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The Power CurveIt is important to understand the relationship between power and wind speed to determine therequired control type, optimization, or limitation. The power curve, a plot you can use for thispurpose, specifies how much power you can extract from the incoming wind. Figure 4 containsan ideal wind turbine power curve.

24

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The cut-in and cut-out speeds are the operating limits of the turbine. By staying in this range,you ensure that the available energy is above the minimum threshold and structural health ismaintained.The rated power, a point provided by the manufacturer, takes both energy and cost intoconsideration. Also, the rated wind speed is chosen because speeds above this point are rare.Typically, you can assume that a turbine design that extracts the bulk of energy above the ratedwind speed is not cost-effective.From Figure, you can see that the power curve is split into three distinct regions. BecauseRegion I consists of low wind speeds and is below the rated turbine power, the turbine is run atthe maximum efficiency to extract all power. In other words, the turbine controls withoptimization in mind. On the other hand, Region III consists of high wind speeds and is at therated turbine power.The turbine then controls with limitation of the generated power in mind when operating in thisregion. Finally, Region II is a transition region mainly concerned with keeping rotor torque andnoise low.

Control MethodsYou can use different control methods to either optimize or limit power output. You can control aturbine by controlling the generator speed, blade angle adjustment, and rotation of the entirewind turbine. Blade angle adjustment and turbine rotation are also known as pitch and yawcontrol, respectively. A visual representation of pitch and yaw adjustment is shown in Figures 5and 6.

Figure 5. Pitch Adjustment Figure 6. Yaw Adjustment

25

: :The purpose of pitch control is to maintain the optimum blade angle to achieve certain rotor speeds orpower output. You can use pitch adjustment to stall and furl, two methods of pitch control. By stalling awind turbine, you increase the angle of attack, which causes the flat side of the blade to face further intothe wind. Furling decreases the angle of attack, causing the edge of the blade to face the oncoming wind.Pitch angle adjustment is the most effective way to limit output power by changing aerodynamic force onthe blade at high wind speeds.Yaw refers to the rotation of the entire wind turbine in the horizontal axis. Yaw control ensures that theturbine is constantly facing into the wind to maximize the effective rotor area and, as a result, power.Because wind direction can vary quickly, the turbine may misalign with the oncoming wind and causepower output losses.

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