1. 1. 104/06/03
2. 2. ? Clive Wearing The man with a 30 second mem
3. 3. Stephen Wiltshire draws Rome from memory
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5. 5. What are the basic stages of memory?
6. 6. (encode) (storage) (retrieval) I Information processing model
7. 7. Encoding stage
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9. 9. Levels of Processing Model of Memory Craik & Lockhart (1972) Different ways to process information lead to different strengths of memories Deep processing leads to better memory Elaborating according to meaning Shallow processing emphasizes the physical features of the stimulus The memory trace is fragile and quickly decays Distinguished between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal
10. 10. Support for Levels of Processing Craik & Tulving (1975) Participants studied a list in three different ways Structural: Is the word in capital letters? Phonemic: Does the word rhyme with dog? Semantic: Does the word fit in this sentence? The ______ is delicious. A recognition test was given to see which type of processing led to the best memory
11. 11. Craik & Tulving (1975) Results 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Yes No Sentence Type Recognized Case Rhyme Sentence
12. 12. Rogers, Kuiper, & Kirker (1977) Encoding with respect to oneself increases memory Self-Reference Effect Capital Rhymes Means the Describes letters? with? same as? you?
13. 13. Criticisms of LOP Model Circular definition of levels Transfer appropriate processing effect Morris, Bransford, & Franks (1977) Two processing tasks: semantic vs. rhyme Two types of tests: standard yes/no recognition vs. rhyme test Memory performance also depends on the match between encoding processes and type of test Encoding Task Recognition Rhyme Semantic 0.83 0.31 Rhyme 0.62 0.49
14. 14. ( Attention ) : familiarity novelty significance
15. 15. (Emotion) (flashbulb memory) EX: 921911 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evj6q0e Cdd8
16. 16. Encoding specificity (cue) Context-dependent memory:
17. 17. Encoding specificity Godden and Baddeleys study :
18. 18. Encoding specificity ? :
19. 19. Retrieval
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21. 21. (recall) Serial recall vs. free recall vs. cued recall (recognition) v.s.
22. 22. Implicit vs. Explicit Memory Tasks Explicit memory tasks Involve conscious recollection Participants know they are trying to retrieve information from memory Implicit memory tasks Require participants to complete a task The completion of the task indirectly indicates memory
23. 23. Implicit Memory Tasks Participants are exposed to a word list Tiger Lion Zebra Panda Leopard Elephant After a delay Participants then complete word puzzles; they are not aware this is a type of memory test Word fragment completion: C_E_TA_ E_E_ _A_ N_ _ E _ R A Word stem completion: Mon _____ Pan_____
24. 24. (tip-of-the-tongue): Ex: Ex:
25. 25. levels of processing theory Craik & Lockhart, 1972Craik, 1990 (retrieval cue)
26. 26. II The modal model of memory Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)
27. 27. Sensory memory : 1. 2. 3. 4. < 500 ms 5. (afterimage)(echo)
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29. 29. F R A T B S L D Q E KU
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31. 31. !!!
32. 32. G L O I U H K R E A C Z
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34. 34. Sperling1960 vs. () () 4.5 3 ( 9)
35. 35. Sperlings Results
36. 36. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
37. 37. Short-term memory
38. 38. Short-Term Memory Attention Attend to information in the sensory store, it moves to STM Rehearsal Repeat the information to keep maintained in STM Retrieval Access memory in LTM and place in STM Short-Term Memory (STM) Attention Storage & Retrieval Rehearsal
39. 39. Miller (1956) 72 (5~9) Cowan (2001) 3-4 Jonides (2009) 1
40. 40. Research on Short-Term Memory Chunking: organize input into larger units 1 9 8 0 1 9 9 8 2 0 0 3 - Exceeds capacity 1980 1998 2003 - Reorganize by chunking Birth year HS graduation College graduation
41. 41. (chunking)! Chunk
42. 42. (maintenance rehearsal)
43. 43. Primacy effect Recency effect Serial Position Curve
44. 44. (elaborative rehearsal)
45. 45. Bower, Clark, Lesgold, and Winzenz (1969) Randomized list: Naples World Italy Americas Montreal Bristol Washington Ottawa Orlando England Europe Dallas Liverpool Winnipeg Rome USA London Florence Canada Organized list: World Europe Americas England Italy USA Canada London Rome Washington Ottawa Liverpool Florence Dallas Montreal Bristol Naples Orlando Winnipeg
46. 46. Working memory
47. 47. Baddeley & Hitch (1974) :
48. 48. Working Memory Model Phonological Loop Used to maintain information for a short time and for acoustic rehearsal Visuo-spatial sketch pad Used for maintaining and processing visuo- spatial information Episodic buffer Used for storage of a multimodal code, holding an integrated episode between systems using different codes
49. 49. Working Memory Model Central executive Focuses attention on relevant items and inhibits irrelevant ones Plans sequence of tasks to accomplish goals, schedules processes in complex tasks, often switches attention between different parts Updates and checks content to determine next step in sequence
50. 50. Long-term memory
51. 51. : RAM Shepard (1967) 60099% Standing et al. (1970) 250090%
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53. 53. (semantic memory) Ex: 2012? Ex: ?
54. 54. (episodic memory) Ex: ? Ex: ? Ex: 921? (autobiographical memory)
55. 55. (classical conditioning) (priming) Priming (mere exposure) Money makes you hungry
56. 56. (procedural memory): (habit) (skill) Ex:
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58. 58. anterograde amnesia retrograde amnesia
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60. 60. Clive Wearing A.T. H.M. () news
61. 61. Process-Dissociations in Memory Single dissociations Single variable affects one expression of memory, explicit or implicit, but not the other Double dissociations Single variable has opposite effects on explicit and implicit memory Demonstrate that two processes are mediated by separate brain systems
62. 62. Amnesia Studies Study anterograde amnesiacs using implicit and explicit memory tests Amnesiacs show normal priming (implicit), but poor recognition memory (explicit) They did not remember having seen the word list, but completed the word fragments at the same rate as normals
63. 63. Alzheimers Disease Leads to memory loss and dementia in older population Over the age of 65 are labeled late onset Early onset is rare but can affect those in their mid 30s and in middle age
64. 64. Atrophy of the cortical tissue Alzheimers brains shows abnormal fibers that appear to be tangles of brain tissue and senile plaques (patches of degenerative nerve endings) The resulting damage of these conditions may lead to disruption of impulses in neurons Alzheimers Disease and the Brain
65. 65. Alzheimers Disease Symptoms (gradual, continuous, and irreversible) Memory loss Problems doing familiar tasks Problems with language Trouble knowing the time, date, or place Poor or decreased judgment Problems with abstract thinking Misplacing things often, such as keys Changes in mood, behavior, and personality These symptoms could be an early sign of Alzheimers when it affects daily life
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67. 67. (false memory)
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87. 87. (forgetting) (decay) (memory trace) (interference) (proactive interference) (retroactive interference) (intentional forgetting)
88. 88. (repressed memory) ?! Video
89. 89. -- Train Your Brain Like a Champ
90. 90. 2015/6/16 12
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