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IM2654Smart Electronic Materials

Piezoelectric Material and Applications

Chia Wei Xian

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Contents

Introduction

How Piezoelectric Material workLimitations of Piezoelectric materials

Current applications of Piezoelectric Materials

Future developments of Piezoelectric Materials

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Introduction

What are Smart Materials

Types of Smart Materials

What is Piezoelectricity?

Examples of Piezoelectric materials

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What are Smart Materials?

"Smart" materials respond to environmental

stimuli with particular changes in some

variables. For that reason they are often also

called responsive materials.

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Types of Smart Materials

Colour changing materials:Thermochromic materials

Light emitting materials :Fluorescent materials;Electroluminescent materials

Moving materials :Shape memory alloys (SMA);Piezoelectric materials

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Types of Smart Materials

A Nickel-Titanium springin coffeepots marketedin Japan is trained to

open a valve andrelease hot water at theproper temperature tobrew a perfect pot of

coffee.

How can it be used inshower heaters?

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Types of Smart Materials

Colour changing materials:Thermochromic materials;Photochromic materials

Light emitting materials :Fluorescent materials;Electroluminescent materials

Moving materials :Shape memory alloys (SMA);Piezoelectric materials

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What are Piezoeletric materials?

The piezoelectric effect describes the relationbetween a mechanical stress and an electrical

voltage in solids.

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Examples of Piezoeletric materials

Piezoelectric materials can be divided in 2 maingroups: crystals and ceramics.

CrystalsQuartz SiO2Gallium orthophosphate

GaPO4Ceramics

Barium Titanate BaTiO3Lead Zirconate Titanate PZT

PolymersPolyvinylidene DiFluoride PVDF

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How Piezoelectric Material work?

Piezoelectric materials are

crystalline solids whose

asymmetric structures create

an electric dipole moment inthe crystal lattice, which

is sensitive to both elastic

strain and applied

electrical field

When an electrical field is

applied to a piezoelectric

material, a stress is

induced and the material

Non-Polarized Polarized

Ion charges

neutralized

in unstrained

crystal

Unbalanced

ions charge

surface of

strained

materials

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How Piezoelectric Material work?

The application of stress results in a finitedisplacement of the cation charge relative to the

center of anion charges; hence this structural unit

is piezoelectric.The axis, where pressure is applied has to be

polar.

In Quartz, theapplication of

a stress along

a polar axis

produces anelectric field

between the two

opposing faces.

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+

+

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+

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+ + +

- - -

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+

+

-

+

-

+ + +

- - -

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How Piezoelectric Material work?

Piezoelectric coefficient relating the amount stress applied to a

crystal to the resultant electric field in the crystal.

Piezoelectricity.

"g" Constant

The piezoelectric constant relating applied electric field to resultant

strain. Electrostriction.

"d" Constant

Temperature at which the crystal structure undergoes a phase

change from non-symmetrical lattice (such as tetragonal) to

symmetrical lattice (such as cubic). Drastic dielectric andpiezoelectric coefficient changes accompany this phase

change.

Curie

Temperature:

Dependent on Strain Temperature E-fieldDisplacement

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How Piezoelectric Material work?

25.12891300PZT-4

-339.0-3313PVDF

50.0 (g31)

2.3(d 11)

4.5Quartz

Piezo. Strain/Volt.Const. g33 (10 exp-3

Vm/N)PiezoelectricConst. d33

(pC/N)

RelativeDielectric

Const.

Material

TABLE 1: Comparison between commonly used crystalline

piezoelectric materials and PVDF.

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How is PZT created?

Raw MaterialsLead oxide (PbO), Titanium oxide (TiO),

Zirconium oxide (ZrO2),

MixingThe materials are weighed and mixed

with water in a pot mill to provide

slurry.

CalciningThe slurry is heat treated to a maximum of

800C to obtain calcined powder.

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How is Piezo materials created?

Conductive PastePiezoelectric ceramic powder and powder

of oxided is added and milled to form a

conductive paste for sintering.PressingThe conductive paste is applied and

pressed repeatedly to the sheets of

piezoelectric ceramic to print internal

electrodes.

MillingThe powder is milled with water to obtain

slurry. It is then dried and grounded, hence

providing piezoelectric ceramic powder of lead

oxide. Mixed with solvent, it is then spread

out to obtain sheets of piezoelectric ceramiccomposite.

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Grinding/ PolishingThe material undergoes cutting, grinding

and polishing to have internal electrodes

on the sides.

How is PZT created?

SinteringThe multilayer body is then fired to 1200C

to sinter the sheets and internal electrodes

together.

Binder BurnoutThe multilayer body is heated to around

700C so as to remove organic compunds.

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PolarizingThe material is immersed in silicon oil at100C. E field of is applied between

internal electrodes for 30 minutes to

polarize the ceramic layers.

ElectrodingElectrodes are applied either by screen

printing or chemical plating or vacuum

deposition

How is PZT created?

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Limitations of Piezo-materials

Electrical LimitationsThe typical operating limitis between 400-500V/mm.

Alternating fields can have the same affect

Mechanical LimitationsHigh mechanical stress

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Limitations of Piezo-materials

Temperature LimitationsCurie pointLong exposure at elevated temperature

Operating temperature for a ceramic usually isapproximately half-way between 0C and theCurie point.

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Applications of Piezo-materials

1) GeneratorsPiezoelectric ceramics can generate voltagessufficient to spark across an electrode gap.

Eg: Ignitors in fuel lighters, gas stoves, flashrocks, Piezoelectric Transformers

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Applications of Piezo-materials

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Applications of Piezo-materials

Piezoelectric Transformer

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Applications of Piezo-materials

PiezotransformerSmallerLighterHigher efficiencyLess noisy

Electromagnetic TransformerBulkyHeavyHeat generation Eddy currentsMagnetically noisy - Humming

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Applications of Piezo-materials

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Applications of Piezo-materials

3) Actuators

A piezoelectric actuator converts an electricalsignal into a precisely controlled physicaldisplacement, to finely adjust precisionmachining tools, lenses, or mirrors.

Eg: Printers, Nano-positioning actuators

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Applications of Piezo-materials

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Lightweight, low

power, wipermechanisms fornanorover explorations

Electrostrictive polymers

Applications of Piezo-materials

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Applications of Piezo-materials

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Applications of Piezo-materials

4) TransducersPiezoelectric transducers convert electricalenergy into vibrational mechanical energy,

often sound or ultrasound

A transducer can both generate an ultrasoundsignal from electrical energy and convert

incoming sound into an electrical signal.

Eg: Transducer probe

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Applications of Piezo-materials

When an electric current isapplied, the crystals changeshape rapidly.

The rapid shape changesproduce sound waves thattravel outward.

When sound or pressurewaves hit the crystals, theyemit electrical currents.

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Applications of Piezo-materials

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Future of Piezo-materials

Materials with higher Piezo Coefficients

Lighter materials

Higher Curie Point

Bio-compatible materials

Microelectronic compatible

Composite Piezo materials

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Future of Piezo-materials

Human-PoweredDevices?

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Future of Piezo-materials

Electrostrictive-Piezoelectric Blends

Backbone

Graft Units

Amorphous

PiezoCrystals

Electroactivepolymers Large E field-induced

strainUltra-lightweight

Excellent processabilityMechanical and

electrical toughness

Excellent compatibility

with other electroactivepolymers formultifunctionality hybridmolecular systems

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Future of Piezo-materials

Video 1

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IM2654Smart Electronic Materials

THANK YOU!

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