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1
COMMUNICATION
THEORY: THE LEARNING
EXPECTATION
Pensyarah: Dr. Mohd. Syuhaimi Bin Ab. Rahman
Makmal Penyelidikan komputer dan Sekuriti Rangkaian
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Elektrik, Elektronik & Sistem
Universiti Kebangsaaan Malaysia
43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Email: [email protected]
COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC & SYSTEM ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
Lecture 1
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COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC & SYSTEM ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
Course Outcomes
No.
Hasil Pembelajaran Kursus O
P
1
O
P
2
O
P
3
O
P
4
O
P
5
O
P
6
O
P
7
O
P
8
O
P
9
O
P
10
O
P
11
O
P
1
2
Kaedah Penyampaian Kaedah Pengukuran
& Penilaian
1 Ability to describe basic blocks of
communication systems
(Knowledge)
3 Classroom lecture PKP, peperiksaan,
kuiz dan tugasan
2 Ability to understand and apply the
theoretical of amplitude and digitalmodulation i n communication systems.
(Comprehension and application)
3 2 Classroom lecture and
tutorial
PKP, peperiksaan,
amali, laporan danbertulis
3 Ability to understand and calculate
noise effect on the per formance of
analog and digital communication
systems.
(Knowledge and application)
3 2 Classroom lecture and
tutorial
PKP, Peperiksaan,
kuiz dan tugasan
4 Ability to explain and give examples on
the real application of communication
systems.
(Comprehension)
1 1 1 3 Gr oup work PKP, PRK, laporan
bertulis dan
Perbentangan
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Program Outcomes (POs)
PO 1 Ability to acquire knowledge of basic science and engineering
fundamentals.PO 2 Ability to communicate effectively, with technical and non-technical
community.
PO 3 Having in-depth technical competence in microelectronics engineering
course.
PO 4 Ability to undertake problem identification, formulation and solution
PO 5 Ability to utilize systems appr oach to design and evaluate operational
performance
PO 6 Ability to function effectively as an individual and in a group with the
capacity tobe a leaderormanager as well as an effective team member.
PO 7 Having the understanding ofthe social, cultural, global and environmental
responsibilities and ethics of a professional engineer and the need for
sustainable development.
COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC & SYSTEM ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
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Program Outcomes (POs)
PO 8 Recognizing the need to undertake lifelong learning, possessing/acquiring
the capacity to do so and the need to have information management skill.
PO 9 Ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and
interpret data.
PO10 Ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams.
PO11 Having the knowledge of contemporary issues in particular those
related to microelectronics engineering.
PO12 Ability to use techniques, skills and modern engineering tools necessary
for engineeringpractice.
COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC & SYSTEM ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
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Relationship to PEOs (linking process)
PEO
1 Ability to acquire and apply knowledge of basic science and engineering
fundamentals
2 Ability to communicate effectively, with technical and non-technical
community
3Having in depth technical competence in microelectronics engineering
courses
4Ability to undertake problem identification, formulation and solution
5 Ability to utilize systems approach to design and evaluate operational
performance
6 Ability to function effectively as an individual and in a group with the
capacity to be a leader or manager as well as an effective team member
7 Having the understanding of the social, cultural, global and
environmental responsibilities and ethics of a professional engineer and
the need for sustainable development
8 Recognizing the need to undertake lifelong learning, possessing/acquiringthe capacity to do so and the need to have information management skill
9 Ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and
interpret data.
10Ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams.
11Having the knowledge of contemporary issues in particular those related
to microelectronics engineering
# PO1 2
3
4 5 6
12 Ability to use techniques, skills and modern engineering tools necessaryfor engineering practice
Table 1 Program Outcomes and Links to Program Educational Outcomes
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REFERENCE BOOK
Electronic Communication Systems, Blake,Delmar, 2nd Edition.
Buku teks: An Introduction to Analog and
Digital Communications, Haykin, Wiley &Sons.
Digital AnalogCommunication Systems, Leon
Couch , 2
nd
Edition, Prentice Hall.
COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC & SYSTEM ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
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Architecture
Programme
Outcomes
Curriculum/ Course
Outcomes
PEO Faculty Member
Students
Parents
Industry
SYSTEM Stakeholders
Alumni
Were formulated to
congruent with
Were design to
support
Fig.1. The relation between COs, POs and POs, and the list ofthe stakeholders.
COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC & SYSTEM ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
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Weekly Teaching Plan
Week Topic
1 Intr oduction to communication systems: blockdiagram, signal
representative, and noise.2 Analogmodulation (AM): AM, QAM, DSB, SSB
3 Analog Modulation: VSB, modulator anddemodulator, applications
4 Frequency modulation (FM): Bessel function, modulator and
demodulator, applications
5 Phase modulation (PM): modulator anddemodulator, applications
6 Digitization techniques: PCM, Delta modulation, ADPCM
7 Coding RZ, NRZ, AMI etc.
8 Mid-Semester examination
9 Project Communication system application
10 Digital modulation: ASK, FSK
11 Digital Modulation: PSK, BPSK, MSK, QAM
12 Digital multiplex: FDM, TDM, hierarchy
13 Multiple access technique: CDMA. FDMA, WDMA
14 Communication system application i.e. antenna, radar etc
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COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC & SYSTEM ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
Evaluation Weightage
Project & Presentation 20 - 30 %
Assignment 10 - 30 %
Examination 40 - 60 %
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COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC & SYSTEM ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
Telecommunication is the assisted transmission ofsignal over a distance for
the purpose of communication. In earlier times, this may have involved the
use of smoke signals, drums, semaphore, flags, or heliograph. In moderntimes, telecommunication typically involves the use ofelectronic transmitters
such as the telephone, television, radio or computer. Early inventors in the
field of telecommunication include Antonio Meucci (telephone), Alexander
Graham Bell (telephone), Guglielmo Marconi (radiotelegraph) and John
Logie Bair d (television). Telecommunication is an important part of the
world economy and the telecommunication industry's revenue has been
placed at just under 3 percent ofthe gross worldproduct
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to communication systems
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- The Technology Evolved
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Block DiagramofCommunication System
COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP
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UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
Input Transducer Transmitter Channel Receiver Output Transducer
Message
signal
Transmitted
signal
Received
Signal
Output
signalOutput
Message
Output
Message
CarrierAdditive noise, interference, distortion
resultingfrom band limiting and
nonlinearities, switching noise in
networks, electromagnetic discharges
such as lightning, powerline coronadischarge and soon.
Transducer : an electronic device that converts energy fromone form to another, for
example speech waves are converted by a microphone to voltage variation.
Transmitter : The device that is purposely used to couple the signal to the signal. The place
where modulation process happened.Channel : The mediumwhere the signal is transmittedfrom transmitter to receiver. For
instance; air, copper cable, optical cable, free space
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All information transmission system invariably involve three major
subsystem a transmitter, the channel, and the receiver.
COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC & SYSTEM ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
INTRODUCTION: The Blockdiagramofcomm. system
The wide variety ofpossible sources ofinformation results in many different formfor
messages. Regardless oftheir exact form, however, messages may be categorized as
analogordigital.
The analog signal modeled as function ofcontinuous-time variable, x(t) (e.g. pressure,temperature, speech, music), whereas the digital signal consists ofdiscrete symbols,
x[n].
The massage produced by the source must be converted by a transducer to a form
suitable for the particular type ofcommunication system employed. Ex: Speech waves
are converted by a microphone to voltage variations. The convertedmassage referred toas the message signal.
The signal can be interpreted as the variation ofa quantity, often a voltage or current,
with time.
Input transducer
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Block DiagramofComm. System
The purpose ofthe transmitter is to coupler the message to the channel.
Modulation is the systematic variation ofsome attribute ofthe carrier, such as amplitude,
phase orfrequency in accordance with the function ofthe message signal.
The several reasons for using a carrier and modulating it.
1. For ease of radiation Enveloping the low frequency to high frequency
2. To reduce noise and interference The amplitude & immunity
3. For channel assignment Frequency or wavelength alllocation
4. For multiplexing or transmission of several messages over a single channel
- Multiplexing by means of FDM,WDM, CWDM, DWDM
5. To overcome equipment limitations Require many equipment to
accomplish the task
The other process which involve in the transmitter alsofiltering, amplification, and coupling the
modulated signal to the channel. Ex. antenna.
Transmitter
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Receiver
COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC & SYSTEM ENGINEERING
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The receivers function is toextract the desiredmessage from the received signal at
the channel output and toconvert it to a form suitable for the output transducer.
Although amplification may be one ofthe first operations performed by the receiver,
especially in radio communications, where the received signal may be extremely
weak, the main function ofthe receiver is tomodulate the received signal.
Often it is desired that the receiveroutput be a scaled, possibly delayed, version of
the message signal at the modulatoroutput, although in some case a more general
function ofthe input message is desired. However , as a result ofthe presence of
noise anddistortion, this operation is less than ideal.
Output Transducer (Decoder/Interpreter)
Block DiagramofComm. System
The output transducer completes the communication system. The device coverts the
electric signal at its input into the formdesired by the system user. The examples oftransducer includes telephone, tape recorder, personal computer,
meter andCRT.
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2. Channel Characteristic
Noise Source
COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC & SYSTEM ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
Noise in a communication system can be classified intotwo broad categories,
dependingon its source.; Internal noise andExternal noise.
Noise generated by components within a communication system, such as resistor,
electron tubes and solid-state active devices, is referred to as internal noise.
The second category, external noise, results from sources outside a communication
system, includingatmospheric, man-made and extraterrestrial sources.
Atmospheric noise results primarily from spurious radiowaves generated by the
natural electrical discharges within the atmosphere associatedwith thunderstorms,
commonly referred to as static or spheric. Below about 100 MHz, the field strength of
such radiowaves is inversely proportional tofrequency. Therefore, it affects
commercial AM broadcast radio, which occupies the frequency range from530 kHz
to 1.6 MHz, more than it affects television and FM radio, which operate in frequency
bands above 50 MHz.
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2. Channel Characteristic
Noise Source Man-made noise include high-voltage powerline corona discharge, commutator-
generated noise in electrical motors, automobile and aircraft ignition noise, and
switching-gear noise. This impulsive noise (audio) is the predominantly type in
switched wireline channels, such as telephone channels. For applications such as
voice transmission, impulse noise is only an irritation factor; however, it can be a
serious source oferror in application involving transmission of digital data.
Impulse noise is a category of (acoustic) noise which includes unwanted, almost
instantaneous (thus impulse-like) sharp sounds (like clicks andpops). Noises of
the kind are usually caused by electromagnetic interference, scratches on the
recording disks, and ill synchronization in digital recording and communication.
Extraterrestrial noise source include our sun and other hot heavenly bodies, such as stars.
Owing to its high temperature (6000C) and relatively close proximity to the earth, the sun
is an intense, but fortunately localized, source of radio energy that extends over a br oad
frequency spectrum. Similarly, the stars are sources of wideband energy. Although much
more distant and hence less the intense than the sun, nevertheless they are collective an
important source ofnoise because oftheir vast numbers.
Radio-Frequency interference (RFI) is noise due to interfering transmitter. It is
particularly troublesome in situation in which a receiving antenna is subject to a high-
density transmitter environment, as in mobile communications in a lar ge city.
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2. Channel Characteristic
Noise Source
Internal noise results from the randommotion ofcharge carriers in electronic
components. It can be three general type: Thermal noise, short noise andflicker
noise.
Thermal noise caused by the randommotion offree electrons in a conductoror
semiconductor excited by thermal agitation.
Shot noise is cause by the random arrival ofdiscrete charge carriers in such devicesas thermionic tubes or semiconductorjunction devices.
Flicker noise is produced in semiconductors by a mechanism not well understood and
is more severe the lower the frequency.
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Thermal agitation of electron
Thermal Agitation refers to the motion of electrons in a conductordue toheat. That is, without a current being
applied, the electrons are not still, but move about randomly in accordance with the amount ofheat energy (the
temperature) ofthe material.
Temperature is essentially the measure of the energy of a particle. The warmer something is, the more energetic
its particles are, so the more they move around. Thermal agitation is just about how much particles (mainly
electrons) move around based on their energy. It's primarily a quality seen and talked about in conductors of
electricity - as more current applied, the thermal agitation increases.
http://www.edumedia-sciences.com/en/a102-thermal-agitation
Signal w/o noise
Signal with noise
Spectrumofsignal will thermal noise affection
Thermal Noise
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3. Types oftransmission Channels
1. The basic physical principle involved is the coupling of electromagnetic
energy into a propagation medium, which can be free space or the
atmosphere, by means of a radiation element referred to as an antenna.
Many different propagation modes are possible, depending on the physical
configuration of the antenna & the characteristics of the pr opagationmedium.
Electromagnetic-wave Propagation Channels
The types ofTransmission Channels consist of3 classes:
1. Electr omagnetic-Wave propagation Channels
2. Guided Electromagnetic-wave Channels
3. Optical Links
COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC & SYSTEM ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
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3. Types oftransmission Channels
Electromagnetic-wave Propagation Channels
COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC & SYSTEM ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
Wireless communication is the transferofinfo. over a distance without the use ofelectrical
conductors or "wires". The distances involvedmay be short (a fewmeters as in television remotecontrol) or long (thousands ormillions ofkilometers for radio communications). When the context is
clear, the term is often shortened to "wireless". Wireless communication is generally considered to be a
branch oftelecommunications.
It encompasses various types offixed, mobile, and portable twoway radios, cellular telephones,
personal digital assistants (PDAs), andwireless networking. Other examples ofwireless technology
include GPS units, garage dooropeners andorgarage doors, wireless computermice, keyboards and
headsets, satellite television and cordless telephones.
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COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP
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UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
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Guided electromagnetic-Wave Channels
1. Up until the last part of the twentienth century the most extensive example
of guided electromagnetic wave channel is the part of the long-distance
telephone network that uses wire line, but this has almost exclusively been
replacedby the optical fiber
2. Bandwidths on coaxial-cable links are a few megahertz. The need forgreater Bandwidth initiated the development of millimeter-wave
waveguide transmission systems.
3. However, with the development of low-loss optical fiber, efforts to
improve millimeterwave systems to achieve greater ceased.
COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC & SYSTEM ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
3. Types oftransmission Channels
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Optical Links
COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC & SYSTEM ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
1. A typical fiber-optic communication system has a light source, which maybe either a LED or a semiconductor laser, in which the intensity ofthe light
is variedby the message source.
2. The output ofthis modulator is the input to a light-conducting fiber.
3. The receiver, or light sensor, typically consists of a photodiode. In a
photodiode, an average current flows that is pr oportional to the opticalpowerof the incident light. However, the exact numberof charge carriers
(electron) is random. The output of the detector is the sum of the average
current which is proportional to modulation & a noise component.
3. Types oftransmission Channels
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COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP
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UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
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1. Fiber to the Home (FTTH)
2. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
3. Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL)
4. Ethernet
5. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
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The Projects The Contemporary Issue in Communication
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1. Intr oduction Why we need the Technology ?
2. Architecture
3. Equipment
4. Latest Technology/Issue
5. Comparison
COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP
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UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
The Contents
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COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP
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Customer access network: FTTH ON-SITE
COOLT
OS
Feeder
Drop
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Communication equipment :Optical Line Terminal (OLT)
ISCOM5504 is Optical Line Terminal of Raisecom GEPON system that aggregates Ethernet traffic from
remote ONU devices through passive optical splitters. It provides 4 single-strand PON interfaces for
communicating with downlink ONU devices and 4 gigabit combo interfaces for connecting with uplink
switches, enabling a high-speed and cost efficient FTTH solution in last mile. Raisecom GEPON complies
with IEEE802.3ah standard and enhances the transfer rates ofhigh-speed Internet connection services by
fiber optics while reducing the cost by sharing multiple lines. It can greatly reduce the networking CAPEX
and OPEX for its reducing failure points and simplifying network architecture, presenting carriers an ideal
solution fordeploying packet switching network with limited fiber resources.
COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP
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UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
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1. Leader
2. Moderator
3. Artistic
4. Engineer I
5. Engineer II
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The Man Strength
Each group should assigned the responsibilities to all ofthe members. The
responsibilities must comprise of:
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COMPUTER & SECURITY NETWORK RESEARCH GROUP
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC & SYSTEM ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
Details
Duration : 3 weeks
Time ofPresentation : 20 minutes
Marks
Report : 15 %
Presentation : 15 %