ActionPlan Kerala

7/27/2019 ActionPlan Kerala

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 ANNUAL PLAN OF ACTION UNDER NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION..... ............. ........ 1

1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION................................................................................................................. 11.1.1 Defined Institutions for Backward and forward linkages ............ ............. ............ ........... ............. .... 21.1.2 Market Infrastructure, Value Addition and Processing ........... ............ ............. ........... ............. ........ 21.1.3 Land Availability .......... ........... ............. ............ ............. ............. ........... ............ ............. ............. ..... 31.1.4 Demand - supply gap ............ ........... ............. ............. ............ ............ ............ ............. ............ .......... 3

2 PROJECT DETAILS.................................................................................................................................. 5

2.1 PROJECT OBJECTIVE AND STRATEGY ......................................................................................................52.2 METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................................... 62.3 DETAILED ACTION PLAN 2005-06 .......................................................................................................... 7

2.3.1 Mango........... ............. ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. ........ 82.3.2 Indian Gooseberry ............ ........... ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. ............. ............ ............ 102.3.3 Banana... ............. ........... ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. ............. ............ ........... ............. .. 122.3.4 Pineapple ............ ........... ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. ............. ............ ........... ............. .. 152.3.5 Cashew nut......................................................................................................................................182.3.6 Cocoa.............................................................................................................................................. 212.3.7 Pepper...... ............ ............. ........... ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. ............. ............ ............ 232.3.8 Ginger.............................................................................................................................................252.3.9 Turmeric ......................................................................................................................................... 282.3.10 Nutmeg .............. ............ ............. ............. ........... ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. .......... 312.3.11 Floriculture ............... ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. ............. ............ ........... ............. .. 332.3.12 Vegetable Seed Production.......... ............. ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. ............ ........ 34

2.4 CREATING WATER RESOURCES............................................................................................................. 352.5 PROTECTED CULTIVATION ................................................................................................................... 35

2.5.1 Green house....................................................................................................................................352.5.2 Shade Net........................................................................................................................................ 35

2.6 HRD INCLUDING HORTICULTURAL INSTITUTE .................................................................................... 362.7 POLLINATION SUPPORT THROUGH BEE KEEPING................................................................................... 362.8 TECHNOLOGY DISSEMINATION THROUGH DEMONSTRATION / FRONT LINE DEMONSTRATION ............... 372.9 MARKETING......................................................................................................................................... 37

2.9.1 Importance of SCM............ ............. ........... ............. ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. .......... 372.9.2 Market Channels...... ............. ........... ............. ............. ............ ............. ........... ............. ............ ........ 372.9.3 Marketable Surplus....... ........... ............. ............ ............. ............. ........... ............ ............. ............. ... 38

2.10 INTERVENTIONS FOR MARKETING ........................................................................................................382.10.1 Extension, quality awareness and market led extension activities for fresh and processedproducts 39

2.11 MISSION MANAGEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 39


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LIST OF TABLES:

TABLE 1INDIAS EXPORT OF HORTICULTURE CROPS2001-02 .............................................................................2TABLE 2AVAILABILITY,PRODUCTION AND REQUIREMENT OF VEGETABLES,FRUITS AND TUBERS .......................4TABLE 3DISTRICT WISE AND CROP WISE MATRIX.................................................................................................... 8TABLE 4INTERVENTIONS FOR MANGO .................................................................................................................. 10TABLE 5INTERVENTIONS FORAONLA....................................................................................................................12

TABLE 6INTERVENTIONS FOR BANANA ................................................................................................................. 15TABLE 7INTERVENTIONS FOR PINEAPPLE.............................................................................................................. 17TABLE 8INTERVENTIONS FOR CASHEW NUT.......................................................................................................... 21TABLE 9INTERVENTIONS FOR COCOA ....................................................................................................................23TABLE 10INTERVENTIONS FOR BLACK PEPPER...................................................................................................... 25TABLE 11INTERVENTIONS FOR GINGER................................................................................................................ 28TABLE 12INTERVENTIONS FOR TURMERIC ............................................................................................................ 31TABLE 13INTERVENTIONS FOR NUTMEG................................................................................................................ 33TABLE 14INTERVENTIONS FOR FLORICULTURE..................................................................................................... 34TABLE 15CLUSTER WISE DISTRIBUTION WATER RESOURCES ................................................................................ 35

LIST OF MAPS :

MAP 1IDENTIFIED CLUSTERS IN KERALA ................................................................................................................ 7MAP 2SELECTED MANGO DISTRICTS IN KERALA .................................................................................................... 9MAP 3SELECTED INDIAN GOOSEBERRY DISTRICTS IN KERALA ............................................................................. 11MAP 4SELECTED BANANA DISTRICTS IN KERALA ................................................................................................. 13MAP 5SELECTED PINEAPPLE DISTRICT IN KERALA ............................................................................................... 16MAP 6IDENTIFIED CASHEW NUT DISTRICTS IN KERALA ........................................................................................ 20MAP 7SELECTED COCOA DISTRICTS IN KERALA ................................................................................................... 22MAP 8SELECTED BLACK PEPPER DISTRICTS IN KERALA........................................................................................ 24MAP 9SELECTED GINGER DISTRICTS IN KERALA .................................................................................................. 27MAP 10SELECTED TURMERIC DISTRICTS IN KERALA ............................................................................................30MAP 11SELECTED NUTMEG DISTRICTS IN KERALA ............................................................................................... 32


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1 ANNUAL PLAN OF ACTION UNDER NATIONAL HORTICULTURE MISSION

1.1 Background information

Kerala is a narrow strip of land spread over an area of 38,855 sq.km with Western Ghats

and the Arabian sea bordering it. While its geographical area forms 1.18 per cent of all Indiaarea, it supports 3.10 per cent of Indias population. With a population size of 3.18 crore, its

density is much higher at 819/sq.km as against the national average of 324/sq.km. Its

literacy rate is high at 90.92 percent. Cultivators constitute just around 7 per cent of the

workforce and agricultural Labourers around 16 percent. The contribution of agricultural

sector, which was more than half of the state GDP in 1960-61 declined significantly to 17 per

cent in 2003-04, whereas that of the tertiary or service sectors contribution improved

spectacularly to 63.6 per cent. The per capita income of Kerala was Rs.27478 against the

National average of Rs.20, 860 in 2003-04. However, BPL families constituted 36.58 per

cent in Kerala compared to 26.10 per cent for All India.

Primacy of horticulture crops in kerala

Horticulture has always been the thrust area of Keralas agricultural scenario. Keralas

predominance of commercial horticulture is of national importance in terms of valuable

foreign exchange earned through exports and foreign exchange saved through import

substitution. The state has virtual monopoly in pepper production (81%), rubber (92 %),

cardamom (74%), coconut (44%), besides coffee (22%), cashew (15%), tea (8%). Kerala

constitutes 88 per cent of export earnings from pepper, 72 percent from cardamom, 54 per

cent from cashew kernels, 56 per cent form ginger and 21 per cent from turmeric. Out of a

total cropped area of about 30 lakh hectares, as high as 89.59 per cent of the area has been

occupied by horticultural crops. The important horticultural crops of the state include pepper,

coconut, cashew, ginger, turmeric, arecanut, cocoa, cardamom, tapioca, sweet potato and

other tubers, fruits covering banana and plantains, mango, jack, pineapple, papaya etc

besides vegetables such as cowpea, pumpkin, snake gourd, bitter gourd, cucumber, bhendi,

amaranthus, brinjal, tomato, chillies, floriculture etc.

Production and productivity of Horticulture crops

Productivity of horticulture crops in Kerala is trailing behind the National averages excepting

in the case of pepper and cashew. National figures available for 1998-99 were still far ahead

of state figures for 2003-04, indicating the efforts needed to catch up with national averages.

The scope for improvement lies more on productivity improvements than area expansion in a

land-hungry State like Kerala. Accordingly the Department of Agriculture, Kerala in its

ongoing programmes has given priority for productivity enhancement. Alongside NHM


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support, the growth rate in horticulture is expected to move up from the current 6 percent

growth rate to 10 percent at the terminal year of the Eleventh plan (2011-2012) as a result of

the thrust NHM proposes to provide for horticultural sector growth. Accordingly the

horticultural crop production has been projected to go up from 60.47 lakhs tonnes in 2003 to

109.45 MT in 2012, almost accomplishing the goal of doubling of production by 2012.

When compared to exports of Horticultural crops at the All India level, good potential exists

for Kerala in the years ahead, as exports of these produces were much below one per cent

of Global exports. Indias export (2001-02) of horticultural products is summed up in the

following table.

Table 1 Indias Export of Horticulture Crops 2001-02

Sl.No.

Commodities U S Million % share to totalexports

1 Cashew 386.93 0.862 Cashew nut shell liquid 1.03

3 Floriculture products 26.76 0.06

4 Fresh Fruits 85.26 0.20

5 Fresh Vegetables 120.68 0.28

6 Fruits and Vegetable seeds 13.04 0.03

7 Processed Fruits and Juices 107.40 0.25

8 Processed vegetables 41.71 0.10

9 Spices 311.53 0.71(Compiled from journal of exports)

It may be observed that the three air-ports together accounted for the export of fruits,

vegetables and flowers to the tune of over 30000 tonnes valued at Rs. 186 crores.

1.1.1 Defined Institutions for Backward and forward linkages

The number of existing institutions helping the farmer in the backward and forward linkages

is arrayed below:

1.1.2 Market Infrastructure, Value Addition and Processing

There are 77 wholesale markets, 137 retail markets in the state. Department of Agriculture

has developed EU assisted six markets, out of which three are major and three are medium.

Horticorp has 644 vegetable and fruit outlets (Haritha stalls for farmers groups), out of which

47 are sasya supermarkets, 462 are Haritha Mini Markets and 135 are Bunks. Vegetable

and Fruit promotion Council of Kerala (VFPCK) has set up 93 farmers markets or field

centers. Apex bodies of interested groups have been registered under charitable society act

in each district with haritha sanghoms, swayam sahaya sanghoms and individual farmers.

These sanghoms are named as Sanga Mythries. These Sanga Mythries procure

agriculture commodities from farmers and after grading the same will be marketed. These

societies have been provided with revolving fund and infrastructure facilities. Besides, the


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Civil Supplies Corporation has its Maveli outlets, and organizes festival fairs like Onam.

KHDP was instrumental in the formation of 156 vegetable marketing centers viz, Swrasraya

Karshaka Vipanis in important producing centers, enabling farmers to get a competitive

price, ensuring correct weighment and avoiding delay in payments. The importance of value

addition and processing for the growth of horticultural sector is too obvious to reiterate here,as this has been dealt with in details elsewhere. Thus, Kerala has the framework for the

creation of a Market network and processing to synergise the forward linkages for the

development of Horticulture sector.

1.1.3 Land Availability

The growing incidence of fragmentation and the resultant shrinkage in size of land holdings

has led to the predominance of small and marginal operation holdings, sharing as much as

98 percent of the total holdings, the average size of a holding being 0.2 ha. Marginal

farmers alone constitute 94 per cent. Nevertheless, as the state is rich in bio-diversity, small

land holding pattern necessarily would help attain higher cropping intensity, productivity.

Cultivable waste and fallow lands do not constitute a significant proportion. It works to

hardly 5.3 % of the geographical area. However, there is maximum scope for expansion of

area under vegetable and flowers in the summer rice fallows covering about 1.2 lakh

hectares. The area can be apportioned to autumn and winter seasons as well. Area under

coastal horticulture, specifically cashew, if promoted well, will not pose a problem of dearth

of land availability. The programme is expected to cover hardly around 26306 ha which may

not be a constraint as formidable as imagined.

The land use pattern of Kerala may provide a clue to the availability of land for the

programme proposed for NHM. This may be summered up below:

1.1.4 Demand - supply gap

Kerala is highly deficient in its requirement of vegetables. Out of the total availability of

vegetables of 8.18 lakh tones, it hardly produces 3.47 lakh tones or 42 % only. 58 percent of

the total availability is accounted for by the neighboring states. If the requirement is worked

based on ICMR norms, the state requires as much as 24.11 lakh tones. In that case, its

production is hardly 14 percent of the total requirement, excluding imports from neighboring

states and exports to Gulf.

In the case of fruits, the state produces 69.22 percent of total availability with 30.78 percent

flowing from neighboring states. As per ICMR norms, the total requirement of the state

works out to 13 lakh tons while the state produces hardly around 6.07 lakh tones or 46.69

percent. Though, Kerala is highly deficient in its requirements of vegetables and fruits, it is

almost self sufficient in tuber crops like tapioca in total availability and off take. These are

detailed below:


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Table 2 Availability, Production and Requirement of Vegetables, Fruits and Tubers

Availability and Local Production Total requirement as perICMR Norms

Item

Totalavailability

(MT)

Localproduction

(MT)

% ofproduction

to totalavailability

Suppliesfrom

outsides/States

% Totalrequirement

(MT)

% oflocal

production

Vegetables 818400 347000 42.40 471400 57.60 2411044 14.39

Fruits 877674 607494 69.22 270180 30.78 1300625 46.71

Tubers 463015 443775 95.84 19240 4.16 1049619 42.28

There is considerable pent-up demand providing scope for improving and diversifying

horticultural crop production.


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2 PROJECT DETAILS

2.1 Project objective and strategy

Government of India has planned to double the production of horticultural crops in the

country by the terminal year of the Eleventh Five Year Plan (2011 2012). The NationalHorticulture Mission (NHM) launched in April 2005, envisages a paradigm shift in crops

diversification, focusing on high value crops under the Horticulture sector to accomplish a

breakthrough in fostering production and productivity of horticultural crops, creating a stable

and level playing market base and reducing the price spread for enhancing the competitive

ability, income and employment of farmers. The mission has been assigned the dynamic role

of changing the horticultural scenario of India by promoting, developing and providing

financial, technical and ancillary facilities for the development and modernization of

production, post harvest operation including marketing and primary processing of

horticultural produces. The State Horticultural Mission, Kerala, in tune with the NHM norms

has formulated an Action Plan for 2005 2006 for Horticultural Development. About 69000

ha of cultivable waste and 11 lakh ha of current and other fallow lands are available. The

area to be covered under NHM programme (2005-06) includes 31360 ha.

In achieving the targeted area expansion under different crops the following strategies will be

adopted-

Awareness building through extension and information dissemination on crop

possibilities and market demand. The State Horticulture extension machinery as well as

private sector extension will have a role to play in this.

Quality planting material grafts, gootees (air layers), seedlings, micro-propagules - will

be made available for orchard development both through the Govt. machinery as well

as through private sector participation. This will include seed material for tubers and

spices, and certified seeds of vegetables and spices.

Technical support services will be made available at the doorstep of farmers to ensure

adoption of appropriate crop production and PHM technologies by farmers.

The role of the private sector will be encouraged through contract farming arrangements.

The State machinery as well as the private sector, through contract farmingarrangements, will have a role in extension, supply of quality planting material and

provision of technical support services.

Thrust will be laid on floriculture that is doing very well over the last few years.

The State will strive to emerge as a major producer of cashew and black pepper

Since marketing has been identified as the primary constraining factor in development of

the Horticulture sector a well-coordinated strategy will be followed for development of


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marketing infrastructure and market linkages. The following strategic interventions have

been planned

In promoting area expansion, choice of crops and of varieties will be geared to the

market and to the needs of the processing units and exporters

Development of market linkages through promotion of a chain of marketing operatorsviz. consolidators, traders, and commission agents will be attempted. For this purpose

the necessary regulatory framework will be put in place through amendment of the

APMC Act so that value chain is maintained

Establishment of appropriate Post Harvest Management Infrastructure will be accorded

priority. While the private sector will be assigned primary role, the existing public sector

agencies will also play a major role as catalyst

Market development will be based on a market study and a comprehensive Master Plan

has been assigned to a consultant

For Improvement of the supply chain facilities for sorting / grading / packaging/ storage

and transportation will be promoted. Provision will be made for development of collection

centers and transportation to local markets

For exploiting Industrial / Urban markets of neighboring States, development of trade

channels will be encouraged

Close link with APEDA for exports

2.2 Methodology

In developing the Action Plan, the thrust has been on area approach and promotion of

Horticultural crops in compact patches and in cluster villages. While selecting the clusters,

comparative advantage of crops like marketing opportunities, seasonal advantage, local

consumption, export/import substitution scope for intensification and productivity

improvement have been taken into consideration. Besides contiguity of the potential area for

expansion has also been kept in view so that enhanced production and productivity in these

regions is taken care of. The methodology of selecting clusters of contiguous areas and

potential crops shall entail focused approach as this will integrate all the activities for

commercial uptake of the horticulture in that area. This will lead to economic development of

the area as the crops selected have comparative advantages.

The activities identified for this mission shall be implemented in project mode rather than

generic developmental programme of state.


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2.3 Detailed action plan 2005-06

Based on geographical and climatic conditions of the growing belts, potential for expansion

following 10 districts have been identified in clusters:

Map 1 Identified clusters in Kerala

Districts

Cluster-I Wayanad, Kasargod, Kannur, Mallapuram, Kozhikode

Cluster-II Idukki, Ernakulam, Pallakad, Alapuzzha, Thrissur


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The crops selected are Mango, Banana and Pineapple in fruits, cashew in plantation crops,

Black Pepper, Ginger, Nutmeg and Turmeric in spices and floriculture. The integrated

approach would be adopted for development of plantation, creation of post harvest system

and development of marketing Infrastructure in identified crop to make them hubs of

activities for doubling the production and enhancing marketing as per the matrix below:

Table 3 District wise and crop wise matrix

Crop wise strategy proposed to be adopted in the action plan 2005-06 is discussed below:

2.3.1 Mango

Mango is grown traditionally in all the districts of the state. It is the major tree fruit crop in the

state. It occupies an area of 85,428 ha. However, systematic cultivation with promising

varieties is limited to the northern districts like Kozhikode, Malapurram and Kannur. The

remaining districts although have a large area under mango; they are mostly seedling

mangoes which are inferior in quality with low productivity.

M ang o A o nla B anana P ineap p le G ing er T ur mer ic N ut meg C ashew C o co a Pep p er F lo r i

Kasargod v v

Kannur v v v v

Wayanad v v v v v

Kozhikode v v

M alappuram v v v

Palakkad v v v v v

Ernakulum v v v v

Thrissur v

Idukki v v v v v

A lappuzha v v


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Map 2 Selected mango districts in Kerala

2.3.1.1 Constraints in production

The productivity of mango in the state is far below the national level, which is mainly due to

the poor genetic material.

2.3.1.2 Advantage of Kerala mango

The important indigenous varieties suitable for cultivation in the state are Prior, Olour,

Muvandan, Varikka etc which are acclimatized to Kerala conditions. These varieties are

having early flowering and regular bearing habits and are coming in the markets including up


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country markets as early as February March. These varieties are widely marketed in India

during early period when variety from none other state is available and hence have huge

potential.

2.3.1.3 Varieties

The main mango varieties selected for plantation are Olour, Prior and Muvandan. The

economic yield of mango is expected only from 5-7 years after planting. The anticipated yield

under the programme is mostly early varieties, which comes to the market before the north

Indian varieties begins to arrive. Hence they command premium price.

2.3.1.4 Proposed interventions

It is estimated that 1.00 lakhs grafted plants of different varieties are needed for covering

1000 ha under new planting programme. The districts selected for mango are Kanuur,

Kozhikode and Mallapuram.

Table 4 Interventions for mango

S.N0.

Component/Activity Location/District Rate of assistance/ Unit(Rs.)

Total Cost(Rs. in lakh)

Production of planting material

Public sector

Small nursery (1 ha) 2 no. Kozhikode 3 lakh 6

Plantation of new orchard (1000ha)

Kozhikode, KannurMallapuram

Rs. 22,500 /ha 225

Total 231

2.3.2 Indian Gooseberry

Indian Gooseberry is quite suitable plant for the Palakkad district.

2.3.2.1 Varieties

The main varieties proposed for development of the crop are Kanchan and Krishna which

are superior in yield and quality.

2.3.2.2 Advantages

Good demand in the internal market

Can be used for pickles

High demand in the Ayurvedic preparations

There are number of pharmaceuticals units in Kerala like Oushadhi, Kottakkal

Aryavaidyasala, Nagarjuna, Pankaja Kasturi


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Map 3 Selected Indian gooseberry districts in Kerala

2.3.2.3 Area expansion

An area of 300 ha has been proposed for the development of Aonla in the Palakkad district.

About 60,000 grafted plants would be required for new planting.

2.3.2.4 Production of planting material

For planting of orchards in 300 ha about 60,000 grafted plants will be required. For this we

proposed to establish 1 small nursery in the private sector.


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2.3.2.5 Post harvest management

For post harvest management it is proposed that facilities created for banana in Pallakad will

be utilized for this purpose.

2.3.2.6 Processing units

Since there are already many Ayurvedic units functioning in the state separate units are not

required.

Table 5Interventions for Aonla

S.N0. Component/Activity Location/District Rate ofassistance/Unit (Rs.)

Total Cost(Rs. in lakh)

1 Production of planting material

a Public sector

Small nursery (1 ha) 1 nos. Palakkad 1.5 lakh 1.5

2 Area expansion (300 ha)

Rs. 22,500

/ha 67.50

3 Post harvest management

Sorting Grading line PalakkadTo be shared with facilitiescreated for other crop

Total 69.00

2.3.3 Banana

In India, Kerala is one of the major producing states of banana. According to NHB, banana

production in Kerala was 375.9 thousand MT in 2002-03, the total production in India

standing at 13304.4 thousand MT. Nendran variety has 50% share of total banana export

from Kerala. The ethnic population in Gulf countries is the major consumer of this variety.

2.3.3.1 Comparative advantage of Kerala banana

Kerala is known for its unique banana varieties like Nendran, Poovan, and Palayamkodan

which have regular demand from non-resident Keralites in gulf both for the fruit and

vegetable purposes. The growing potential for potential and banana- based products within

the country and abroad has presented Kerala, with a golden opportunity, which it hopes to

take advantage of, by aggressively promoting the industry. There is growing demand for

processed products of this crop in the gulf countries. The varieties grown in Kerala have high

export demand.

2.3.3.2 Constraints

Dearth of tissue cultured planting material

Low productivity

Absence of post harvest facilities including ripening chamber at the market end

There is gap between demand and supply of the planting material


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Map 4 Selected banana districts in Kerala

2.3.3.3 Interventions for banana

The area under banana has been steadily increasing from 72,150 ha in 1993-94 to 1, 09,402

ha in 2003-04. Being a non perennial fruit crop there is further scope for intensifying the

area and production taking into account the scope for export to Middle East countries. An

area of 2000 ha will be put under new planting of banana. About 40 lakhs tissue culture

plants / suckers would be required for new planting.


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2.3.3.4 Identified clusters for area expansion

The high potential clusters in the districts of Waynad, Malappuram, and Palakkad have been

identified for promotion. The proposed area expansion in different districts is as follows-

Wayanad : 1000 ha

Mallapuram : 500 ha

Pallakkad : 500 ha

2.3.3.5 Planting material production

About 40 lakh tissue culture plants/ suckers would be required for new planting. For this it is

rehabilitation of tissue culture unit is proposed. The nurseries established at Wayanad for

cashew should have facilities for hardening of these tissue culture plantlets.

2.3.3.6 Post harvest infrastructure

One pack house is proposed at Marudu in Ernakulam district under the aegis of AEZ. The

facilities of this pack house should be utilized. Apart from this it is proposed to establish 3

sorting grading line in the three districts. A banana chips and wafer processing plant has

been proposed in Kerala for which assistance can be taken from Ministry of Food

Processing Industry.

2.3.3.7 Marketing

Being one of the most important crops of the state, banana is marketed in almost all theleading markets of Kerala. The total quantity of produce expected out of 2000 ha is

estimated at 30000 tons (15 tons per ha). The major quantity of banana could be marketed

through the leading markets in AEZ for export. The balance will be for domestic consumption

and chips making. The variety Poovan is meant for domestic consumption.


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Table 6 Interventions for banana

TotalCost

S.N0.

Component/Activity Location/District Rate of assistance/Unit (Rs.)

(Rs. Inlakh)


Public sector

Rehabilitation of existing TC labs Pallakad Rs. 8.0 lakh/unit 8

2 Plantation of new orchard 2000 ha Wayanad, Pallakad,Mallapuram

Rs. 15000 /ha 150

3 Post harvest infrastructure

A Integrated pack house Ernakulam Rs. 200 lakh @ 25 %in the plain area

50

B Sorting grading lines in plain area (1no)

1 in plain area Rs. 2.5 lac each @25 % for the generalarea

6.25

C Sorting grading line in hill areas (2no)

2 in hill area Rs. 2.5 lac each @33.33 % for the hillarea

16.5

Total 230.75

2.3.4 Pineapple

Pineapple is another important fruit crop of the state. The area under pineapple is 11484 ha.

The commercial cultivation is mostly confined to three districts (Ernakulam 6696 ha; Idukki-

1459 ha; and Kottayam-821 ha) and the area is gradually increasing to other districts in

recent years.

2.3.4.1 Comparative advantage of Kerala pineapple

Kerala has exclusive advantage in producing Mauritius variety which is highly suitable for

export market. The pineapple growers to a large extent are now adopting the modern

cultivation practices like high-density planting, hormone application for uniformity in flowering

and other management practices. The pineapple fruits are consumed as fresh fruit or made

into products like jam, squash, candy etc for value addition. The variety proposed for

cultivation is Mauritius since huge internal market as well as export potential is available. Its

advantages include longer shelf life, sweetness and can be consumed as fresh fruits. Sea

shipment protocol for export of pineapple has been developed.

2.3.4.2 Constraints

Low productivity

Lack of proper post harvest management practices


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Map 5 Selected pineapple district in Kerala


The clusters selected for development of pineapple cultivation are Palakkad, Idukki and

Ernakulam. Proposed area expansion has to be done in as proposed under:

Palakkad : 400 ha

Idukki : 300 ha

Ernakulam : 300 ha

2.3.4.4 Variety

Mauritius


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The planting material requirement for the proposed area expansion and existing area of

pineapple is 64 lakhs. For this a model nursery of 4 ha is recommended in the private

sector and 15 small nurseries out of which 5 in the public sector and 10 in the private sector.

2.3.4.6 Post harvest and marketing

The total quantity of fruits produced out of 1000 ha would be 20000 tons. The major share of

the produce would go for processing at the Nadukkara Agro-Processing Centre in

Ernakulam district and other private processing centres. The remaining quantity would be

marketed to the metro cities in India through the pineapple markets at Vazhakulam and other

markets in Kothamangalam, Perumbavoor and Angamaly in Ernakulam district;

Kuruppumthara, Changanacherry, Erattupetta, Kuravilangad and Ettumannur in Kottayam

district; Adimali and Thodupuzha in Idukki district. The farmers group at the field level will do

the primary processing like cleaning and grading with the technical assistance from the

Nadukkara Agro-processing unit. One pack house under AEZ is proposed in Mavattapuzzha

in Ernakulam district.

Organic farming

It is proposed to introduce 1000 ha of newly planted area with organic farming under

Pineapple along with the introduction or organic farming in the area.

Table 7 Interventions for pineapple

Total CostS.N0.

Component/Activity Location/District Rate ofassistance/ Unit(Rs.)

(Rs. in lakh)


a Public sector

Small nursery (1 ha) 2 no. Palkkad 3 lakh 6

b Private sector

Model nursery (4 ha) 1 no. Pallakad 9 lakh 9

Small nursery (1 ha) 1 no. Ernakulam, Idukki 1.5 lakh 1.5

2 Plantation of new orchard (1000ha)

Idukki, Palakkad,Ernakulam,

Rs. 15000 /ha 75


a Integrated pack house Ernakulam Rs. 200 lakh @ 25% in the plain area

50

b Sorting grading (2 hill and 1 plainno)

Pallakkad, Ernakulam,Idukki

Rs. 2.5 lac each forthe general area @25 % and 33 % athill area

2.275

Organic farming (1000 ha) Pallakkad, Ernakulam,Idukki

Rs. 20,000/ha 100

Vermi compost (1000 ha) Pallakkad, Ernakulam,Idukki

Rs. 60,000/ha @50 % of

the cost300

Total 543.775


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2.3.5 Cashew nut

India is the second largest producer and exporter of cashew at the global level. India

exported cashew kernel worth Rs.1804/- crores during 2003-04 and imported raw nuts worth

Rs.1401/- crores resulting in a net foreign exchange earnings of Rs.403/- crores. However,

there is 42% decline over the previous year in value terms. Exports declined by 3 % while

imports increased by 13 %. However, of late, kernels share is showing a precipitous fall in

production from 31% in late 1980s to 13% in 2002-03 at the all India level. Its productivity too

declined from 900 kg/ha to 737 kg/ha.

Kerala accounts for 15 % of cashew production in the country. Cashew processing units of

Kerala, which share more than 90% of the total capacity at the All India level, finds it

extremely difficult even to maintain one-third of its capacity. Processed cashew kernels have

good demand in international markets. Promotion of high density planting with high yielding

cashew grafts is imminent.


Kerala has potential to expand 15000 ha area under coastal horticulture. The coastal

horticulture with cashew planting will be confined to the districts of Kannur, Kasargod and

Mallapuram under this programme. About 10 % of the area is proposed to be taken in year

2005-06.

The produce will be marketed through the local merchants and cooperatives to meet the

requirement of the Cashew Processing Units in the State, as also for exports.

Integrated approach to be followed for development of cashew nut:

High productive varieties to be grown

High density planting should be adopted

Rejuvenation of senile plantation

Productivity of cashew suffers a set back in the State due to predominance of old senile and

unproductive trees. Such plantations need replanting with high yielding varieties. Accordingly

an area of 2500 ha has been proposed for replanting of cashew under this programme. The

districts, clusters and varieties identified for cashew rejuvenation are given below:

Kannur : 1500 ha

Kasargod : 1000 ha


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One model nursery in the public sector, one small nursery in public sector and eight small

nurseries in the private sector. These nurseries will primarily accommodate the nucleus

material of varieties recommended to the state and build-up sufficient infrastructure for

irrigation and nursery activity to propagate clones of such varieties in the form of soft wood

grafts.

2.3.5.3 IPM

IPM has to be adopted for tea mosquito which is a serious disease of cashew nut and for

stem and root borer. It is proposed to start IPM in 1000 ha initially

2.3.5.4 Processing

Theses shall be need for cashew processing plants (2 units) that are proposed for Kannur

and Kasargod for which project based assistance shall be forth coming from the Ministry of

Food Processing after feasibility study, taking into consideration the capacity utilization of the

existing plants.


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Map 6 Identified cashew nut districts in Kerala


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The interventions proposed for cashew under NHM are given below:

Table 8 Interventions for cashew nut

TotalCost

S.N0.

Component/Activity Location/District Rate of assistance/Unit (Rs.)

(Rs. inlakh)


a Public sector

Model nursery (4 ha) (1 no.) Kannur 18 lakh 18

Small nursery (1 ha) (1 no.) Mallapuram 3 lakh 3

b Private sector

Small nursery (1 ha) 8 no. Kasargod, kozhikode 1.5 lakh 12

2 Plantation of new orchard (1500ha)

Kannur, Mallapuram,kozhikodeKasargod

Rs. 15,000 /ha @ 75% of the cost

168.75

3 Rejuvenation of old orchard (2500ha)

Kannur, Kasargod Rs. 30,000/ha @ 50% of the project cost

375

4 Drying Yard (4 no) Kannur, Mallapuram,kozhikodeKasargod

Rs 2.5 lac for thegeneral area

25

Integrated pest management

(1000 ha)

Kannur, Kasargod Rs. 1000/ha 12.5

Total 614.25

2.3.6 Cocoa

The cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao) is a native of the dense tropical Amazon forests where it

flourishes in the semi-shade and high humidity. These are the conditions highly prevalent in

Kerala so its quite a suitable tree for growing in Kerala conditions.

2.3.6.1 Advantages

Exclusively produced in kerala

Growing demand in the domestic and international market



An area of 1500 ha has been considered to be increased in the Cocoa in the districts Kannur

and Kasargod.


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Map 7 Selected cocoa districts in Kerala


For production of planting material it is proposed to utilize the facilities created for cashew.


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Table 9Interventions for cocoa


Total cost(Rs. inlakh)

1

Production of planting materialThe facilities created for cashew will be utilized for this.

2 Area expansion (1500 ha)Rs. 15,000/ha 168.75

3Drying facilities The facilities created for cashew will be utilized for this.

Total 168.75

2.3.7 Pepper

Pepper is the major spice crop in the sate occupying an area of 216440 ha (2003-04). There

was an increase in area of about 32,023 ha during the last 10 years. Majority of the

traditional pepper plantations are poorly managed leading to low productivity of 275 300

kg/ha. However, there is potential for improving productivity level up to one ton/ ha through

better management. A systematic rehabilitation programme is also reported to be over due

in the major pepper producing districts like Idukki, Wayanad and Kannur where the

proportion of old and senile vines in the traditional plantations is significant. Rapid

multiplication technique of black pepper for multiplication of the planting material at the rate

1:40.

Pepper contributes to about 37% of the total export earnings and kerala shares the 90 % of

the production of India. The major pepper producing districts like Idukki, Wayanad and

Kannur are proposed to be covered under the programme. The details of clusters selected is

as follows-

Idukki : 2000 ha

Wayanad : 2000 ha

Kannur : 1000 ha

Considering the productivity of 1000 kg/ha, the total yield anticipated is 5000 tons. A major

share of the produce will go for export after primary processing at the field level by the

farmers group.

2.3.7.1 Comparative advantage of pepper

Kerala has near monopoly in production of pepper

Highest export earner

Green and white pepper has a great demand in international market


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2.3.7.2 Constraints

Old and senile vines

Attack of major diseases like root rot

2.3.7.3 Integrated approach has to be adopted for-

Rejuvenation of seline vines

Management of low productivity

IPM to be adopted for management of phytopthora root rot, slow decline and phyllody

Map 8 Selected black pepper districts in Kerala


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Table 10 Interventions for black pepper

S.N0. Component/Activity Location/District Rate ofassistance/ Unit(Rs.)

Total Cost(Rs. inlakh)

1Production of planting material

a Public sector

Model nursery (4 ha) 1 no. Wayanad 18 lakh 18

Small nursery (1 ha) 2 no Idukki 3 lakh 6

b Private sector

Small nursery (1 ha) 8 nos. Kannur 1.5 lakh 12

2Replanting of saline vines(5000 ha)

Rs. 15,000 /ha @50 % 750

3 Drying and curing unit (2 no)Kannur,Wayanad

Rs. 2.5 lac each forthe general area @25 % 1.875

Drying and curing unit (1 no) Idukki

Rs. 2.5 lac each forthe general area @25 % 0.625

Vermi compost (1000 ha) Idukki, Waynad

Rs. 60,000/ha @ 50% of the projectcost 300

Integrated pest management (1000ha)

Idukki, Wayanad,Kannur Rs. 1000/ha 10

Total 1198.50

2.3.8 Ginger

It grows well in warm and humid climates. It is being cultivated both as a fresh and a dried

spice. The main ginger-producing states are Assam, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Kerala and

Sikkim. The main ginger growing areas in Kerala are Wayanad, Pallakad and Idukki. Ginger

is grown in an area of 10,706 ha producing 40,181 tonnes annually in Kerala.

Comparative advantage

The state has its strength in production of Cochin ginger which is a premium spice item

in the international market.

High oleoresin content

Value added products of ginger have more demand in the international market

The demand for oleoresin of ginger is shooting up

Dry ginger has also a high demand in the international market

Therefore, increasing the area of such varieties is envisaged under current years

programme. An area of 2000 ha has been proposed for cultivation of ginger. The main

districts taken for development program are-

Idukki : 700 ha

Palakkad : 500 ha

Wayanad : 800 ha


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The anticipated yield from 2000 ha would be around 10000 tons. A major share of the

produce would be marketed as dry ginger.

2.3.8.1 Exports and export potential

During the last decade, its exports have been fluctuating. The export increased to 28,000tonnes in 1997-98 from 6,000 tonnes in 1990-91 but it suddenly fell to 8,000 tonnes in 1998-

99 and declined further to 6,500 tonnes in 2000-01. This sharp decline in export of ginger is

because of unorganised production due to lack of suitable varieties, post-harvest practices

and inadequate infrastructure.

2.3.8.2 Constraints in Production

The only constraint in ginger production is that post-harvest management of ginger is not of

international standards. Soft rot and shoot borer affects ginger production.

Integrated approach shall be followed for:

Use of high-yielding and high-quality varieties

Integrated management technologies for rhizome rot disease involving solarization of

seed-beds, phytosanitation, cultural methods, bio-control agents and chemicals should

be adopted.

Strategies for the management of shoot-borer by pruning infested shoots and application

of chemicals and bio-pesticides (Bacillus thuringiensis.) should be used. Post-harvest

management is the most significant operation in ginger, since always prefer healthy,

tender, disease insect-pest attack free ginger of attractive appearance.

2.3.8.3 Recommended interventions

Intervention recommended under national horticulture mission is establishment of one model

nursery (4ha) in public sector as good quality seed is the basic need and being heavy

feeder, average growers can not produce good quality rhizomes. Model nurseries shall be in

the new producing district discussed earlier, 7 small nurseries, two each in public and five in

the private sector are proposed in the district of Idukki, Wayanad, and Pallakad. Area

expansion shall take place in 2000 ha and IPM on a limited area of 1000 ha. IPM has to betaken for soft rot.


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Map 9 Selected ginger districts in Kerala


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Table 11 Interventions for ginger

TotalCost

S.N0.

Component/Activity Location/District Rate of assistance/ Unit(Rs.)

(Rs. inlakh)


a Public sectorModel nursery (4 ha) (1 no.) Idukki 18 lakh 18

Small nursery (1 ha) (2 no.) Pallakad 3 lakh 6

b Private sector

Small nursery (1 ha) 5 no. Wayanad, Idukki 1.5 lakh 7.5

2 Area expansion (2000 ha) Rs. 15000 /ha 225

Drying and curing unit (1 no.) Idukki Rs. 2.5 lac each @ 33 %for hill area

0.825

Drying and curing unit (2 no) Wayanad, Pallakad Rs. 2.5 lac each @ 25 %for plain area

1.25

3 Integrated pest management (1000 ha) Idukki, Wayanad,Pallakad

Rs. 1000/ha 10

Total 268.575

2.3.9 Turmeric

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a native to Asia and India. Its tuberous rhizomes or

underground stems have been used as condiments, a dye and as an aromatic stimulant in

several food items and medicines. Turmeric is a very important spice in India, which virtually

produces entire global crop and consumes 80% of it. Its area, production and productivity

during the last 30 years have shown an increasing trend with some fluctuations. Turmeric

can be grown in various climatic conditions, and as an intercrop in coconut and arecanut

plantations.

2.3.9.1 Constraints in Development

Non- availability of quality planting material

Low productivity (2 tons/ha) National average (5 tons/ha)

Lack of adequate post-production infrastructure and value-addition

Supply of healthy rhizome is intended to be from the two proposed model nurseries in the

public sector to supply the basic seed and 4 small nurseries (2 in public and 2 in private) to

further multiply the rhizome so that constant supply of rhizome is available. Area expansion

over 1000 ha spread over different pockets in these districts is also proposed. Organic

farming should be practised over an area of 500 ha with certification provision to enforce the

good agricultural practices.

In order to increase the productivity following shall be integrated with farming in these areas.

Seed material should be selected from disease-free areas.

Seed material should be treated with Dithane M-45 @ 3g/litre of water or Bavistin @

1g/litre of water.


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Seed material should be dipped for 30 minutes in the fungicidal solution and be shade-

dried before sowing.

Treating seed- rhizomes with 0.25% of Agallol for 30 minutes prior to storing and also at

the time of sowing prevent the disease

When the disease is noticed in the field, the beds are drenched with cheshnut compound(0.3%) and Agallol (0.1%)

Use of improved cultivars, Suvarna, Suguna, Sudharshana, Prabha and Prathibha.

Organic farming of turmeric utilizing various organic cakes as nutrient sources should be

used.

For control of shoot-borer, application of insecticides and bio-pesticides (Bacillus

thuringiensis product) to be used.

Proper technologies for storage of seed rhizomes involving seed treatment with

fungicides and insecticides and use of leaf mulches should be adopted.

For providing a constant boost in production, following shall also made and research

provision of ICAR.

Development of varieties with resistant to biotic and abiotic stress and high curcumin

content

The cluster development for turmeric has been taken in Idukki, Ernakulam and Wayanad


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Map 10 Selected turmeric districts in Kerala


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Table 12 Interventions for turmeric

TotalCost

S.N0. Component/Activity Location/District Rate ofassistance/Unit (Rs.) (Rs. in

lakh)


The nurseries for ginger will cater to the requirement of turmeric also

2 Area expansion (1000 ha) Idukki, Ernakulam, Waynad Rs.15000 /ha 112.5


Integrated pack house (1 no) Hill area Idukki Rs. 2.5 lac @33 %

0.875

Integrated pack house (2 no) Plain area Ernakulum Rs. 2.5 lac @25 %

1.25

Total 114.625

2.3.10 Nutmeg

Nutmeg tree produces two spices Nutmeg and Mace. The area under Nutmeg in the state is

only 9,718 ha. Nutmeg is only grown in Kerala, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicobar, out of

which kerala holds about 95 % of the area.

2.3.10.1 Advantages

Exclusively produced in kerala

The tree produces two types of spice the seed which is known as Nutmeg and the seed

cover is processed into mace

About 50 % of the produce is exported to the gulf countries

Growing demand in the domestic and international market

2.3.10.2 Constraints

Low productivity

Poor post harvest management



An area of 500 ha has been considered to be increased in the Nutmeg in the districts Idukki,Ernakulam and Allapuzha.


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Map 11 Selected nutmeg districts in Kerala


For production of planting material it is proposed to set up two small nurseries in the private

sector and two small nurseries in the public sector.


For post harvest management facilities for turmeric will be utilized for this purpose.


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Table 13Interventions for nutmeg


Total cost(Rs. inlakh)


a Public sector

Small nursery (1 ha) 2 noIdukki,Ernakulam

3 lakh 6

b Private sector

Small nursery (1 ha) 2 nos. Allapuzha 1.5 lakh 3


Idukki,Ernakulam,Allapuzha

Rs. 15,000/ha 56.25


Drying unitsThe facilities for turmeric will be used for thispurpose

Total 65.25

2.3.11 Floriculture

2.3.11.1 Cut Flowers

The climatic condition of the state i.e., tropical climate in plains and temperate climate in hilly

areas, are conducive for some selected flower crops. Floriculture has good potential for

remunerative self-employment among small and marginal farmers, which deserves greater

attention.

Cut flowers like Orchids and Anthurium are best suited for the State, as they do not require

open area for cultivation. It can be grown in smallholdings in the homesteads under partial

shade. It is proposed to bring an area of 30 ha under cultivation of cut flower crops. The

main crops to be taken for development in the area are orchid, Anthurium and cut foliage.

A major share of the produce would be exported to gulf countries and metro cities in India.

The proposed AEZ for floriculture should be incorporated with NHM for supply for area

expansion and post harvest management. Remaining quantity will be marketed for domestic

consumption in the local markets of Thiruvananthapuram, and Ernakulam districts.


It is proposed to utilize the facilities that have been created in the AEZ floriculture for planting

material production. Under the NHM it is proposed to establish two large nurseries one in

private sector and one in public sector and 5 small nurseries. Planting material can also be

taken from tissue culture labs proposed under AEZ at Nelliampathy district


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Production alone can not be complete without sufficient provision of post-harvest

infrastructural facilities. Four sorting grading lines and two cold stores are to be established.

Table 14 Interventions for floriculture

TotalCost

S.N0.

Component/Activity Location/District Rate of assistance/ Unit (Rs.)

(Rs. inlakh)

1 Production of planting material (12.50lakhs)

a Public sector

Model nursery (4 ha) 1 no. Idukki 18 lakh 18

Small nursery (1 ha) 5 no. Ernakullam, Allapuzha 3 lakh 9

Rehabilitation of existing tissue culturelab 1 no.

Pallakad 8 lakh 8

b Private sector

Model nursery (4 ha) 1 no. Pallakad 9 lakh 9


Ernakulam, Palakkad,Idukki

Rs. 70,000 /ha 10.50


Sorting grading line 4 (3 in plains and 1 inhills)

Rs. 2.5 lac each for thegeneral area

2.7

Cold store (1 no.) Wayanad Rs. 2 crore/unit credit linkedback ended subsidy @ 25 %of the total project cost

50

Cold store (1 no.) Idukki Rs. 2 crore/unit credit linkedback ended subsidy @ 33 %of the total project cost

66

Total 173.20

2.3.12 Vegetable Seed Production

Kerala is a vegetable deficit state, badly dependent on other states for its requirement. The

current per capita consumption of vegetables is much lower against the intake of 285 g/day

recommended by ICMR. Of the total availability of 8.18 lakh tonnes, the state produces 3.47

lakh tonnes or 42% only. In terms of ICMR norms keralas production is hardly 14 percent.

This requirement could be partly fulfilled if more rice fallows are brought under cultivation for

which sufficient quantity of improved quality seeds are required.

Presently, the District Agricultural farms, special farms, seed farms, and the farms of the

Kerala Agriculture University produce and supply quality vegetable seeds. The facilities of

these farms need to be strengthened for scientific vegetable seed production. An area of 30

ha will be brought under cultivation of vegetables for seed production programme. An

amount of Rs. 15 lakh has been proposed for this purpose. Similarly the private farms

engaged in seed production programme need improvement. An area of 30 ha will be put

under seed production programme and an amount of Rs. 7.5 lakhs has been provided for

this item. It is expected that about 8.22 tons of improved vegetable seeds would be

produced from the public sector and another 8.22 tons from private sector. This much seeds


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would be sufficient to cover an area of 3200 ha. The seeds produced from both the sectors

will be further tested for purity and germination before distribution. The entire quantity of

seeds will be distributed to the farmers through the Krishi Bhavans. Anticipating productivity

to the tune of 10 tons per ha, the quantity of vegetables produced would be 32000 tons and

the produce will be marketed through the VFPCK/KSHPDC sale outlets and exported to gulfcountries through the ports of Kerala.

2.4 Creating water resources

Extensive lakes and ponds, as seen in other states, are not common in Kerala. Most of the

lakes are saline backwater areas. Large and extensive fresh water lakes are very few in

number and most of the ponds are less than one ha. Hence making ponds and tanks with

catchments exceeding a hectare would be difficult. Availability of land is also a constraint to

make new ponds extending over 2 ha. Hence it is proposed to make small ponds of sizes

varying from 0.1 ha to 1.0 ha to suit Kerala conditions and in areas where watersheds have

been identified. It is proposed to make a mixture of ponds of various sizes covering a total

area of 15 ha. An amount of Rs. 150 lakh has been provided for this purpose. The clusters

identified are given in Table 15.

Table 15 Cluster wise distribution water resources

Creation of water resources- sources Clusters

Community tanks / farm ponds/ water harvesting structureswith an area of 0.1 ha to 1.0 ha ponds /Lift Irrigationprogrammes

Palakkad, Thrissur, MalappuramdistrictsNorth Malabar Area

2.5 Protected cultivation

2.5.1 Green house

Polyhouse technology has been standardized to grow orchids. The greenhouse proposed

under AEZ for orchid can be taken from this mission. The green house will also help in

checking the pest and disease infestation to crops since the cultivation is under controlled

condition. Green house will cover an area of 5 ha and an amount of Rs. 162.50 lakhs has

been provided.

2.5.2 Shade Net

Shade net is used to grow plants, which grow under comparatively low light intensity.

Flowering plants like anthurium and cut foliage are grown under shade net of different

intensities. Shade net also reduces transpiration rate saving water. The shade net proposed

under the project is intended for floriculture. It is proposed to provide shade net for an area

of 25 ha and an amount of Rs. 25 lakhs is provided.


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2.6 HRD including Horticultural Institute

About 90 per cent of the cropped area is under horticultural crops in Kerala. Ironically, the

state has no specialized institutions on horticulture to impart training to the farmer groups,

master farmers, extension officers and others on horticultural related subjects, technologies,

demonstrations, pre and post harvest technologies, backward and forward linkages, project

formulation on horticulture based products. Horticulture being hi-tech and market-driven,

there is an imperative need for an exclusive training institution for horticulture.

Training is considered as an integral part of the system in development of horticulture. The

technical officers from the grass root to the top level have to be exposed to emerging

advances in the field of sustainable agriculture, eco-farming and bio-diversity conservation,

biotechnology, INM, IPM, bio-control, organic recycling, water harvesting and watershed

management, green house technologies etc. Simultaneously, managerial competency has

also to be built up in areas like financial management, human resources management,

technical management, project management, strategic management, computer training etc.

For this component Rs. 100 lakh has been earmarked for the project.

Strengthening of horticulture institute at Malampuzha in Palakkad district, which has a vast

span of vacant land suitable for establishing a horticultural training institute along with

technology transfer facilities and an amount of Rs. 300 lakhs is proposed for this purpose.

2.7 Pollination support through bee keeping

Establishment of beekeeping colonies will be promoted in the selected districts to enable

pollination and honey production. This will also provide additional employment and income

to youths and women who will manage these colonies. The State Designated Agency (SDA)

for promotion of Bee Keeping for improving crop productivity is the Kerala State Horticulture

Products Development Corporation (Horticorp). NHM has recognized Bee keeping as one

of the important inputs to maximize agricultural production. Horticorp Kerala is already in

the process of procurement, processing and marketing of honey with its brand name

Amruth Honey. The Action Plan (2005-06) has proposed 10000 colonies at the subsidized

rate of Rs.800 per colony, working out to Rs. 80.00 lakhs. The State Horticultural Mission(SHM), which is the nodal agency of the NHM programme implementation, will pass on the

amount allocated under Pollination support through Bee Keeping to the State Designated

Agency, viz., Horticorp for implementation of this specific programme.


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2.8 Technology dissemination through demonstration / front line demonstration

The horticultural farmers are either adopting conventional or outdated technologies or not

adopting and primary preservation/processing at the field level at all, making the production-

marketing chain to have a much weaker link. Of late, CFTRI, ICSR and other research

institutions have evolved important appropriate technologies at various levels, but these are

yet to percolate impressively at the farm gate level to ensure value-addition. It is therefore

imperative, in the light of the NHM programme, to demonstrate the utility of such developed

technologies to interested groups like horticulture farmers, SHGs, NGOs etc. for creating

awareness and stimulate entrepreneurial instinct in them and make them efficient and cost

effective.

Such demonstrations have to be carried out covering horticultural crops like fruits and

vegetables, flowers and spices. Simple improved technologies relating to vegetable

cutters/slicers/ peelers, mechanized dehydration instead of sand drying which is climate

dependant, time consuming and less hygienic, application of wad emulsions, anti-fungal

paste specially for Banana, improved methods of mango ripening, slicing, shredding, dicing,

cutting, blanching to avoid discolouring etc. Similarly curing and polishing of turmeric,

dehydration of ginger, pepper and other spices powder making, use of tray driers, driers

specifically made for specific commodities, spices grinder, dehumidifyers, disintegrators etc.

need awareness creation. An amount of Rs.75 lakhs is proposed under this item.

2.9 Marketing

2.9.1 Importance of SCM

Integration of farmers with the market channels has been the major hurdle in the Supply

Chain Management (SCM). In the Supply chain Management, marketing is the weakest link.

Attempts are being made by EU-assisted institutions like KHDP (now VFPCK), to evolve

Corporate Management System to make these linkages effective and efficient through a

system of capacity building. Nevertheless, marketing margins are still high with

intermediaries grabbing a net margin of 41.41 per cent and the Index of Marketing Efficiency

(IME) is invariably less.

2.9.2 Market Channels

AFCs study on marketing Problems of Vegetable Growers in Kerala during the year 2000

has identified different types of channels and functionaries. The major channels include:

Producer Village Merchant Wholesaler Retailer Consumer

Producer Wholesaler Retailer Consumer

Producer Commission Agent Wholesaler -Retailer-Consumer


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These channels are the most common in urban markets especially secondary wholesale

markets located in district headquarters. The producer-consumer direct marketing is

commonly seen in the daily shandies spread all over the State.

2.9.3 Marketable Surplus

The study further reveals that over 94 per cent of the farmers have marketable surplus. The

marketable surplus constitutes 97.5 percent of the total production. This clearly indicates the

need for market development to ensure a remunerative price for the farmer as well as a

reasonable price to the consumer by reducing the market margins.

2.10 Interventions for marketing

The proposed marketing infrastructure includes the following interventions-

Updated market information serves as an important tool for farmers to negotiate with

traders from a position of strength, make them take better decisions for intra and inter

seasonal storage can contribute to early warning of impending food security problems,

contributes to arbitrage leading to farmers becoming good business men as well.

Timely market intelligence reduces transaction cost by reducing risk so even so, the

market intelligence is normally used intelligently by corporate, organized traders and

exporters. The small and marginal farmers are unable to pay for market information on

prices, arrival trends, crop situations, price fluctuations and forecast. The Agri-Business

Consortium (ABC) for small farmers is yet to make an impact on them through market

information services. One centralized networking system to be established which will

connect all the EU markets. Computerized net work is being used successfully for

transmission and dissemination of market intelligence on daily basis, besides All India

Radio stations, National/Regional New Paper, Doordarshan kendras besides others. For

better synchronization for the flow of market intelligence inventory, activation of

information and awareness creations among small farmers become all the more

important. An amount of Rs. 75 lakhs is provided under market intelligence.

20 rural markets in the plain area and 2 rural markets in the hill are to be established

along with faciltities for infrastructure support. One modern whole sale market is

proposed at Cochin with automatic facilities for sorting grading, auction hall etc after

conducting the feasibility study.

Functional infrastructure to be established which should have facilities for sorting,

grading drying and packing.

A perishable centre at Thiruvananthapuram airport to be set up costing around Rs.18

crore after conducting the feasibility study and land acquisition.


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2.10.1 Extension, quality awareness and market led extension activities for fresh andprocessed products

A lump sum provision of Rs. 75 lakhs has been made for this item. The number of units to

be covered under various clusters is given below:

Marketing infrastructure

A Rural markets General

Hilly/ Tribal area

20 Nos.

10 No.

B Extension, quality awareness and market led extensionactivities for fresh processed products(Project based)

Rs. 75Lakhs

2.11 Mission Management

Kerala being a predominant horticulture state, the Department of Agriculture is the nodal

agency covering all the activities at the state level, and at the District Level, the Principal

Agricultural Officer (PAO) looks after the activities. There is separate technical staff in the

Block and Panchayat level.

To follow the Mission mode of NHM, the State Horticulture Mission, Kerala has been

established. The Director of Agriculture will function as the member secretary under the

chairmanship of the APC for taking decision on matters relating to the routine functioning of

the mission. Additional man power required for district / state mission will be engaged on

contract basis for managing the activities of the programme. An amount of Rs. 200 lakhs

has been proposed under this item.

The Kerala Horticulture Mission has to provide funds to the district level / state levelcooperatives / farmers organizations in the field of Horticulture Development, Post harvest

management Processing and marketing. An amount of Rs. 75 lakhs has been provided for

this programme for support to farmers cooperatives / farmers organization in the district /

state level for building infrastructure.

The State Mission / District Mission has to be strengthened including additional engagement

of manpower, hiring of technical services, data base development, use of IT software and

procurement of hardware besides logistics. The mobility of the technical persons is to be

strengthened and for this hiring / purchase of vehicles may be necessary is to be done.

Required provisions for State and District Mission for this purpose are estimated at Rs. 150

lakhs.

State level Technical Support Group (TSG) for Project Formulation, Appraisal and

concurrent monitoring is also planned for Kerala. District / State level consultants will be

hired for providing technical support under this programme. A sum of Rs. 200 lakhs has

been proposed specific projects will be formulated for these programmes.


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ANNEXURES

The following table sets forth the Area, Production and Productivity of crops:

2.11.1.1.1.1 Crop Pattern: (2003-04)Horticultural Crops Area in Ha

Gross

% to TotalArea (ha)

ProductionIn Tonnes

Productivitykg/ha

3 FRUITS

4 PERENNIAL

Mango

Jack

85428

92861

2.89

3.14

384190

341(Million Nos)

4497

3672

5 NON-PERENNIAL

Banana

Other plantain

Pineapple

PapayaOther fresh fruits

55906

53496

11484

1769910886

1.89

1.81

0.39

0.600.37

442220

399717

95001

80755-

7910

7472

8272

4563-

Sub Total 327760 11.09

Dry fruits

Cashew 86376 2.92 65655 760

6 VEGETABLES

Bitter gourd

Snake gourd

Ladies Finger

Brinjal

Amaranthus

Other vegetablesThuvara

Muthira

Drum stick

Tubers

Sweet potato

Tapioca

2162

828

930

762

1142

23876

2028

588

21293

24017

1002

94297

0.07

0.03

0.03

0.03

0.04

0.81

0.07

0.02

0.72

0.81

0.03

3.19

15637

12392

5972

3940

27008

88248

-

-

23093

-

11981

2540790

7233

14966

6422

5171

23650

3696

-

-

1085

-

11957

26945

Sub Total 172925 5.85

Flowers - - - -

6.1.1.1.1 Spices andCondiments

Pepper

Green ChilliesGinger

Turmeric

Tamarind

Cloves

Nutmeg

Cinnamon

Garlic

216440

6828516

2774

19190

744

9718

311

638

7.33

0.020.29

0.09

0.65

0.03

0.33

0.01

0.02

69015

67932972

5652

29406

49

2427

-

10846

319

9963872

2037

1532

65

250

-

17000

Sub Total 259013 8.77


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Horticultural Crops Area in Ha

Gross

% to TotalArea (ha)

ProductionIn Tonnes

Productivitykg/ha

7 AROMATIC

Kacholam66 0.00 - -

7.1.1.1.1 Non Foodcrops/Plantation

Tea

Coffee

Rubber

Cocoa

Arecanut

Fibre drugs and narcotics

Oil seeds (Ground nut,sesamum, coconut and others)

Cardamom

Others

38327

84684

478402

9433

102504

4767

904694

41332

136539

1.30

2.87

16.19

0.32

3.47

0.16

30.62

1.40

4.62

57553

63850

655134

4877

105490

-

-

8875

-

1502

754

1370

517

1029

-

-

215

-

7.1.1.1.2 Sub Total 1800682 60.95 - -

7.1.1.1.3 Category II

Crops Excluded under NHM(Food crops)

Total food grains(Paddy, othercereals and millets)

Sugar crops

298204

9428

10.09

0.32

573309

29098

-

3086

Sub Total 307632 10.41 - -

Grand Total 2954454 100.00 - -

Area under Horticulturalcrops

2646822 89.59 - -

(Source-Dept of Agriculture and Agricultural Statistics 2003-04)

Exports of fruits and vegetables through the Air ports of Kerala

Thiruvanthapuram Ernakulam Kozhikode TotalYear

7.1.1.2 Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value

2003-2004

17080 16870 9498 7027 3865 1989 30641 18559

2004-2005(for 3months)

4602 3988 - - 1166 655 5769 4643

(Source: AEZ Dept of Agriculture)

Backward linkages


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Sl. No. Institutions in Public Sector No.

1 Department farms 10

2 Special farms 10

3 Seed farms 33

4 Coconut nurseries 08

5 Krishi Bhavans 1047

6 Seed Testing Labs 02

7 Pesticide Testing Lab 01

8 Fertilizer Quality Control Lab 02

9 Mobile Soil Testing Labs 10

10 Soil Testing Labs 14

11 Pest Surveillance Unit 01

12 Parasite Breeding Station 09

13 State Bio Fertilizer Lab 02

14 Bio-Technology & Model Floriculture Centre (the floriculturelab is well equipped with a production capacity of 20 lakhplants/year)

01

15 Bio Control Lab 01

16 Agmark Grading Labs 14

17 Farmers Training Centres 02

18 Regional Agricultural Technology Training Centres (RATT) 05

19 Govt. of India Farms 05

20 Kerala Agricultural University Nurseries and Farms 23

21 No. of Nurseries in private sector 1300

22 Engineering Workshops 11

23 Mobile Agro-Clinic 10

24 Sales cum Service Depots 08

25 Organizations Providing Extension Support 05

26 Directorate of Extension, Kerala Agrl. University 01


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43

Sl. No. Institutions in Public Sector No.

27 Krishi Vigjan Kendras (KVKs) 14

28 Panchayath Raj Institutions at DistrictBlock

Grama Panchayath

14152

99129 Institutions Providing R & D Supporta) Kerala Agricultural Universityb) Institutions Under ICARc) Institutions under Science & Tech Dept.

180504

30 Small Farmers Agri-Business Consortium (SFAC) 01

Forward linkages

Sl.No.

Institutions in public sector No.

1 KSHPDC Retail Outlets 644

2 Sasya Super Markets 5

3 Agricultural Whole sale Markets (EU Assisted) 6

4 Marketing wing of Department of Agriculture 1

5 Sanghamythri (Swasraya Vipanana Kendras) 14

6 VFPCK (Swasraya Karshaka vipani) 156

7 Udyanam outlets 5

8 Agri-Export Zones 2

9 International Air-PortBig Sea-Port (Kochi) 31

GOI Institutions

1 National Horticulture Board (NHB)

2 Agricultural and Processed Food Products DevelopmentAuthority (APEDA)

3 Coconut Development Board (CDB)

4 National Medicinal Plant Board (NMPB)

5 National Horticultural Research and DevelopmentFoundation

6 Directorate of Marketing and Inspection

7 National committee on Plasticulutre Applications inHorticulture

8 Directorate of Cashew and Cocoa

9 Directorate of Arecanut and Spices Development

10 ICAR

11 CSIR


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Sl.No.

Institutions in public sector No.

12 CFTRI

Institutions in Private sector

1 Wholesale markets Major 29

2 Wholesale markets medium 54

3 Retail markets 137

4 Village Markets 1305

5 Floriculture stalls 1136

6 Cold storage units 32

Other institutional Support

1 Floriculture Nurseries approved by the Dept of Agriculture 11

2 Active Horti - crops Exporters: 33

3 Exporters in Kozhikode 27

4 Major Horticultural Exporters 37

5 Aromatic and medicinal Plant/ Extract Dealers and Exporters 29

Land use pattern: Kerala (2003-04)

Sl.

No.

Items Ha (lakhs) % to total

1 Total geographical area 38.85 -

2 Net area sown 21.88 56.32

3 Current and other fallows 11.00 -

4 Cultivable waste 0.69 1.77

5 Forests 10.82 27.85

6 Land put to non-agricultural use, Berren &uncultivable, grazing, mixture crops

4.36 11.22

7 Area sown more than once 7.82

8 Crop intensity 135


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PROPOSAL FOR ASSISTANCE UNDER NHM 2005-06, KERALA

(Rs in lakh)

Sr.

No.

Programme Estamited Cost Proposed assistance Phy Fin

A. RESEARCH

B. PLANTATION INFRASTRUCTURE &

DEVELOPMENT


a) Public sector

i. Model nursery (4 ha) Rs. 18.00 lakh/unit Maximum of Rs. 18.00 lakh per

nursery

4 72.00

ii. Small Nursery (1 ha.) Rs. 3.00 lakh per unit Maximum of Rs. 3.00 lakh per nursery 16 48.00

iii. Rehab of existing Tissueculture units

Rs. 8.00 lakh/unit Maximum of Rs, 8.00 lakh/unit 2 16.00

b) Private sector

i. Model nursery (4 ha) Rs. 18.00 lakh/unit 50% of cost limited to Rs. 9

lakh/nursey

3 27.00

ii. Small Nursery (1 ha.) Rs. 3.00 lakh per unit 50% of cost limited to Rs. 1.50

lakh/nursey

25 37.50

Sub-total 200.50

iv. Vegetable seed production

a. Public Sector ( KAU ) Rs. 50,000 per ha 100% of cost 30 15.00

b.Private sector Rs. 50,000 per ha 50% of the total cost subject to max of

Rs. 25000/ha limited of 5 ha. ascreditlinked back ended subsidy

30 7.50

v Seed infrastructure

a. Public sector Project based 100% of cost 75.00

Sub-total 97.50

2 Establishment of new gardens

(ha.)

i. Fruits (Perennials)

ia- Perennials (Mango) Rs. 30,000/ha(average)

75% of the cost subject to a maximumof Rs 22,500 per ha

1000 225.00

ib- Perennials (Aonla) Rs. 30,000/ha

(average)

75% of the cost subject to a maximum

of Rs 22,500 per ha

300 67.50

ii. Fruits (Non-Perennials)Banana

Rs. 30,000/ha 50% of the cost subject to a maximum

of Rs. 15,000 per ha

2000 150.00

ii. Fruits (Non-Perennials)Pineapple

Rs. 30,000/ha 50% of the cost subject to a maximum

of Rs. 15,000 per ha

1000 75.00

iii. Flowers

(a) Cut Flowers Rs. 70,000/ ha 50% of the cost @ Rs. 35,000/ha

subject to limit of 2 ha/beneficiary

30 10.50

iv.Spices

a. Ginger Rs. 15,000/ha 75 % of the cost subject to a maximum

of Rs. 11,250/ha

2000 225.00

b. Turmeric Rs. 15,000/ha 75 % of the cost subject to a maximum

of Rs. 11,250/ha1000

112.50

c. Nutmeg Rs. 15,000/ha 75 % of the cost subject to a maximum

of Rs. 11,250/ha

500 56.25

v. Plantation crops

a. Cocoa Rs. 15,000/ha 75 % of the cost subject to a maximumof Rs. 11,250/ha

1500 168.75

b. Cashew Rs. 15,000/ha 75 % of the cost subject to a maximum 1500 168.75


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of Rs. 11,250/ha

Rejuventation / productivity

enhancement

a. Cashew Rs. 30,000/ha

(average)

50 % of the cost subject to a maximum

of Rs. 15,000/ha

2500 375.00

b. Pepper Rs. 30,000/ha(average)

50 % of the cost subject to a maximumof Rs. 15,000/ha

5,000 750.00

Sub-total D 2384.25

3 Creation of water resources

sources

Community tanks on farm ponds

on farm water resorvoirs -(No.)with use of plastics-100%

assistance

Rs. 10.00 lakh/unit upto Rs. 10 lakh /unit of 10 Ha. 15 150.00

4 Protected cultivation

a. Green house Rs. 650/ Sq. m 50% of the cost limited to max ofRs.325/Sq.m for hi-tech GH maximum

of 1000 Sq.m./beneficiary

5 162.50

b. ShadeNet Rs. 14/Sq. m. 50% ofcostmaxof Rs. 3500/ 500 Sq.m

max. upto 2 ha/beneficiary

25 17.50

Sub-total E 180.00

5 Promotion of IPM

Promotion of IPM Rs. 2000/ha 50% of cost subject to Rs 1000/ha

subject to a limit of 4 ha. perbeneficiary

3,000 30.00

Sub-total 30.00

6 Organic Farming

Adoption of organic farming Rs. 20,000/ba 50% of cost subject to a max of

Rs.10000/ha subject to limit of 4ha.per beneficiary.

3,000 300.00

Vermi composting Rs. 60,000/ha 50% of cost subject to a max of

Rs.10000/ha subject to limit of 4

ha.per beneficiary.

2,000 600.00

Sub-total G 900.00

7 Human Resource Development Project based 100% assistance 300

8 Pollination support throughbeekeeping

Rs. 1600 per colony 50% of the cost subject to max. ofRs.800/colony with bee hive

10000 80.00

9 Technology Dissaminationthrough demonstration/ front line

demonstration

Project based 75 % of cost 75.00

Sub Total 455.00

10 POST HARVEST

MANAGEMENT

I.Integrated Pack House Project based 5 102.75

2. Sorting grading in general areas Rs. 2.50 lakh/unit Credit linked back-ended subsidy @

25% of the capital cost of project in

general areas

5 3.13

3.Sorting grading in hill areas Rs. 2.50 lakh/unit Credit linked back-ended subsidy @

33.33 % in case of hilly and tribalareas

5 6.60

4.Cold storage units in hill area Rs. 2.00 crore/unit Credit linked back-ended subsidy @

33.33 % in case of hilly and tribal

areas

1 66.00

5.Cold storage units in plain area Rs. 2.00 crore/unit Credit linked back-ended subsidy @

25 % in case of hilly and tribal areas

1 50.00

Sub Total 228.48

10 MARKETING

MANAGEMENT

1. Est. of of Marketing

Infrastructure for horticultural

produce in Govt/Private/

Cooperative sector

a) Market Intelligence Project based 75.00


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b) Rural Markets/ApniMandis/Direct Markets in general

area

Rs. 15.00 lakh Credit linked back-ended subsidy @25% of the capital cost of project in

general areas

20 75.00

c) Rural market in hill area Rs. 15.00 lakh Credit linked back-ended subsidy @

33.33 % in case of hilly and tribal

areas

2 9.90

d) Functional infrastructure forcollection,grading

Rs. 15.00 lakh Credit linked back-ended subsidy @25% of the capital cost of project in

general areas

12 47.40

d) Wholesale markets Cochin Project based 1 250.00

e) Extension, quality awareness &

Market led extension activities forfresh processed products

Project based 100 % asst. 75.00

Sub Total 532.30

MISSION MANAGEMENT

a) State & Districts Mission

Strucutre including additionalmanpower & project preparation

cost

5% of total annual

expenditure on thebasis of appraised

needs

200.00

b) Support to cooperatives for

infrastructure support

75.00

c ) Institutional strenghning,

hire/purchas

ActionPlan Kerala

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