Anatomy (해부학) - amborella.netamborella.net/2015-PlantSystematics/Week07-Other method.pdf ·...
Transcript of Anatomy (해부학) - amborella.netamborella.net/2015-PlantSystematics/Week07-Other method.pdf ·...
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(tracheids) (vessel elements) - tracheid vessel element- - -
Secondary xylem (2 )
Anatomy ()
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Laminales
Asterids
Rosids
Cam
pan
ulid
s(E
uast
erid
sII)
AsteralesDipsacalesApialesAquifoliales
GarryalesGentianales
SolanalesEricalesCornales
SaxifragalesCaryphyllales
SapindalesMalvalesBrassicalesFagalesCucurbitalesRosales
ZygophyllalesFabales
CelestralesOxalidalesMalpighialesGeranialesMyrtales
SantalalesBeberidopsidales
Gunnerales
BuxaceaeTrochodendraceaeProtealesSabiaceae
Ranunculales
Euptelea
Lam
iids
(Eua
ster
ids
I)M
alvi
ds
(Eur
osids
II)Fa
bid
s(E
urosid
I)
Ceratophyllales
CanellalesPiperalesMagnolialesLaurales
MONOCOTS
Acorus
Chloranthus
AustrobailalesNymphaeaceaeHydatellaceaeAmborella
Core-eudicots
EUDICOTS
EXTENT GYMNOSPERMS
,
, , ,
,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, , ,
,
,
Basal eudicots
MagnoliidsBasal Angiosperms
()
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- Canellales (Winteraceae) Amborella
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Secondary phloem (2 )
Sieve-element plastid ( )
(A) S-type: . (B) P-type: . (C) (D)
P-type(E) P-type
P
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Nodal anatomy ( )
-Leaf gap () leaf trace (), lacuna (leaf trace )
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Leaf anatomy ( )
- epidermis (): , , , , , .
- : .
Stomata()
Guard cell ()
Subsidiary cell()
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Stem features
NODE the position on a stem where a leaf or bud is or was attached
INTERNODE the portion of a stem between two nodes
AXIL ; the upper angle between a leaf (or any other lateral structure) and the stem to which it is attached
AXILLARY BUD a bud borne in the axil of a leaf (also called a lateral bud)
BUD ; the structure giving rise to a leafy stem, a flower, or both; it may be naked or protected by bud scales or stipules; it may be lateral or terminal
BUD SCALES scale-like leaves that protect the buds
BUD SCALE SCARS scars remaining when the bud scales fall off
STIPULES usually a pair of appendages located at the base of a leaf but may be fused into a ring around the stem; variable in size, shape and texture; serves for protection or to attract pollinators
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Sporophyte () sporangium ()spore () .
heterospore (): - megaspore ():
megasporangium () - microspore ():
microsporangium ()
Gametophyte () gametangium () gamet () .
- egg archegonium () .- sperm antheridium () .
Ovule () megasporangium () integument () .
- funiculus () micropyle () ovule
megasporangium wall = nucellus ()
()
Embryology (())
()
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=
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Friedman 2006 Nature
Vast majority of angiosperms
Amborella
2 Amborella 3 Nature Amborella
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Laminales
Asterids
Rosids
Cam
pan
ulid
s(E
uast
erid
sII)
AsteralesDipsacalesApialesAquifoliales
GarryalesGentianales
SolanalesEricalesCornales
SaxifragalesCaryphyllales
SapindalesMalvalesBrassicalesFagalesCucurbitalesRosales
ZygophyllalesFabales
CelestralesOxalidalesMalpighialesGeranialesMyrtales
SantalalesBeberidopsidales
Gunnerales
BuxaceaeTrochodendraceaeProtealesSabiaceae
Ranunculales
Euptelea
Lam
iids
(Eua
ster
ids
I)M
alvi
ds
(Eur
osids
II)Fa
bid
s(E
urosid
I)
Ceratophyllales
CanellalesPiperalesMagnolialesLaurales
MONOCOTS
Acorus
Chloranthus
AustrobailalesNymphaeaceaeHydatellaceaeAmborella
Core-eudicots
EUDICOTS
EXTENT GYMNOSPERMS
,
, , ,
,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, , ,
,
,
Basal eudicots
MagnoliidsBasal Angiosperms
-
agamospermy ()1) parthenogenesis ():
egg embryo 2) adventitious embryony
(): ovule embryo sac embryo .
vegetative propagation (): .
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Cytology (): chromosome
Diploid (2): 2n Haploid (): n Basic chromosome number ():
( x )eg. Betula x=14
- 2n=4 Haplopappus gracilis (Asteraceae)- 2n=250 Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae)- 2n=1440 Ophioglossum reticulatum (Ophioglossaceae)
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Cytology (): chromosome
Polyploidy (): set .Triticum () 6 . 2n=6x=42
triploid, tetraploid, pentaploid, hexaploid
Anuploidy ():
autopolyploidy () allopolyploidy ():
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Lantana depressa : 2nLantana camara : 4n
Hybride: 3n
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? ( ): 2n : n
: chromosomal banding
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Palynology () : 2, 3
: ( monad), 2(dyad), 4(tetrad), (polyad), ( pollinia)
: (10-25um), (25-50um), (50-100um), (100- 200um), (200um)
: ( prolate), (spherical), ( oblate)
(wall stratification): (intine), (exine), (endexine), (ektexine), (basal layer), (columella), (tectum)
: ( psilate), ( foveolate), ( fossulate), ( scabrate), (verrucate), (baculate), ( clavate), ( gemmate), (echinate), ( striate), ( rugulate), (reticulate)
( aperture): (colpus) (pore) , ,
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()
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=
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- Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) -
monosulcate tricolphate
-
Laminales
Asterids
Rosids
Cam
pan
ulid
s(E
uast
erid
sII)
AsteralesDipsacalesApialesAquifoliales
GarryalesGentianales
SolanalesEricalesCornales
SaxifragalesCaryphyllales
SapindalesMalvalesBrassicalesFagalesCucurbitalesRosales
ZygophyllalesFabales
CelestralesOxalidalesMalpighialesGeranialesMyrtales
SantalalesBeberidopsidales
Gunnerales
BuxaceaeTrochodendraceaeProtealesSabiaceae
Ranunculales
Euptelea
Lam
iids
(Eua
ster
ids
I)M
alvi
ds
(Eur
osids
II)Fa
bid
s(E
urosid
I)
Ceratophyllales
CanellalesPiperalesMagnolialesLaurales
MONOCOTS
Acorus
Chloranthus
AustrobailalesNymphaeaceaeHydatellaceaeAmborella
Core-eudicots
EUDICOTS
EXTENT GYMNOSPERMS
,
, , ,
,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, , ,
,
,
Basal eudicots
MagnoliidsBasal Angiosperms
()
Eudicot ()3 3 !
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Reproductive biological evidence ( ) (pollination mechanism): , ,
(breeding system): (seed dispersal), (phenology): , , ,
Ecological evidence ( ) , , ,
Geographic evidence ( ) ,
, , , , (center of origin, migration route, distribution, disjunction, biogeographicregion, endemism...)
Physiological evidence ( ) (C3, C4 Cycle, CAM...)
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flavonoids, terpenoids, carotenoids, polysaccharides, alkaoids 2 .
Paper chromatography, Thin layer chromatography (TLC), High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)
Proteinsa. Electrophoresis: band
(allozyme )b. Immunology: -
c. Protein sequencing: cytochrome C, ferredoxin
Secondary metabolites (2 )