1. 4 6 32.6%

2. 4 0-19 17.0% 14.6% 13.1% 20.3% 35% 67.4% 32.6% Environmental Justice 3. ? ( , ) 05 12 01 ( ) 17 02 ( , ) 25 03 ( ) 35 04 ( ) 41 05 ( ) 49 06 ( ) 57 07 ( , ) 65 08 ( ) 71 09 ( ) 77 10 ( ) 85 11 ( ) 93 12 4 ( ) 101 part1 part2 4. 6 5. 7 ? ( , ) 6. 8 1970 (Byproduct) (, ) ( ) (Bryant 1995;UCC, 1987). . (NIMBY, Not In My Backyard) . , , . . ? . ? (Environmental Racism), (Environmental Equity), (Environmental Justice) . , (Bunyan Bryant 1995) . , . , ? . 7. 9 , , , , (Robert Bullard 1994) . . ) . , ) (EPA 1992) . . . , , . . (Bunyan Bryant 1995) (Environmental Justice) , , , , , , , ) . . 1) 1980 , (Abandoned Hazardous Waste Sites) , CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act). 2) Environmental Justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. (EPA 1992) 3) environmental justice refers to those cultural norms and values, rules, regulations, behaviors, policies, and decisions to support sustainable communities, where people can interact with confidence that their environment is safe, nurturing, and protective. (Bunyan Bryant 1995) 8. 10 . , . , , (, 2006) . 1980 . 1990 ( ()) . 1970 1980 . 1982 PCB(Poly Chlorobiphenol ) ? , . , , . 9. 11 (Warren County) . 1980 , , , . . 1993 1 1994 12 12898 . . . , , , . 1990 . PCB < : http://sites.duke.edu/> 10. 12 1980 . , , . 1990 . , . , , . . . 1982 (Warren County) PCB . , 1994 12 12898 . , . 11. 13 . . , . 1982 10 (Afton Community) PCB . 6000 500 . . , 1985 (Union Carbide) (Methyl Isocyanate) 135 . . 25 1200 . , 1987 ( ) . . . , . . . . , 12. 14 . 2003 . . 1 . . , . 3,4 765 ( ) . . . 1982 10 PCB 1985 (Union Carbide) . 25 1200 . 1987 ( ) . . . 2003 . 13. 15 , . . . . . . 14. 16 15. 12 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 4 16. 18 17. 19 ( ) 18. 20 1. 1. 871500 549000 178800 172500 118000 74800 62400 61000 55200 51300 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. (EIA) 2011 32578 . UN . ? CO() 1, 2 43.6% . 56.8% , ( CO 8) 10 CO 67.4% . 210 CO 32.6% . 2:8 . 2 8 8 2 . . 1 50 , 50 1 1:50 . 325 7800 G2 (, ) 43.6% . 10 (CO), 2011 10 (2011) , 10 67.4% 210 32.6% < : Worldbank database> 19. 21 1 CO . 1 CO 1 18 . 17.6, 16.2, 15.1 1 CO . 1 CO 0.02 , 1 CO 0.026 . 0.1 . 1 900 670 , . 1 CO 12.5 625, 465 . 3 . . Maplecroft 2011 , , , . 3 . , , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , , , , , () 10 . 1~50 , , , , . . 1 1 625 12.5 X 1 0.02 X 625 20. 22 7 9 5 3 2 1 1~10 1 0.3(12.5) 2050 2,200 10 , 65% 12% , 68% 2002 3 2009 25 21. 23 8 4 10 6 . . . . . , . . - vs 3 (Greenhouse gas Developmenent Rights : GDR) - - - GHG - (Capacity Building) - - - - - -(Vulnerability) - (Mitigation) (Adaptation) < : www.maplecroft.com> 22. 24 2011 (Climate Injustice) . (Prachuap Khiri Khan) . . ? . . . . . . . ? . . . . ? . . . . (MBK), , 3 13 . 3 3 . . . . , . . . . Interview 23. 25 . 11km . 2 . . . . . < : > 24. 26 25. 27 ( , ) 26. 28 2012 170,178,000MWh 23 150,623,000MWh . , , , . , . ? . . , . . ? . , . , . ? 30% . 65% . (U-235) (nuclear fission) , . , . (fission products) . , 27. 29 . 2~3 . . ( ). . (radioactive substance) . 2.3%LNG 24.9% 29.6% 39.4% (2012) 0 5,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 150,623 200,482 LNG 126,358 11,632 ( : GWh, 2012) 508,380(GWh), 30% . < : 6 (2013~2017), > 28. 30 , , DNA . ( ) . . . . . . 46,478,803Mwh 1986.08.25 / 950 / (MW) 1987.06.10 / 950 1995.03.31 / 1000 1996.01.01 / 1000 2002.05.21 / 1000 2002.12.24 / 1000 (Younggwang) 23 5 170,178,000 Mwh (2013 2 ) < : , 2012 > 29. 31 , , , 4 23 , 11 2024 . 5 . 1GW 30~40 . 6 180~240 . . 1988.09.10 / 950 / (MW) / (MW) / (MW) (2016.06) 1400 (2017.06) 1400 1989.09.30 / 950 1998.08.11 / 1000 1999.12.31 / 1000 2004.07.29 / 1000 1983.04.22 / 679 1997.07.01 / 700 1998.07.01 / 700 1999.10.01 / 700 2005.04.22 / 1000 39,382,560Mwh (Ulchin) 27,291,885Mwh (Wolsong) 2012.03 / 1000 (2013.01) 1000 (Shin-Wolsong) 1978.04.29 / 587 1983.07.25 / 650 1985.09.30 / 950 1986.04.29 / 950 2011.02.28 / 1000 37,174,044Mwh (Kori) (2013.09) 1400 2011.12 / 1000 (2014.09) 1400 (Shin-Gori) (Shin-Ulchin) 00 30. 32 . . . . . (half-life) , 2 4 1/1000 24 . , . . . = 131 137 90 239 8 30 2 4300 31. 33 . . . , . , . . . , , ? . . ? . . , , , . , , , . . , . , , . . 32. 34 . . Germany 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 7,000 6,000 10,000 9,000 8,000 1980 1990 2000 2009 2010 2011 France OECD Korea Japan Italy United Kingdom 1990 430% 1 (MWh/) 1 (MWh/) < : IEA> < : IEA> 0 2,000 4,000 6,0000 8,0000 10,0000 OECD 1 1.86 33. 35 . . . . , , , . , . , . , . (risk society) . (, , ) (, , ) , . , . , . , . 34. 36 Interview . 7 765kv . . 10 . . . , . . . , . , . , , . . . , . ... - 85 . 10 . . , . . . . , . . - 35. 37 ( ) 36. 38 2005 7 10 . . . . , ? , ? . , , , , , TV, , . , . 10% . 150 . 1C 1.35% 150 . 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10% 34% , 10% 1.5% 23 . < : , 2008, 2011 > 22.8 37. 39 , . 2012 12 , , . , 1 1.35%, 1.72%, 3.3%, 1.25% . . . , ? . . . . , . , . , . 6 6 . 6 2 . , . , . . 1.35% 1.72% 3.3% 1 38. 40 ? . . , . , . . . . , , . , , (, , 2013 4 11) . , , . . 100 300, 600 2 . , 0 5,000 10,000 15,0000 20,0000 100 150 250 350 450 550 600 6 , 2 < : , 2009, 2011 > ( 105 kcal) 39. 41 44%, 7.8% . 2.5 . . . , . (Warm Homes and Energy Conservation Act 2000) (WAPWeatherization Assistance Program) . . . . . (WAP) 1978 35 . (B/C : Benefit/Cost ) . . 100 1.6% 3.4% 8.4% 41.2% 4.6% 16.4% 7.8% 44.1% 100 598 596 305 , < : , 2013> (%) 40. 42 ( 100 90 ). 1 2.73 , 1.63 , 1.07 , , . , . . , . 20 8 . . 1% 0.05% . . . . ? 100 + , 107 163 270 270 (WAP) (B/C) 41. 43 ( ) 42. 44 627( 2,074) () , 1992 2 . 2013 5 , , , 2,400 13,400 . , 2016 . , 2013 (75%) 55% . 2044 . , 20 , 2016 . 4 , , , . 2012 3,270,953 , 15 218,063 1,700km ~(400km) 4 2 : 3,559m : 1,355m : 957m 1 () : 4,041m ( ) 3() : 3,071m 4() : 3,380m 2 2 2 2 2 2 43. 45 (environmental injustice1) ) , ( ) , (, ) . , . (polluters- pay-principle). , . , . . . , . . 1) injustice , . , . . 55% , 2044 . . 20 , , . 2016 . 44. 46 , . , . , . , . , , 2016 , . , . ? 1995 72.3% , 23,7% , 2010 60.5% 17.9% . < : 2010 ()> 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 1998 3,943 4,676 5,441 6,577 7,229 7,348 7,224 7,753 8,321 9,348 10,349 10,58511,88212,601 13,401 18,195 20,45020,72420,922 19,166 17,39415,566 25,074 23,544 21,000 21,949 22,938 24,588 24,243 27,922 29,116 31,138 31,126 29,753 21,831 9,471 10,309 10,609 8,797 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 (/) 45. 47 (25 ) (31 24 ) (10 ) 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 (/) 32% 19% 15% 49% 41% 61% 14% 25% 44% () 2000 2012 , 47.4%, 35.3%, 17.1% 1,552,624 1,156,341 561,987 < : , 2013> < : , 2013> 46. 48 . ? , . . . . 2016 , . . . . , . . , . , . 2044 , . . , ( ), , . 47. 49 , . 3 , . , . , . ''? 3 1992 2 10 . '' 61( 58) . 6.7 901, 2 2,800 , 53% . 1 1992 2 2000 10 6,400 . 44%, 39%, 17% . 1~5 , 28.7%, 71.3% , . 20 , , . 48. 50 49. 51 ( ) 50. 52 2012 9 27 4 5 , 12,243 . 364 . . ?, ? , . . . , . . . , . , (2002), 2013 5 . , . . 2013 1 3 1 . 2012 . . , , , , 2006 70 . 15 . 2006 70, 15. 51. 53 . , 2011 414, 14. ? ()1) ()2) ()3) 2000 40 2001 26 2002 28 2003 42 2004 10 52 2005 6 53 2006 15 70 2007 16 2008 17 233 19 2009 16 342 23 2010 15 389 18 2011 12 414 14 2012 9 2013 3 18 , , . , . < : 1) (http://stat.me.go.kr/), (, 2012), (, 2013) 2) (, 2007) 3) (, 2012)> 70 1553 6 2005 2006 52. 54 . . , , ? . , . , . . , , . ? . , . 2008 . . . 25 . . . 53. 55 2km , . , . . . 1984 1986 30 . . . . , . 54. 56 , ? . , , 3km ? , . . . . . . . . . ? , . , . , . . . . . 55. 57 , . , ? 56. 58 57. 59 ( ) 58. 60 . . . , . 1970 . . , . . (POSCO) . 2007 () . . , . . . . , , 59. 61 , , . . . ( ). . . . . . . 60. 62 , , , . . , . . 1.2Km . . . < : , , 1994> 61. 63 . . . , . 2 . . . , . . ( ) . . . , . . . () . , . . . 62. Interview . . . . . . . . . 10 . . , . . . . . . . . . . 64 63. . 6 23 . , 2 . . . . . . 20 . , , . 2007 10 (54 44) . . . 1 . . . . , . . 65 64. 66 65. 67 ( , ) 66. 68 , , , , , , . (WHO) 2020 800 5 % 30~40%, 20~30% . 20 . 15 , 10 0.72 OECD 25 19 2002 203 2007 239 17.7% . 0~19 49.7% , 4 23.8% . 2007 2,390,000 5 17% , 49.7%. 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 < : (WHO), 2005> 15 (10) 67. 69 1970 . . . , . (Wang & Pinkerton, 2007; Fedulov et al., 2008; Jerrett et al, 2008). , (Morgenstern , 2008), 50 m . . 700 (Perera et al, 2009). (GIS) < : > 4 0-19 23.8% 49.7% 68. 70 . (Brauer et al, 2002; Gordian et al, 2006; Zmirou et al, 2004), (Lin et al, 2002; Edwards et al, 1994), (Brunekreef et al, 1997) . () 591 97% (30ppb) 1,180 67% 796 , 244 71% 174 . , . < : , 2012> 69. 71 3,577 , , PM2.5 NO . 50 m , (Morgenstern et al, 2007). GIS 20 m 34% (Bayer-Oglesby et al, 2006). , , , . , (, , ) (Jedrychowski et al, 2005). (WHO) . . , . (early life) (life cycle) . 70. 72 71. 73 ( ) 72. 74 . . , , . 1923 . , . . , , , . , . . 50% , 70% . 13% , . 10 63.6% 0%0% 13% 0% 20% 100% 50% 43% 100% 100% 72% * : * 73. 75 , . , . 2001 04 1 , 4 . . 6~7 2% , , 20% . 2 . , , , , . , 30 15% . , , , , . , , , . 29.2 29.227.5 19.7 1964 1975 1983 1995 2000 2005 3.4 7.8 10.1 13.0 15.8 18.6 22.0 16.8 , , < ; , > 74. 76 29.4 21.5 33 31.9 29.8 28.4 19.7 32.3 31.3 28.8 19.2 13.4 24.4 20.4 19.5 8 6.6 9 8.3 8.1 5.5 4.3 6.2 6 5.5 . . 10 63.6% , 2007 5~10 378 (BMI) 76% . , , , 200 54% , 62% . 0~4 5~9 10~14 15~19 19 43.4% 20.4% 9.5% 5.5% 21.3% , 2 . , , 1 10 . , , . , . . 3()622 17.0% 14.6% 13.1% 20.3% *, 11434 (: %) < : > 75. 77 . . 4 , . 4 , . 4 . 10 . , . . . 6 . . . , 7 . ADHD . . . 1 . . . . 76. 78 77. 79 ( ) 78. 80 . . . (food justice) . , , , . ( ) . , , . , , , , , . .(Drewnowski A, 2004) , , ( 2006). , , , , . , , C , , , C . . ( 2008) , , 79. 81 , , . , , , , , , , . ( 2005) , (Lynch J., ) . , . 6~11 12~18 19~29 30~49 50~64 65~ (, ) 30.0 37.4 24.5 10.7 4.3 9.3 () 12.4 10.5 9.5 8.6 120.3 165.1 181 182.5 250 200 100 50 0 150 274 279.6 299.1 302.5 400 300 200 100 0 31.4 38 40.6 45.6 60 40 20 0 1 ( : g) < : 2011 > < : 2011 > 10 20 ? 75% , , , A, , 25% , , . 80. 82 4 , (, , ) 2 . (17%) (1.8%) 9 . ( , , 2010). (, ) , 98.8 1.2 95.5 4.5 6.2( ) 97.0 3.0 92.6 7.4 17.0 99.3 0.7 96.4 3.6 1.8 2001 , BMI .( , 2009) . , , , , . , . , . . 1,000 , ( , 2013). , . , . (, %) 81. 83 ? . , , , , , . . , , , , . , , . , . . , , . . . 48.2% 38.5% 33.1% 30.4% 50.0% 37.3% 30.5% 100 100-300 300-600 600 < : > 82. Interview . 10 . ? 50%, 50% . (-) 10 . . . ? 4,500 . . , 20% , . , , . . 2,000 . ? ? . . . , . , . . . 84 83. ( ) ? . . . . , ? . , , . . , . . . . . ? . , . . . , , . 85 84. 86 85. 87 ( ) 86. 88 1960 , . , ? , ? , . . , . , , 3 . 30 . , . . . . . . , , . ? . . . . . . , ? . 87. 89 , . 70 , . . . . , ? , . . . . ? , ? . ? . . . . , . . . . . . 88. 90 . , . , , . . . . 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 14,000 12,000 18,000 16,000 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 32% 75% 82% 26% () < : ISAAA, 2012> 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 ( ha) 170 1,100 2,780 3,990 4,420 5,260 5,870 6,770 8,100 9,000 10,200 11,430 12,500 13,400 14,800 16,000 17,030 6 6 9 12 13 13 16 18 17 12 22 23 25 25 29 29 28 (2011 ) 89. 91 . , GMO , . . . , . , . 60 6 40 . . . GMO . . , . . . (2011 ) < : ISAAA, 2012> (A) LMO (B) (A/B) 37.4 33.9 88% 30.5 29.2 94% 5.4 4.9 90% 25.0 20.6 83% 14.0 9.1 65% 19.1 19.1 100% 4.6 3.9 85% 12.1 10.6 88% 8.0 7.7 96% 5.5 3.9 71% 90. 92 . 2004 2005 . . . 30 . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . , . ? . . 91. 93 . , , . . . , . ( ) , 2012 1,644, 1,500, 1,644, 984, 997, 1,732 25 1 3 ( 9% ) ( GMO) . , GMO , GMO . , , , 9 GMO . GMO GMO () () () () () A SET {()} {()} {)} - ( ) < : 2013 10 > GMO 1 3 , 9? 92. 94 93. 95 ( ) 94. 96 () (Park) . 16 . (Public park) . , . . , . , 19 20 , , . , . 1 4.77m, 20.68 (m/) 23% 95. 97 . . . 1 . 23% , 68% . , , . , , . , < : , 2010> < : , 2009> 1 18.43m 2 1 26.98m 22 1 20.68m 2 1 4.77m 1 18.43m 2 1 26.98m 22 1 20.68m 2 1 4.77m 96. 98 1970 80 . , . , 1990 . , . . . . ? . . , . . , ? . 97. 99 , . community garden, allotment . . 2013 3 , . . . . . . . 1973 . 30 . . , . , 2012 . , , . . 98. 100 . . . http://www.guerrillagardening.be/ http://politicalstencils.wordpress.com/ 99. 101 , . . . , , . 7 , 30 , 100 . 2011 . , 1Kg , . . . 15 . , . , . 100. 102 101. 103 4 ( ) 102. 104 4 1 , 4 ? , 4 ? 5 4 . , 4 . 4 . ? . 2 , 4 , 4 , . . , 4 6 . 4 , 1 . , 4 . 4 , . 10 , 4 . 4 103. 105 4 . 4 , 4 . 4 , 4 . , . , . , , . . . . 4 , . 4 2012 6. 4 . 104 . 4 , . 4 . 4 22 . , 4 . . 104. 106 . 4 , 10 , , . . , . 4 . 4 . 4 4 5.7 16 537km 377km 4 2 3 1,206km 0.5 3 124km 71km - - - 248km 0.5 2 73km 17km 1 2 - 220km 4.4 8 213km 214km 1 - 3549 220km 0.5 3 127km 75km 2 - - 189km < : > 105. 107 . , . . , , . 2,000 2,000~1,000 1,000~500 500 10 < : , 2007> 106. 108 Bryant, B. 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