America & World War America & World War IIII

1941 – 1945 1941 – 1945

Chapter 25Chapter 25

I. Mobilizing for War

A. Converting the Economy1. Converting to military economy began before war2. Moved away from bidding on gov’t contracts3. Cost Plus: gov’t agreed to pay cost plus a

guaranteed…4. Reconstruction Finance Corp: gov’t agency help

cover…B. American Industry

1. Auto industry shift from cars to tanks, planes…2. Liberty Ships: basic cargo ship, welded not riveted…3. War Production Board: set priorities and production…4. Office of War Mobilization: settle arguments

between…C. Creating an Army

1. Selective Service and Training Act: first peacetime draft

2. Drafted beyond ability to train and process3. Double “V” Campaign: Hitler’s racism & US racism4. FDR responds by promoting Benjamin O. Davis to …

5. Tuskegee Airmen: all black fighter pilots trained in AL

a. Training officer Benjamin O. Davis, Jr.b. Delay 2yrs before being sent into combatc. 99th Pursuit Squadron in Italy

6. Women in the Wara. Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps beginningb. Women’s Army Corps replacedc. Goal to free up men for combatd. All branches followed after army success

II. Early Battles

A. Japanese Front1. Fall of the Philippines

a. Attacked hours after Pearl Harborb. Gen. Douglas MacArthur commander retreatsc. Hold out 3 months lack of supplies, disease…d. MacArthur evacuated to Australia-moral,

propage. 78,000 prisoners of war captured by Japanesef. Bataan Death March: 65 mile march to

prison…g. Corregidor last holdout 3 more months

2. Doolittle Raid

a. Led by Colonel James Doolittleb. Moral booster after Pearl Harbor disasterc. 16 B-25 Mitchell bomber from carrier Hornetd. April 18, 1942 bombs fell on Tokyoe. Little damage physically – lots emotionally

3. Changes for Japanese

a. Doolittle raid convinced changes requiredb. Navy officers gain powerc. Japanese need to destroy balance of US carriersd. Admiral Yamamoto’s plans adopted

4. Battle of Coral Seaa. Japanese plans to capture New Guinea to cut…b. US broke Japanese code aware of planc. US send Lexington & Yorktown carriers to…d. Lexington sunk/Yorktown damaged – US

victory5. Battle of Midway

a. Japanese plans to attack US at Midway Islandb. Broken code allowed US to be readyc. Two waves of Japanese attacks turned backd. Japanese lose 4 carriers – heart of their fleete. Viewed as turning point of war in Pacificf. Two more years of hard fighting but

Japanese…

B. Focus on German Army

1. Demands by Stalin that US & GB open 2nd front2. FDR supported but Churchill opposed3. Churchill want to fight Germans on the periphery

(edge)4. North Africa: first place the US sent troops

a. Morocco and Algeria: French territory under…

b. Allowed US troops to get experiencec. Defeat for Germans and Italiansd. Led to invasion of Italye. Allowed US to support GB fighting in Egyptf. Egypt important b/c Suez Canalg. Germ. led by Gen. Erwin Rommel (Desert

Fox)h. US forces led by Gen. George S. Pattoni. Quick victories by Patton led to promotionj. Patton took control after Kassirine Pass lossk. Allied victory in North Africa

5. Battle of the Atlantic

a. German submarines easy victory along east coast

b. Glow of city lights on coast marked shipsc. US finally began blackoutsd. US finally adopted convoy system-packs

with…e. US industry began producing more ships

than…f. New technology finally gave US ships and

…6. Stalingrad

a. Spring 1942 things good for Hitler-Rommel…

b. Invasion of Russia to knock them out of warc. Plan to destroy Russian economyd. Capture strategic oil fields, industries in

southe. Key city Stalingrad on Volga River and RR

headf. Germans forbidden to retreatg. 91,000 surrounded and captured by

Russian…h. 5,000 survive Russian prison campi. Turning point of war for Germany

III. Life at Home

A. Women and Minorities Gain1. “Rosie the Riveter”2. Women work in defense plants3. A. Philip Randolph: head of Brotherhood…

a. Threaten march on Washington DCb. Demand defense work for blacksc. Executive Order 8802: non-discriminationd. Fair Employment Practices Commission

4. Bracero Program: Spanish worker programa. US government programb. Bring Mexican farm worker to US

B. Nation on the Move

1. Sunbelt: deep south and California2. Housing shortage at defense plants3. Great Migration: blacks leaving south for defense

jobsa. Blacks met with intolerance in north and westb. Race riots in Detroit

4. Zoot Suit: baggy, pleated pants…a. Americans to save fabric for war wore

Victory…b. Mexican immigrants wore zoot suitsc. Race riots in California between Am and Mex

5. Internment Camps

a. FDR give authority to declare any part of US…

b. All of west coast declared war zonec. All of Japanese descent moved to internment

aread. No Japanese ever tried for espionage or …e. All possessions, homes, business confiscated

w/of. Moved to isolation in Colorado, Kansas…g. Korematsu v. the United States: Supreme

Court…h. 442 Regimental Combat Team: most highly…i. Japanese American Citizens League: failedj. Ronald Reagan & $20,000 to any survivor

C. Daily Life

1. Office of Price Administration: wage/price controls2. Rationing: limiting the availability of many products

a. Food stuffs such as meat and sugarb. Gasoline and rubberc. Speed limit set at 35 mphd. Red and Blue coupon books=ration coupons

3. Victory gardens-grow own produce4. Scrap drives for rubber, tin, aluminum and steel5. Oil and fat collection stations – bacon drippings =

extra6. E Bonds: aka war bonds $18.75 - $25 + 10 years7. Federal gov’t raised taxes

IV. Advancing the Battle

A. Target the Nazi1. Casablanca Conference: meeting FDR & Churchill…

a. Strategic Bombing: British @ night/US 8th dayb. Ramp up tonnagec. Oil storage destroyed but not morale

2. Invasion of Italya. Sicily 1st targetb. Montgomery UK in chargec. Patton US smashes German lined. DUKW: new US amphibious truck successe. Italy surrenders oust Mussolinif. Hitler says no-take N Italy-Mussolini back ing. US land @ Salerno on mainlandh. US land @ Anzio behind Germ line attack…i. After 5 months US capture Rome-Germ out

3. Big Three Meet at Tehran Iran

a. Russia agree to open 2nd front against Germb. FDR agree to split Germ w/Russia after warc. FDR agree to give Baltic States to Russiad. FDR agree to give Poland to Russia****e. FDR agree to give Chec to Russiaf. FDR believe Stalin best friend and nice man

B. Invasion of Europe1. Operation Overlord: code name for planned

invasion…a. Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhowerb. Invasion planned for Normandyc. Use subterfuge to convince invasion Pas-de-

Calaisd. D-Day

2. Longest Day (Utah, Omaha, Gold, Sword & Juno)3. Aided by sinking of Bismarck before US entry

IV. Battle

C. Pushing the Japanese1. Island-Hopping Campaign: plan for Pacific taking…

a. Low water @ some atollsb. Amphtrac: amphibious tractor solve part …c. Marshall Islands then move to Mariana Islandsd. B-29 bomber reach Japan from Mariana

Islands2. MacArthur returns3. Battle of Leyte Gulf

a. Largest naval battle in historyb. Kamikaze: divine wind – crash planes into

US…c. More psychological than destruction but…d. Complete US victory

V. End of War

A. Third Reich Collapses1. US knew of holocaust atrocities2. Best way to stop was destroy Nazi regime3. Need breakout from Normandy

a. Hedgerows: dirt walls several feet thick covered…

b. Bombers destroy – tanks pass through4. Battle of the Bulge

a. Last desperate offensive by Hitlerb. Key city Bostogne – Gen Anthony McAuliffec. Patton leads US troops to victory

5. V-E Daya. Victory in Europe Dayb. Russians drive Germ out close in on Berlinc. Hitler commit suicided. Admiral Karl Doenitz attempt to surrendere. May 8, 1945 unconditional surrender of

Germany

B. Defeat of Japan

1. FDR dies Harry S. Truman President2. 80 B-29 bomb Tokyo – 1st since Doolittle3. US need islands closer to Japan4. Iwo Jima cut distance half

a. 60,000 Marines (6,800 KIA)b. Bloodiest fightingc. Mount Suribachi

5. Gen. Curtis LeMay command of B-29sa. Napalm: Jellied gasolineb. Start fires burn wood/paper housesc. Suck up all oxygen – asphyxiation

6. Invasion of Okinawaa. 350 miles from Japanb. Japanese dug in in mtns. (12,000 US KIA)

7. Japanese agree to surrender if emperor allowed to …

8. Manhattan Project: Am. Program to build atomic bomb

a. Leo Srilard & Albert Einstein Germ possibleb. J Robert Oppenheimer lead team Los Alamos

NM9. Hiroshima: industrial city in Japan

a. Decision not unanimousb. Enola Gay – Paul Tibbets – Little Boyc. 76,000 bldgs. 80/120,000 people immediatelyd. Russia declare war on Japan – FDR

promised…10. Nagasaki: communication/business center

a. Bocks Car – Fat Manb. 35/74,000 people immediately

11. V-J Daya. Victory over Japan Dayb. August 15, 1945

Enola Gay Returns

Bomb ExplosionA-Bomb “Little Boy”

BocksCar Crew

HiroshimaNagasaki

A-Bomb “Fat Man”

C. New World

1. United Nationsa. Prevent warsb. General Assembly: member nations w/1 votec. Security Council: 11 members/5 permanent…d. Charter: constitution defining responsibilities

2. War Trialsa. International Military Tribunal created by

Alliesb. Nuremberg Trials: tried German leader for …c. Execution – prison – freedom (2)d. Tokyo IMT trials as well