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A Comparative Study of The Use of Environmental
Friendly Household Cleaning Products
inSouthern California and
Southern Guangdong
Problems and Challenges
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试比较南加州与南广东之家庭环保化学产品
并略论发展问题与挑戰
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Prof. Kwan Ming ChanB.Sc. (HKU) , Ph. D. (Liverpool, England)Prof. Emeritus, California State University
陈钧铭教授香港大学理学士
英国利物浦大学博士美国加州州立大学资优教授
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Co-Authors: Prof. Sun Hui-Li and Liu Fengyang South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica
孙恢礼教授及刘凤艳女士南海海洋研究所
中国科学院
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Objectives: Why comparing two regions?
Both are the major gateways in the Pacific
Lessons learned may serve as models
Southern California has abundant data for modeling
Both are in similar geographical location with high economic power
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Geographic and Economic Settings for two regions
太平洋两岸环境与经贸比較
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中 / 港 货運 $35 billion 美元Cargoes transport
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US and China -Comparison
中 China 美 USA GDP ( per capita ) $4,400 $37,600
Purchasing power 購买力 (in trillion )
$5.7 $10.4
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Economic Structure 经济结耩 China USA
Agriculture 农业 15% 2% Industry 工业 51% 18% Service 服务 34% 80%
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Budget and Expenditure
China USA Budget 收入 (trillion) 0.224 1.946 Expenditure 支出 (trillion ) 0.267 2.052
trillion =1012 , 万亿
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Quick Facts : Calif. Vs USA
Calif. USA 人口 Population,106 34 284 屋价 House value, K 211 119 零售 Retail sales,109 263 2460 制造 Manufacture, 109 379 3842 California is about 1/10 of USAGuangdong economic power is a top-ranking
province in China. GDP is about US $10,000.
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加州与美国相比 Calif Vs USA
多少数族裔 More minority 多外国出生 More foreign born 高房价 Higher median house value 高收入 Higher household income 高人口密度 High population density Similar situation for Southern
Guangdong vs China
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California 加 vs Guangdong 粤
加 CA 粤 GD人口 Population , 106 34 78面积 Area, 104 km2 41 18经度 Latitude 32 to 42 20 to 25纬度 Longitude 114 to 124W 109 to 117E
海岸线 Coastline, km 1935 3368Guangdong has longer coastline and larger
population.
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Southern California Land Use南加州用地分配 农业 Uncommitted (Farming, Mining) 34% 住房 Housing 28% 休闲 Open Space/Recreation
20% 工商 Commerce/Industry 12% 其他 Others 6%Southern California has rapid expansion
in housing
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Some problems related to the expansion of urban areas
More waste discharges Rapid change in coastal
environment More Red tides More accidental discharges Costly clean-upSimilar problems in both regions.
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Waste discharge severely affected Lagoons in Calif.
<Batiquitos Lagoon
<San Elijo Lagoon
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Lagoon Modification
Formed after ice age Open to tidal flushing Shellfish and artifacts
from Paleo-Indians (9000-3500 years ago)
Catholic Missions Took over from Mexico in 1848
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Development, Deterioration
1881 Railroad line Crossing Bridges Coastal Highway
and Freeway Limited Flushing
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• Aerial view showing narrow openings
• Shallow basin and building of silts
• Limited circulation and flushing
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Input source to the ocean- Southern California
109 cu m/year Treated waste water 1.4 Industrial waste 0.25 Surface runoff 0.6 Cooling water 7.7
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General Characteristics of effluents, Southern California
in mg/liter Suspended solids 335 BOD 120 COD 240 Oil and grease 19 Total Nitrogen 23 Phosphate 5 Detergent 4.8
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General characteristics of storm water, Southern California
in mg/liter Oil and grease 1.5 Total Nitrogen 3.9 Phosphate 0.43 Detergent 0.1
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Compare storm water and effluent water
Oil and grease 19/1.5 =12.6 Total Nitrogen 23/3.9=5.9 Phosphate 5/.43=11.6 Detergent 4.8/.1=48 Effluent has at least 10 times
more
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General Characteristics of sludge discharged into coastal ocean of Southern California
in mg/liter Suspended solids 5 Oil and grease 760 Total Nitrogen 590 Phosphate 130 Detergent 4.8
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General characteristics of siltin storm water of Southern California
in mg/liter Oil and grease 1.5 Total Nitrogen 3.9 Phosphate 2 Detergent .1
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Compare sludge and silt in storm water
Oil and grease 760/1.5 =507 Total Nitrogen 590/3.9 =151 Phosphate 130/2= 65 Detergent 4.8/.1= 48 Sludge has at least 50 times more
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Mass emission rate of wastewater discharged in Southern California
in metric tons/year Suspended solids 278,000 BOD 291,000 COD 675,000 Oil and grease 65,000 Total Nitrogen 85,400 Phosphate 13,300 Detergent 7,600
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Sample of the best selling detergents – from EBay
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Detergent Phosphates
Form: sodium tri-polyphosphate About 30-40% of Phosphorus in
waste water from cleaning products
To-day, there are non-P detergent, but most still have 6-8% P
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Action of Phosphates
Peptize and help dirt suspension Aid in germ killing Buffer the pH in removal of fatty
soils Make surfactant more effective by
breaking up surfactant polymeric units.
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Basic Components (about 90% by weight)
Surfactant - Bipolar organic to lift off grease by
lowering surface tension Builder – Phosphates Soften water by removing Ca and
Mg
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Other components
Silicate – corrosion inhibitor
Carboxymethylcellulose – anti-redeposition agent to keep removed dirt from resettling onto clothes during the washing cycle
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Other Common Chemicals in the detergents
2-butoxyethanol Malic Acid Diethylene Glycol Monbutyl Ether
(lysol) Isobutane NTA (nitrilotriactate) –subsituted
for P
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Undesirable effect of highly alkaline chemicals
Higher alkaline – alter fabrics Skin or internal organ damage Higher cost Interaction with trace metals,
increase in transmission, may cause birth defects
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Tea Tree - Melaleuca Alternifolia(natural product as cleanser)
Other Common Names: Manuka, Melaleuca alternifolia
Range: Australia - New South Wales, Queensland; East Indies.
Haitat: Swamps by the coast. Requires a fertile, well-drained moisture retentive lime-free soil in full sun.
An essential oil is obtained from the leaves. It is strongly germicidal and is also used in dentistry, deodorants, soaps, mouthwashes etc
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Top 5 Brands/Companies of detergent in China Diao/Zhejang Nice Chemical Co. Omo/Unilever China Ltd. Liby/Guangzhou Liby Co., Ltd Qiqiang/Shangxi Nafine Chemicals Ltd Tide/Procter & Gamble (Guangzhou)
Ltd Most are in joint-venture with foreign
companies, similar in chemical composition
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Outlook
China had the highest GDP growth, nearly 8%.
GDP per capita in China is nearly $1,000
Retail sales growth of 8.8% China is undergoing another phase
of more environmental conscientious
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Development of friendly household chemicals markets Thirty-eight million urban families
currently can afford to spend the nearly US $12,000
Over 70% of the World’s top retailers – Wall Mart, Carrefour, Metro, etc are now in China.
The market for toiletries and cosmetics has passed US $3 billion and is expected to reach US $22 billion by 2013.
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The challenge of environmental friendly household chemicals
Advertising - Television is the dominant medium with over 1 billion daily viewers
Use of local natural products for improvement of antiseptic and fragrance
Improvement of tertiary sewage treatment to remove phosphate
Use of soap in general cleaning