The Enlightenment The Enlightenment and Governments and Governments

Council of Trent Council of Trent

1.1. The council’s declarations on The council’s declarations on justification affirm the importance of justification affirm the importance of God’s freely given grace as the God’s freely given grace as the beginning of the process of salvation. beginning of the process of salvation. What else is required of the believer to What else is required of the believer to gain salvation? How do such views gain salvation? How do such views differ from those of Luther?differ from those of Luther?

Council of TrentCouncil of Trent

2. What do the rules concerning prohibited 2. What do the rules concerning prohibited books reveal about the Church’s attitudes books reveal about the Church’s attitudes toward the printed book?toward the printed book?

3. How openly do the council’s statements 3. How openly do the council’s statements admit that abuses existed among the admit that abuses existed among the clergy? What steps are proposed to deal clergy? What steps are proposed to deal with such abuses?with such abuses?

Council of Trent Council of Trent

If Luther or one of his followers had been If Luther or one of his followers had been given the opportunity to comment on the given the opportunity to comment on the decisions of the Council of Trent decisions of the Council of Trent represented in this assignment, what represented in this assignment, what might they have said about the following might they have said about the following issues: individual salvation; the Bible; the issues: individual salvation; the Bible; the nature of the priesthood; saints; nature of the priesthood; saints; indulgences?indulgences?

Review QuestionsReview Questions

What is humanism? Why is this such an What is humanism? Why is this such an important part of the Reformation?important part of the Reformation?

What were some of the major problems Martin What were some of the major problems Martin Luther sites with the Catholic Church?Luther sites with the Catholic Church?

What were some of the causes of the What were some of the causes of the Reformation?Reformation?

What effects do you think the Reformation had What effects do you think the Reformation had on society? Consider political, social, and on society? Consider political, social, and economic changes. economic changes.

Skepticism and ScienceSkepticism and Science

How does the beginning of skepticism How does the beginning of skepticism lead to scientific discovery?lead to scientific discovery? Question the accepted wisdom of the time Question the accepted wisdom of the time

Except we can never really know Except we can never really know anything so what is the pointanything so what is the point

Medieval View of the Medieval View of the World World

GeocentricGeocentric During the Middle Ages the scholars of the During the Middle Ages the scholars of the

day were sure the Earth was unmoving at day were sure the Earth was unmoving at the center of the Universethe center of the Universe

Music of the Spheres Music of the Spheres Perfect crystal spheres surround the Earth Perfect crystal spheres surround the Earth

Changing Ways of Changing Ways of ThoughtThought

Challenging the wisdom of the Church Challenging the wisdom of the Church Heliocentric World View Heliocentric World View

Nicolas Copernicus claims the sun is the Nicolas Copernicus claims the sun is the center of the universe center of the universe Bases on 25 years of observation Bases on 25 years of observation Could not completely explain planetary Could not completely explain planetary

movement movement

Changing Ways of Changing Ways of ThoughtThought

Johannes KeplerJohannes Kepler Finishes the work of his boss Tycho Brahe Finishes the work of his boss Tycho Brahe Devises equations to explain planetary motion and Devises equations to explain planetary motion and

their orbits by assuming elliptical orbits their orbits by assuming elliptical orbits

Galileo Galileo Persecuted by the church and required to recant his Persecuted by the church and required to recant his

findings findings 1992 Catholic Church officially retracted its 1992 Catholic Church officially retracted its

condemnation of Galileo condemnation of Galileo

Spreading the WordSpreading the Word

Printing press allows for work to spread Printing press allows for work to spread more effectively than in any previous time more effectively than in any previous time in historyin history

Salons in Paris Salons in Paris Meetings to discuss the latest and greatest Meetings to discuss the latest and greatest

in science and philosophy in science and philosophy

Scientific Organizations grow in Scientific Organizations grow in popularity in England popularity in England

Enlightenment Enlightenment

REASONREASON could could lead to an understanding lead to an understanding of social behaviorof social behavior

Exposure to other Exposure to other cultures leads to cultures leads to questioning of “Western” questioning of “Western” values values

Believed with time all Believed with time all human institutions could human institutions could be improved be improved

The Enlightenment and The Enlightenment and GovernmentGovernment Read the sections on each of the following philosophers Read the sections on each of the following philosophers

in the packet taking notes on their theories in the box in the packet taking notes on their theories in the box marked Beliefs/writing/contributions. Identify the main marked Beliefs/writing/contributions. Identify the main point that this philosopher is responsible in the main point that this philosopher is responsible in the main point box. Then, in groups, examine the US constitution point box. Then, in groups, examine the US constitution and establish where their theories were used sighting and establish where their theories were used sighting specific articles, amendments, or the preamble. Your specific articles, amendments, or the preamble. Your answers should be recorded in the constitutional answers should be recorded in the constitutional reference section of the handout. reference section of the handout.

HobbesHobbes Locke Locke VoltaireVoltaire MontesquieuMontesquieu RousseauRousseau Beccaria Beccaria

Enlightenment Enlightenment

In your opinion, what was the most In your opinion, what was the most important aspect of the enlightenment?important aspect of the enlightenment?

What factors coalesced to allow for this What factors coalesced to allow for this “awakening” of society? “awakening” of society?

Would this have happened had people Would this have happened had people not become dissatisfied with the Catholic not become dissatisfied with the Catholic Church? Why or why not?Church? Why or why not?