51161547 Quy Gen Bao Ton Quy Gen

8/6/2019 51161547 Quy Gen Bao Ton Quy Gen

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BGIO DC VO TOTR NGI HC NNG NGHIP H NI

PGS.TS V V N LIT

GIO TRNHQU GEN V BO TN QU GEN

H NI 2009


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MC LCM U............................................................................................................................................Ch ng 1 ............................................................................................................................................A D NG SINH HC, A D NG DI TRUY N V TI NGUYN DI TRUY N TH C VT .7

1.1A D NG SINH HC..............................................................................................................7

1.1.1 Khi nim a dng sinh hc................................................................................................71.1.2 Vai tr ca a dng sinh hc...............................................................................................81.2A D NG DI TRUY N.........................................................................................................10

1.2.1 Khi nim v ngh a........................................................................................................101.2.2 Xcnha dng di truyn...............................................................................................111.2.3ng thi vn ng ca a dng di truyn .......................................................................14

1.3 VAI TR CA A D NG DI TRUY N V NGU N GEN TH C VT..........................151.4 MT SKHI NIM V THUT NG .............................................................................181.5 CC HC THUYT VNGU N GEN TH C VT...........................................................22

1.5.1 Hc thuyt Dy bin d t ngng.............................................................................221.5.2 Hc thuyt Trung tma dng di truyn ( Trung tm pht sinh cy tr ng) .....................22

1.6 CC TRUNG TM BO T N NGU N GEN THGII ...................................................321.7 BO T N NGU N GEN CA VIT NAM..........................................................................34

Ch ng 2 ............................................................................................................................................THU THP NGU N GEN TH C VT ..........................................................................................40

2.1 XI MN NGU N TI NGUYN DI TRUY N TH C VT............................................402.1.1 Mc xi mn ngun gen thc vt ................................................................................402.1.2 Nguyn nhn xi mn ngun gen thc vt .......................................................................412.1.3 Hu quca xi mn ngun gen ......................................................................................43

2.2 NHIM V, XC NH U TIN THU THP NGU N GEN TH C VT.....................442.2.1 Nhim v..........................................................................................................................42.2.2 Nhng ngun gen cn thu th p Vit Nam .....................................................................462.2.3 Xcnh vng v cy tr ngu tin thu th p Vit Nam................................................46

2.3 PH NG PHP THU THP.................................................................................................472.3.1 Chun b cho mt cuc thu th p ngun gen thc vt........................................................492.3.2 Thc hin kho st cy tr ng theoa l sinh thi ...........................................................512.3.3 Hnh thc tchc thu th p ..............................................................................................592.3.4 Ph ng php ly mu v c mu thu th p........................................................................592.3.5 Thu th p thng tin trong qa trnh thu th p ngun gen (Passport data) ...........................63

2.4 PH NG PHP THU THP TRUY N TH NG................................................................642.4.1 Thu th p ngun gen hoang di..........................................................................................642.4.2 Thu th p cy ly ht..........................................................................................................642.4.3 Thu th p cy c c............................................................................................................652.4.4 Thu th p cyn quv cy thn g..................................................................................652.4.5 Thth p vt liu tr ng tr t:..............................................................................................65

2.5 THU THP NGU N GEN IN VITRO...................................................................................62.5.1 Khi nim v c s khoa hc ca thu th p ngun gen thc vt In vitro...........................662.5.2 Ph ng php c bn nui cy In vitro..............................................................................62.5.3 H ng dn k thut ca ph ng php..............................................................................672.5.4 Mt snghin cu thu th p ngun gen bng k thut In vitro........................................69

2.6 THU THP NGU N GEN C S THAM GIA....................................................................722.6.1 Cc b c thc hin thu th p ngun gen c stham gia ca ng i dn: .........................732.6.2 K thut h p nhm nng dn............................................................................................

2.7 THU THP NGN HNG GEN HT NHN......................................................................772.7.1 Khi nim: ........................................................................................................................2.7.2 Thu th p ngn hng gen ht nhn.....................................................................................782.7.3 Chia ngun gen thnh cc nhm di truyn khc bit........................................................80


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2.7.4 Qun l ngun gen ht nhn.............................................................................................82.7.5 Sdng ngun gen ht nhn. ...........................................................................................82

2.8 PHN LOI NGU N GEN SAU THU THP.....................................................................822.8.1 Phn loi da trn hthng phn loi thc vt................................................................832.8.2 Phn nhm da trn kiu hnh.........................................................................................842.8.3 Phn nhm ngun gen theo vnga l sinh thi.............................................................86

2.9 XY D NG CSD LIU ..............................................................................................87Ch ng 3 ............................................................................................................................................BO T N NI VI...........................................................................................................................(In situ) ...............................................................................................................................................

3.1 NH NG PH NG PHP BO T N CB N ...................................................................893.2 KHI NIM BO T N NI VI ( In situ)..............................................................................90

3.3 BO T N TRN TRANG TR I .......................................................................................913.4 CC PH NG PHP BO T N NI VI KHC..........................................................1163.4.1 Khu bo tn sinh quyn hoc khu bo v a dng..........................................................1163.4.2 Ph ng php v n h.....................................................................................................118

Ch ng 4 ..........................................................................................................................................1BO T N NGOI VI .....................................................................................................................1

4.1 KHI NIM ..........................................................................................................................14.2 BO T N HT (SEED GENEBANK) (i v i ht chu lm kh -Orthodox seedconservation)................................................................................................................................1

4.2.1 Thu nhn mu ngun gen ht a vo ngn hng ht.....................................................1234.2.2ng k ngun gen vo ngn hng gen ht ....................................................................1244.2.3sch mu ht ngun gen............................................................................................124.2.4 m mu ht v lm kh tr c khi bo tn.................................................................1274.2.5 Kim tra cht l ng ht ngun gen tr c khi bo tn ....................................................1314.2.6ng bao v tn tr ngun gen ......................................................................................1374.2.7 Qun l kho bo tn ngun gen......................................................................................1384.2.8 Nhn ngun gen.............................................................................................................14

4.3 BO T N NGN HNG GEN NG RU NG................................................................141(Bo tn ngn hng genng rung v i loi khng bo tn ht kh (non-orthodox) v cc loinhn ging v tnh)......................................................................................................................

4.3.1 Chn im v thu th p ngun gen cho bo tn ng rung ...........................................1434.3.2 Nguyn l bo tn ng rung .......................................................................................1444.3.3 Btr x p x p ngn hng genng rung......................................................................1464.3.4 Qun lng rung .......................................................................................................144.3.5nh gic im ngn hng genng rung...............................................................1484.3.6 Sdng ngn hng genng rung ..............................................................................149

4.4 BO T NNG L NH .....................................................................................................144.4.1 C s l thuyt ca bo tn ng lnh ...........................................................................1504.4.2 K thut bo tn ng lnh.............................................................................................1524.4.3 ng dng bo tn ng lnh v i cc loi thn tho .......................................................152

4.4.4 Bo tn ng lnh v i cc loi cy thn g....................................................................1544.4.5 Tnh ton vn di truyn ca thc vt khi bo tn ng lnh...........................................1554.5 BO T N IN VITRO............................................................................................................

4.5.1 Nguyn l bo tn In vitro ..............................................................................................1554.5.2 Phn loi bo tn In vitro ................................................................................................1564.5.3 Nhng k thut c bn trong bo tn In vitro ................................................................157

4.6 BO T N HT PH N.........................................................................................................1594.7 NGN HNG DNA...........................................................................................................

4.7.1 Nhng ngn hng DNA hin c trn thgi i .................................................................1594.7.2 Bo tn DNA hin nay trn thgi i ...............................................................................159


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4.7.3 K thut chyu trong tch v tn tr DNA.................................................................1604.7.4 Ngn hng DNA nhmt bo tn bsung ....................................................................1614.7.5 Lut php quc tvngn hng DNA............................................................................16

Ch ng 5 ..........................................................................................................................................1NH GI V S D NG NGU N GEN....................................................................................163

5.1 NHN T NG SL NG HT .........................................................................................1635.1.1 K thut nhnginguyn tnh xc thc di truyn ca ngun gen.............................1635.1.2 Btr th nghim nhn ht .............................................................................................1645.1.3 Cc ch tiu theo di ...................................................................................................... 1

5.2 HTH NG HA THNG TIN...........................................................................................15.3 CC LOI TH NGHIM NH GI NGU N GEN.......................................................165

5.3.1nh gi c bn..............................................................................................................165.3.2nh gi v m t c im chi tit ...............................................................................165

5.4 PH NG PHP TH NGHIMNH GI NGU N GEN..............................................1665.4.1 Cng thc th nghim trongnh gi ngun gen............................................................1665.4.2 Sl ng mu ngun gen trong mt th nghim nh gi..............................................1675.4.3i chng .......................................................................................................................15.4.4 Chn im th nghim ....................................................................................................165.4.5 K thut btr th nghim...............................................................................................1675.4.6 Thu th p thng tin th nghim ngun gen.......................................................................1715.4.7 Qun l sliu thu th p..................................................................................................175.4.8 Phn tch thng k sliu...............................................................................................175

5.5 NG D NG CNG NGHSINH HC NH GI NGU N GEN.................................1785.6 T NG HP K T QUV TI LIU HA.......................................................................1805.7 S D NG NGU N GEN TH C VT................................................................................180

5.7.1 Nghin cu c bn:.........................................................................................................1805.7.2 Sdng trong cc ch ng trnh to ging v i cc mc tiu khc nhau .........................1805.7.5 Phn phi sdng ngun gen.........................................................................................1815.7.6 Sdng ngun gen hoang di v hhng hoang di .....................................................1835.7.7 Sdng ngun gen cy tr nga ph ng......................................................................1875.7.8 Sdng ngun gen m i to thnh v ngun gen cy tr ng thgi i ..............................188TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................................191


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M U

Ngun gen thc vt c ngh a v cng to l n i v i cuc sng con ng i trn trit,n l nn tng ca a dng sinh hc, a dng nng nghi p,m bo cho pht trin bn vngv chng nghoi. Con ng i nhn thc c tm quan tr ng ca ngun gen thc vt,

v vy nhm t vn Quc t (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research)vit tt l CGIAR c thnh l p nm 1971. Mt trong nhng smnh ca CGIAR lnghin cu, htr v h ng dn bo tn ngun gen thc vt, chon nay tchc ny cmng l i kh p ton cu gm c 15 Trung tm nghin cu Quc t. Mng l i ca CGIAR h p tc v i hthng nghin cu nng nghi p ca tt ccc quc gia, cc tchc chnh ph v phi chnh ph. Mc tiu t vn pht trin nng nghi p bn vng, nng cao cht l ngcuc sng, m bo an ninh l ng thc, m bo dinh d ng v sc khe con ng i, nngcao thu nh p v ci thin qun l ngun ti nguyn thin nhin.

Nm 1991 Vin Ti Nguyn Di Truyn Thc Vt ThGi i (IPGRI) thnh l p trn c s CGIAR t tr s ti Rome, Italy. Vin c cc c quan vng Cali, Colombia (Chu M),KualaLumpur, Malaysia (Chu Thi Bnh D ng), Nairobi, Kenya (Chu Phi), Aleppo,

Syria (Ty v Bc Phi), v Rome, Italy (Chu u). Nm 1996 thnh l p thm vn phngti Costa Rica, nm 1997 vn phng ti Uganda v Cameroon. Tm nhn ca IPGRI l

Loi ng i ngy nay v trong t ng lai c cu c s ng t t h n b ng t ng thu nh p, ci thinan ninh l ng th c b n v ng, s c khe mi tr ng t t h n thng qua b o t n v pht tri n a d ng sinh h c nng nghi p trn nng tr i v ti nguyn r ng . Ngun ti nguyn c bo tn a dng to c hi tt h n cho sdng png nhu cu ngy cng tng ca conng i trong t ng lai. Ngy nay, gn mt phn t triu loi thc vt trn trit ang cn c thu th p v bo tn, trong mt s loi v vnga l ngun gen cn c u tinthu th p v bo tn v chngang b e da nghim tr ng.

Vit Nam c c v tr a l,a hnha dng cng v i lch spht trin lu i ca 64nhm dn tc sinh sng v nn sn xut nng nghi p chimu th. iu kin to nn

ngun ti nguyn di truyn thc vt ca Vit Nam v cnga dng v phong ph. Nhngnm gn y do dn s tng nhanh, spht trin v phbin cc ging cy tr ng m i v s pht trin ca nn knh t, a dng ti nguyn di truyn ca Vit Nam cng ang b da. Nhng nguyn nhn trn dn n xi mn ngun gen v gim a dng sinh hc, mt s vng n mc bong. Vit Nam c nhng phnng tch cc tr c nguy c mt adng di truyn v ngun ti nguyn di truyn thc vt. Chnh ph thnh l p Trung tmTi nguyn di truyn thc vt (TNDTTV) thuc Vin Khoa hc Nng nghi p Vit nm2005 (Quyt nh s 220/2005/Q-TTg ngy 09/9/2005). Trung tm TNDTTV c mngl i gm 18 Vin, Trung tm v Tr m nghin cu lm nhim vnghin cu v bo tnngun ti nguyn di truyn thc vt. Nhng nhim vchnh ca mng l i Quc gia trongqun l v bo tn ngun ti nguyn+ Nhim vduy tr v pht trin ngn hng gen thc vt Quc gia: thu th p v lu gi

ngun gen ti ngn hng gen (Ngn hng gen ht seed genebank, ngn hng genngrung field genebank, Ngn hng gen In vitro v AND). Bn cnh bo tn, nhim v nh gi, t liu ho; thu th p v bsung thng tin, cung c p ngun gen cho nghin cukhoa hc, m r ng sn xut v phc vchn to ging cy tr ng

+ Xy dng gii php bo tn v khai thc sdng ti nguyn thc vt gm: a dng ditruyn; cng nghsinh hc; sinh l v k thut ht ging; lm giu thm qugen;ngdng tin hc vo qun l dliu v thng tin ti nguyn thc vt

+ Bo tn thng qua sdng ti nguyn thc vt, pht trin v duy tr ccim bo tn In situ ngun gen cy tr ng


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+ Qun l vnh gia dng sinh hc nng nghi p, ng thi bin ng a dng thcvt v

+ iu phi hot ng ca mng l i bo tn qugen cy tr ng ton quc.Bn cnh thnh l p Trung tm TNDTTV quc gia, nhiu chnh sch v ch ng trnh

bo tn qugen thc vt c Chnh Phhtr , to iu kin cho cc nh nghin cu, nh

bo tn tnhin, cca ph ng v tchc x hi khc tham gia vo qu trnh bo tn tinguyn di truyn thc vt va dng sinh hc ca Vit NamGio trnh Qugen v bo tn qugen l mt ti liu sdng cho ging dy, nghin

cu, tham kho ca sinh vin, hc vin cao hc v nghin cu sinh chuyn ngnh Di truynchn ging, Khoa hc cy tr ng, Cng nghrau hoa v cnh quan, Bo vthc vt. Mcch cung c p cho ng i c, cn bging dy v cn bnghin cu, sinh vin, hc vincao hc v nghin cu sinh nhng kin thc c bn v a dng sinh hc, ngun ti nguyndi truyn thc vt. Nhng kin thc v ph ng php thu th p, bo tn, nh gi v sdngngun gen thc vt phc vcho chn to ging cy tr ng, bo vmi tr ng sng v phttrin nng nghi p bn vng.


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Ch ng 1

A DNG SINH HC, A DNG DI TRUYN V TI NGUYN DITRUYN THC VT

1.1A DNG SINH HC Nha l ng i R p v mt s tc gikhc ca cun sch lm v n thk th10

sau cng nguyn ghi nhn s thayi c ngh a ca thgi i o hi vng nng thn th i trung c(Watson 1983) lin quann a dng sinh hc. Cc cy tr ng m i, hu ht lcy ly ht, cyn qu, cy rau v mt scy tr ng khc to nn s a dng cy tr ng. TcgiAl-Jahiz (thk th 9 sau cng nguyn) cng ghi nhn c 360 ging ch l ( Phoenixdactylifera ) c bn ch , thk sau Ibn Rusta cng cng b c 78 loi nho (Vitisvinifera ) c tr ng vng ny. Al-Ansari vit vth tr n nh Bc Phi nm 1400 saucng nguyn (AD) m t th tr n ny c 65 loi nho, 35 loi l, 28 loi sung, 16 loi m ...y l nhng ti liu u tinc p n a dng ti nguyn di truyn thc vt.

Alexander v Humboldt c thl nhng tc gi u tin xem xt ngun gc cy tr ngtnm1807.y c thl l do con ng i pht trin tsn bn sang tr ng tr t, quanimny c nhiu tc gi tho lun nhUcko v Dimbleby (1969), Harlan v cs. (1976),Zeven v de Wet (1982), Smith (1995), Harris (1996) v Diamond (1997). Alphonse Candolle trong cun sch ng vit nm 1882 Origine de Plantes Cultives, ch rangun gc n i cy tr ng c thun ha l: Trung Quc, Ty Nam (gm Ai C p v Chu). Nm 1926, trong hi ngh di truyn Quc tln th5 ti Berlin, CHLBc nh thcvt hc ng i Nga N. I. Vavilov trnh by l thuyt ca ng vtrung tm pht sinh cytr ng ln u tin. L thuyt ca ng l mt cng trnh v i c ng dng n ngy nay,ng ti p tc nghin cu n khi ng mt vo nm nm 1943. Harlan v cs. (1976) coi Cnng l Trung tm cch mng nng nghi p Center of Agricultural Innovation, n i la

mch u tin c thun ha, sau l la m, mun h n l u H Lan,u lng... Ccloi cyn quthn leo v thn g c thun haa vo hthng tr ng tr t cng v i cck thut nng nghi p khc c hnh thnh Trung tm ny.

1.1.1 Khi nim a dng sinh hcKhi nim a dng sinh hc (Biodiversity) c nhiu c quan quc tv cc nh khoa

hc a ra, bn khi nim c nhiu ng i quan tm sauy:

+ a dng sinh hc l sphong ph ca mi c thsng c t tt ccc ngun trong cchsinh thi trn cn, d i n c bin v mi th p sinh thi m chng to nn.adng sinh hc bao gm s a dng trong loi (a dng di truyn hay cn gi l a dnggen), gia cc loi (a dng loi) v cc hsinh thi (a dng sinh thi) (theo cng ca dng sinh hc nm 1992)

+ a dng sinh hc l a dng cc loi thc vt, ng vt, vi sinh vt tn ti v tcngqua li ln nhau trong mt hsinh thi. Trong hsinh thi nng nghi p, tc nhn th phn, thinch, giunt, vi sinh vt t l thnh phn a dng cha kha, chngngvai tr sinh thi quan tr ng trong qu trnh chuyn gen,iu khin tnhin, chu k dinhd ng v ti thit l p cn bng

+ a dng sinh hc nng nghi p c nu ra trong nhng nm 1980, trong l thuytchung ca a dng sinh hc, t ng t a dng dang sinh hc, a dng sinh hc nng


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nghi p c nhng mc khc nhau, lin quann a dng hsinh thi nng nghi p cngnh cc loi cy tr ng v gia sc. a dng sinh hc nng nghi p l bin d di truyntrong qun th, cc ging v chng, v i ngh a r ng h n n bao gm chvi sinh vt ttrong khu vc tr ng tr t, cn trng , nm, cc loi hoang di cng nh vn haa ph ng.

+ a dng sinh hc l bin d c mt trong tt ccc loi thc vt vng vt, vt liu ditruyn ca chng v hsinh thi n i cc bin d xy ra. a dng ba mc (1)adng di truyn (bin d trong gen v trong kiu gen); (2)a dng loi (sphong ph ccloi) v (3)a dng sinh thi (cngng loi v mi tr ng ca chng)Ba mc ca a dng sinh hc l a dng di truyn, a dng loi va dng hsinh

thi c khi nim nhsau:+ a dng di truyn:

a dng di truyn l nhiu gen trong mt loi, mi loi c cc c th, mi c thl t h p cc genc th, c ngh a l loi c cc qun thkhc nhau, mi qun thc th p ditruyn khc nhau. Do vy bo tn a dng di truyn phi bo tn cc qun thkhc nhau

ca cng mt loi.+ a dng loi:a dng loi l nhiu loi trong mt vng hay mt n i sinh sng tnhin (r ng ma,

r ng ng p mn v n i sinh sng tnhin khc). Loi c thto thnh cc nhm, mi nhmc cng mt s c im hay t p tnh sinh sng no.

+ a dng hsinh thi:a dng hsinh thi l nhiu hsinh thi trong mt a im, mt hsinh thi c mt

cngng cc sinh vt sng, cc sinh vt sng ny tcng qua li v i mi tr ng tnhinca hsinh thi, mt hsinh thi c thbao trm mt phm vi r ng hoc phm vi h p khcnhau. Trong mt hsinh thi c thchia thnh cc hsinh thi phty theo nhu cu nghincu v bo tn ca vng v quc gia.

1.1.2 Vai tr ca a dng sinh hc+ Vai tr ca a dng sinh hc n i sng con ng i

a dng h ng v thc vt em li c hi tuyt v i khng ch cho to ging cytr ng, vt nui m cn nhiu l i ch khc l n h n trong t ng lai. Mt ssdng tr c ti pnhcung c p dinh d ng, pht trin bn vng v cc cy tr ng thch nghi v i iu kin a ph ng. Nhng gi tr sdng gin ti p nh to mi tr ng sinh thi, sc khe cngng,tc nhn thphn viu khin sinh hc, hsinh vt t. a dng sinh hc em li sphttrin nng nghi p bn vng v sthnh v ng cho con ng i hin ti v trong t ng lai.

Tm tt vai tr ca a dng sinh hc v i i sng con ng i- L ng thc

- Dinh d ng- Thuc cha bnh- Bo tn vn ha, t p qun v pht trin bn vng

+ Vai tr a dng sinh hc v i hsinh thi nng nghip Ngy nay, cc nh khoa hc trn thgi i quan tm nhiu h n n vai tr v ngh a

ca a dng sinh hc i v i hthng nng nghi p (Swift v cng s, 1996). Cc nghincu cho r ng trong khi hsinh thi tnhin l sn phm c bn ca a dng thc vt thngqua dng nng l ng, dinh d ng viu tit sinh hc. a dng gim dn n thin tai,


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dch bnh i v i nng nghi p nghim tr ng h n, a dng to ra cn bng sinh hc giadch bnh v thinch,iu ha kh khu, bo tn ti nguyn n c v ti nguynt

Cc qu trnh ca dng nng l ng v cn bng sinh hc ang b nh h ng do thmcanh v canh tcc canh, do canh tc thm canh vc canh cn u tcao cc cht hahc (thuc tr su, thuc tr cv phn bn).iu khin tnhin vn ng di truyn qun

thb thay thbng cc tcng ca con ng i. Nhng hot ng thm canh, chn lc cacon ng i thay thqu trnh tin ha v chn lc tnhin. Ngay csinh tr ng v thuhoch, mu m ca t cng khng tr i qua chu k dinh d ng tnhin. Gim a dngthc vt v dch bnh c th l nguyn nhnnh h ng n chc nng hsinh thi , snl ng nng nghi p v sbn vng nhminh ha ti s sau:

Hnh 1.1 :nh h ng thm canhn a dng v ch c nng ca hsinh thi nng nghip( Ngun: Miguel A. Altieri and Clar I. Nicholls,1999)

+ a dng sinh hc duy tr v nng cao s c khe mi tr ng sngMi tr ng sng ca con ng i, h ng thc vt phthuc vo ngun n c, ti nguyn

t v khng kh.a dng to ra cn bng khng kh,iu ha nhit , m khng kh ph h p v i sinh vt sng. V dsl ng thc vt gim gy ra mt cn bng l ng CO2 vO2 trong khng khnh h ng n tt cs sng trn trit. Mt a dng chu trnh vtcht v chu trnh sinh hc xy ra khng hon chnh gy ra nhng mt cn bng nhni trn.T ng t nh vy, mt s cn trng, nm hay vi sinh vt c ch kh c t t nhin haysinh ra tqu trnh sinh hc khc khng cn ngun thc n do mt a dng, chng gim s l ng thm ch bin mt. c t sinh ra trong t nhin hay t sinh vt sng khc tn d nhiu h n l nguyn nhnnh h ngn mi tr ng.

a dng sinh hc khng nhng bo tn, duy tr s l ng ngun ti nguyn n c vt,n cn gip tng mu m ca t, nng cao cht l ng ngun n c cho con ng i vcc sinh vt.

a dng c vai tr lm gim nhng tcng ca con ng i n mi tr ng, nhngnnga v phn gii kh thi, cht thi, ngay ccht thi r n do cc hot ng ca con ng ito ra chuyn thnh dng hu ch hoc tc hi h n.


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Thgi i c cng c bo v a dng sinh hc, cng c c hon thin ti Nairobivo thng 5/1992 v c hiu lc t29/12/1993. Cng c l cng cphp l gii quyt ccvn lin quann a dng sinh hc ton cu. Cng c bao gm cch ti p cn tng th bo tn a dng sinh hc, sdng bn vng ti nguyn thin nhin, s chia sbnhng,cng bng cc l i ch ca vic sdng ti nguyn di truyn. Cng c c 42iu v 3 ph

lc, tm hiu su h n tham kho ti trang website www.biodiv.org .Thgi i hnh thnh mng l i a dng sinh hc quc tv vng, bn cnh mng l icn c cc c quan quc tkhc tham gia vo qu trnh bo v a dng sinh hc ton cunhminh ha trong hnh 1-2

Hnh 1-2 : Cc ch ng trnh v c quan vnga dng sinh hc nng nghip quc t 1.2A DNG DI TRUYN

1.2.1 Khi nim v ngh aKhi nim a dng di truyn c nhiu ti liu c p, theo cng c a dng sinh hc

nm 1992a dng di truyn va dng loi c nu nhsau:+ a dng di truyn l sphong ph nhng bin d trong cu trc di truyn ca cc c th

bn trong loi hoc gia cc loi; nhng bin d di truyn bn trong hoc gia cc qunth

+ a dng loi l sphong ph cc loi c tm thy trong cc hsinh thi ti mt vnglnh thxcnh thng quaiu tra, kim k ti nguyn di truyn thc vtKhi nim a dng di truyn cng c cc nh nghin cu khca ra, ba khi nim

khc c trnh by d i y:

+ a dng di truyn (Genetic diversity) l bin di di truyn c mt trong mt qun th hoc loi.+ a dng di truyn l nhiu gen trong mt loi, mi loi c cc c thl th p genc

th ca chng,iu ny c ngh a l loi c cc qun thkhc nhau, mi qun thc t h p di truyn khc nhau. Do vy bo tn a dng di truyn phi bo tn cc qun th khc nhau ca loi (Wanda W. Collins v cng s 1999, Mohd Said Saad v V.Ramanatha Rao, 2001)

+ a dng di truyn l bin d ca sinh vt sng di truyn li cc bin d di truyn cho thhsau, n to cc loi v qun th thch nghi v i mi tr ng, sinh tr ng vthayi thch nghi v i mi tr ng khi mi tr ng thayi


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1.2.2 Xcnh a dng di truynXcnh a dng di truyn da trn kiu hnh c nghin cu tr c y, ngy nay

trn c s ca di truyn phn t v cng nghsinh hc, a dng di truyn cn c xcnh da trn ch th phn t.+ Xcnha dng di truyn da trn kiu hnh:

Xcnh mc a dng ca qun thca loi da trn kiu hnh cn theo di,nhgi tt ccc tnh tr ng, bs liu thu c t nh gi kiu hnh c phn tch bng ccm hnh ton thng kxcnh mc a dng.+ Xcnha dng di truyn da trn ch th phn t:

Spht trin ca di truyn phn tmc a dng di truyn c xcnh trn c s mc a hnh hayng hnh da vo ch th phn t.

Mt sm hnh thng k xcnh a dng di truyn khi c s liu nh gi kiu hnhhay marker phn tnh: m hnh ton thng k da trn khong cchKlit (EuclideanDistance) ca Gower (1985), khong cch Rogers' Distance (1972), khong cch Roger citin, a hnh Reynold (1983);a hnh di truyn tiu chun ca Nei (Nei's Standard GeneticDissimilarity) (1978 v 1983).

Da trn kiu hnh mt s tham s c tnh nhsphong ph ca loi (S), phong pht ngi (R) , tn xut ca loi v ch s a dng.+ S phong ph ca loi (species richness): phn tch mc phong ph loi ca mi

cng ng, y l ph ng php xcnh a dng n gin nht v tm ra s loi trongcng ng. N ch xcnh s loi tm thy khi quan st mu (k hiu l S). Minh haca gi tr S c ththng quath v n cung c p thng tin vmc phong ph cami loi trong cngng.Mt scng thc tnh gi tr S nhsau:

S=n+((n-1)/n)k Trong : S = s phong ph c a loi (species richness); n = t ng s loi c m t

trong qu n th m u; k = s loi duy nh t tm th y trong m t m u.

Cng thc tnh khc t ng tl :S = E + k(n-1)/n

Trong : E = t ng s loi trong m i m u; k = s loi hi m/duy nh t; n = s m u quan st

Khi xem xta dng ti mt a ph ng tnh theo cng thcS = cAz

Trong : c = s c th c a m i loii; A = di n tch nghin c u; z = chu vi ng d c+ Tnh mc phong ph t ng i (Relative abundance) l t lca mi loi c mt

trong cngng

+ Tnh phn b (hay tn sut) ca mi loi trong cng ng bng tnh scng ng mloi c mt. Cng thc phbin nht tnha dng loi l ch s a dng Simpson:

D=N(N-1)/n(n-1)Trong : D = ch s a d ng; N = t ng s sinh vt ca t t ccc loi; n = s c th

ca mt loi c th


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Gi tr D cao ch ra r ng a im cnn nh v nguyn tr ng, D th p a im c xo tr n v khng cn nguyn tr ng, ch sny p dng cho thc vt nhng cngc thp dng chong vt

Mt sch s a dng sinh hc c xut ca mt stc ginh:Ch s - diversityxcnh a dng trong mt cng ng (Simpson, 1949: Shannon

v Weaverr,1963 v Mclntosh,1967).Ch s - diversity xcnh a dng gia cc cng ng (Whittaker,1960, Cody,1975,Wison and Shmiada,1984)

Ch s -diversity xcnh a dng cc ging a ph ng (Schluter v Riocklefs,1993,Halfter,1988).

Ch s a dng Simpson cho gi tr bng s a dng trn tng sloi (species richness)v t lc thtrong hsinh thi. Mc d cc ch snya ra s l ng phn bcc c th ca loi trong cngng, nhng khng thtnh bin ng gia loi.+ Ch s Shannon-Weiner ci tin trn c s ch sSimpson (A. Roy, S.K.Tripathi,

S.K.Basu, 2003; John Porter v Henning Hogh-Jensen,2002)Xcnh a dng sinh hc theo ch sShannon-Weiner hay ch sthng tin theo cng

thc: H = -[(pi)(ln pi)]Trong : H l s l ng a d ng trong m t hsinh thi, l n ca H ph n nhm c phong ph c a loi, pi l s c m t ca m i loi s v i t ng s loi ( c gi

tr t 0 - 1) v log t nhin pi

V d : Mt l mu ngun gen c 5 loi ( sp1, sp2, sp3, sp4 v sp5), v i tng squanst trong l mu 160 c th.

Trong:loi 1 (sp1) = 26 c th loi 2 (sp2) = 32 c th loi 3 (sp3) = 45 c th loi 4 (sp4) = 18 c th loi 5 (sp5) = 39 c th Tnh ch s a dng theo Shannon-Weiner nhsau:

- Tnh gi tr Pi = Sc thca mi loi/ tng sc ththeo di- p1 =26/160 = 0,16, c thni loi sp1 c 16% trong tng sloi trong l mu

theo di.- Log gi tri pi trn log p1 = ln (0,16) = -1,82- H ca loi sp1 = (pi)(lnpi) = (0,16)(-1,82) = -0,30

Ti p tc tnh cc gi tr pi v log pi v i cc loi khc, sau khi tnh gi tr a dng cacc loi ta c gi tr trong bng sau:

Bng 1-1: Tnh gi tr pi ca mt sloiLoi (sp) sp1 sp2 sp3 sp4 sp5 Tng ( )Sc th(N) 26 32 45 18 39 160

T l( N/ N) (pi) 0,16 0,20 0,28 0,11 0,24 -----ln pi -1,82 -1,61 -1,27 -2,18 -1,41 -----(Pi)(lnpi) -0,30 -0,32 -0,36 -0,25 -0,34 -1,57

(-H)

K t qucui cng H = -[(Pi)(lnPi)] = -[1,57] = 1,57Khi tnh c gi tr ca nhiu l mu, l mu no c gi tr H cao s a dng h n.


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+ Ch sSimpson : Ph ng php khc tnha dng sinh hc l ch s a dng sinh hc

Simpson bng cng thc:H = 1/(pi2)

Trong : pi tnh nh trong ch s Shannon-Weiner

Nhng ch snyi khi cho k t qukhc nhau v mi ch s t mc quan tr ngca cc yu tkhc nhau,c bit l hai yu tsphong ph ca loi hoc nhiu loi, h hng lin quan. Mi ch scho mc quan tr ng ca yu tkhc nhau, do vy khng nnso snh gi tr ca cc ch skhc nhau khi xcnha dng di truyn.

Khi xcnh a dng so snh ti mt a im nhng 2 th i gian khc nhau hoc l 2v tr khc nhau, cn thit tnh loi vng mt mt im hay th i gian ny, nhng c mt im khc hay th i gian khc. Cc loi ny c p = 0,0 nhng tnh log cho p = 0,001 vsdng ch s a dng Simpson+ M hnh thng ka dng di truyn bng ch s a dng di truyn ca Shannon Weaver

(Dn theo Lu Ngc Trnh ,2002) nhsau:

H =n

pi pik

i

2

12

log

)(log=

Trong : k l s l ng cc m c quan st c a ch tiu cn tnh v pi l t lca m cquan st th i, n l t ng s quan st

+ HsSimpsona dng sl ng ging la (Dn theo Lu Ngc Trnh ,2002)

H = 1-=

k

i

fi1

2)(

Trong : fi l t n su t ca gi ng a ph ng th i trong k l n quan st

a dng di truyn c hnh thnh trong qu trnh pht trin ca qun th, n l k t qu ca t ng tc gia kiu gen v mi tr ng. T ng tc kiu gen (genotype) v mi tr ng(environment) k hiu l GEI (genotype x environment interactions). GEI l hin t ng haihay nhiu kiu gen phn ng khc nhau v i s thayi ca mi tr ng (Paolo,2002). Xcnh mc t ng tc kiu gen mi tr ng da trn cc m hnh ton hc. V dm hnhtnh hiu qut ng tc kiu gen v mi tr ng bng hi quy nhn t. M hnh hi quy nhnt y c thbao gm cc thnh phn hi quy c tnh bng cng thc ca (Denis,1980, 1988):

]....[].[].[ '' ++++++++= k h hk h k ijik jk jhih jhkhik j jhhiik k ij G E E G E G pY

Trong p k hs hi quy hi p ph ng sai ki u gen G ik ; i s d hiu quki u gen h l hs hi quy hi p ph ng sai mi tr ng E jh; j l s d hiu qumi tr ng; kh hs hi quy qua cchi p ph ng sai G ik v E jh; ih l h i quy ki u gen i c a hi p ph ng sai mi tr ng c th E jh;

' jk l mi tr ng j hs hi quy ca hi p ph ng sai ki u gen c th G ik , v ij hiu qu t ng tc sai s . T t ctham s ca m hnh c coi l c nh.

ng dng di truyn phn tphn tcha dng di truyn da vo marker phn t ctrnh by trong phn bo tn ti nguyn di truyn thc vt ch ng 3 v ch ng 4 ca giotrnh.


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1.2.3ng thi vn ng ca a dng di truyna dng di truyn lun lun thayi qua ckhng gian v th i gian,in hnh l thay

i s l ng v kiu a dng di truyn trong mt loi v gia cc loi trong phm vi t nhin ca n.a dng di truyn c ththayi qua th i gian di v ngay ctrong mt th igian ngn sau mt sthhca loi. S thayi a dng di truyn ca mt loi trong t nhin to rang lc thcy sdng ngun gen cho ci tin cy tr ng. Khi c hiu bitsvn ng ca a dng con ng i a ra quyt nh qun l, bo tn thcy a dng ditruyn theo h ng c l i cho con ng i. a dng di truyn b tcng ca mt squ trnhtnhin lin tc, qu trnh tnhin ny lt bin, di thc, tri dt di truyn v chn lc.- t bin tnhin:

Thc vt sng trongiu kin t nhin, chu tcng ca cc yu tmi tr ng nh bc x, cc tia, nhit l nhng nguyn nhn gy rat bin tnhin.t bin c th mc nhim sc th, DNA hay mc protein, n lm sai lch di truyn so v i loi banu, sailch ny c nhn ln hay l p li qua cc thh, d i tcng ca di truyn v chn lctnhin to ra qun thm i, loi m i. Nhvy t bin to thma dng di truyn mc c thhay mc loi.

t bin d i tcng ca chn lc tnhin to ra qun thhay loi thch nghi h nv i thayi mi tr ng, b i v chn lc tnhin sinh vt gili nhng bin d c l i vothi nhng bin d khng c l i. Khi chn lc c tcng ca con ng i h ng vn ngca a dng thayi, do con ng i chn lc gi li bin d c l i cho mnh,i khi bin d khng c l i cho sinh vt. Tuy nhin d i hnh thc noa dng di truyn cng thayitheo h ng thch nghi h n v lng lc tin ha ca sinh vt

Lch sv t l t bin mt loi v nguyn l di truyn cn c lin quann mt s qa trnh khc nhthayi a l v dn sa dng di truyn duy tr mt du vt lch s cho php nhn nhn li qu khpht trin ca cc loi nh thno? Phn ng ca n v ithay i kh hu nh bng gi hoc cc s kin kh hu khc lm gim mnh l ng cngmt th i im v c ti l p v pht tn sau khi c cciu kin mi tr ng thun l i h n.- Sdi thc (migration) v tri dt di truyn:Sdi thc hay tri dt di truyn th ng l svn nga dng di truyn trong mt loi.thc vt, skin ny xy ra khi pht tn phn, ht ging v nhn ging sinh d ng nh mm, chi, r cc loi c thti sinh v tnh. Sdi thc cng gi l dng gen, n xy rac qun thv tnh khi g p khu vc m i v hn h p qun thdo pht tn phn hay htging. Sdi chuyn gen xy ra phthuc vo tn xut sinh sn v khong cch khng gianto iu kin cho phn v ht pht tn

Tri dt di truyn hoc tri dt di truyn ngu nhin, l hnh thc n gin ca thayia dng di truyn, cthh n l s thayi tn xut cc allel khc nhau qua cc thh. Vdht phn cha cc allel khc nhau khi thc hin thphn nh gi hoc cn trngn ccc thhay qun thkhc. Khi qun thto ra ht v pht trin thnh thhm i khng cn

ginguyn kiu gen ca qun thban u. Mt s tr ng h p mt a dng di truyn quacc thhdo nguyn nhn ny- Chn lc:

Qu trnh chn lc nh h ng n a dng di truyn, chn lc tnhin to cho qunththch nghi h n v i mi tr ng, nhng chn lc tnhin khng to ra thch nghi gingnhau gia cc c thtrong qun thm n xy ra theo r t nhiu h ng. Nhng c thny ph h p tt h n v i mi tr ng sng v n di truyn li cho thhcon ci ca n cc tnhtr ng thch nghi. Nhvy tn sut allel thch nghi cao h n thhbmchng. Chnhy l nguyn nhn c bn ca tri dt di truyn v tn sut allel c l i cho sinh vt nhngcha hn c l i cho con ng i.


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Thayi a dng di truyn qua th i gian v ngh a quan tr ng cho qun l cc loithc vt. B i v thayi a dng xy ra qua th i gian cho nn sthhscnh h ng l nn thayi a dng di truyn. in hnh, chn lc tnhin c ththmt mt th i giandi hng chc, hng tr m nm thm ch hng 1000 nm thayi a dng di truyn camt qun thhay mt loi. H n na, qu trnh thayi qua cc thhli khng c mc

v xu h ng ging nhau.t bin tng a dang di truyn cn di thc, tri dt v chn lcli lm gim a dng di truyn. Chn lc t nhin v tri dt di truyn tng a dng ditruyn khc nhau gia cc qun th, di chuyn c xu h ng ng nht di truyn, gim s khc nhau gia cc qun th. Thcy a dng di truyn t nhin c ngh a quan tr ngtrong qun l loi v cu hi c lin quan vtnh tr ng bnh th ng v sc khe caa dng di truyn. Xcnh mc a dng di truyn ti cc th i im, a im, thh khc nhau sc gi tr khc nhau. Nhvy cn ch khi thit k nghin cu ngun gen vcc gi tr thay th. V dskhc nhau v a dng di truyn gia cc cy bmv ht cachng, gia cc mu, gia cc cy mc hoang v cy tr ng c qun l v ch ra ch ra r ngiu kin qun l ngun gen phi ph h p hoc trong phm vi trung bnh bin d ca chng

Ht n ymm

Hnhthnh giao

t

Sinhtr ng

pht tri n

Pht tnhat

Thph n,th tinh

Pht tngiao t

Ht n ymm

Hnhthnh giao

t

Sinhtr ng

pht tri n

Pht tnhat

Thph n,th tinh

Pht tngiao t

Cc cy s ng, thchnghi t t hn,

sinh tr ng nhanh h n,to ra nhi u cy con( chn lc t nhin)

Mt s sai l ch x y rakhi nhn DNA

(t bin)

Mt ht do m t sr i ro ( tri d t di truy n)

Di thc/dng gen

Mt ht phn domt s r i ro

( tri d t)

Hnh 1-3 : Cc qu trnhnh h ng n a dng di truyn

1.3 VAI TR CA A DNG DI TRUYN V NGUN GEN TH C VTBo tn v qun l a dng di truyn cc loi thun ha ci thin sn l ng nng

nghi p trong 10.000 nm, cc qun th a dng tnhin cung c p l ng thc v cc sn phm khc lu di h n, s l ng l n cc loi cung c p hng nghn sn phm thng quanng nghi p v thu hi tnhin. Mc sn phm cao v bn vng thng qua tcng tia v i hsinh thi nng nghi p, ci thin hsinh thi tnhin.- Ngun gen cung c p l ng thc, thc phm, dinh d ng v cc nhu cu khc ca conng i

Ngun gen cy tr ng c vai tr v cng quan tr ngi v i nng nghi p, mi tr ng,adng sinh hc v bo tn ngun ti nguyn khc nh t v n c cho s sng ca conng i. Trong l nh vc nng nghi p s dng ngun gen thc vt (Mohd Khalid v MohdZin, 2001) gp phn m bo l ng thc, dinh d ng cho i sng con ng i. Con ng ithun ha cc loi cy tr ng v vt nui tcc loi hoang di l b c pht trin quan tr ngtrong lch spht trin ca x hi loi ng i, n cung c p l ng thc cho con ng i hinnay v liu kin tin quyt ca pht trin dn sv dn tc. Con ng i bt u thun ha


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cy tr ng vt nui khong 10.000 nm tr c y khu vc Chu , nhng cy tr ng, vtnuiu tin l la m, la mch, u, d, l n v cu. S thun ha xy ra c l p ccvng khc nhau.

Nhvy, ngun gen thc vt txa xa l ngun cung c p l ng thc v dinh d ngcho con ng i vu vo ca cc hot ng nng nghi p. Mc d, thc vt hoang di c s

loi r t l n, nhng ch mt s t thc s c thun ha. S loi cy thun ha ch mt s l ng r t nhnhng v cng quan tr ng v i con ng i. Ba cy tr ng (la m, la n c vng) cung c p 50% nng l ng cho loi ng i, v c tnh 30 cy tr ng chyu hin nay cung c p 95% nng l ng cho con ng i. Trit chia thnh 17 tiu vng sinh thi,nhng ch c mt s tiu vng v v i 12 cy tr ng chyu cung c p nng l ng cho conng i trn trit l la m, la n c, ng, k, cao l ng, khoai ty, ma,u t ng, khoailang sn, u th ng v cc loi c lin quan(Phaseolus) v chui.( Diamond,2002)

Hnh 1-4 Vai tr cung cp l ng th c, th c phm ca ngun gen Ngun gen cy tr ng ton cu l mt cng vic khng l, tng qut ngun ti nguyn di

truyn bao gm loi hoang di v hhng hoang di, cc ging bn a, ging a ph ng,cc dng, vt liu u t v cc ging cy tr ng m i c pht trin b i cc nh khoa hc.Chng c sdng gieo tr ng, thu hipng cho nhu cu ca nng dn v ng i tiudng. Ngoi cung c p l ng thc, dinh d ng nhiu ngun gen c ga tr vn ha v tinhthn v ngun thuc cha bnh cho con ng i.

n nay, ngun ti nguyn di truyn cung c p l ng thc v s dng trong nngnghi p c tt cccc quc gia quan tm, thu th p bo tn. Cc nghin cu v boco thc tr ng ti nguyn di truyn cy tr ng i v i l ng thc v nng nghip (State of the Worlds Plant Genetic Resources - SoW-PGRFA) c thc hin nh k hng nm.Cc bo co ch ra r ng mt s t cy ng cc cung c p cho tng nhu cu l ng thc,mc d vy nng l ng ca l ng thc, thc phm cung c p cho ng i dn mi tiuvng khc nhau. SoW-PGRFA bo co hin nay c 1.300 ngn hng gen vang thuth p ngun gen cy l ng thc chnh, bo tn 5,5 triu mu ngun gen trong la m vla n c chim 50% tng smu bo tn.- Ngun gen gp phn a dng sinh hc v nng nghi p

Pht trin nng nghi p bn vng ph thuc voa dng sinh hc, a dng di truyn. Nng nghi p phthuc cht chvoa dng di truyn, c ngh a l khng c sn xut l ng


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Tc ng ca ngun ti nguyn di truyn thc vt n chn to ging cy tr ng l r tl n nh ch ng trnh INGER (International Network for Genetics Evaluation of RiceCh ng trnhnh gi ngun gen la Quc t nh gi 40.000 loi t1975n nay vs dng cc ngun gen ny 34 n c. CGIAR (Consultative Group on InternationalAgricultural Research) tr c ti p phbin 575 ging cy tr ng ra sn xut 62 Quc gia.

Vai tr ca ngun gen la ngy cng tng, tr c nm 1965 ch c 3 ging la c ph bin ra sn xut n nm 1976 c 222 ging la c phbin ra sn xut qua sdngngun gen ca ch ng trnh INGER. Ngun ti nguyn di truyn thc vt gip pht trinsn xut trn ton thgi i, c bit l nhng n c km pht trin. Khong 65 triu ha gingcy tr ng ci tin tvt liu ca INGER chim khong 60% sn xut la go ca thgi i.

- Ngun gen thc vt trong mi tr ng cnh quan- Ngoi mc tiu to ging ngun gen thc vt th ng c s dng tr c ti p

trong nng nghi p, kinh t- x hi v cnh quan ti cc thnh ph, khu du lchv khu sinh quyn ca mi quc gia.

- Cy xanh thnh phv sinh quyn- Cy cnh- Sinh thi, du lch Nhng nghin cu cng khng nh, ch c a dng di truyn m i m bo cho pht

trin bn vng,m bo cho cc hot ng khc ca con ng i, ch c a dng m i c mth thng kinh t, x hi hng thnh, cho php nhng ng i ngho nht c ti p cn v inhu cu l ng thc v dinh d ng (shiva 1994)1.4 MT SKHI NIM V THUT NG

Trong phn ny cung c p cho cc nh nghin cu, ging vin, sinh vin hc vin caohc v nghin cu sinh nhng khi nim v thut ng c cc nh khoa hc thgi inu ratham kho. Do vy i khi ch mt thut ngnhng c r t nhiu khi nim khcnhau.

Mu ngun gen (Accession): l mt mu ngun gen thc vt trong mt b hay mtngn hng gen c bo tn ngoi vi ( Ex situ ) v n c scho cc mc ch khc nhau.

Mu ngun gen (Accession): l mt mu ngun gen thu th p trong ngn hng gen, nnhmt quyn sch trong thvin v i tiu(loi, qun th, dng bm), tc gi(ng ithu th p hoc nh to ra ging) v m ttm tt (thng tin kiu hnh, ngy thu th p..). Mungun gen l mt ti ht, m cy, mt, on cnh ca cyn qu....

Mu ngun gen v tnh (Propagule): l mt m, mt c quan hoc mt phn ca cy cthnhn thnh mt cy hon chnh (ht, on cnh, c....).

Ngun ti nguyn di truyn (Genetic resources): ngun gen thc vt, ng vt hay sinh

vt khc cha ccc im c l i thc shoc gi tr tim nng (IBPGR 1991). Ngun ti nguyn di truyn (Genetic resources): l gen, th p di truyn hoc tn sut

di truyn cho cc tnh tr ng mong mun ca qun th. Trong nng nghi p ngun ti nguyndi truyn sdng tng sn l ng, chng chu bt thun, ci thin dinh d ng, tng gitr , v p, thm mv khnng thch nghi

Vt liu di truyn (Germplasm): vt liu di truyn hnh thc c s t nhin ca ditruyn v n chuyn t thhny sang thh ti p theo qua ph ng tin tbo (IBPGR 1991).


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Vt liu di truyn (Germplasm) l mt b nhn ging mang nhng ngun di truynmong mun (gen, th p gen hay tn sut gen)

a dng di truyn (Genetic diversity): bin d di truyn c mt trong mt qun thhocloi.

a dng di truyn (Genetic diversity) l bin d ca sinh vt sng di truyn li quacc thhto thnh cc loi v qun ththch nghi v i mi tr ng. Cc loi v qun th ny ti p tc thayi thch nghi khi mi tr ng thayi

a dng sinh hc (Biodiversity): tng cc bin d gia cc loi hay trong mt loi catt ccc sinh vt sng (Friis-Hansen v Sthapit 2000).

Vn gen (Genepool): tng s a dng di truyn c mt trong mt qun th c th.Tri dt di truyn (Genetic drift): s thay i khng thbit tr c vtn xut allele

xy ra bn trong qun thnh Xi mn di truyn (Genetic erosion): mt a dng di truyn gia cc qun thhay trong

mt qun thca cng mt loi hoc gim nn di truyn ca mt loi qua th i gianGen (Gene): mt n v chc nng ca di truyn, mt gen l mt on ca DNA mang

cc m di truyn chc nng, ha sinhc th trong c th sng hoc trong phng thnghim (Friis-Hansen v Sthapit 2000)

Kiu gen (Genotype): s t h p di truyn ca mt thc vt, bao gm tt ccc tnhtr ng c thdi truyn

Dng gen (Geneflow): s traoi vt cht di truyn gia cc qun th, s traoi nydo ph ng thc sinh sn thc vt hoc di thc thc vt v vt liu tr ng tr t (nhsphttn giao tv h p thoc do con ng i pht tn cc ging cy tr ng m i n nng dn...)

Kiu hnh (Phenotype): ton b c im ca mt thc vt, kiu hnh ca mt thc vt

l k t qut ng tc gia kiu gen v cciu kin mi tr ng, qu trnh ny c thtm tt bng cng thc t ng tc G x E (kiu gen x mi tr ng = kiu hnh)Hsinh thi nng nghi p (Agroecosytem): mt im sn xut nng nghi p gm tt c

hsinh vt v cc yu tmi tr ng bn trong n, mi yu t u c nhng chc nng h tr con ng i, mt h n nh v i dng chu k ca vt cht v nng l ng (Gliessman1998).

Nng lm (Agroforestry): shn h p ca cy g, cy bi trong khu vc sn xut nngnghi p

Hthng canh tc (farming system): tt ccc yu tca mt trang tr i tcng quali trong mt h thng, bao gm con ng i, cy tr ng vt nui, thc vt, ng thc vthoang di, mi tr ng, x hi, kinh k v hsinh thi ca chng (Friis-Hansen v Sthapit2000)

Bo tn (conservation): l qun l v s dng sinh quyn nhn to, do vy n c th cho nng sut v l i chn nh nht cc thhnhn, trong khi vn duy tr tim nng can png nhu cu ca cc thhtrong t ng lai. Nhvy bo tn m bo chc chn, gi gn, duy tr v sdng bn vng, phc hi v tng c ng mi tr ng tnhin (Friis-Hansenv Sthapit 2000)


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Bo tn ngoi vi ( Ex situ conservation): chuyn ngun gen tn i gc gieo tr ng, sinhsng ca nn n i khcbo tn trong ngn hng ht, ng rung, v n thc vt, botn trong In vitro , bo tn ht phn hay ngn hng DNA.

Bo tn ni vi ( In situ conservation) c mt khi nim khc nhau nhsau:Bo tn ni vi ( In situ conservation): "Sbo tn hsinh thi v cc t p tnh tnhin,

duy tr hay ly li qun th c l p hin c ca loi trong mi tr ng tnhin xung quanhchng, n i chng pht trin v c cc thuc tnh phn bit (Reid v cs. 1993:305); Bo tn

In situ ngun ti nguyn di truyn thun ha, t p trung trn nng tr i nng dn nh lmt phn ca hsinh thi hin c, trong khi cc hnh thc khc ca bo tn In situ lin quann sinh tr ng ca qun ththc vt hoang di trong t p tnh tnhin ca chng (d tr ditruyn).

Bo tn ni vi ( In situ ): c coi l mt c thduy tr cc qun thbin d trongmi tr ng canh tc hoc mi tr ng tnhin ca chng, trong cng ng ca chng hnhthnh, cho php qu trnh tin ha tnhin xy ra (Qualset v cs. 1997).

Bo tn ni vi ( In situ ): thc hin duy tr ngun ti nguyn di truyn trongiu kintnhin. V i ngun ti nguyn di truyn cy tr ng, y l cng ccho canh tc ti p theoca ngun ti nguyn di truyn trong hthng canh tc, n i chng c thtin ha, nn tngc bn l cc trung tm pht sinh va dng cy tr ng ca N.I. Vavilop (Brush 1991).

Bo tn ni vi ( In situ): l ph ng thc tn tr trong h sinh thi nng nghi p, n ichng pht sinh, cc ging tr ng tr t a ph ng, do ng i dn sdng cc ph ng php vtiu chun chn lc ca ring h to thnh (FAO 1989; Bommer 1991; Keystone Centre1991; Louette v Smale 1996).

Bo tn Ni vi ( In situ ): ca a dng sinh hc l bo tn sc mt ca nhiu loi trongqun thhoc gia cc qun th, sdng tr c ti p trong nng nghi p hoc sdng l ngungen, chng sinh tr ng pht trin lin tc trong mi tr ng sng a dng nhvy (Brown2000).

Bo tn trn nng tr iBo tn trn nng tr i (On-farm conservation): l qun l bn vng a dng di truyn

ca cc ging cy tr ng doa ph ng pht trin, lin quann loi choc cy hoang dihnh thnh trong h thng canh tc nng - lm, lm v n hay nng nghi p truyn thng(Maxted v cs. 1997).

Bo tn trn nng tr i (On-farm conservation): mt cch ti p cn ca bo tn In situ ,tr ng tr t bo tn ngun ti nguyn di truyn thc vt trn rung nng dn

Thch nghi (Adaptation): l qu trnh tin ha ca loi thayi theo th i gian ph h p

v i mi tr ng sng ca chngc im (Character): biu hin kiu hnh nh l mt cu trc hoc thuc tnh chc

nng ca sinh vt, k t qu ca t ng tc ca mt gen hay mt nhm kiu gen v i mitr ng (International Board for Plant Genetic Resources- IBPGR 1991).

c im ch th (Characterization): mc ca cc tnh tr ng thc vt c khnng ditruyn cao, c thnhn bit bng mt th ng r rng v biu hin ngang bng tt cccmi tr ngphn bit kiu hnh.


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c im nng hc (Agromorphological characteristic): mt tnh tr ng kiu hnh cathc vt, c thl hnh thi, nng hc hay tnh tr ng sdng, c nng dn hay cc nhnng hc sdngnhn bit ging cy tr ng

T thphn (Inbreeder): mt thc vt t thphn trong sinh sn sinh hc tri ng cv i giao phn

Giao phn (Outbreeder): mt thc vt tbt h p trong sinh sn, tri ng c v i t th phn

Loi (Species): mt nhm hoc cc qun thtnhin c khnng giao phi, sinh sncch ly v i cc nhm khc (IBPGR 1991)

Qun th(Population): mt nhm c thca cng loi sng trong cng mt vng sinhthia l (Gliessman 1998)

Ging (Variety): mt n v phn loi ca loi, d i loi phv trong hthng phnloi, l mt nhmng nht, bao gm khng c bin ng vkiu hnh,ng ngh a v icultivar (IBPGR 1991)

Ging (Cultivar): mt ging tr ng tr t c thun ha, chn to ng ngh a v i variety(Friis-Hansen v Sthapit 2000)

Ging cy tr ng hin i (Modern Variety (MV): mt ging cy tr ng c to b i ccnh to ging hin i, ng ngh a v i HYV

Ging nng sut cao (High-Yielding Variety (HYV): mt ging cy tr ng do nh toging pht trin, thit k t nng sut ti a (th ng trongiu kin u tcao). HYVsth ng c khuyn khch b i cc dn nng nghi p ve da n cc ging a ph ngca cng loi.

Ging bn a (Landrace): mt ging cy tr ng c thun ha t loi hoang di hochhng hoang di ca chng, cha c chn lc v nng dn gieo tr ng, n thch nghi v icciu kin mi tr nga ph ng.

Ging a ph ng (Local variety): l ging cy tr ng do ng i dn chn lc bng ph ng php v theo tiu chun ca h. Ging a ph ng c thch nghi cao v i iu kina ph ng, ph h p v i iu kin canh tc v th hiu tiu dng ca a ph ng

Ging a ph ng th ng biu hin bin ng cao, nhng l mt qun thc thnhn bit. Ging a ph ng th ng c tna ph ng, c ccc im v thuc tnhc th,mt schn s m v mt schn mun. Mi ging c mt c im ni bt vs thch nghiv i loi t c th, ph h p v i phn loi t theo truyn thng ca nng dn nng-nh,kh-m, m-lnh, tt-xuChng cng c th c phn loi ph h p v i tiu dng cyly bt, cy l ng thc, cy ly s i , cy lm thuc.. Tt ccc c im, tnh tr ng caqun thl thch nghi v i iu kin kh hu, canh tca ph ng (Harlan 1975)

Hhng hoang di (Wild relative): mt loi khng tr ng tr t c quan hv i cy tr ngmc xa hoc gn (th ng l cng chi). N khng c sdng thng th ng trong nngnghi p nhng c thc mt trong hsinh thi (nhc trnng rung hoc th p cc loictrnng c)

Chn lc tnhin (Natural selection): l chn lc sdng cc yu tsinh hc v phisinh hc ca mi tr ng, nn tng c bn ca tin ha, n c thhot ng ti mc gen, t bo, dng v tnh, c thhay qun thca loi (IBPGR 1991)


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Chn lc (Selection): bt k mt qu trnh no tnhin hay nhn to lm thayi cn bng mt kiu gen no hoc nhm cc kiu gen ca thhti p theo, th ng biu hinmt kiu gen khc (IBPGR 1991)

Kin thc bn a (Indigenous Knowledge) (IK): hiu bit hoc truyn thng hin ctrong mt cngnga ph ng

nh gi (Evaluation):nh gi ccc im ca thc vt nh nng sut, c imnng sinh hc, khnng chng chu bt thun sinh hc v phi sinh hc, cc tnh tr ng hasinh, tbo, ton bbiu hin c th nh h ng b i cc yu tmi tr ng.1.5 CC HC THUYT VNGUN GEN TH C VT

Ngun gen thc vt c tm quan tr ng to l n, v thn thu ht squan tm ca tonnhn loi, ca cc quc gia v cc nh khoa hc trn thgi i tham gia nghin cu, thu th plu giv bo tn. Ba nh thc vt hc c nhngng gp v i cho nhng l thuyt v ngun gen thc vt ni chung v ngun gen cy tr ng ni ring l Augustin-Pyramus deCandolle, Charles Darwin v Nikolai I. Vavilov. Nhng im chnh ca cc hc thuyt nyt p trung vo ngun gc pht sinh loi

1.5.1 Hc thuyt Dy bin d t ng ng Nikolai I. Vavilova ra l thuyt v Dy bin d t ng ng(1920) (Law of

Homologous Series in Variation -1920) v l thuyt Trung tm pht sinh cy tr ng (1926)(Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants -1926).

Hc thuyt vdy bin d t ngng ca N. I. Vavilop l mt c s khoa hc ca thuth p, bo tn ngun gen, c s nh h ng cho chn ging cy tr ng. c im hay tnhtr ng tm thy mt loi ny c thtm thy mt loi khc, ph thuc vo quan hh hng ca n. Mt nguyn l ch dn cho nhng c im cn cha khm ph hoc cha tmthy trong t nhin. Khoa hc di truyn phn t vgenome v bn gen cung c pnhng nn tng khoa hc cho s ngn ca hc thuyt ny. Nhngim chnh ca hc thuyt

- Cc loi cng gn nhau th cng c nhng bin d ging nhau- Bin d xy ra ccc im chung hoc trong vng sinh thic th- Chn lc tnhin to ra cc kiu hnhm bo ph h p cho mi tr ng c

th, v dnhchng bnh- Nhng chng minh phn tcng cho k t qut ng t

1.5.2 Hc thuyt Trung tm a dng di truyn ( Trung tm pht sinh cy trng)Augustin-Pyramus de Candolle (1778-1841) nh thc vt hc ng i Thy S cng

bcun sch ni ting Ngun gc ca thc vt tr ng tr t, p. 233-236 v p. 387-397, D.Appleton and Company, New York.c bit l cy to v cy ng s dng r t nhiukin thc xcnh ngun gc thc vt tr ng tr t nh:

- Sc mt ca cc loi hoang di- Lch s - Tn (ngn ng)- a cht- Mu bin d

Sau A. Candolle mt lot cng trnh cng b ca Charles Darwin 1809 ng i Anhnh: Ngun gc cc loi bng cng cchn lc tnhin, Bo tn cc loia thch trong


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u tranh cho ssng (1959) "On the Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection,or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life " (1859) hoc ngun gc ccloi "The Origin of the Species "

N. I. Vavilov quan tmn ngun gc pht sinh thc vt, b i v ng quan tmna dng di truyn v theo ng chng c quan hv i nhau. Nm 1926 ng vit mt bi

lun v ngun gc thc vt tr ng tr t (Origin of Cultivated Plants) vnghmt xcnhmc tin cy i v i trung tm pht sinh cy tr ng bng phn tch m hnh bin d. Vnga l ca dng ngun gen l n nht l vng pht sinh thc vt, iu nyc bit ng nudin d c iu khin b i gen tr i v nu vng cng cha loi hoang di ca cy tr ng. ng xut 8 trung tm pht sinh cy tr ng v mt s trung tm ph, nhng phtminh ca ng c tha nhn r ng rin ngy nay. Sau ng cng pht trin phn loinhm vng sinh thi, sdng cc tnh tr ng phn ng v i di ngy, lnh, bnh v thchnghi v i mi tr ngc th

N. I. Vavilov cho r ng: quy lut locus c bn ca ngun gen cy tr ng l cc vngni, biu hin b i s c mt ca cc allel tr i. Trong cun sch (The Phytogeographical

Basis for Plant Breeding (N. I. Vavilov 1935), ng tm tt v nhm cc trung tm thnh

8 trung tm chnh nhsau:

Hnh 1-5 : Trung tm pht sinh cy trng ca N.I.Vavilop (Ngun: Jack R. Harlan. 1992) Nhng loi cy tr ng chyu c ngun gc pht sinh s c p hoc thc p t cc trung

tm trn gm:

Trung tm Trung Quc (1)1) Mch tr n ( Avena nuda ), trung tm thc p2) u th ng (Glycine max.) 3) u Adzuki (Vigna angularis )4) u th ng ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) , dng ln, trung tm thc p

Trc ( Phyllostachys spp.)5) Mustard l ( Brassica juncea ) trung tm thc p6) o ( Prunus persica )7) Chanh (Citrus sinensis )8) Vng (Sesamum indicum ), nhma ph ng , th p cy, trung tm thc p


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9) Ch (Tea sinensis )Trung tmn (2)

1) La (Oryza sativa )2) K ( Eleusine coracana )3) u m(Cicer arietinum )

4)

u b m (Vigna aconitifolia )5) u nho nhe (Vigna umbellate )6) u nga (Macrotyloma uniflorum )7) u mng (Vigna unguiculata )8) C tm (Solanum melongena )9) Ci c ui chut ( Raphanus caudatus )10) Khoai s(Colocasia antiquorum )11) Da chut (Cucumis sativus )12) Bng (Gossypium arboretum ), 2X13) ay (Corchorus capsularis )14) Htiu ( Piper nigrum )

15) Chm ( Indigofera tinctoria )Trung tm Indo-Malaya (2a)

1) Ct( Dioscorea spp.)2) B i (Citrus maxima )3) Chui (Musa spp.)4) Da (Cocos nucifera )

Trung tm Trung (3) 1) La m lm bnh (Triticum aestivum ), bread wheat2) La m gy (Triticum compactum ), club wheat3) La m n(Triticum sphaerococcum ), shot wheat4) Mchen (Secale cereale ), trung tm thc p5) u H Lan ( Pisum sativum )6) u lng ( Lens culinaris )7) u m(Cicer arietinum )8) Vng (Sesamum indicum ), trung tm s c p9) Lanh ( Linum usitatissimum ), trung tm s c p10) Hoa rum (Carthamus tinctorius ), trung tm s c p11) C r t ( Daucus carota )12) Cci ( Raphanus sativus ), radish , trung tm s c p13) L ( Pyrus communis )14) To ( Pyrus malus )15) Cy c ch ( Juglans regia )

Trung tm Cn ng (4)1) La m (Triticum monococcum ), einkorn wheat2) La m cng (Triticum durum ), durum wheat3) La m (Triticum turgidum ), Poulard wheat4) La m khng ru (Triticum aestivum ), mt trung tm s c p5) Mch hai hng ( Hordeum vulgare ) , ging bn a6) Mchen (Secale cereale )7) Yn mch ( Avena byzantina )8) u m(Cicer arietinum ), trung tm thc p9) u lng ( Lens culinaris ), mt nhm l n ging bn a


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10) u H Lan ( Pisum sativum ), ging bn a11) Linh lng xanh (Medicago sativa )12) Vng (Sesamum indicum ), mt nhm sinh thi ring bit13) Lanh ( Linum usitatissimum ), r t nhiu ging bn a14) Da (Cucumis melo)

15) Hnh nhn ( Amygdalus communis )16) Sung ( Ficus carica )

17) Lu ( Punica granatum )18) Nho (Vitis vinifera )19) M ( Primus armeniaca ), trung tm s c p

Trung tm a Trung Hi (5)1) La m cng (Triticum durum )2) Yn mch v( Avena strigosa )3) u vn (Vicia faba )4) B p ci ( Brassica oleracea )5) liu (Olea europaea )

6)

Rau di p ( Lactuca sativa )Trung tm Abyssinia (6)1) La m cng (Triticum durum )2) La m (Triticum turgidum ), Poulard wheat (an exceptional wealth of forms)3) La m (Triticum dicoccum ), Emmer wheat4) La mch ( Hordeum vulgare ), barley (an exceptional diversity of forms)5) u m(Cicer arietinum ), trung tm s c p6) u lng ( Lens culinaris ), trung tm s c p7) K ngn ( Eleusine coracana ), finger millet8) u H Lan ( Pisum sativum ), trung tm s c p9) Lanh ( Linum usitatissimum ), trung tm s c p10) Vng (Sesamum indicum ), trung tm gc11) u du ( Ricinus communis ), trung tm s c p12) C ph (Coffea Arabica )

Trung tm Nam Mexico v Trung M(7)1) Ng ( Zea mays )2) u th ng ( Phaseolus vulgaris )3) t (Capsicum annuum )4) Bng ni (Gossypium hirsutum )5) Gai du ( Agave sisalana )6) B, b xanh (Cucurbita spp)

Trung tm Nam M(Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia) (8)1) Khoai lang ( Ipomoea batatas )2) Khoai ty (Solanum tuberosum )3) u lima ( Phaseolus lunatus )4) C chua ( Lycopersicon esculentum )5) Bng hi o (Gossypium barbadense ) (4X)6) u (Carica papaya )7) Thuc l ( Nicotiana tabacum )

Trung tm Chiloe (8a)1) Khoai ty (Solanum tuberosum )

Trung tm Brazil and Paraguay (8b)


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1) Sn (Manihot utilissima )2) Lc ( Arachis hypogaea )3) Cacao (Theobroma cacao ), trung tm thc p4) Cao su ( Hevea brasiliensis )5) Da ( Ananas comosus )

Trong bi ging (gm 47 ch ) ca Jules Janick, 2005 tr ng i hc PurdueUniversity, Hoa K chi tit cc Trung tm pht sinh cy tr ng ca N. I. Vavilop bao gmcc loi cy tr ng chnh mi Trung tm.

Cy tr ng vng Vin ng (Far Eastern Crops)1) u Adsuki (Vigna angularis )2) Chui vng (Musa cavendishii )3) Chui (M. Paradisiaca) 4) Chui xanh (M. Sapientum )5) u t ng (Glycine hispida )6) Da(Cocos nucifera )7) K Panicum miliaceum

8)

Ct( Dioscorea spp.) 9) Ma (Saccharum sinense )10) La(Oryza sativa )

Trung tm Trung Quc: l Trung tmc l p l n nht, bao gm cc vng ni Trungv Ty Trung Quc v nhng vngt th p lin k , v i tng s136 loi bn a trong c cmt sloi cy tr ng r t quan tr ng.

Cy ng cc v cy h u1) K bng ng ( Panicum miliaceum) 2) K ( Panicum italicum) 3) K Nht Bn ( Panicum frumentaceum) 4) Cao L ng ( Andropogon sorghum) 5) Kiu mch ( Fagopyrum esculentum) 6) La mch tr u nh( Hordeum hexastichum) 7) u t ng (Glycine hispida) 8) u Adzuki ( Phaseolus angularis) 9) u nhung (Stizolobium hassjoo)

Cy ly r , cv cy rau1) CtTrung Quc ( Dioscorea batatas) 2) Radish ( Raphanus sativus) 3) Ci Trung Quc ( Brassica chinensis, B. pekinensis) 4) Hnh ( Allium chinense, A. fistulosum, A. pekinense) 5) Da chut (Cucumis sativus)

Cyn quv quhch1) L ( Pyrus serotina, P. ussuriensis) 2) To Trung Quc (Malus asiatica) 3) o ( Prunus persica) 4) M ( Prunus armeniaca) 5) Anho ( Prunus pseudocerasus) 6) c ch ( Juglans sinensis) 7) Vi ( Litchi chinensis)

Cy ly ng, lm thuc v cy ly s i1) Ma (Saccharum sinense)


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2) Anh tc ( Papaver somniferum) 3) Sm ( Panax ginseng) 4) Long no (Cinnamomum camphora) 5) Gai du (Cannabis sativa)

Trung tmn : Vng ny c hai trung tm ph(2)

Trung tm chnh (2a) (Hindustan): gm Assam v Burma, khng bao gm Bcn v Punjab, cc tnh bin gi i min Bc.Trung tm ny c 117 loi bn a. Cy ng cc v cy h u

1) La (Oryza sativa) 2) u m(Cicer arietinum) 3) u chim (Cajanus indicus) 4) u Urd ( Phaseolus mungo) 5) u xanh ( Phaseolus aureus) 6) u nho nhe ( Phaseolus calcaratus) 7) u b (Vigna sinensis)

Rau v cy ly c

1)

C tm (Solanum melongena) 2) Da chut (Cucumis sativus) 3) Radish ( Raphanus caudatus) (pods eaten)4) Khoai s(Colocasia antiquorum) 5) Cm ( Dioscorea alata)

Cyn qu 1) Xoi (Mangifera indica) 2) Cam (Citrus sinensis) 3) Qut (Citrus nobilis) 4) Chanh yn(Citrus medica) 5) Me (Tamarindus indica)

Cy ly ng, du v cy ly s i1) Ma (Saccharum officinarum) 2) Cdu (Cocos nucifera) 3) Vng (Sesamum indicum) 4) H ng d ng (Carthamus tinctorius) 5) Bng (Gossypium arboretum) 6) Bng ph ngng (Gossypium nanking )7) ay (Corchorus capsularis) 8) Lc lc (Crotalaria juncea) 9) Dm bt ( Hibiscus cannabinus)

Cy gia v, kch thch, nhum mu v cc loi khc1) Gai du (Cannabis indica) 2) Htiu ( Piper nigrum) 3) Gm Ai C p ( Acacia arabica) 4) n h ng ( Santalum album) 5) Chm ( Indigofera tinctoria) 6) Qu(Cinnamomum zeylanticum) 7) Khsm (Croton tiglium) 8) Tre na ( Bambusa tulda)

Trung tm Indo-Malayan (2b): C 55 loi cy: Ng cc v h u


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1) Bo bo Jobs tears (Coix lacryma) 2) u nhung (Mucuna utilis)

Cyn qu 1) B i chm (Citrus grandis) 2) Chui (Musa cavendishii, M. paradisiaca,H. Sapientum)

3)

Mt ht (Artocarpus communis)4) Mng ct (Garcinia mangostana) Cy ly ng, du, gia v v cy c s i

1) Qulai ( Aleurites moluccana) 2) Cdu (Cocos nucifera) 3) Ma (Saccharum officinarum) 4) Cba l (Caryophyllus aromaticus) 5) u khu (Myristaca fragrans) 6) Htiu ( Piper nigrum) 7) Chui s i (Musa textiles)

Cc cy tr ng Cn ng

1)

u lng( Lens culinaris )2) u m(Cicer arietinum )3) Cy mn ( Prunus cerasifera) 4) O lu (Olea europaea )5) La mch ( Hordeum vulgare )6) c ch ( Juglans regia )7) Quhnh ( Amygdalus communis )8) M ( Primus armeniaca )9) Ch l ( Phoenix dactylifera) 10) La m(Triticum aestivum )11) Sung ( Ficus carica )

Trung tm Trung (3):Gm Bcn , Afghanistan, Tadjikistan, Uzbekistan, vmin Ty Tian-Shan. C 43 loi v r t nhiu la m.

Cy ly ht vu1) La m th ng (Triticum vulgare) 2) La m bng dy (Triticum compactum) 3) La m m (Triticum sphaerocoecum) 4) u ( Pisum sativum) 5) u lng ( Lens esculenta) 6) u nga (Vicia faba) 7) u m(Cicer arientinum) 8) u xanh ( Phaseolus aureus) 9) Mustard ( Brassica juncea) 10) Lanh ( Linum usitatissimum )11) Vng (Sesamum indicum)

Cy ly s i1) Gai (Cannabis indica) 2) Bng (Gossypium herbaceum)

Cy rau1) Hnh ( Allium cepa) 2) Ti ( Allium sativum )3) Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)


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4) C r t ( Daucus carota) Cyn qu

1) Hchn ( Pistacia vera) 2) L ( Pyrus communis)3) Hnh ( Amygdalus communis)

4) Nho (Vitis vinifera )5) To (Malus pumila (M. sieversii )

Trung tm cnng (4):Bao gm phn nhca Chu , ton bdy Cp Ca, Iran,v cao nguyn Turkmenistan. Vng ny c 83 loi

Cy c ht v cy h u1) La m Einkorn (Triticum monococcum) (2n = 14)2) La m cng (Triticum durum) (2n = 28)3) La m Ba lan (Triticum turgidum) (2n = 28)4) La m th ng (Triticum vulgare) (2n = 42)5) La m ph ngng (Triticum orientale )6) La m Ba T(Triticum persicum) (2n = 28)

a.

Triticum timopheevi (2n = 28) b. Triticum macha (2n = 42)c. Triticum vavilovianum , branched (2n = 42)

7) La mch 2 ru ( Hordeum distic hum, H. nutans) 8) La mchen (Secale cereale) 9) Yn mch a Trung Hi ( Avena byzantina) 10) Yn mch th ng ( Avena sativa) 11) u lng ( Lens esculenta) 12) u Lupine ( Lupinus pilosus, L. albus)

Cy thc n gia sc1) Clinh lng (Medicago sativa) 2) Cba l (Trifolium resupinatum) 3) CCa ri (Trigonella foenum graecum) 4) u tm (Vicia sativa) 5) u tm lng (Vicia villosa)

Cyn qu 1) Sung ( Ficus carica) 2) Lu ( Punica granatum) 3) To (Malus pumilo) mt trong cc trung tm4) L ( Pyrus communis) and others5) Mc qua (Cydonia oblonga) 6) Anho ( Prunus cerasus) 7) To gai (Crataegus azarolus)

Trung tm a Trung Hi (5): Bao gm xung quanh bin a Trung Hi , vng nyc 84 loi quan tr ng c lu, rau v c.

Ng cc v cy h u1) La m cng (Triticum durum expansum) 2) La m kin (Triticum dicoccum )3) La m Ba Lan (Triticum polonicum) 4) La m spenta (Triticum spelta) 5) Yn mch a Trung Hi ( Avena byzantina) 6) Yn mch ct ( Avena brevis)


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7) CCanarygrass ( Phalaris canariensis) 8) u c( Lathyrus sativus) 9) u H Lan ht r ng ( Pisum sativum) 10) u Lupine ( Lupinus albus ) and others

Cy thc n gia sc

1)

Cbao l Ai C p (Trifolium alexandrinum) 2) Cba l tr ng (Trifolium repens) 3) Cba lthm (Trifolium incarnatum) 4) CSerradella (Ornithopus sativus)

Cy c du l cy ly s i1) Lanh ( Linumusitatissimum ) v hoang di ( L. angustifolium )2) Ci du ( Brassica napus) 3) M tt en ( Brassica nigra) 4) Oliu (Olea europaea)

Cy rau1) Cci ng v n ( Beta vulgaris)

2)

Ci b p ( Brassica oleracea) 3) Turnip ( Brassica campestris, B. Napus) 4) Rau di p ( Lactuca sativa) 5) Mng ty ( Asparagus officinalis) 6) Cn ty ( Apium graveolens) 7) Di p xon (Cichorium intybus) 8) Cci vng ( Pastinaca sativa) 9) i hong ( Rheum officinale)

Cy c du v cy gia v 1) Cy Carum (Carum carvi) 2) Cy hi ( Pimpinella anisum) 3) Hng ty (Thymus vulgaris) 4) Bc h cay (Mentha piperita) 5) Ngi ng (Salvia officinalis )6) Hupblng ( Humulus lupulus0

Trung tm Abixini (6):(=Ethiopia) v mt phn Somali. L Trung tm c 38 loiCy c ht v cy h u

1) La m cng ( Abyssinian, Triticum durum abyssinicum) 2) La m Ba Lan (Triticum turgidum abyssinicum )3) M kin (Triticum dicoccum abyssinicum )4) La m Ba Lan (Triticum polonicum abyssinicum) 5) La mch ( Hordeum sativum) (loi hnh r t a dng)6) La min ht ( Andropogon sorghum) 7) K trn chu ( Pennisetum spicatum) 8) K Chu Phi ( Eleusine coracana) 9) u b (Vigna sinensis) 10) Lanh ( Linum usitatissimum)

Loi khc1) Vng (Sesamum indicum), trung tm s c p2) u hi ly ( Ricinus communis), mt trung tm3) Ci xoong v n ( Lepidium sativum) 4) C ph (Coffea arabica)


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5) M p ty ( Hibiscus esculentus) 6) Nha th m (Commiphora abyssinicia) 7) Chm ( Indigofera argente)

Trung tm Nam Mexican v Trung M: Gm min Nam Mexico, Guatemala,Honduras v Costa Rica.

Cy c ht vu1) Ng ( Zea mays) 2) u th ng ( Phaseolus vulgaris) 3) u Lima ( Phaseolus lunatus) 4) u Tepary ( Phaseolus acutifolius) 5) u mt (Canavalia ensiformis) 6) Rau gin ht ( Amaranthus paniculatus leucocarpus )

Cy bu b1) Bu Malabar (Cucurbita ficifolia )2) B ngng (Cucurbita moshata )3) Su su (Sechium edule )

Cy ly s i1) Bng cn (Gossypium hirsutum) 2) Bng Bourbon (Gossypium purpurascens)

Cy khc1) Khoai lang ( Ipomea batatas)2) Hong tinh (Maranta arundinacea) 3) Htiu (Capsicum annuum, C. Frutescens)4) u (Carica papaya) 5) i ( Psidium guayava) 6) iu ( Anacardium occidentale) 7) Anho di ( Prunus serotina) 8) Cochenial ( Nopalea coccinellifera) 9) Ng anho ( Lycopersicum cerasiforme) 10) Cacao (Theobroma cacao) 11) Thuc l ( Nicotiana rustica)

Trung tm Nam M(8):(62 danh mc cy tr ng) Ba trung tm ph:Cy c c

1) Khoai ty Andean (Solanum andigenum) (2n = 96)2) Cc loi khoai ty tr ng: 14 hoc h n snhim sc thca loi 2n t24 603) Khoai ty khngc (Tropaeolum tuberosum ) vng ven bin Peru v vng

nhit i nhit i khng t i ca Ecuador, Peru v BoliviaCy ly ht v cy h u

1) Ng bt ( Zea mays amylacea) 2) u Lima ( Phaseolus lunatus), trung tm thc p 3) u th ng ( Phaseolus vulgaris ), trung tm thc p

Cy ly cr 1) Chui hoa (Canna edulis) 2) Khoai ty (Solanum phureja) (2n = 24)

Cy rau1) C chua ( Lycopersicum esculentum)2) Anho t ( Physalis peruviana) 3) B ng (Cucurbita maxima )


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4) t (Capsicum frutescens) Cy ly s i

1) Bng Ai C p (Gossypium barbadense)Cyn quv cy khc

1) Hoa say ( Passiflora ligularis )

2) i ( Psidium guajava) 3) K ninh (Cinchona calisaya )

4) Thuc l ( Nicotiana tabacum)Trung tm Chiloe (8b)

1) C chua th ng (Solanum tubersum )(2n = 48)2) Du ty di ( Fragaria chiloensis)

Trung tm Brazilian-Paraguayan (8c)1) Sn (Manihot utilsima) 2) Lc ( Arachis hypogaea )3) Cao su ( Hevea brasiliensis )4) Da ( Ananas comosa)

5)

GiBrazil( Bertholletia excelsa) 6) iu( Anacardium occidentale) 7) Da gang ta( Passiflora edulis)

1.6 CC TRUNG TM BO TN NGUN GEN THGI IBo tn ngun ti nguyn di truyn thc vt, t p trung l n nht trong mng l i ca

IPGRI. Mng lu i c s tham gia ca cc quc gia v cc c quan nghin cu nng nghi pQuc t cy mnBng 1-2: Cc Trung tm nng nghip Quc t(IARCs) trong nhm t vn nghin c u nng

nghip Quc t T vit

ttC quan Nm

thnhlp

Cc ch ng trnh nghinc u

C quan tin c

IRRI Vin nghin cu la Quc t (International Rice Research Institute)(IRRI)

1960 La Philippines

CIMMYT Trung tm ci tin ng v la m Quc t (International Maize and Wheat ImprovementCentre) (CIMMYT)

1964 Ng, la m, la mch vtriticale*

Mexico

IITA Vin nghin cu Nng nghi p Nhit i(International Institute of TropicalAgriculture) (IITA)

1965 Ng, la,u b, khoai lng, cm , sn

Nigeria

CIAT Trung tm Nng nghi p nhit i(Centre Internacional de AgriculturaTropical)

1968 Sn, u, la, c thc n giasc

Colombia

WARDA Hi p hi pht trin la Ty Phi(West Africa Rice Development Association)

1971 La Ivory Coast

CIP Trung tm cy c cQuc t (International Potato Centre)

1972 Khoai ty v cy c ckhc Peru

ICRISAT Vin nghin cu cy tr ng vng Nhit i bn kh hn

1972 u m, u ngc(pigeonpea), k, cao l ng,

India


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(International Crops Research Institute for theSemi-Arid Tropics)

lc

IBPGR UB ngun ti nguyn di truynthc vt Quc t(International Board for Plant GeneticResources)

1974 Ngun ti nguyn di truynthc vt

Italy

ICARDA Trung tm nghin cu nngnghi p vng kh hn(International Centre for AgriculturalResearch in the Dry Areas) (CIARD)

1976 La m, la mch,u faba,u lng, u m cy thcn gia sc v triticale

Syria

ISNAR C quan h tr nghin cu nngnghi p Quc t (International Service for NationalAgricultural Research)

1980 Nghin cu nng nghi pquc gia

Netherlands

Ghi ch: Triticale Triticosecale) l loi lai gi a la m (Triticum) v la m ch en (Secale)

Bng 1- 3 : Smu ngun gen l u gi ti cc c quan nghin c u quc t(van Sloten, 1990a)

Tch c Smu ngun genCIAT 66.000CIMMYT 70.000CIP 12.000ICARDA 87.000ICRISAT 96.000IITA 36.000ILCA 9.000

IRRI 83.000WARDA 6.000466.000

35%Ghi ch: T ng s m u ngun gen ang l u gi ton c u c khong 2.600.000; s m u ngun

gen duy nh t trn ton th gi i 1.050.000 m u n m 1981 n nay c khong 1.300.000 m u.

Bng 1-4: Ngun gen cy l ng th c (Andersonet al., 1988)% vt liu di truyn

thu th pCy tr ng Smu trong ngn

hng gen chnh

(1000)

Smu khc bit

(1000) Cytr ng

Hoang di

Mc b eda

La m 400 125 95 60 Trung bnhLa 200 70 70 10 Trung bnh Ng 70 60 90 n.e.* n.a.La mch 250 50 40 10 Trung bnhLa min 90 20 80 10 cao


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u 65 33 50 10 Trung bnh/th pLc 33 10 70 50 Th pKhoai lang 8 3 60 1 CaoKhoai ty 42 30 95 n.e. Th p

u a 18 12 75 1 Cao Source: IBPGR 1984; n.a. Khng thng tin; n.e. khng c tnh

1.7 BO TN NGUN GEN CA VIT NAM Ngun ti nguyn di truyn thc vt ca Vit Nam r t a dng doc im iu kin

sinh thi,a hnh v dn tc. Vit nam chia thnh 8 vng sinh thi, mi vng ciu kina hnh,t ai, thnh ng v kh hu khc nhau hnh thnh nn cc thm thc vt vloi thc vt phong ph va dng. Theo cc ti liu thng k (tr de Groombridge,1992),Vit Nam l mt trong 25 n c c mc a dng sinh hc cao nht thgi i v i d tnh c20.000n 30.000 loi thc vt. Theo Nguyn Ngh a Thn,1997 tng scc loi thc vtton quc l 11.373 loi ca 2.524 chi v 378 hthuc 7 ngnh.

Vng Ty Bc vng Bc B c a hnh ni cao, c 4 ma r r t trong nm, mang lnh nhit th p thch h p v i mt s loi cy nhit i nh l, o, mn. ahnh ni cao phn chia thnh cc tiu vng nhhuyn Sa Pa tnh Lo Cai, huyn Sn H tnh Lai Chu mt s loi cy cyn qu, hoa n i cng sinh tr ng pht trin vngny. Mt s loi cy thuc c hu, qu him iu kin sinh thi Sapa nh tho qu ( Amomum tsao-ko Crev.et Lem )

Vngng bng Bc Bph nhiu,a dng ca cc loi cy l ng thc nh la, ng,khoai lang. Ngoi rang bng Bc Bcna dng nht ngun gen cyn qu a ph ngv nh p ni nhcy vi (Nguyn ThNgc Hu, Pham Ngc Liu, 2004)

Hnh 1-7 : Cc vng sinh thi Vit Nam


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Vng Bc Trung B v Nam Trung b l vng chu nh h ng ca gi Lo, kh vnng v phn chia thnh cc tiu vng kh r, tiu vng pha ty dy ni tr ng s n, dcl n, thm thc vt a dng h n vng ven bin. Ngun gen vng ven bin phong ph ccloi c khnng chu hn, mn in hnh. V dging la lc NghAn la ph ng ckhnng chu hn v phc hi sau hn cao, ngun gen qu cho chn to ging chu hn v

mn.Vngng Nam Bl vngin hnh kh hn ca Vit Nam, nhng cy tr ng c thchu hn nh iu, cao su c ngun gena dng nht trong cn c

Vng Ty nguyn l qu h ng ca cc cy cng nghi p, cc ging cy l ng thc,cy ly ht c nhiu c im v tnh tr ng quc bit khnng chu hn. Ty Nguynhin l mt trong vnga dng nht ca cn c

Vngng bng Sng Cu Long thm thc vt, cy l ng thc v cc loi thc vtc tr ng ca t ng p n c.

Ngy nay, do nhiu nguyn nhn nh s tng dn s, nhu cu l ng thc v nhu cukhc ca con ng i ngy cng tng dn n khai thc r ng v cc ngun ti nguyn mtcch qu mc, thin tai, dch bnh v spht trin nhanh ca cc ging cy tr ng m i c

nng sut cao dn n ngun ti nguyn di truyn nhiu vng sinh thi suy gimnghim tr ng. Suy gim nhanh v mc mnh nht l cc vngng bng, n i c iukin canh tc thun l i, mt dn s cao, iu kin kinh tpht trin. Nng dn c kh nngu tcaosdng cc ging cy tr ng ci tin v ging lai. Nhng vng kh khn,canh tc nh n c tr i, nng dn ngho, khnng u t th p do vy mc a dng cytr ng, c bit l cc ging bn a v ging a ph ng c mc a dng cao h n vngkhc. V dmc a dng ngun gen thc vt ti huyn in Bin, tnh in Bin khost nm 2003 trnh by trong bng 1-5:

Bng 1-5: Kho st ngun gen th c vt ti huyn in Bin tnh in Bin( Sliu iu tra ti 6 x ca huyn in Bin nm 2003)

STT Tn Vit nam Tn khoa hc Shtr ng1 Hnh ta Allium ascalonicum L. 452 Hnh c Allium cepa L. 123 Hnh hoa Allium fistulosum L. 154 Ti Allium sativum L. 185 H Allium tuberusum Rottl. V Spreng. 106 Da gai Ananas comosus (L.) Merr 167 Bnh bt Annona reticulata L. 28 Lc Arachis hypogaea L. 259 Cau Areca catechu L. 810 Mt Artocarpus melinoxyla Gagn. 2511 Ci b p Brassica capitata L. 612 Ci btr ng Brassica chinensis L. 5013 Su ho Brassica gemmifera Zink. 2014 Ci bxanh Brassica juncea L. 2415 Dong ring Canna edulis Ker 1516 t ch thin Capsicum facsiculatum Bail. 2117 u Carica papaya L. 4718 Ring Catimbium muticum (Roxb.) Holtt. 619 V sa Chrysanthemum coronarium L. 220 Ci cc Chrysanthenum coronarium L. 421 Chanh ta Citrus aurantifolia Sw. 11


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22 B i Citrus grandis L. 923 Chanh yn (ty) Citrus limon (L.) Burm 624 Cam ni Citrus macroptera Montr. 725 Cam snh Citrus nobilis Lour 326 Qut Citrus reticulata Blco. 2

27 Ta t Coleus scutellaroides Benth 1628 Khoai mn n c Colocassia esculenta (L.) Schott 1429 Da leo Cucumis sativus L. 1130 Bcung trn Cucurbita maxima L. 3531 B r Cucurbita moschata Duch. 4132 B Cucurbita pepo L. 4733 Ngh Curcuma domestica L. 1334 S Cymbopogon citratus L. 435 Nhn Dimocarpus longan var.local Lour. 1936 Cm Dioscorea alata L. 937 Ct Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burk 738 Cmi Dioscorea persimilis Prain & Burkill 839 Rau ng Enydra fluctuans 1240 Kinh gi i Esholigia ciliata L. 1141 Si Ficus benjamina L. 542 Sung lng Ficus drupacea Corner 243 Ngi Ficus maliformis King. 444 Sung Ficus rasemosa L. 745 Sung xanh Ficus virens Ait. 146 u nnh Glycine max (L.) Merr 3447 Rau gi p c Houttuynia cordata Thunb. 1748 Rau mung Ipomoca aquatica Forssk. 549 Khoai lang Ipomoea batatas Lamk. 350 u vn Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet sub sp. 2451 Bu Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Stadley 3952 Vi Litchi sinensis Radlk. 453 Tr ng g Lucuma mammosa Gaertn 954 M p kha Luffa acutagula (L.) 1255 C chua Lycopersicon carasiforme Alef. 1556 C chua thc Lycopersicon esculentum commune Alef. 957 Xoi Mangifera indica L. 1158 Sn Manihot esculenta Grantz 2759 Hng xim Manilkara achras (Mill) Fosb. 860 M p ng Momordica charantia 2461 Gc Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng 1562 Du ta Morus australis Poir. 1763 u mo Mucuna cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr 2664 Chui Musa sp . 5165 Hng qu Ocimum basilicum L. 1366 H ng nhu Ocimum gratissimum L. 767 La Oryza sativa L. 13068 C u Pachirhizus erosus L. 1869 M lng Paederia lanuginosa Wall. 3


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70 M leo Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. 771 Me r ng Phyllanthus emblica L. 372 Tr u khng Piper betle L. 373 L lt Piper lolot C. 1574 Rau r m Polygonum odoratum Lour. 11

75 inh lng Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms 976 M Prunus armeniaca L. 477 i Psidium gujava L. 2178 u r ng Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L. 1979 Sn dy Pueraria thomsoni Benth 1280 Lu Punica granatum L. 381 Ci c Raphanus sativus L. 2382 Hoa hng Rosa chinensis Jacq. 983 Su su Secchium edule (Jacq.) Swartz. 484 Ma Shaccharum officinarum L. 1285 C di d (tm) Solanum melongena L. 1986 C pho Solanum undatum L. 1587 Me Tamarindus indica L. 488 Da ni Trichosanthes cucumerina L. 1789 u xanh Vigna radiata L. 2990 u nho nhe Vina umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & Ohashi var. 4291 Khoai mng Xanthosoma sagittifilium L. 1192 Ng Zea mays 11293 Gng Zingiber officinale Roscoe 1394 To ta Ziziphus manritiana (Lamk.) 6

Ngun : V V n Li t, ng Huy Gi i,2003K t qukho st v thu th p cho thy mc a dng phthuc vo nhng yu tch

yu sau:+ iu kin tnhin, kinh tx hi : cc x xa trung tm vang giao thng sl ng

ginga ph ng, ngun gen phong ph h n cc x gn trung tm+ Dn tc khc nhau mc phong ph khc nhau, trong 4 dn tc kho st, dn tc

Mng c b ging a ph ng phong ph nht, ti p l dn tc Thi, dn tcKinh hu ht sdng cc ging ci tin

+ a hnh cao ngun gen phong ph h n a hnh th p, bng phng v c t i+ a ph ng c r ng ngun gen phong ph h n a ph ng khng c r ng+ Ngun gen ginga ph ng, cy hoang di kh phong ph trong v n h Nhng nghin cu khc cng cho k t qut ng t, vng ni dn tc t ng i mc

a dng cn kh cao, cc ginga ph ng chim tll n h n so v i cc ging m i.Bng 1-6: Tlging laa ph ng ca khu v c min ni vng bng

Sginga ph nga ph ng Tng s ging Sl ng Tl(%)

Bn Tt (Tn Minh, Bc, Ha Bnh) 22 17 77,27Bn Cang (on K t, Bc, Ha Bnh) 25 15 60,00Thn Yn Minh (Yn Quang, Nho Quan, Ninh Bnh) 10 4 40,0Thn Qung Mo (Thch Bnh, Nho Quan, Ninh Bnh) 11 4 41,67Thnng Lc (Ngh a Lc , Ngh a Hng, Namnh) 12 3 25,00Thn Kin Thnh (Ngh a L i , Ngh a Hng, Namnh) 12 3 25,00


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Nghin cu ca Lu Ngc Trnh v cng snm 2001 cho thy mc a dng caging laa ph ng minh ha trong bng 1-6

Nhn thc c mc quan tr ng ca ngun ti nguyn di truyn thc vt v xuh ng xi mn ngun gen thc vt. Vit Nam thnh l p Trung tm Ti nguyn di truynthc vt thuc Vin Khoa hc Nng nghi p Vit Nam (Quyt nh s220/2005/Q-TTg

ngy 09/9/2005 ca Th t ng Chnh ph). Trung tm c mng l i gm 18 Vin, Trungtm v Tr m lm nhim v nghin cu v bo tn ngun ti nguyn di truyn thc vt. Nhng nhim v c quynh bao gm: (a) Duy tr v pht trin ngn hng gen thc vtQuc gia(b) Xy dng gii php bo tn v khai thc sdng ti nguyn thc vt (c)Botn thng qua s dng ti nguyn thc vt, pht trin v duy tr ccim bo tn In situ ngun gen cy tr ng; (d) a dng sinh hc nng nghi p, ng thi bin ng a dng thcvt; () iu phi hot ng mng l i bo tn qugen cy tr ng.

Trung tm thu th p theo th t u tin ti cc vng c nguy c xi mn ngun gencao v nh p ni c nh h ng. vang bo tn 1.800 mu ging ca khong 100 loicy tr ng. Hng nm lu gi tt sging c v cc ging m i thu th p, nh p ni v. D kin n cui nm 2005 smu ging c bo tn trong cn c l 20.000 ca 200 loi,

trong ti NHGCTQG l 15.000 mu ging. Trung tm cng thc hin qun l d liuv thng tin TNDTTV:n nm 2005 hon thnh bn ni dung chnh:- Phn mm qun l TNDTTV bng ting Vit p dng thng nht trn ton quc -

Website vTNDTTV ca Vit Nam cl ng thng tin cn thit cho cci t ng truyc p trong n c v tuyn truyn quc t

- In n phm thng tin TNDTTV cc dng sch chuyn kho, catalog, bn tin(newsleter), t b m (brochure) cho cci t ng sdng khc nhau. C p pht, traoithng tin TNDTTV theo quy chc p pht thng tin ngun gen

Trong giaion 2001-2005, Ngn hng gen cy tr ng Quc gia c p pht 3.494 l tmu ging v 4.250 l t dliu phc vcc mc tiu sdng khc nhau, gp phn tch cccho cng tc ging cy tr ng. Ging u xanh NTB-01 do Trung tm nghin cu Nngnghi p Duyn hi Nam Trung B bnh tuyn t cc ngun genu xanh do Ngn hnggen cy tr ng Quc gia cung c p c cng nhn l ging quc gia.

Vit Nam cng hnh thnh cc v n quc gia, khu bo tn bo tn a dng sinhhc, trong c bo tn ti nguyn di truyn thc vt. Sv n quc gia cn c n 2006l 30 v i tng din tch 1.166.441 ha, ngoi v n quc gia cn c hin cn c 78 khu botn thin nhin v i tng din tch 1,7 triu ha v 18 khu bo vcnh quan c din tch h n120.000 ha.

Vit Nam cng ban hnh nhiu chnh sch bo tn a dng sinh hc cng nhbotn ngun ti nguyn di truyn thc vt. Quc hi ban hnh Php lnh ging cy tr ngs15/2004/PL-UBTVQH11, Lut S hu tr tus50/2005/QH11 c Quc hikho XI k h p th8 thng qua ngy 29/11/2005 v c hiu lc tngy 01/7/2006; Lutn c Cng ho X hi Chngh a Vit Nam s29/2004/QH11 ngy 03 thng 12 nm 2004vbo vv pht trin r ng

Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh s57/2005/N-CP ca Chnh phvvic xphtvi phm hnh chnh trong l nh vc ging cy tr ng; Ch th s210/TTg ngy 6/12/1966ca tht ng chnh phvvic khai thc v pht trin cy thuc, ng vt lm thuc. CcBban hnh Quyt nh s68/2004/Q-BNN ngy 24 thng 11 nm 2004 ca B tr ng bNN & PTNT vvic bxung 10 loi cy tr ng vo danh lc loi cy tr ng c boh. Nhng lut, ngh nh v thng t l nhng c s php l cho bo tn v nghin cungun gen thc vt.


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Cu hi n tp v bi tp ca ch ng 11- Cc khi nim a dang sinh hc, a dang di truyn2- Vai tr ca a dng sinh hc va dng di truyn v i nng nghi p v chn ging

cy tr ng3- Khiiu tra thu th p ngun gen huyn in Bin, thu th p c tng s94 loi,

sloi ch tm thy trong huyn l 2 loi. Hy tnh mc phong ph haya dngloi thc vt ca huyn in Bin4- Khi thc hin thu th p mu ngun gen ba x thu c 6 loi, nhng sc thca

mi loi ba x trn l khc nhau nhbng sau:Sc th

Loi x N Tu M ng Pn Thanh Nasp 1 26 30 60sp 2 32 40 5sp 3 45 20 70sp 4 18 15 17sp 5 39 53 45sp 6 22 14 26Hi trong baa ph ng trn,a ph ng no c mc a dng cao h n

5- Cc hc thuyt vngun gen thc vt v gi tr ca cc hc thuyt i v i nngnghi p v chn ging

6- Cc Trung tm pht sinh cy tr ng v cho v dmt Trung tmminh ha7- Cc Trung tm lu gingun gen quc tv sl ng ngun gen lu tr , bo tn8- Vn a dng sinh hc va dng di truyn Vit Nam hin nay nhthno?


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Ch ng 2 THU THP NGUN GEN THC VT

2.1 XI MN NGUN TI NGUYN DI TRUYN TH C VT

2.1.1 M c xi mn ngun gen th c vtWilkes(1984)a ra ba mc e da n ngun ti nguyn di truyn va dng ngun

ti nguyn di truyn thc vt nhsau:- Xi mn di truy n (Genetic erosion): Xi mn di truyn l mt qu trnh lm hn chv thu nhvn gen ca mt loi thc

vt hayng vt, ngay ckhi c h n mt c thtrong qun thbmt khng c c hi thuli hay l p li c thkhc v gy nguy him n a dng qun th.

Xi mn di truyn tronga dng nng nghi p v chn nui l smt a dng di truyn,gm mt cc gen v cc th p genc th (hoc phc h p gen), nhmt cc ginga ph ng cc loi thun ha thch nghi v i mi tr ng tnhin, n i n pht sinh v pht

trin.Thut ngxi mn di truyn i khi sdng v i ngh a h p l mt cc allel hoc cc

gen v ngh a r ng l mt cc ging hay cc loiK thut ci tin ging cy tr ng pht trin loi tr nhng ging c bn hay ngun

gen gc to ra ging cy tr ng ci tin . H n 10.000 nm, cy tr ng to ra mt s l ng l n nhng kiu gen thch nghi v i cciu kin a ph ng. Nhng ging cy tr ngny l nhng ging a ph ng, ging cy tr ng nng nghi p do ng i dn chn lc v cy bn a. Chng l ngun di truyn cho cc nh to ging sdng ci tin ngun gen tora cc ging cy tr ng chu thm canh v nng sut cao. Ngay sau cc ging ci tinnng sut cao thay thcc a dng di truyn hng nghn nm to nn. Bn cnh do

dn s tng, dn n t ai c sdng vo sn xut nng nghi p m r ng h n png nhu cu ca con ng i lm bin mt n i sinh sng ca cc loi hoang di. Cc nguy c trn yu cu nhn loi phi ngay l p tc thu th p v bo tn ngun ti nguyn di truyn thcvt cn li, nu khng chng sbin mt hon ton. Thgi i cng bt u a ra nhngthut ngv k thut m i l bn vng va dng sinh hc, a dng di truyn, bo tn ni vi( In- situ ), bo tn ngoi vi ( Ex situ ) v chng tr thnh l mt thnh phn ca s bnvng trong t ng lai

- Ngun di truy n d t n th ng (Genetic vulnerability): Ngun di truyn d tn th ng l nhng loi db thay thhay ang b e da tuyt

chng do mi tr ng bt thun, dch bnh viu kin kinh t -x hi khc. Ngun tinguyn bmt mi tr ng sinh sng hoc mi tr ng sinh sng b ph v , chia ct cng lmcho ngun ti nguyn di truyn db tn th ng

Ngun di truyn dtn th ng gy r i ro cho nn nng nghi p u tcaotr ng cyl ng thc, cy hng ha nhng n c pht trin. Xi mn di truyn l sgim dn ca adng di truyn thc vt cn tn th ng di truyn l smng manh ca nn tng di truynh p, canh tcc canh trn mt phm vi r ng (s ng nht ca hng triu cy), bao trmhng nghn ha. Canh tcc canh c r i ro cao khi g p iu kin bt thun hay dch hi, vdbnh r st

51161547 Quy Gen Bao Ton Quy Gen

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