APES Ch. 11, part 1
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Transcript of APES Ch. 11, part 1
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Sustaining Aquatic BiodiversityCh. 11, part 1
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Biodiversity is highest at: Coral reefs, estuaries, and deep
ocean Near coast since more producers
there At bottom since more food and
habitats
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Threats to Aquatic Biodiversity
HIPPCO
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H = habitat loss & degradation Mostly in coral reefs and
mangroves used by humans
Damage done by trawling
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51% of freshwater species threatened with extinction - the most of any group
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I - invasive species 84% of coastal
waters invaded Causes 2/3 of
all fish extinctions
Cost USA ~$14 million/year
Often arrive in ballast waterWater
hyacinth in Lake Victoria
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P = population growth By 2020 - 80% of world’s people
will live in coastal cities
Lebanon
Rio de Janeiro
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P = pollution Just 4% of world’s oceans
unaffected by pollution Most pollution comes from
land activities Pesticides/fertilizers Plastics Oil
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C = climate change Causes sea levels to rise
CO2 “sinks” coral reefs, swamps, wetlandsStore CO2 – out of air
Puts coastal cities underwater
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O = overfishing Industrialized fishing
depletes populations quickly
Fishprint - area of ocean needed to sustain our fish consumption Currently at 157% Commercial
extinction - no longer profitable to fish since so few left
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Bycatch
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Fig. 11-7, p. 256
Fish farming in cage
Spotter airplaneTrawler fishing
Sonar Purse-seine fishing
Long line fishing
lines with hooks
Deep sea aquaculture cage
Drift-net fishing
Float Buoy
Fish caught by gills
Stepped Art
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The numbers 35% of marine species 71% of freshwater species May go extinct in our lifetime The MOST AFFECTED GROUP of
all species by humans
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Dolphin and whale slaughter by Japan
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What we can do to help Laws and treaties
Difficult to enforce Most of ocean is not owned by
anyone - tragedy of the commons Economic Incentives - tourism
Long term gain vs. short term profit
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Some laws/treaties you should know
CITES - 1975 - trade in endangered species Global Treaty on Migratory Species - 1979 US Marine Mammal Protection Act - 1972 US Endangered Species Act - 1973 US Whale Conservation and Protection Act
- 1976 International Convention on Biological
Diversity - 1995
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Who owns the seas? A country owns from its coast to
200 miles out Beyond is the high seas -
international laws and treaties apply here - but who enforces them?
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Marine Sanctuaries & Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
4000 worldwide; 200 in US waters
Offer only partial protection Most still allow dredging,
trawler fishing, drilling, etc CA is leading
Most extensive network of MPAs with most restrictions
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The Ecosystem Approach Establish marine reserves all over, especially
coastal areas They work! - in 2-4 years see marked
improvement Increase tourism Help fishing industry
Only .1% of ocean is protected (so we have reserved 99.9% for us)
Costs $12-14 billion/year to make reserves
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What can you do? Purchase only sustainably
harvested seafood (WalMart) Support businesses that develop
and use resources sustainably Ecotourism NO Shell shops
thanks
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Fisheries Management Step 1: figure out what we have out there! Step 2: switch from old model - Max.
sustained yield - to new model - optimum sustained yield (take species interactions into account)
Step 3: don’t forget the Precautionary Principle
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What’s actually happening1. Comanagement - local
communities regulate coastal fishing, government regulates offshore
2. Government subsidies - gov’t (i.e. taxes) support fisheries to keep them in business; encourage expansion (uh…)
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3. Individual transfer rights (ITRs) Gov’t gives each vessel of % of the total allowable catch
for the year; companies can trade with each other Problems:
Fishing co. “owns” waters, but public still responsible for cleaning up messes
Harder for small operations to compete Too many ITRs given out - so still overfishing
Successes 1995, Alaskan halibut, fishing season went from 2 days to
260
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End part 1