APES Ch. 8, part 2
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Transcript of APES Ch. 8, part 2
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Freshwater Ecosystems
Ch. 8, part 2
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Freshwater ecosystems Include standing water - lentic And flowing water - lotic
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Freshwater ecosystems Provide many important economic and
ecological services including: Flood control Groundwater recharge Habitat for many species Food Drinking water Irrigation water Hydroelectric power Transportation corridors Recreation
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Life zones in lakes & ponds Top = littoral
zone near the shore warm and
sunlit Rooted plants Turtles, frogs,
crayfish, perch, bass, carp
High biodiversity
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Life zones in lakes & ponds Top =
limnetic zone Open water warm and
sunlit plankton Supplies
most of the food and O2 for the lake
Larger fish like pike live here
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Life zones in lakes & ponds Middle =
profundal zone Open
water Deeper Colder No plants Low
oxygen
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Life zones in lakes & ponds Bottom =
benthic zone Dark Mostly
decomposers live here
Bottom dwelling fish and detritus feeders like bloodworms
Dead matter ends up here
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What are?
A. B. C. D. A
B
C
D
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Lake types Oligotrophic lakes
low nutrients for plants Clear water Often steep sided and deep Usually replenished by snow, glacier
melt Examples: Lake Tahoe, Crater Lake
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Lake types Eutrophic lakes
High nutrient levels Murky, green water Usually shallow Usually replenished by rivers/streams
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Cultural Eutrophication We artificially cause lakes to
become eutrophic by Runoff Pollutants Thermal pollution
Lakes become hypereutrophic
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Lake Types Most lakes somewhere in between
oligotrophic and hypertrophic We call them Mesotrophic
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Where does each lake type fall on the line?
Low nutrients
Very high nutrients
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My favorite lake
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Streams and Rivers carry water from mountains to the ocean
Watersheds - aka drainage basin The land area that
delivers runoff, sediment, dissolved substances to a river or stream
3 zonesSource zoneTransition zoneFloodplain zone
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Middle San Joaquin-Lower Merced-Lower Stan
Watershed -- 18040002
http://iaspub.epa.gov/tmdl_waters10/huc_rept.control?p_huc=18040002&p_huc_desc=MIDDLE%20SAN%20JOAQUIN-LOWER%20MERCED-LOWER%20STAN
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Make a watershed
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The 3 zones of a watershed
Source zone Aka headwaters Narrow Mountain streams Fast flowing, lots of O2 Producers are algae &
mosses that can attach to rocks
Many heterotrophs are adapted to fit under rocks
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The 3 zones of a watershed Transition Zone
Headwater streams merge Wider, deeper, warmer water May be more turbid with less O2 More producers, more fish
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The 3 zones of a watershed Floodplain zone
Streams join into wider, deeper rivers Broad, flat land Warmer, less O2 More turbid More runoff
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What zone are we in for the Tuolumne River?
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Human Impacts on Freshwater Ecosystems
1. Dams!Fragment
~40% of the world’s rivers
Change/destroy habitat
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Hetch-Hetchy in Yosemite Valley
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Human Impacts on Freshwater Ecosystems
2.Levees for flood control Destroy habitat, especially wetlands
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Human Impacts on Freshwater Ecosystems3. Pollutants
from cities and farms
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Human Impacts on Freshwater Ecosystem
s4. Loss of inland
wetlandsfilled in for crops, homes, buildings