ARAB WORLD. - Arabian Peninsula – crossroads between 3 continents – Africa, Europe and Asia...
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Transcript of ARAB WORLD. - Arabian Peninsula – crossroads between 3 continents – Africa, Europe and Asia...
ARAB WORLD
-Arabian Peninsula – crossroads between 3 continents – Africa, Europe and Asia-Persian Gulf – East / Red Sea – West / Indian Ocean - South-Harsh desert – makes up most of the land-Loosely connected tribes – provided security and support for a life made difficult by the extreme conditions-Sheik-Tribal leader-Bedouins – Arab nomads – ideals of courage, loyalty to family and warrior skills became a part of Islamic life-Caravan trade – trading in groups for protection
ARAB RELIGION
-Allah – the God of Islam-All Muslims as descendants of Abraham – Ishmael-Ka’aba – shrine in the city of Mecca-Mecca – city in western Arabia – center of the Islamic world-Muhammad – born in the city of Mecca
-Trader but very religious – married Khadijah – 15 years-Revelations from Allah – through the angel Gabriel –age 40-Prophet of Allah
-Moses, Jesus – prior prophets-Qur’an – Islamic Holy Book – Islamic Bible – contains 114 chapters-Exile to Medina 622 AD – called Hijrah
-First year of Muslim calendar-Return to Mecca in 630 after years of warfare – Muhammad and 10,000-Political and religious control expands
RELIGIOUS LEADERSHIP
-Arab Empire-Who to succeed Muhammad?
-He died at age 62 and had not named a successor to lead-Caliph - “Successor to the Prophet”-Abu Bakr – friend of Muhammad – became Caliph
-Spread of Islam through the 7th and early 8th century-North Africa, Persia, Pakistan, Western Europe-Jihad – means striving
-can refer to the inner struggle against evil-can also mean armed struggle against unbelievers (infidels)
-Abu Bakr used Jihad to expand Islam-Umayyad Dynasty – family that came to power after Ali was assassinated
-Moved Muslim capital – Damascus – got away from Mecca-Began to live a life of wealth unlike the previous caliphs -Hereditary caliphate established
SPREAD OF ISLAM
-Invasion of Spain-Berber clans from Northern Africa had converted to Islam-Invaded Spain through the Strait of Gibraltar-Berber Invaders became known as Moors-Berber armies advanced north to within 200 miles from Paris-Battle of Tours in 732 France stopped Muslim advance-Continued to rule Spain for next 700 years
ARAB POLITICS
-Split of Islam over the succession of the caliph-Sunni
-Umayyad Line – based on merits and achievement-Shi’a
-Ali Line – direct lineage of Muhammad – son in law-Abbasid Dynasty – took over after the Umayyads were overthrown
-From 750-1258-Baghdad as capital – newly created city – 762 – central
Iraq-Bureaucracy – to conduct the huge empire’s affairs-Taxed land, imports and exports, and non-Muslims’ wealth-Downfall over succession, bureaucracy problems
1ST PILLAR
-Belief-a simple declaration of one’s faith in Islam-saying that there is no God but Allah, and
Muhammad is the messenger of Allah
2ND PILLAR
-Prayer-Always facing Mecca-Many gather in Mosques to pray-5 times daily at specified times
3RD PILLAR
-Almsgiving-charity to the poor-all people are supposed to be cared for under
Islamic teachings
4TH PILLAR
-Fasting-Holy Month of Ramadan
- typically June into July (29-30 days)-Fasting from sunrise to sunset-Shows faith and obedience
5TH PILLAR
-Pilgrimage-trip to visit Holy sites in the Islamic faith
especially Mecca-called the Hajj-should be completed at least once in a person’s life
ISLAMIC MOSQUES
-Mosques-House of worship-No furnishings-No images-No official priests
-Friday as the day of worship