nasli'teki Bulgar Katlettikleri .............................................. 185

67 Irakl iftlii'ne Hcum Eden Rum Ekysnn Bir Bekiyi ldrpDrt Bulgar da Yaraladklar ......................................................................................... 187

68 Rum Ekysnn Bof Karyesinden Be Bulgar Katlettikleri ....................... 188

69 Bir Rum etesinin Bulgarlarla Meskun Aydos Karyesine HcumEderek Alt Kiiyi ldrp Kiiyi Yaraladklar ................................... 190

70 Kesriyeli ki Bulgarn Rum Ekys Tarafndan Katledildii ..................... 191

71 Ustrumca'da Rum Ekys Aleyhindehbarda Bulunan Bir Rum'unldrld .................................................................................................................................. 192

72 Manastr'n Drago Karyesinde Yaklarakmha Edilenahslarla lgiliTahkikat............................................................................................................................................ 193

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73 Selanik'te Rum Komitesinin Emellerine Kar Gelen Rum Atna Nikola'nn ldrld ....................................................................................................... 202

74 Zihne'nin Karlkova Kynde Be Bulgar obann Rum etesiTarafndan Katledildii ve Cesetlerinin Paraland ................................. 203

75 Negrita Nahiyesi Mdr Mina Zograf Efendi'nin Evine Rum EkysTarafndan Silahl Saldrda Bulunulduu ............................................................ 206

76 Bulgar Ky Olan Ribara'ya Saldran Rum Ekynn Otuz KiiyiKatletdikleri ................................................................................................................................... 207

77 Yunanllarn Bir Ulah Tccara Zulm Yaptklar ..................................................... 20878 Rum etelerinin Karacaabat'n Pojan ve Tresine Kylerini Basarak On

Yedi Bulgar ldrp Okul ve Evlerini Yaktklar ...................................... 209

79 Rumlarn, Bulgar Ahaliyi Rum Patrikhanesi'ne Balama Gayretleri 210

80 Laken Karyesinde Kosta Yani'yi Dven Rum Papaznn OullarnnCezalandrld ........................................................................................................................... 213

81 Manastr'n Dihova Karyesinde Rum Ekynn ki Bulgar ldrd 214

82 Erikap'da Rum ve Bulgarlarn Mterek Kullandklar MezarlaRumlar Tarafndan Bulgar Cenazelerinin DefnedilmesininEngellendii ................................................................................................................................... 216

83 htida Eden Rum Kadn ve Kzlarna, Fener Rum PatrikhanesiTarafndan Akl Hastanelerine Kapatlarakkence ve MezlimYaptrld ..................................................................................................................................... 218

84 Rumlarn Bulgar Okullarn Kapatp Bir Bulgar Okulunu Yaktklar veBulgar Kiliselerini de Kapatmakstedikleri ....................................................... 219

B- MSLMANLARA YAPILAN MEZLM85 Yunan Askerlerinin Hudut Boyunca Ekyya Yardm Ettikleri ve Arka

ktklar .......................................................................................................................................... 223

86 Yunan Ekysnn Yeniehir'deki ki iftlikten Be-Alt Yz KadarKoyun Gaspettikleri ................................................................................................................ 224

87 Harkir Adas'na Gelen Ekynn ki Kiiyi ldrp Kiiyi deYaraladklar ................................................................................................................................. 224

88 Yunan Ekys in Yunanistan'daki Hristiyanlardan YardmTopland ve Yunan Kralnn Onki Bin Ekyy Techiz EdipSilahlandrd ............................................................................................................................. 225

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89 Trhala, Yeniehir ve Golos'taki Mslmanlara Yaplan Saldrlarnnlenmesi in Yunan Hariciye Nazr Nezdinde YenidenTeebbste Bulunulmas ...................................................................................................... 226

90 Trhala'da Hrstiyan Ahali ve Askerler Tarafndan Mslmanlara BaskYapld ve Yeni Tamir Edilen Caminin Tahrip Edildii ........228

91 Yunanistan'da Bulunan Mslmanlarn Can ve Mallarnn TehlikedeOlduu ............................................................................................................................................... 229

92 Yeniehir ve Girit'te Mslmanlarn Can ve Mallarnn TehlikedeOlduu ............................................................................................................................................... 230

93 Girit'te Mslmanlarn Can ve Mallarnn Tehlikede Olduu ve BindenFazla Mslmann Katledildii .................................................................................... 231

94 Yeniehir'de Mslmanlarn eitli Bahanelerle Tutuklandklar veGe Zorlandklar .................................................................................................................. 233

95 Yeniehir ve Kardice'de Mslmanlarn Bask Altnda Tutularak GEttirilmeye alld ........................................................................................................... 235

96 Girit'te Hristiyanlar Tarafndan Mslmanlara Mezlim Yapld veGirit'in galinden nce Mslmanlara Gvence Veren DevletlerinBuna Seyirci Kaldklar ........................................................................................................ 237

97 Kandiye'de Hnkr Camisi'nin Bahesine Merkez Hkmet TarafndanKanun ve Hukuka Aykr Olarak Mzenaat Yaplmakta Olduu 240

98

Hasat Mevsiminde Yunanistan'a Giden Amelelerin DnteYunan Askerleri Tarafndan Tahkir Edildii ve Bir KsmnnYaraland ..................................................................................................................................... 241

99 Parga'ya Gitmekte Olan Kaptanaban'a Ait Kayn Yunan Asker-lerince evrildii ve Yolcularn Eyalarnn Gaspedildii .............. 242

100 Kbrs'ta Rumlarn Komiteler Kurarak Mslmanlara Kar SaldrlardaBulunduklar ve Yunan Emellerini Gerekletirmek stedikleri ......... 244

101 Yunanllar'n Mslmanlar G Ettirmeye Ynelik Zulm ve YldrmaHareketleri ....................................................................................................................................... 249

102 Selanik ile Civar Kazalarda Rum Muhacirlerin Mslmanlarn Mal veEmlklerine El Koyduklar ve Yunan Askerlerinin Kadnlara

Tecvz Ettikleri ........................................................................................................................ 251103 Drama'nn Karagz Kynde Mslman Halkn Yunan Askerlerince

Dvld ....................................................................................................................................... 254

104 Yunan Askerlerinin Drama'da Baz Kylere Girerek Halka Zulm veKadnlara Tecvz Ettikleri .............................................................................................. 255

105 Yunanistan'n Trk Yerleim Birimlerine Rumlarskn Ettirdikleri veCamileri Tahrip Ederek Trkleri Hristiyanl Kabule Zorladklar 256

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106 Yunanllarn gal Ettii Topraklarda Yaayan Mslmanlara YaptklarMezlim ve Asimilasyonun nlenmesi ................................................................... 258

107 Yunanllarn Makedonya ve Bat Trakya'da Mslman Halka Zul-mettikleri ........................................................................................................................................... 266

108 Drama ve Havalisindeki Mslman Ahaliye Zulmedilip KadnlaraTecvz Edildii ......................................................................................................................... 270

109 Sisam'da Yunan Askerleriyle Komitecilerin Osmanl SahillerineSaldrma Hazrlklar Yapt ........................................................................................... 277

110 Siroz'dakislam Mekteplerinin Rumlarn Eitimine Tahsis Edildii279111 Selanik Civarndaki Mslman Kylerde Halkn Ge Zorland ve

Mslmanlarn Evlerine Zorla, Kafkasya'dan Gelen RumGmenlerin Yerletirildii ............................................................................................... 281

112 Kavala Civarnda nce Bulgarlar, Daha Sonra da Rumlar TarafndanBaz Cami, Mescid ve Mezarlklarn Tahrip Edildii ............... 282

113 Yunan Hkmeti'nin Hristiyan Halk Silahlandrp Mslman Halkndaresinde Olmas Gereken Mektep, Medrese ve Vakfhaneleri

Zorla gal Ettii ......................................................................................................................... 284

114 Makedonya'da ktidar Partisine Oy Veren Mslmanlara RumlarTarafndan Eziyet Edildii ................................................................................................. 286

115 Vodine'de Mslmanlarn Mukaddes Yerleriyle Can, Mal ve IrzlarnaTaarruz Edilmesine Yunan Hkmeti'nin Kaytsz Kald ..................... 289

116 Vodine ve Selanik'te Baz Camilerin Rumlar Tarafndangal ve TahripEdildii ............................................................................................................................................... 293

117 Hanya'da Yunanllar Tarafndan Cami ve Mekteplere SaldrlarYapld ............................................................................................................................................ 295

118 Kavala, Drama, Saraban ve Pravite Kazalarndaki MslmanAhalinin Ge Zorlandklar ............................................................................................. 299

119 Hanya'daki Sultanbrahim Camisi'nin Kiliseye evrildii ............................... 301

120 Zihne'deki Mslmanlarn Drama'ya Nakl ve Tehcir Edilerek Mal veEyalarnn Yamaland ................................................................................................... 302

121 Bat Trakya'daki Mslmanlara Yunanllar Tarafndan Yaplan Zulmve Basknn Gn Getike Artmakta Olduu ..................................................... 304

122 Yunanllarn Trakya'da Mslman Halka Yaptklar Basknn GiderekArtt ................................................................................................................................................... 308

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123 Yunanllar'n Trakya'y gal in Yaptklar Mezlim ve PropagandaFaaliyetleri ...................................................................................................................................... 310

124 Yunanllarn Gmlcine Civarnda Yaptklar Asker Faaliyetler veBasklar............................................................................................................................................... 313

125 Yunanllarn Ermenileri Zorla Askere Aldklar, Dou ve Bat Trakya'ygale Hazrlandklar ve orlu'da Katlim Yaptklar .................... 314

126 Yunanllarn Trakya'daki Mslmanlara G Etmeleriin Bask veZulm Yaptklar ........................................................................................................................ 317

127 Yunanllar'n Trakya'daki Halka Zorla Miting Yaptrdklar veHazrladklar Belgelerimzalattklar ...................................................................... 321

128 Yunanllarn Trakya'da Camileri Basarak Tahrip Ettikleri, Halkakence Yaptklar ve Sebepsiz Yere Mslmanlar Tutukladklar 322

129 Yunanllarn Trakya'da Yaptklar Gasb ve Mezlimlelgili Cetvel 323

130 Bat Trakya'da Mslmanlarn eitli Sular snadyla Cezalan-drldklar ....................................................................................................................................... 328

131 Yunan Hkmeti Tarafndan Yunanistan'daki Trklere Kar Rumetelerinin Silahlandrld ............................................................................................. 329

132 Bat Trakya'daki Rum ve Ermeni etelerin Mslman Halk GeZorladklar ..................................................................................................................................... 330

133 Mentee Milletvekili Esat leri'nin Bat Trakya'daki Mslmanlara

Yaplan Zulmn nlenmesi Hakkndaki nergesi ........................................ 331NDEKS ................................................................................................................................................................... 333

B BL YOGRAFYA...........................................................................................................................................391

III. BLM

BELGELERN FOTOKOPLER .........................................................................................................395

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I . B L M

G R


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G R

Yunanistan, coraf zelliklerinin yan sra, asker ve jeo-ekonomik konu-mundan dolay tarih sahnesinde husus bir yer igal etmitir. "Antikite" olaraktanmlanan en eski alardan beri birok kavim bu topraklara sahip olabilmek iinmcadele vermitir. Bundan dolay bu blgeye "kltrler arenas" da denebilir. Butopraklarda gelitirilen kltr varlklar denizcilik sayesinde geni alanlara yaylmaimkn bulmutur. Blgenin tarihi, eskia tarihileri tarafndan genel olarak, Helendnemi (M. . 1900-M. . 30) ve Roma dnemi (M. . 750-M. S. 476)eklinde ikiana blm halinde deerlendirilmektedir1.

Roma mparatorluu'nun ikiye paralanmasyla (476) ortaya kan ve bugnkYunanistan topraklarnn da iinde yer ald Bizans Devleti'nin snrlar 1000'liyllardan itibaren doudan sel gibi akan Seluklu Trkmenleri tarafndan zorlanmayabalanm 1016 ylndan balayarak Byk Seluklu Sultan Alparslan'n babas arBey, Bizans nfuzu ve idaresinde bulunan Dou Anadolu ve Grcistan'da yer alan

vasal krallk ve vilyetleri ksa srede ynetimine katmdr2. Seluklu Trklerininksa zaman iinde yksek hareket kabiliyeti sergileyerek Abbas Devleti'nin vehalifeliin merkezi Badat' ele geirmesi, Bizans'n Anadolu'daki varlnn artk sondnemlerini yaadn gstermesi bakmndan nemlidir3. Nitekim byk Malazgirtmeydan muharebesinde (Austos 1071) ar yenilgiye urayan Bizans, bundan sonraAnadolu'daki Trk ilerleyiinin nne geemeyecektir. Sleymanah'n nderliindeznik dahil, btn Anadolu'nun Seluklu Trkleri'nin eline gemesiyle "Anadolu

Seluklu Devleti" resmen kurulmu oluyordu. Hatt Sleymanah byk birihtimalle, stanbul'un fethi ynnde pln ve asker hazrlk yapmt4.

Bir taraftan Seluklularn Anadolu'da ilerlemesi, dier taraftan XI. yzylnsonlarnda balayp XIII. yzyln ortalarna kadar devam eden Hal seferleri, Bizans'ypratm, toprak kayplarn arttrmtr. Ayrca, Bizans tarafndan baka milletlere

1 Blent plikiolu, Eskia Tarihinin Anahatlar I,Marmara . Yay.,stanbul 1990, s. 18-19.2 Ernst Honigmann, Bizans Devleti'nin Do u Snr, stanbul . Edebiyat Fak. Yay.,stanbul 1970, s. 175-177.3 kr S. Grel,Tarihsel Boyutlar inde Trk-Yunan li kileri (1821-1993),Ankara 1993, s. 20.4 Ali Sevim, Anadolu'nun Fethi - Seluklular Dnemi,Trk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara 1988, s. 81.


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geni ticaret imtiyazlar verilmi ve lkenin evresinde deniz ticareti btnyle Latinstnlne braklmtr5.

Anadolu Seluklu Devleti'nin batda bir u beylii olan Osmanllar da ge-nilemesini bat istikametinde yapm, uzun yllar Bizans'a bal tekfurlarla mcadeleetmilerdir. Osmanl Trkleri, Bizans'n dousundaki topraklar tamamen fethederek,Bizans'n Ege ile balantsn kesmek ve anakkale Boaz'na hkim olmak iin, ilkolarak 1356'da Avrupa yakasna asker karmlardr. Nitekim bu harekt Bizanstopraklarnn ve merkezi olanstanbul'un kuatlmasn hedefliyordu6.

Osmanllarn Balkan harekt balarken Dou Trakya, Selnik ve havlisi ilebaz sahilleri mstesna olmak zere, Mora yarmadas ve Gney Epir'in tamamnayakn Bizans'a tbi bulunuyordu. Balkanlarn kuzeydou ksm Bulgarlarn ve YukarSrbistan ile Serez, Drama mntkalar da paralanm bir halde Srplarn elindeydi.Epir'in kuzeyinde bykl kkl Srp, Arnavut ve Latin prenslikleri vard. Buprenslikler Venedik ve Napoli krallarnn nfuzunda bulunuyorlard. Mora sahilehirleri de Venediklilere balyd7.

Orhan Gazi, Rumeli'de izledii siyasetle blge halknn yaknln kazanmayagayret etmi, Bizans kral Kantakuzen ile ok scak ilikiler kurmu, iki hkmdarTeselya ve Makedonya zerindeki Srp ve Macar basksna kar ittifak yapmlardr.Bunun neticesi olarak Sleyman Paa impi ve Gelibolu'yu Osmanl topraklarna

katmakta fazla zorlanmamtr. Sleyman Paa'nn kumandasndaki Haclbeyi,Evrenuz, Gazi Fazl ve Yakup Ece gibi beyler de Rumeli'nin fethinde byk gayretlersarfetmilerdir. Bu komutanlar Bizans'a denizden gelebilecek yardm kesebilmekamacyla Bolayr ve Tekirda'a kadar olan Marmara sahillerini ele geirmiler,buralarn nfus dengesini salayabilmek iin Karasi taraflarndan Trkmenleri isknetmiler, Edirne'ye doru genileyen fthtta Marmara ve Kean' da Osmanltopraklarna katmlardr (1357)8. Evrenuz ve Hac lbeyi'nin Dedeaa veDimetoka'y ele geirmeleri Edirne'nin fethi yolunu at. 1363'te Rum ve Bulgarkuvvetleri ile Sazldere mevkiinde yaplan meydan muharebesi Osmanllarn zaferiyleneticelenmi; Edirne, Trklerin eline gemitir. Ayn yl iinde Filibe ve Gmlcinede Osmanl topraklarna katlmtr9. kinci Meri Muharebesini (1372) mteakip

Gmlcine evresi, Borla,skee, Marolye, Kavala, Drama, Zihne, Serez, Karaferyefethedildilmitir10. Trklerin uzun sren basklarna dayanamayan Bizans, kendine

5 Grel,a.g.e., s. 20.6 Laszlo Rasony,Tarihte Trklk,Trk Kltrn Aratrma Enstits, Ankara 1988, s. 196.7 smail H. Uzunarl,Osmanl Tarihi,c. I, Trk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara 1982, s. 161-162.8 Uzunarl,a.g.e., s. 156-158.9 Uzunarl,a.g.e., s. 163-165.10 Uzunarl,a.g.e., s. 171-172.

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bal Selanik despotluunu Venediklilere satmak zorunda kalm, burada mesknbulunan Rum ahali Bizans'a kar Trklerin yannda yer almt. Sultan II. Murat,Selanik'in Venediklilerden savasz teslimini istemise de bu teklif kabul olunmam,bunun zerine krk gn sren Osmanl muhasarasndan sonraehir Trkler'e teslimolmutur (1430). Sultan Murat buradaki kiliseleri Rum ahaliye tahsis etmitir.Selanik'in alnmasndan sonra Epir halk da Trk idaresini tercih etmi, bunun zerineEpir'in merkezi durumundaki Yanya kendiliinden Trk ynetimine girmitir(1431)11.

Osmanl Devleti'nin Balkanlar'da yrtt ftht hareketlerinin selmeti veOsmanl genilemesine kar deniz yolu ile Avrupa'dan, Bizans'a ve Trklerle savaandier despotluklar ile kk devletiklere gelecek

Arşiv belgelerine göre Balkanlarda ve Anadoluda Yunan mezalimi

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