AP World History CH 16

8/13/2019 AP World History CH 16

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Chapter 16

Transformations in Europe,

1500 - 1750

AP World History


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Martin Luther (1483 - 1546) was a German priest and professor of

theology who initiated the Protestant Reformation. He strongly

disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment of sin

could be purchased with money, called indulgences. His Ninety-

Five Theses in 1517 resulted in his excommunication in 1521.


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John Calvin (1509 - 1564) was an influential French theologian

and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. Calvinism

teaches that salvation was a gift from God to only

those predestined for salvation. He broke from the

Roman Catholic Church around 1530.


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The Council of Trent met on and off from 1545 to 1563. This

Catholic Reformation is considered to be one of the Church's

most important councils. It issued condemnations on what it

defined as Protestant heresies and defined Church teachings.


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Religions in Europe after the Reformation.


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B. Traditional Thinking and Witch Hunts European beliefs derived from both local folk

traditions and Judeo-Christian beliefs.

During the 16thand 17thcenturies over 100,000people (3/4 women) were tried and about half of

them were executed on charges of witchcraft.

Witch hunts became manifestations of fear of

unattached women without male guidance.


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A witch-hunt is a search for witches or evidence of witchcraft,

often involving moral panic, mass hysteria and lynching.


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The extraordinary fear of the power of witches in the late 16th

and 17thcenturies is testimony to the belief in the spiritual

causes of natural events. (Over 100,000 people, 3/4 women,

were tried and half of them were executed)


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C. Scientific Revolution According to Aristotle, everything on earth was

reducible to four elements; sun, moon, planets, andstars.

They were so light and pure that they floated incrystalline spheres and rotated around the earthin perfectly circular orbits.

Copernican sun-centered model was initiallycriticized and suppressed by Protestant leaders andby the Catholic Church.

Isaac Newtons discovery of the law of gravityshowed why planets move around the sun aroundthe sun in elliptical orbits.

Newton and other scientists did not believe that theirdiscoveries were in conflict with religious belief.


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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543) was a Polish Renaissance

astronomer, priest and the first person to formulate a

comprehensive heliocentric cosmology. His book is regarded as

the starting point of modern astronomy which began the

Scientific Revolution.


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The essentials of the Copernican Solar System were: 1) The

daily motion of the sun and stars is the result of the earthturning on its axis. 2) The sun lies at the center of the solar

system. 3) All the planets orbit the sun in the same direction

with the planets closer to the sun going around faster. 4) The

shapes of the orbits are circles and that the planets move at

constant speed. (same as Ptolemy)


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Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642) was an Italian physicist,

mathematician, astronomer and philosopher who played a

major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include

a 30 power telescope, consequent astronomical observations,

and support for Copernicanism.


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After 1610, Galileo Galilei began publicly supporting

heliocentrism and was denounced to the Roman Inquisition

because it contradicted Aristotles model of the universe

as well as several passages of Scripture. In 1633,

he was sentenced to house arrest until he died.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Galileo_before_the_Holy_Office.jpg


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Sir Isaac Newton (16431727) was an English physicist,

mathematician, astronomer, and theologian who is consideredto be one of the most influential people in human history. His

book discusses classical mechanics, universal gravitation, and

the three laws of motion. He helped prove heliocentrism and

built the first practical reflecting telescope.


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D. The Early Enlightenment

Intellectual movement that assumed that socialbehavior and institutions were governed by

scientific laws.

Also influenced by Reformation and by accounts of

other cultures. Most thinkers were optimistic that the application of

reason would lead to human progress.

Aroused opposition from many absolutist rulers

and from clergy, but the printing press madepossible the survival and dissemination of new

ideas.


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John Locke (1632 - 1704) was one of the most influential

English Enlightenment philosophers. His social contracttheory

and contributions to classical republicanism are reflected

in the American Declaration of Independence.


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Franois-Marie Arouet (1694 - 1778), better known by the

pen name, Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer,

historian and philosopher. He advocated civil liberties,

including freedom of religion and free trade.


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Thomas Hobbes (1588 - 1679) was an English

Enlightenment philosopher who established the

foundation for most of Western political philosophy from

the perspective of social contract theory.


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Montesquieu (1689 -1755), was a French Enlightenment social

commentator and political thinker who was famous for his

articulation of the theory of separation of powers, taken for

granted in modern discussions of government and implemented

in many constitutions throughout the world.


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II. Social and Economic Life

A. The Bourgeoisie Europe experienced spectacular growth from

1500-1700.

Wealthy urban Bourgeoisie thrived onmanufacturing, finance, and especially trade.

Amsterdams growth, built on trade and financeexemplifies Bourgeoisie power.


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Forged mutually beneficial relationships with the

monarchs and built extensive family and ethnic

networks to facilitate trade.

Partnerships between merchants and monarchs

led to the development of joint stock companies

and stock exchanges.

Anglo-Dutch wars of the 1600s provide evidence of

the growing importance of trade.

Many Bourgeoisie married into noble families or

purchased titles of nobility.


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The bourgeoisie were wealthy town dwellers who earned their

money by being a merchant or owning their own business. They

dominated trade, finance and manufacturing.


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By 1700, Amsterdam was a major financial center and its ships

carried 80% of trade between Spain and northern Europe. It

was home to the Amsterdam exchange, the largest stock

exchange in Europe, and joint-stock companies which gave the

Dutch monopolies on trade to the East and West Indies.


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B. Peasants and Laborers Serfdom disappeared in Western Europe, but gained

new prominence in Eastern Europe.

African slaves contributed greatly to Europeseconomy.

New World crops helped peasants avoid starvation.

High consumption of wood for heating, cooking,

construction, shipbuilding, and industrial uses led todeforestation.

Europeans began to use coal instead of wood.

Deforestation had particularly severe effects on the

rural poor who had used forests for building materialsand food.

Urban poor consisted of deserving poor andunworthy poor.


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The slave trade massively contributed to Europes

economy via the American colonies.


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The trans-Atlantic slave trade Diaspora.


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New World crops, like maize and potatoes,

helped peasants avoid starvation.


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High consumption of wood for heating, cooking, construction,

shipbuilding, and industrial uses led to deforestation which had

particularly severe effects on the rural poor who had used

forests for building materials and food.


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C. Women and the Family Womens status tied closely to their husband.

Young people of the Bourgeoisie married late tofinish education led to independence from parentsand a low birth rate.

Bourgeoisie parents great emphasis on educationand promoted the establishment of schools.

Most schools, professions, and guilds barred

women.


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Bourgeoisie women married late to finish their education.

This led to an increased independence from

parents and a low birth rate.


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III. Political InnovationsA. State Development

Between 1516 - 1519 Charles of Burgundyinherited the thrones of Castile and Aragon, withtheir colonial empires, the Austrian Habsburgpossessions, and position of Holy RomanEmperor.

Able to form coalition that defeated Ottomans atgates of Vienna.

Lutheran German princes rebelled against French-speaking Catholic Charles, seized church landsand gave rise to German Wars of Religion.

Charles abdicated the throne and his son Phillipreceived Spain and a weakened Holy RomanEmpire went to his brother Ferdinand.

Rulers of Spain, England, and France began topursue own efforts at political unification.


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Charles V (15001558) was from the Habsburg family in

Austria. He became the Holy Roman Emperor, inherited the

Spanish throne, halted the Ottoman Empires advance into

Europe, and is best known for his strong opposition of the

Protestant Reformation.


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Charles V territorial empire from 1519 - 1556.


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Philip II (15271598) became the King of Spain when his

father, Charles V, abdicated and retired to a monastery. He

used the Spanish Inquisition to hunt down anyone who was not

Catholic (Jews, Muslims, Protestants, and his critics).


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B. Religious Policies Rulers of Spain and France defended Catholicism

from Protestant Challenge.

Henry VIII challenged papal authority and declaredhimself the head of the Church of England

because the pope would not grant him a divorce

from Catherine of Aragon.


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Henry VIII (1491 - 1547) was the King of England and

besides his six marriages, Henry VIII is known for his role

in the separation of the Church of England from

the Roman Catholic Church.


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Henry VIII six wives.


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Catherine of Aragon was the youngest child of Ferdinand and

Isabella. She was Henry VIIIs 1stwife, the mother of Mary

Queen of Scots, and her divorce resulted in the separation of

England from the Roman Catholic Church.


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Anne Boleyn was Catherine of Aragons Queen consort,

Henry VIIIs 2ndwife, mother of Queen Elizabeth I, and

was beheaded at the Tower of London for adultery.


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Jane Seymour married Henry VIII 10 days after

Anne Boleyns execution, died two weeks after the

birth of Edward VI, was the only wife to receive

a queens funeral, and was buried beside Henry VIII.


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Anne of Cleves was Henry VIIIs 4thwife. She was German and he

married her from a portrait, but when she showed up he thought

she was ugly. Fearing for her life, she agreed to a divorce.


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Catherine Howard married Henry VIIs 20 days after his divorce

from Anne of Cleves. She was Anne Boleyns cousin and was

beheaded in less then two years for adultery.


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Catherine Parr was Henry VIIIs 6thand final wife. She

was the first queen of Ireland and was the most married

English queen - she had four husbands.


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C. Monarchies in England and France Conflict between Parliament and Charles I led to a

civil war and the establishment of a Puritan

republic under Oliver Cromwell. After the Stuart line was restored Parliament

enforced its will on the Monarch with the GloriousRevolution when William and Mary had to sign theBill of Rights which limited the power of the crown.

In France the Bourbon Kings were able tocircumvent the Estates General and develop anabsolutist style of government.

Louis XIVs finance minister, Colbert was able toincrease revenue through more efficient tax

collection and promote economic growth whileLouis entertained and controlled the nobility at hiscourt at Versailles.


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Charles I (16001649) was the king of England who believedhe was an absolute monarch and evaded any check on his

power by not summoning Parliament for 11 years. He

plunged his kingdom into the English Civil War after

ordering the arrest of his leading critics in the House

of Commons. He was later beheaded for treason.


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Puritan General Oliver Cromwell (15991658) became the

leader of the new English republic after Charles I was

beheaded. He was as unwilling as kings to share power with

Parliament, so after his death, the monarchy was restored.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/James_II_1633-1701.jpg


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The English King James II (16331701) refused to respect

Parliaments rights and was forced into exile in the bloodless

Glorious Revolution of 1688. William and Mary were called to

the throne by Parliament and to end the Glorious Revolution,

they signed the English Bill of Rights and began a new co-

operation between the Parliament and the monarchs.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/James_II_1633-1701.jpg


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Louis XIVs palace at Versailles symbolized

the French monarchs triumph over the traditional

rights of the nobility, clergy, and towns.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_by_Santi_di_Tito.jpg


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Niccol Machiavelli (1469 - 1527) was an Italian philosopher

and writer. He is one of the main founders of modern political

science and is most famous for his book, The Prince. He urged

rulers to achieve obedience by fear and deception.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_by_Santi_di_Tito.jpg


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John Locke (1632 - 1704) disputed monarchial claims to

absolute authority by divine right. He argued that rulers derived

their authority from the consent of the governed and, like

everyone else, were subject to the law.


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D. Warfare and Diplomacy Military revolution in which cannon, muskets, and

commoner foot soldiers became the mainstays of

European armies.

Europeans devised new command structures,

signal techniques, and marching drills.

Ships became more deadly with multiple tiers of

cannon and four-wheel cannon carriages.


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England took the lead in naval development andthis was demonstrated when the Royal Navy

defeated the Spanish Armada which signaled anend to Spains military dominance in Europe.

France rose as the strongest continental powerwhile England maintained superior naval power.

During the Spanish War of Succession England,allied with Austria and Prussia were able toprevent the French house of Bourbon from takingthe Spanish throne.

With the emergence of Russia after the Great

Northern War the four powers of Europe; France,Britain, Austria, and Russia were able to maintaina balance of power.


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Spanish galleons were slower than caravels

but it had superior firepower.


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Spanish Armada was King Philips failed attempt

to invade England in 1588. A storm and superior

English tactics led to the defeat.


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Route of the Armada.


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E. Paying the Piper

To pay heavy costs of war European monarchsmade profitable alliances with commercial elites.

Netherlands became a commercial power afterwrestling autonomy from Spain.

Spain damaged economy by kicking out Jews,

Protestants, and descendants of Muslims. England used naval dominance to break Dutch

trade power and improved its financial position bycollecting taxes directly and creating a centralbank.

France used streamlined tax collection, usedprotective tariffs to promote domestic industries,and improved its transportation network, but werenot able to tax nobles or secure low cost loans.


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Trade thrives when government taxation and regulation were

not excessive, where courts enforced contracts and collected

debts, and where military power stood ready to protect

overseas expansion by force when necessary.


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IV. Comparative Perspectives

In 1575, French scholar Loys Le Roy

described three technological innovations that

he thought had propelled Europe into a

golden age: the printing press, the marinecompass, and cannonry.

Le Roy noted that Europe had finally caught

up to the Muslim world and had benefitted

from the spread of knowledge and theMuslims refused to let documents be printed

in Europe.

AP World History CH 16

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