1

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3

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4

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5

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6

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7

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8

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9

3/ "r®mEkyóemtjrif 109- y#dpöorkyÜg'f 109- y#dpöorkyÜg'fESifh taMumif;tusdK; 111- y#dpöorkyÜg'fESifh 0#f (3)yg; 113- 0dyóem ESifh y&rwf (taMumif;tusdK;) 114- cE¨m (2)rsdK; 116- raem'Gg&ESifh "r®m&kH 118- y#dpöorkyÜg'fESifh cE¨m (2)yg; 122- e*dkpdwfESifh tydkpdwf 126- ork',opömESifh r*¾opöm 130- ocFg&ESifh tbdocFg& 133- oHo&mESifh ynm 134- y#dpöorkyÜg'fESifh opömav;yg; 138- t0dZÆmESifh opömav;yg; 138

10

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11

t0dkif;rS "r®rdwfaqGrsm;udk w&m;"r®rsm; aqG;aEG;ay;aeygonf/irdkufom; uRefawmfuawmh "r®pum;0dkif;uav;udk (15.8.2009)urS wpfacgufoma&mufjzpfao;onf/ vma&mufem;axmifaqG;aEG;aeMuaom oli,fcsif;rdwfaqGrsm;udk MunfhNyD; "r®yDwdjzpf&ovdk wjcm;aom "r®rdwfaqGrsm;twGufvnf; rk'dwmyGm;aerdygonf/'ghaMumifh oli,fcsif; a'gufwmudkpdk;vGifudk uRefawmf odcsiforQar;jref;rdygonf/

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pdk; / / uRefawmfwkdU bGJU&NyD;wJhaemufydkif; oli,fcsif;awGrawGUjzpfMuawmhbl;/ 2000jynfhESpf 'DZifbmvrSm yxrtBudrftmp&d,ylaZmfyGJudk rEÅav;rSm vkyfjzpfw,f/ 2001 azaz:0g&DvrSm&efukefrSmvkyfjzpfcJhw,f/ oli,fcsif;awGeJY tJ'DusrS jyefqHkMuw,f/tJ'DrSm wcsdKUq&mBuD;? q&mrBuD;awGrSm tvkyfrStem;,lwmvnf;MumoGm;NyD/ tckvdkyGJrsdK;&SdrSom jyefqHkMu&w,f/ tJ'gudk MunfhNyD;uRefawmfwkdYoli,fcsif;awGvnf; rMumcPqHkawGUzdkU? tquftoG,frjywfzdkU? wkdifyifcJhMuygw,f/

tpydkif;rSmawmh vÇuf&nfqkdif? pm;aomufqkdifvdk ae&mrsdK;awGrdom;pktvSLyG JawGrSm omqHk Mu&mu aemufyd kif;rSm tywfpOftm;wJh&ufawGrSm qHkjzpfcJhMuygw,f/ tJ'DrSm uRefawmf avhvmxm;wJh"r®av;awGudk ajymjy&muae oli,fcsif;awG pdwf0ifpm;vmMuNyD;

12

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13

awGa&;wJh "r®awGudkvnf; vufvSrf;rSDoavmuf avhvmcJhygw,f/tckaemufydkif;rSmawmh v,fwDq&mawmfBuD;&JU'DyeDw&m;awGeJ Ybk&m;&Sif a[mMum;awmfrlcJhwJh q|oH*g,emwif yd#uwfoHk;yHkygVdawmf ( jrefrmjyef ) udk zwf½IavhvmhcGihf&ygw,f/

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Munf / / bmoma&;eJUywfoufvkd Y olwdk YtodcsifqHk;ubmvJudkpdk;vGif&/

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14

ygw,f/ 'gayrJh qif;&JtukefrvGwfao;ygbl;/ 0dyóemjzpfwJhavmuDopömuae avmukwå&mopömukda&mufrS csrf;omppf? csrf;omrSef&ygw,f/ tJ'Dcsrf;omuawmh bk&m;&Sif&JU w&m;awmfuomay;Ekdifygw,f/

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0dyóemqdkwm y&rwfudkom ½IyGm;&wmyg/ ynwfudkvGefatmifESvHk;oGif;wwf&ygr,f/ ½kyfy&rwfqdkuf atmif yx0D? tmayg?

15

awaZm? 0ga,mqdkwJh "gwfwpfyg;pDtay:rSm t"duxm; ESvHk;oGif;&ovdk emrfy&rwfqdkufatmifvnf; pdwf? a0'em? onm? ocFg& qdkwJhpdwf? apwoduf wpfvHk;pDtay:rSm txl;owdxm;NyD; ESvHk;oGif;&wmyg/ y&rwfqdkufNyD;wJhtcgrSmawmh rdrd&JUOmPfrSm xif&Sm;vmwJh½kyf? pdwf? apwodufw&m;wpfckck tay:rSm vu©Pmwif? opöm0ifNyD;ESvHk;oGif;yGm;rsm; tm;xkwf&wmygyJ/

Munf / /tckar;r,fhar;cGef;uawmh uRefawmfudk,fwkdifodcsifaewmAs/ orx,medueJY 0dyóem,meduayghAsm/ uRefawmfhoabmuawmh 0dyóemudk taxmuftyHhjzpfzdkY orxu awmfawmf ta&;BuD;w,fxifw,f/ tJ'g .. udkpdk;vGif pOf;pm;oHk;oyfay;ygOD; /

pdk; / / b,ft&mrqdk vGef&ifraumif;bl; udkenf0if;?trsm;tm;jzifh w&m;rawGYMuwm[m orm"denf;ao;vdkYqdkNyD; orm"dudk taMumif;&SmwwfMuygw,f/ tJ'DvdkeJU orm"dudk aZmif;ay;vkyf&if; orxxJa&muf oGm;Muwmrsm;ygw,f/ trSefu bk&m;&SifnTefMum;wJh owdy|meftvkyfudkvkyf&if; orm"dr*¾ifyGm;rsm;&rSmyg/orm"dr*¾ifurS ynmr*¾if? or®m'd|dudk taxmuftul jyKygw,f/t"duyGm;&rSmuawmh or®m'd|d OD;aqmifwJh r*¾ifw&m;yg/ owd?ynmvdkYvnf; qdkMuygw,f/

Munf / / raeYu udkpdk;vGifa[majymoGm;wJhtxJrSm w&m;xdkifvdk Y trIefawG trTm;awGawGUw,f? jrifw,fqkd&if 0dyóemr[kwfao;bl;qdkwmygw,fav/ tJ'gav; tao;pdwf ajymjyay;ygOD;/

pdk; / / ckeu ajymcJhovdkygyJ? orm"dudk aZmif;ay;&if;orxxJ a&mufoGm;wwfw,f/ tJ'DrSm trIefawG trTm;awG awGUwwf

16

ygw,f/ tJ'g y&rwfr[kwfao;bl;? ynwfawGom jzpfygw,f/trIefawG&JU rmwJhoabm? aysmhwJhoabmuom y&rwf jzpfygw,f/trIefawGudk rsufpdeJYjrif&if ½lyg½kHvdkY trSeftwkdif; odEdkif&ifvnf;y&rwfjzpfw,f? rsufpdrSdwfxm;NyD; trIefawGudk awGUae&ifvnf;"r®m½kHvkdU qHk;jzwfEdkif&ifvnf; y&rwfjzpfygw,f/ 0dyóemqdkwmy&rwfudkom½I&wm ynwf qkd&ifawmhr&ygbl;/

Munf / / tck ... udkpdk;vGifajymaewJh ]]"r®}} awGxJJu"r®rdwfaqGawGudk todapcsifqHk; t&apcsifqHk; udkpdk;vGif&JU vufukdif]]"r®tESpfcsKyf}} &Sd&if rQay;ygOD;/

pdk; / / orkwde,ftoduaeNyD; y&rwfe,ftodud ka&mufapcsifygw,f/ tJ'DurS opöme,ful;NyD; 0dyóemvrf;aMumif;ay:rS rdrdudk,fydkifÓPfeJY avQmufvSrf;EkdifzdkUygyJ/

Munf / / 'ge - oDvtaMumif;uawmh raqG;aEG;awmhygbl;/ "r®rdwfaqGtrsm;pku odaeMuygNyD/ okwåefw&m;awGudktBudrfBudrfemzl;aeMuNyDav/ ]]bm0em}} tykdif;eJ Y ywfoufvdkUudkpdk;vGif&JUtawGUtBuHKeJU tjrifav;vnf; rQay;ygOD;Asm/

pdk; / / 0dyóemqdkwm okwåefa'oemawGu t"dujzpfygw,f/ tbd"r®ma'oemawGuawmh odxm;&if yd kaumif;ygw,f/ w&m;tm;xkwfol&JUÓPfrSm tewåtjrifawG&zdk Y yd k NyD;taxmuftyHhjzpfygw,f/

Munf / / udkpdk;vGif&JU udk,fwkdiftawGUtBuHKudk odcsifw,f Asm/bmoma&;rvkdufpm;cifu vlawGtay:tjrifeJ Y bmoma&;vkdufpm;NyD;aemuf vlawGtay:tjrif.../

pdk; / / bmoma&;todawG r&cifu vlawGudk vlawGvdkUyJjrifygw,f/ "r®todav; &vmawmh vlawG[mvnf; taMumif;

17

tusdK;eJY jzpfay:aewJh obm0w&m;awGyJvkdU odvmwmyg/ tjrifxuftodajymif;oGm;wmvdkY xifygw,f/

Munf / / odcsifwmar;csifwmawG trsm;BuD;usefao;w,fAs/ udkpd k;vGif oD;jcm;ajymcsifwmawGvnf; &SdrSmyg/ ajymjyay;ygOD;Asm/

pdk; / / raem'Gg& eJU "r®m½kHtaMumif; enf;enf;ajymcsifygw,f/ tJ'DtaMumif;udkvnf; Mum;zl;MurSmyg/ trsm;tm;jzifhpu©K'Gg&eJY ½lyg½kH? aomw'Gg&eJY o'´g½kH? Cme'Gg&eJU *E¨m½kH? Zd0Sm'Gg&eJY&om½kH? um,'Gg& eJU azm|AÁm½kHawGudk todrsm;Muygw,f/raem'Gg&eJU "r®m½kHudkawmh Mum;zl;Muayr,fh todenf;MurSmyg/ odxm;&ifawmh "r®awGudk ESvHk;oGif;wJhtcg ydkaumif; ygvdrfhr,f/

Munf / / tckudkpdk;vGifajymaewmawG[m tm½kHeJY'Gg&qdkwJhtm,we taMumif;awGvm;/

pdk; / / [kwfygw,f..udkenf0if;/ rsufpdeJY tqif;? em;eJU toH? ESmacgif; eJU teHU? vQmeJUt&om? udk,feJYtxdqdkwm awG[mtod&rcufayr,fh raemeJY "r®m½kHudkawmh em;vnfzdkU rvG,fvSygbl;/vlwdkif;vlwdkif;rSm tawG;udk,fpD &SdMuygw,f/ awG;Mu? pOf;pm;MuwJhtcg tm½kHyHk&dyfawGay:ygw,f/ tJ'D tm½kHyHk&dyfudk "r®m½kHvdkYac:w,f/tm½kHyHk&dyfudk odwmu raemrSm jzpfwJhpdwfuodwmyg/ tJ'DawmhuRefawmfwdkUpdwfu odcGifh&wm[m "r®m½kHqdkwJhtm½kHomjzpfygw,f/

Munf / / tm½kHtaMumif;enf;enf;&Sif;jyygvm;/

pdk; / / pdwf? apwodufwdkU usufpm;&mudk tm½kHvdkU ac:ygw,f/ tm½kHqdkwm yk*¾Kdvf? owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬KawG r[kwfygbl;/Oyrm- rSefMunfhvQif rSefxJrSm yH k&dyfomay:ygw,f/ yH k&dyf[m

18

a,musfm;? rdef;r? yk*¾dKvf? owå0g r[kwfygbl;/ tJ'DvdkyJ rsufpdeJYtqif; wdkufqdkifvdkU&Sd&if rsufpdrSm yHk&dyfqdkwJh tm½kH (½lyg½kH) ay:ygw,f/ tbd"r®moabmt& odrIjzpfpOftaeeJYMunfh&if rsufpdrSmyHk&dyfay:wm eJYwpfNydKifeuf raemrSmvnf;yHk&dyfxifygw,f/tJ'DyHk&dyf[m"r®m½kHjzpfvmNyD; raemrSm jzpfwJhpdwfu od&wmyg/ tJ'gudkyJ rsufpdujrifw,f vdkYajymaeMuwm/ jrifrIrSmvdkyJ Mum;wm? eHwm? pm;wm?xdwm? awG;wmawGrSmvnf; raemeJU "r®m½kHwdkU&JU odrIjzpfpOfrSmtm½kHudkyJ odae&wmygyJ/

Munf / / enf;enf;awmh em;vnfvmovdkygyJ/ 0dyóemtm;xkwf&mrSm oabmav;om ½I&r,fvdkUajymwm Mum;zl;ygw,f/tJ'DoabmtaMumif; &Sif;jyygOD;/

pdk; / / w&m;tm;xkwfwJhtcg raemrSm t½IÓPfjzpfygw,f/ t½IcHjzpfwJh ½kyf? pdwf? apwodufw&m;awGu "r®m½kHrSmay:ygw,f/ ½kyfw&m;awG jzpfwJhyx0D? tmayg? awaZm? 0ga,mawG[mvnf; tm½kHtaeeJYom odcGifh&wmjzpfvdkY rmwJhoabm? zGJUpnf;wJhoabm? ylwJhoabm? vIyfwJhoabm ponftm;jzifh oabmtaeeJYom odcGifh&ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tm½kH&JU obm0udkrodawmh oabmoufoufudk OmPfrouf0ifEkdifbJ yk*¾dKvf? owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬KqdkwJhynwfawGeJU a&maevdkU y&rwf rqdkufEdkifMuwmyg/ "r®m½kHa&mufrSomy&rwfeJU ynwfwdkU&JU oabmawGudk ydkNyD; xifxif&Sm;&Sm; cGJjcm;NyD;odvmEkdifygw,f/ wu,fawmh ynwfqdkwm "r®m½kHrSmom &SdwJhw&m;yg/ "r®m½kHudkod&if y&rwfeJU ynwfwdkU&JU obm0awGukdvnf;ydkjrifvmrSmyg/ 'ghaMumifh q&mawmfBuD;awGu rdefYMum;Muygw,f/rif;wdkY[mu ynwf½kyfemrfawGjzpfaew,fvdkY owday;ygw,f/

19

Munf / / udkpdk;vGifajymwmudk csufcsif;oabmaygufzdkYawmhrvG,fvSbl;/ 'gayr,fh vdk&if;av;udkawmh ajymay;ygOD;/

pdk; / / tusOf;csKyfvdkuf&if tm½kHeJ Y pdwfom&Sdygw,f/tm½kHudktm½kHvdk Y trSeftwdkif;ÓPfeJYodcGifh&vmwJhtcg bk&m;&Sifa[mMum;awmfrlaom ig? olwpfyg;? a,musfm;? rdef;r? yk*¾dKvf? owå0gr&SdqdkwJh or®m'd|d t,lrSefeJU odjrifvmNyD; trnfemr awGuawmhac:a0:ajymqdkzdkUtwGuf ynwfxm;w,fqdkwm ,xmblwÓPfeJYESvHk;oGif;wwfvmrSmyg/ 'ghaMumifh raem'Gg&eJY "r®m½kHudk em;vnf vm&if0dyóemyGm; rsm;tm;xkwf&mrSm taxmuftyhHaumif;awG vnf;jzpfvmEkdifygw,f/ 'ghtjyif yckuúLq&mawmfBuD; a[mMum; awmfrlaom]] tm½kHudkod ruyfNid vGwf\oHo&m}} qdkwJh w&m;pum; av;&JUteuft"dyÜg,fudkvnf; ydkNyD;odjrifEkdifygvdrfhr,f/

Munf / / tckvdk tcsdefay;aqG;aEG;ay;wJhtwGuf udkpdk;vGifudk trsm;BuD;aus;Zl;wifygw,f/ aemufaemif"r®rdwfaqGrsm;uodcsifwJh tcsuftvufrsm;&Sd&ifvnf; uRefawmfu udk,fpm; jyKNyD;ar;csifygw,f/ tJ'Dtcgus&ifvnf; udkpkd;vGifu tckvdkyJ tcsdefay;aqG;aEG; ay;r,fvdkU tjynfht0,HkMunf arQmfvifhygw,f/ udkpdk;vGif&JU"r®vkyfief;rsm; qxufxrf;ydk; atmifjrifygapvdkY arwåmydkY qkawmif;ay;ygw,f/

( MunfaZmf0if; )

20

cE¨mxJupm cE¨mxJjyefydkYMuygpkdY( MunfaZmf0if; )

awmifNrdKUr[m*E¨m½kH q&mawmfBuD;&SifZeumbd0Hou oHa0*r&vQif w&m;r&SmygESifh[k rdefUawmfrlzl;ygonf/ þqHk;rpum;ukdtoufESpfq,fausmfu zwfzl;jcif;jzpfygonf/ zwfcJhwkef;uawmhtrSwfwrJhygyJ/ a[m... tcktouf ig;q,fausmfvmaomtcgrSþqHk;rpum;\ "r®wefzdk;BuD;rSef; odvmygonf/ vlonfpOf;pm;awG;ac:wwfaom owå0gjzpfygonf/ uRefawmf\ udk,fwdkifb0jzwfoef;rIudk iJhapmif;Munfhvdkufaomtcg omrefvlom;wpfa,mufMuHKawGYaeus avmu"Hxufrydkyg/ udk,fhb0tay: emusnf;p&maMuuGJp&m&,fvdkU xl;xll;jcm;jcm;r&Sdyg/ ig;q,fausmfvmNyDqdkawmhb0u tenfxdkifpjyKvmygNyD/ pm;0wfaea&;twGufvnf; ylyifp&modyfr&SdvSyg/ odkUaomf ylyifrdonfu oHo&mqdkwm wu,f&Sdovm;/wu,f&Sdw,fqdk&if oHo&mtwGuf igbmawG BudKwifjyifqifNyD;NyDvJ/ur®|mep&d,q&mawmfBuD;rsm;a[mMuovdk auG;aomvufrqefYrD

21

qefYaomvuf rauG;rD aooGm;&if b,fhES,fvkyfrvJ/ ]]reufjzefESifhaojcif;w&m;}} b,f[muydkeD;ovJ ar;cGef;udk ½kwfw&ufawmhreufjzefu ydkeD;onf[kxifcJhonf/ a,mq&mawmf bk&m;BuD;uvnf;a[mxm;jyefao;onf/ roGm;yJeJYeD;wm okóef? oGm;aevsufeJYa0;wmedAÁmefwJh/ owdxm;p&m oHa0*&p&mawGu trsm;om;/

bmoma&;ESifh ywfoufNyD;pdwf0ifpm;Muolwdkkif; okwr,ÓPf?pdEÅmr,ÓPfeJY oHa0*ÓPfrsm;yGm; wwfMuonf xifygonf/odkUaomf t"dutESpfcsKyfESif hvdk&if;jzpfaom ]]bm0emr,ÓPf}}xdawmh ra&mufMu ryGm;rsm;EdkifMuonfu rsm;ygonf/ uRefawmfvnf; tygt0ifjzpfygonf/

xdkUaMumifh uRefawmfhvdk tE¨ykxkZOfrsm;twGuf uRefawmfodcsifaom 0dyóemar;cGef;rsm;udk oli,fcsif;jzpfol a'gufwmudkpdk;vGiftm; qufvufar;jzpfonfrsm;uawmh.../

Munf / / udkpdk;vGifa& ...ar;csifwJh ar;cGef;awGuawmhtrsm;BuD;Asm/ uRefawmfvnf; vufvSrf;rD&m w&m;acGawG trsm;BuD;emMunfhaeygw,f/ uRefawmfyxrqHk; ar;csifwJh ar;cGef;uawmh"r®rdwfaqGawG trsm;qHk;em;vnfEkdifatmifvdkU ]]vdk-wdk-&Sif;}enf;eJUouúm,'d|d jzKwfay;ygvm;/ ouúm,'d|d rjyKwf&if w&m;r&Ekdifbl;qdkvdkUyg/

pdk; / / ouúm,qdkwm xif&Sm;&SdwJh tpktaygif; (cE¨m)?'d|dqdkwmu t,lrSm;wm tJ'gudk t"dyÜg,fzGifhvdkuf&if ½kyfemrfESpfyg;?cE¨mig;yg;udk ig? olwpfyg;? a,musfm;? rdef;r? yk*¾dKvf? owå0gvdkYt,lrSm;wmygyJ/ 0dyóemtm;xkwfw,f qdkwm y&rwfcE¨mig;yg;udkvu©PmoHk;yg;xJu xif&Sm;wJh vu©PmwpfckckwifNyD; opömqdkufatmifyGm;rsm;&wmyg/ 'ghaMumifh rdk;ukwfq&mawmfBuD;u 0dyóem

22

(jzpfysuf) rvkyfcif 'd|dt&ifjzKwfcdkif;ygw,f/ 'd|dudk todeJYt&ifjzKwfzdkU&m cE¨my#dpöorkyÜg'fudkodatmif yxrqHk;tm;xkwfzdkYa[mMum;cJhygw,f/ tJ'gu yk*¾dKvf? owå0g todjzpfwJh orkwde,fuae y&rwfe,fudka&mufzdkY wdkufwGef;a[mMum;cJhjcif;jzpfygw,f/ ouúm,'d|d jzpfwJhy k*¾ d Kvf? owå0gtodeJ Y orkwde,frSmawmh w&m;r&Ek di fygbl;/ukodkvfawmh&ygw,f/ ouúm,'d|d jyKwfcsif&ifawmh y&rwf½kyfemrfqdkufatmif t&ifqHk; tm;xkwf&rSmygyJ/

Munf / / q&mawmfwpfyg;u a[mwmMum;zl;ygw,f/Ak'¨bmom0ifawG[m 'd|deJY 0dpdudpämawmh jzKwf&aumif;rSef; odMuw,f/'gayrJh oDvAÁwy&mrmoudkawmh y,f&aumif;rSef; rodMubl;wJh/tJ'D oDvAÁwy&mrmo rjyKwf&if 0dyóem tm;xkwfoltwGufb,favmuf twm;tqD; taESmihft,Suf jzpfEkdifovJ/

pdk; / / bk&m;&Sifvufxufawmftcgu acG;usifh usifhwJhol? EGm;usifh usifhwJholawG &SdcJhw,f/ tJ'D yk*¾dKvfawG[m olwdkYusifhwJh tusifhaMumifh aemufb0rSm qif;&JNidrf;r,f? csrf;omwJhjrifhjrwfwhJb0awGudk&r,fvdkY,HkMunfMuw,f/ tJ'Dvdk tavhtusifh &SdNyD;rSm;wJht,ltpGJ&S daewmudk oDvAÁwy&mrmoqdkwJh oHa,mZOf(odkYr[kwf) oDvAÁwkyg'gef qdkwJh Oyg'gef&Sdw,fvdkY qdkygw,f/ tckcsdefrSmawmh acG;vdk? EGm;vdk usifhwJh olawmh &Sdr,frxifygbl;/ 'gayr,fhEGm;awG? qifawG? e*g;awGudk udk;uG,f Mur,f? wcsdKU ae? vudkudk;uG,fr,f? wcsdKU ewfawG? bdk;awmfawGudk aemifb0aumif;atmif?oHo&mqif;&JrS vGwfatmif ,HkMunfNyD;udk;uG,f&if oDvAÁwkyg'gefjzpfwmygyJvdkU r[mpnfq&mawmfBuD;u y#dpöorkyÜg'f w&m;awmfBuD;rSm a[mMum;xm;ygw,f/ q&mawmfBuD;u rSwf&vG,fatmif ]] opömrjrif r*¾ifryg avhusifhwm rSwfyg oDvAÁw}} vdkUawmif a[mMum;

23

oGm;cJhygw,f/ 'ghaMumifh oHo&m0#f qif;&JrS vGwfatmif ½kef;aewJhyk*¾ d KvfawG[m orkwde,frSm&SdwJh t,ltpGJawGuaevGwfatmify&rwfe,fudk ta&mufBudK;pm;Mu&rSmyg/ orkwde,frSm&SdwJh tJ'Dt,ltpGJawGudkawmifrS vGwfatmif r½kef;Ekdifbl;qdk&if 0dyóemqdkwJhopömw&m;eJY tvSrf;a0;aeOD;rSmygyJ/

Munf / /0dyóemw&m;tm;xkwfr,fholwpfa,muftwGufBudKwifodxm; jyifqifxm;&rJh tcsufuav;awGvnf; ajymjyygOD;/

pdk; / /w&m;tm;xkwfr,fholwpfa,muf odoifhwJhtcsufawGuawmh oyÜK&doyk*¾dKvfqdkwJh olawmfaumif;eJY awGUzdkUu t"dujzpfygw,f/ t&SiftmeE´monf bk&m;&Sifudk rdwfaumif;aqGaumif;eJYawGY&if vkyf&r,fh trIudpö&JUwpf0uf NyD;ajrmufatmifjrif ygw,fbk&m;vdkYavQmufxm;awmfrlw,f/ 'gayr,fh bk&m;&Sifu igvdk rdwfaumif;aqGaumif;eJYawGU&if tvHk;pHk NyD;ajrmufatmifjrifygw,f vdkY a[mawmfrlcJhw,f/ usefwmuawmh opömw&m;emMum;&r,f/ ESvHk;oGif;rSefrSefeJY"r®y#dywftusifhawGudk BudK;pm; tm;xkwf½kHygyJ/

Munf / / 0dyóem½IrSwfrJhol[m ]]o'¨g}} w&m;u ta&;BuD;qHk;xifw,f/ tJ'g- udkpdk;vGif aqG;aEG;ay;ygOd;/

pdk;/ / o'¨gw&m;u tvGefta&;BuD;ygw,f/ o'¨gw&m;&SdrSvnf; w&m;tvkyfudk vkyfcsifwmyg/ o'¨gw&m;r&Sd&ifw&m;awmifremcsifbl;/ 'ghaMumifh o'¨gw&m;[m vufeJY wlw,fvdkYqdkygw,f/ vuf&SdrS t&m&mudk ,lvdkY&wmyg/ 0dyóemw&m; pwiftm;xkwfolawGrSm o'¨gw&m;u t"duusygw,f/ o'¨g? 0D&d,? owd?orm"d? ynmqdkwJh £ajE´ig;yg;? Adkvfig;yg;rSm o'¨gu t&ifvmygw,f/ ynmu aemufvdkufyg/ o'̈guOD;aqmifNyD; 0D&d,? owd? orm"d

24

qdkwJh orm"dr*¾ifawGudk xlaxmifyGm;rsm;&if; ynmr*¾ifjzpfwJh or®m'd|dawG jzpfay:vmMuwmyg/ bk&m;&Sif omoemawmf&JU tESpf[mr*¾if&Spfyg; jzpfygw,f/ r*¾if&Spfyg;udk o'¨gw&m;eJYyJ pMu&wmyg/

Munf / / 0dyóemw&m;tm;xkwfwJ h yk*¾ d Kvfwd ki f;[mtedrfhqHk;tqifh tyg,fwHcg;ydwfcsifMuygw,f/ xyfNyD; tao;pdwf&if vmr,fhb0rSm tyg,fwHcg;ydwfcsifMuwmaygh/ tJ'Dawmh ]]tyg,fwHcg;ydwf}} w&m;aqG;aEG;ay;ygvm;/

pdk; / / tyg,fwHcg; ydwfcsifMuw,fqdk&if aomwmyefjzpfatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfMu½kHygyJ/ aomwmyef rjzpfEkdifao;bl;qdk&if plVaomwmyef jzpfatmifawmh BudK;pm;oifhygw,f/ plVaomwmyefqdk&if 'kwd,b0qkdwJh aemufb0rSmawmh tyg,frusbl;/ 'gayr,fh aemufqufwGJb0awGrSmawmh pdwfrcs&ao;bl;/odkUaomfvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkifa[mMum;xm;awmfrlaomaomwmEk*wdokwåefqdkwJh w&m;awmf&Sdw,f/ tJ'Dw&m;awmfrSm,ckb0 (1) w&m;emr,f/ (2) EIwfwuf aqmifr,f (3) pdwfeJYqifjcifr,f/ (4) ynmeJYxdk;xGif;odr,fqdk&if aemufb0ewfjynfrSmaomwmyefewfom; jzpfr,fvdkU bk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfwdkif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ 'ghaMumifh tyg,fvGwfcsif&if tedrfhqHk;tqihfjzpfwJh emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPfeJY ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfudkawmh &atmif?a&mufatmif MudK;pm; tm;xkwf&ygr,f/

Munf / / ]]y#dywåd}} twGuf taxmuftuljyK a[majymxm;wJhw&m;awG[m ]cE¨mxJupm} awGvdkU uRefawmf tjynfht0,HkMunfw,f/ tJ'Dawmh cE¨mxJupmawGudk cE¨mxJ a&mufatmif

jyefydkUcsifw,fAsm/ cE¨mwjcm; pmwjcm;jzpfrSm odyfpdk;w,f/ tJ'gudkpdk;vGif&JU oabmxm;eJU tawGYtMuHK rQa0ay;ygOD;/

25

pdk; / / pmw&m;u y&d,wf? cE¨mw&m;u y#dywfyg/ cE¨mrSmom w&m;&Sm&wmyg/ 'ghaMumifh rdk;ukwf q&mawmfBuD;u pmy#dpöorkyÜg'fukdtvdkr&Sdygbl;/ cE¨my#dpöorkyÜg'fudkom udk,fydkifÓPfeJYodapcsifwmyg/ trsm;tm;jzifh pmay:rSm aomifwifaewmrsm;vdkYyg;pyfzsm;rSmyJ vrf;rqHk;ygapeJY/ cE¨majymwmudkom ÓPfeJYtrSefjrifatmif MunfhygvdkY owday;a[mMum;cJhwmyg/ cËmudk ÓPfr0ifEkdifwm&JU t"dutcuftcJ[m y&rwfra&mufEkdifMuvdkUyg/ Oyrm - ½kyf(odkUr[kwf) cE¨mvdkYqdkwmeJY acgif;? udk,f? ajcvufawGudkom wef;jrifrdMuwmyg/ yx0D? tmayg? awaZm? 0ga,mvdkU oif odtaeeJYodMuayr,fh rmwm? ylwm? vIyfwmawGudk ½kyf (odkUr[kwf) cE¨mvdkUvufcHzdkYMuawmh cufcJaew,f/ pdwfu b0ifrusMuygbl;/ vIyfwmudk½kyfvdkY vufcHzdkYxuf vIyfwJh vufudkyJ ½kyfvdkUpGJaeMuwm? ynwfudkrausmfEkdifbl; jzpfaew,f/ pmxJu½kyfudk odMuayr,fh cE¨mxJu ½kyfudkawmh ÓPfeJY jrifzdkYcufaeao;w,f/ 'ghaMumifh pmxJrSm&SdwJh w&m;awGudk cE¨mxJa&mufzdkY owdy|mefeJY ESvHk;oGif;MuygpdkU udkenf0if;a&/

Munf / / NyD;cJhwJhvu udkpdk;vGifeJY uRefawmfeJY aqG;aEG;wJhtxJrSmvnf; tjrnf;oabmawmh ygoGm;ygNyD/ ]raem'Gg&eJY "r®m½kH}taMumif;udk "r®rdwfaqGawG &Sif;onfxuf&Sif;atmif tao;pdwfaqG;aEG;ay;ygvm;/

pdk; / / udkenf0if;u raem'Gg&eJ Y "r®m½k HtaMumif;udktao;pdwfar;aew,f/ NyD;cJhwJhvu tajccHav;awmhajymNyD; oGm;NyD/wpfcgwnf;tao;pdwfvdkuf&if ½IyfoGm;EdkifvdkY 'Dtywfawmh 0dyóem½IaxmifhuaeNyD; raem'Gg&eJY "r®m½kHtaMumif;udk ajymcsifygw,f/0dyóemrSm t½IÓPfeJY t½IcHqdkwJh tydkif;ESpfydkif; ygygw,f/ t½IÓPfu raem'Gg&rSmjzpfw,f/ t½IcHu "r®m½kHrSmay:w,f/ t½IcH

26

tydkif;rSm tqif;? toH? teH Y ? t&om? txdqdkwJ h tm½k H½kyfawGyg0ifovdk tJ'Dtm½kHawGu aus;Zl;jyKvdkY jzpfvmwJh pdwf? apwodufw&m;awGvnf;ygygw,f/ tJ'D t½IcHw&m; tm;vHk;udk "r®m½kHrSmyJ½I&ygw,f/ 0dyóem½I&mrSm t½IcHw&m;awGudk tedpö? 'ku©? tewåvu©PmwifNyD; yGm;rsm;EdkifMuayr,fh t½IÓPfydkif;rSmawmhig½Iwmjzpfaewwfw,f/ raemudk rodvdkY igjzpfaewmyg/ raemeJY "r®m½kHudkodvmwJhtcg 0dyóem½I&mrSm taESmifht,Sufay;wwfwJh igawG vnf;ydkNyD; yg;vmygvdrfhr,f/ t½IcHbufudk tav;xm;½Iwwfayr,fht½IÓPf[m igr[kwfbJ raemrSmjzpfwJh r*¾ifw&m;awGyJvdkY ESvHk;oGif;odrf;qnf;wwfrI tm;enf;wwfMuygw,f/ 'ghaMumifh raem'Gg&eJY"r®m½kHudk 0dyóem½Iaxmifh tjrifuae t½IÓPfeJY t½IcHtjzpf ÓPfeJYodrf;qnf;NyD; ESvHk;oGif;wwfvm&if w&m;tm;xkwf&mrSm yd kNyD;taxmuftuljyKvdrfhr,fvdkY xifygw,f/

Munf / / w&m;½IrSwfwJhtcgrSm taumiftxnf yHkoP²mefudk r½IrSwf&bl; ]]oabmrQ}}udkom ½IrSwf&r,fvdkY qdkygw,f/ ]orx}eJY ]0dyóem}&JU t"duuGmjcm;csuf[mvnf; tJ'Dae&mrSmyJ xifygw,f/ ]oabmrQ} qdkwJhtydkif; udk aoaocsmcsm oabmaygufatmiftao;pdwf xyf&Sif; ay;ygOD;Asm/

pdk; / / w&m;½IrSwfwJhtcg oabmrQudkom ½I&r,fvdk YajymMuygw,f/ wu,fawmh ynwfudkausmfNyD; y&rwfudk ESvHk;oGif;cdkif;wmygyJ/ ynwfqkdwmuawmh emrnfawG? taumiftxnfawG? yHkoP²mefawGyg/ tJ'gawGoGm;½Iaevdk Yuawmh orxawmhjzpfEdkifygw,f/ oabmav;&JUt"dyÜg,fudk Munfhr,fqdk&if tm½kHudkajymwmvdkY xifygw,f/ Oyrm - rsufpdeJY vlwpfa,mufudk jrifw,fqkdygpdkY? tJ'Dvl[m rsufpdxJudk 0ifvmwmr[kwfygbl; tvif;a&mif

27

aMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh vl&JUtqif;uyJ rsufpdxJrSm yHk&dyftaeeJY ay:wmyg/ rsufpdxJrSm yHk&dyfay:wmeJY wpfNydKifeufxJ raemrSmvnf;yHk&dyfay:ygw,f/ tJ'g"r®ed,mryg/ raemrSmay:wJhyHk&dyf[m "r®m½kHjzpfvmNyD; raemrSmjzpfwJhpdwfuod&wmyg/ 'ghaMumifh wu,fwrf; pdwfuod&wm[m tm½kHqdkwJhoabmav;om jzpfygw,f/ oabmav;qdkawmh cdkifw,f? NrJw,fvdkY pGJ,lvdkYr&awmhbl;/

Oyrm- rSefMunfh&if t&dyfay:ovdk taMumif;wdkufqdkifwkef;om t&dyfay:wmyg taMumif;vnf;uif;a&m rSefxJrSm bmrSr&Sdawmhygbl;/ 'ghaMumifh rSefxJut&dyfudk cdkifw,f? NrJw,fvdkY ,lvdkYr&Ekdifwmudkoabmaygufvm&if "r®m½kHrSm xifwJhtm½kHawGudkvnf;cdkifjcif;? NrJjcif;r&SdwJh oabmrQyJvdkY trSefudk ESvHk;oGif;wwfvmrSmyg/ tJ'Dvdkodvm&if tedpö&JUobm0udkvnf; ydkNyD;em;vnfcGifh&rSmyg/ yk*¾dKvf?owå0gqkdwJh trnf? yHkoP²meff? j'yf taumiftxnfawGukd tcdkiftrmtaeeJY pGJ,laevdkYuawmh cdkifw,f? NrJw,fqdkwJh edpöt,lawG jzpfNyD;ESvHk;oGif;rSm;aeOD;rSmyJ/ 'ghaMumifh ESvHk;oGif;rSefatmif? tpGJawGvGwfatmif cdkifjcif;? NrJjcif;r&SdwJh tm½kHawGudk rSefxJu t&dyfvdkoabmrQyJ ½I&r,fvdkYajymw,f xifygw,f/

Munf / / w&m;½IrSwfaewJh yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;[m a0'em tqifhrSmwif &yfatmif? jywfatmif ½IrSwfEkdif&if taumif;qHk;vdkYvnf;Mum;zl;w,f/ a0'emrSmr&yf&if a0'emypö,m wPSmaMumifhygwJh/y#dpöorkyÜg'f puf0dkif;t& a0'emeJY wPSmtpyfudk jzwfEkdifatmifBudK;pm;wJhoabmayghAsm/ tJ'gvnf; aqG;aEG;ay;ygOD;/

pdk; / / tck udkenf0if;ar;wJhar;cGef;u y#dpöorkyÜg'f&JUa0'emeJY wPSmtpyfudk jzwfwJhtaMumif;yg/ 'gutvGefcufcJeufeJygw,f/ pmvdkajymEkdifayr,fh bm0emtodeJYuawmh &Sif;jyzdkU

28

rvG,fvSygbl;/ 'ghaMumifh yxrqHk;a'oemtodeJY t&ifajymMu&atmifyg/ cE¨oH,kwf? eukvydwk0*f? orm"dokwfrSm wnfMunfrIorm"d&Sdaom &[ef;onf [kwfrSefonfhtwdkif; od\/ b,fvdk[kwfrSefonfhtwdkif;odovJqdkawmh ½kyf? a0'em? onm? ocFg&? 0dnmPfwdkY\jzpfyH kcsKyfyH kudkodwm vdk Yqdkygw,f/ tESpfcsKyfvdkuf&if cE¨mig;yg;jzpfyHkqdkwm cE¨mig;yg;tay: ESpfoufr,f (wPSm)? pGJvrf;r,f(Oyg'gef) &Skkkd&if b0jzpfr,f/ Zmwd? Z&m r&Pjzpfr,f/ tJ'g cE¨mig;yg;jzpfyHkygyJ/ cE¨mig;yg; csKyfyHkqdkwm cE¨mig;yg;tay:ESpfoufrIcsKyfr,f? pGJvrf;rI csKyfr,f? b0csKyfr,f? Zmwd? Z&m r&PcsKyfr,f?tJ'g cE¨mig;yg;csKyfyHkygyJ/

'Dokwåef a'oem t&qdk&if a0'emwpfckwnf; tay:rSmwPSm? Oyg'gefjzKwf&r,fvdkY qdkvdkwmr[kwfbJ ½kyf? onm? ocFg&?0dnmPfqd kwJ h cE¨mwpfyg;yg;tay:rSm wPSm? Oyg'gefqd kwJ hork',udky,f½kHygyJ/ wu,fawmh y#dpöorkyÜg'f rSmygwJh 0dnmPf?emrf½kyf ? oVm,we? zó? a0'emqd kwm okwåefenf;t&cE¨mig;yg;ygyJ/ 'gayr,fh a0'emeJY wPSmu uyfaeawmh tJ'DESpfckomjzwf&r,fvdkY xifwwfMuw,f/ tJ'Dvdk w&m;aorSwfvdkYr&bl;/ cE¨mobm0u cE¨mwpfyg;wnf; (odkYr[kwf) wpfyg;NyD;rSwpfyg; ay:½kd;xHk;pHr&Sdbl;/ cËm ig;yg;vHk; wpfNydKifeuf ay:w,f/ 'gayr,fhw&m;ESvHk;oGif;wJhtcgrdrdÓPfrSm xif&Sm;wJhcE¨mtay:rSmom wPSm? Oyg'gefy,fEdkifzdkY twGuftedpö? 'ku©? tewåvu©Pm wpfckckudk ESvHk;oGif;yGm;rsm;NyD; opömav;yg;udk rsufarSmuf jyKMu&wmygyJ/

Munf / /txufuaqG;aEG;cJhwmawGtjyif udkpdk;vGif xyfjznfhcsif oD;jcm;aqG;aEG; csifwm&Sd&ifvnf; jznfhpGufaqG;aEG;ay;ygOD;/

29

pdk; / / 'DtywfrSmawmh awmfawmfav; jynfhpHkNyDvdkY xifygw,f/ ajymwmrsm;oGm;&ifvnf; raumif;ygbl;/ b,ft&mrqdkjznf;jznf;eJY rSefrSefvkyfoGm;zdkY ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ ajymwmudk em;axmif½kHeJYrNyD;bJ udk,fwdkifvnf; ESvHk;oGif;tm;xkwfzdkY vdkygw,f/tckacwfrSmrD'D,mawGwdk;wufvmawmh w&m;awGudk vG,fvG,feJY odEdkifygNyD/Ak'̈pmayawGudkvnf; vG,fvG,feJY zwfEkdifMuovdk q&mawmfBuD;awG&JUudk,fawGU? ÓPfawGU a[mMum;csufawGudkvnf; odaeMuygw,f/'ghaMumifh w&m;em,lolrsm;[m A[kokwtaeeJY awmfawmfav;odMuygw,f/ Oyrm - bmeJYwlovJqdkawmh ocsFmykpämwpfyk'fudk rwGufcifrSm tajz t&ifodxm;wmeJYwlygw,f/ udk,fwdkifvnf; rwGufwwfao;bl;/ wGufenf;vnf;rodbl;/ 'gayrJh tajzeJYvdkufn§dNyD; wGufaewmeYJwlygw,f/ ,ck w&m;pwif tm;xkwfolawGrSmvnf; tajz t&ifodxm;ovdk jzpfaewwf w,f/ ar;vk duf&if pdEÅmr,todeJ Ytajzn§dwwfMuw,f/ 'gudkyJ w&m;odaeo vdkvdkxifwwfw,f/ynm&SdowdjzpfcJqdkovdk apwemeJY owday; pum;ajymMum;&if;'DtywfawmfMuOD;pdkY /

Munf / / uRefawmfodcsifwmawGvnf; udkpdk;vGifudk (2)vqufwdkufar;aerdw,f/ "r®rdwfaqGawGtwGufvnf; twdkif;twmwpfckxd tusdK;&Sdvdrfhr,fvdkU xifygw,f/ aemufvawGrSm tvsOf;oifh&if udkpdk;vGif&Sif;jywwfwJh aq;ynmeJY"r®udk aygif;pyfjyxm;wJh- Structural Body eJY Functional Body taMumif;udk xyfaqG;aEG;csifygao;w,f/ Condition eJY Connection taMumif;vnf; yg&rSmaygh/"r®rdwfaqGawGvnf; pdwf0ifpm;Mur,fxifygw,f/ uRefawmfwpfOD;wnf; tjrifuawmh t*Fvdyfa0g[m&awG odyfrrsm;apcsifbl;/tvTmpHku "r®rdwfaqGawG em;vnfapcsifvdkUyg/ eD;pyf&m uRefawmhf

30

"r®rdwfaqGawGuvnf; udkpdk;vGifudk ar;cGef;awG ar;zdkYtqifoifhjzpfaeMuNyDaemf/ uRefawmfwdkU&JU ]"r®pum;0dkif;}av;u av;eufyDjyifvmawmhr,f/ 'Dvawmh 'DrQeJYem;Muao;wmaygh/ udkpdk;vGifudktrsm;BuD; aus;Zl;wifygw,f/ udkpdk;vGif wpfa,muf "r®wm0efawGudktoufxufqHk; taESmihft,Suf uif;uif; tyltyifuif;uif;eJUaqmif&GufEkdifygapAsm/

(MunfaZmf0if;)

31

aus;Zl;&Sifq&mq&mrwdkUtm;"r®jzifhaus;Zl;qyfyg\( MunfaZmf0if; )

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uRefawmfwdkUtwef;onf uRefawmfwdkUukd aq;ynmoifMum;ay;cJhMuaom q&mq&mrrsm;udk ESpfpOf q&muefawmhyGJvkyfvmMuonfrSm ,ckESpfukefqdkvQif (10) Budrfajrmuf jzpfygonf/ (10)Budrfajrmuf txdrf;trSwftaejzifh a'gufwmpdk;vGifu uefawmh0w¬Kypönf;rsm;tjyif ]]"r®}}ESihfvnf; q&m? q&mrwdkYudk ylaZmfaus;Zl;qyfcsifonf? oli,fcsif;rsm;udkvnf; "r®vufaqmifay;csifygonf[ktBuHjyKygonf/ tifrwefaumif;aom pdwful;jzpfygonf/

uRefawmfwdkUwpfawGonf (1975)ckESpfu q,fwef;atmifMuolrsm;jzpfMuonfhtwGuf uRefawmfwdkU\ vuf&Sdtoufonf (50)

32

ESihf (50)txuf jzpfMuygonf/ (75)ESpf oufwrf;ESihf wGufvQif]]wwd,t&G,fbm0em&Sm}} qdkaom tydkif;a&mufaeMuygNyD/ 'Dawmhbmoma&; pdwfr0ifpm;Muao;aom oli,fcsif;rsm; bmoma&;udkpdwf0ifpm;vmatmif pdwf0ifpm;pjyKaeMuaom oli,fcsif;rsm;vnf;]]enf;vrf;tp}} &oGm;atmif pdwf0ifpm;MuNyD; "r®vrf;aMumif;ay:avQmufaeMuaom q&m? q&mrrsm;ESihf oli,fcsif;rsm;uvnf;0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om ]]om"k}} ac:Edkifatmif ponfhponfh &nf&G,fcsufaumif;rsm;pGmjzifh txl;wifqufvdkygonf/

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pdk; / / tcsdefukd uRefawmfwdkU tpdk;r&bl; udkMunfaZmf0if;?aumif;wJhtvkyfqdkwm tajcaeay;wmeJUtjrefqHk; taumif txnfazmfEdkifavaumif;avygyJ/ uRefawmfwkdU&JJU "r®pum;0dkif; uav;uvnf; (3)ESpfausmfvmawmh? txdkuftavsmuf "r®tiftm;uav;awG &SdvmygNyD? wpfOD;udk wpfOD;vnf; tenf;eJY trsm;qdkovdk rQa0ay;vdkY &EdkifwmudkodcGifh&vmygNyD/ 'ghaMumifh 'DESpfq&muefawmhyGJrSmuRefawmfodcGifh&orQ oli,fcsif;awGudkvnf; rQa0ay;&if; q&m?

33

q&mrrsm;udkvnf; &ifxJu "r®eJU wpfaxmifhwpfae&muae aus;Zl;qyfuefawmhcGifh&&if aumif;rSmyJvdkY pdwful;rdwmyg/

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pdk; / / uRefawmfwdkU t&ifESpfu q&muefawmhyG Jud krEÅav;a&m? &efukefrSmyg vkyfjzpfcJhw,f/ &efukefrSm uRefawmfa&;xm;wJh w&m;pm&Gufav;awG q&mq&mrawGudk uefawmh&if;eJY ay;jzpfcJhygw,f/ aemufydkif;rSm q&mBuD;wpfOD;eJU pum;ajymjzpfcJhMuw,f/q&mBuD;uvnf; "r®udktvGefpdwf0ifpm;w,f? avhvmrIudkvnf;tvGefpepfwus vkyfxm;wmudk awGU&w,f/ tJ'DrSm xHk;pHtwdkif;yJq&mBuD;u uRefawmfhudk pwif pmar;yGJppfygawmhw,f/ rif; b,fw&m;pmtkyfawGzwfvJ? b,fenf;eJY tm;xkwfwmvJ? b,favmufMumNyDvJ? jzpfysufjrifNyDvm; b,favmufodNyDvJ? ÓPfpOfawG b,ftqifha&mufNyDvJ ponfjzifh ar;ygw,f? uRefawmfvnf; oifhovdkajz&ygw,f/ tJ'DvdkeJU q&mBuD; tvSnhfNyD;wJhtcgrSmawmh uRefawmfh tvSnfha&mufvmygw,f/

34

Munf / / cifAsm; q&mBuD;&JUpum; toGm;tvmudk MunfhNyD;q&mBuD;&JUbm0emtajctaeudk &dyfpm;rdoGm;NyDeJYwlw,f r[kwfvm;/

pdk; / / twdtus rajymEdkifao;ayr,fh? q&mh&JJU ar;cGef;yHkpHawGu pmqefaewmudk owdxm;rdwmyg/ 'geJU uRefawmfu q&mh&JUtm;xkwfyHk? ESvHk;oGif;yH keJ Y w&m;&JUtajccHjzpfwJh y&rwf½kyfemrfobm0av;awG ar;MunhfwJhtcg ½kyfemrfjzpfysufawGudk pmod?qifjcifodeJYajymaewmudk owdxm;rdoGm;ygw,f/ tJ'DrSm y&rwf awG&JUobm0&,f? taMumif;tusd K;eJUywfoufNyD; twå? tewåoabmav;awGudk ajymjyjzpfygw,f/ ajymNyD;NyD;csif; q&majym vdkufwJhpum;av;udk uRefawmftckxd rarhEdkifbl;? ig pmtkyfawG zwfayrJhrif;ajymovdkrodcJhbl;vdkY ½kd;om;yGifhvif;wJh q&mh&JUpum;udk uRefawmftH h Moav;pm;cJ h&ygw,f/ tJ'Dpum;ud k Mum;&wm uRefawmfwpfa,mufwnf; r[kwfygbl;/ oli,fcsif; a'gufwma&TxGef;vnf;ygygw,f/ 'DvdkeJU q&mhtdrfudk ESpfywf wpfcgavmuf q&ma&TxGef;eJUBuHKovdk0ifNyD; q&meJY w&m;aqG;aEG;azmfvkyfay;cJhygw,f/ q&mhudk"r®tjrifeJUywfoufNyD; tkwfwpfcsyf? oJwpfyGihftaeeJU taxmuftuljyK aus;Zl;qyfcGihf&cJhygw,f/ tJ'DupNyD; uRefawmfodcGihf&xm;wJh"r®av;eJY q&m? q&mrwdkU&JU"r®tod tjrifxJrSm wpfaxmifhwpfae&mu taxmuftuljzpfapr,fqdk&if uRefawmf wwfEdkifwJhbufuaus;Zl;qyfcGifh&wmyJvdkU pOf;pm;rdwmygyJ/

Munf / / udkpdk;vGifawGUBuHKcJh&wmav;u tvGefwefzdk;&Sdygw,f/ udk,fhq&m? q&mrawGUeJU 'Dvdktouft&G,f? 'Dvdk tajctaersdK;rSm udk,fodwJh"r®av;udktaMumif;jyKNyD; teD;uyfxdawGUqufqHcGihf? aus;Zl;jyKcGihf&wm tvGefaumif;ygw,f/ q&m? q&mrawG taeeJYvnf; udk,fh&JUwynfhawGeJY "r®udk taMumif;jyKNyD; ydkNyD;

35

&if;ESD;aEG;axG;cGihfawG&rSmyg/ tck udkpkd;vGif&JU aus;Zl;qyfcsifwJh&nf&G,fcsufav;udk uRefawmf enf;enf;oabmaygufvmygNyD/udkpdk;vGif rEÅav;rSmvnf; w&m;oifwef;&Sdw,fr[kwfvm;/

ajz / / [kwfygw,f? uRefawmf rEÅav;oGm;&ifawmh wpfywfwefonf? ESpfywfwefonf &ufwdkoifwef;oabmrsdK; ajymjzpfygw,f/usefwJhtcsdefawGrSmawmh a'gufwmoufvGif OD;aqmifNyD; tywfwkdif;a'gufwmoDoDwd k UtdrfrSm a'gufwmrdrd? a'gufwmpdefvSrif;?a'gufwmat;pdk;? a'gufwmpdefjrifh pwJh oli,fcsif;wpfpkeJU "r®pum;0dkif;av; jzpfaeMuygNyD/

Munf / / uRefawmf oHa0*&yH kav;vnf; ajymjycsifw,fAsm/ rEÅav;rSmusif;ywJh tmp&d,ylaZmfyGJudk rESpfu (2008-'DZifbmv) wpfESpfyJ uRefawmf wufzl;w,fAsm/ oli,fcsif;a'gufwm0if;aomifu npmpm;yGJrSm ajymw,fav/ olOD;aqmifNyD;e,frSmbk&m;wpfqlwnfaeygw,f/ oli,fcsif;awGvnf; yg0ifvSL'gef;EkdifMuwJh taMumif;ajymwmav/ tck 0if;aomif r&Sdawmhbl;Asm/ wu,foHa0*&p&myJ/

pdk; / / uRefawmfwdkU q&m0efawGu olwumawGxufoHa0*&p&mawG trsm;BuD;awGU&ygw,f/ wpfcsdKU udk,f0efaqmif prSmyJudk,f0efysufNyD; aoMu&w,f/ wpfcsdKUu AdkufxJrSmaow,f? wcsdKUarG;wJhtcsdefrSmyJ aow,f? tJ'DupNyDF; t&G,fra&G;? tcsdefra&G;aojcif;w&m;awGeJU rdrd&JUa&SUrSmyJ rjrifcsiftqHk; awGUae& wmyg/'gayr,fhvnf;udk,fhrxdawmh remwwfovdkoHa0*ÓPfeJUtvSrf;a0;cJhMuw,f/ tckawmh touft&G,fawGuvnf; &vmNyD? udk,fh&JUoli,fcsif;wcsdKUvnf; tm;ay;csdef EIwfqufcsdefawmif r&vkdufbl;?

36

cGJoGm;MuNyD/ t&ifwkef;u ukd,fheJYrqkdifovdk xif&ayr,fh tckawmhtvSrf;ra0;awmhbl;/ oHa0*ÓPfav;awGeJY jrifwwfvmygNyD/

Munf / / udkpd k;vGif pOf;pm;MunfhygOD;Asm/ b,favmufoHa0*&p&maumif;vJ/ aq;ausmif;om;b0rSmyJ awmifwGif;BuD;uatmifqef;jrihfeJY 0dkif;armfu udkjrihfaqG ( jrLcdk; ) wdkY qHk;oGm;Muw,fAsm/uRefawmfwkd Ytwef;uawmh r[kwfygbl;/ pDeD,mwef;u rauG;uudkzkef;jrihfxGef;qdk&if tvkyfoifq&m0efb0rSmyJ toJa&mif tom;0g eJYqHk;oGm;w,faemf/ aojcif;w&m;u uRefawmfwdkU vlom;awGudktcsdefra&G;vufwdkYNyD; ajymaewmyg/ oHa0* r&csifvdkUom r&cJh wmyg/

uRefawmfwdkU twef;xJu q&m0efjzpfNyD;rS qHk;oGm;Muwmvnf;vufwpfzufpm ausmfaeNyDaemf/ a'gufwmudkaevrif; (OG)a'gufwmrsdK;oef; (ausmufqnf)? a'gufwmatmifxGef;pdk; (bBuD;)a'gufwmbkef;ausmf(&rnf;oif;)? a'gufwmr&ifMuLeJU a'gufwmcifpef;0if;Asm/ 0if;aomifa&mqkd&if ckESpfa,mufaemf/ qHk;oGm;wJholi,fcsif;awGtaMumif;pOf;pm;rdwJhtcg ]]oHa0*}}& &ygw,f/uRefawmfuawmh bmoma&;vrf;aMumif;ay:a&mufzdkYqdk&if oHa0*ÓPfudk awmfawmftm;udk;rdw,fAs tMurf;pm; ]]arG;ao}} ]] jzpfysuf}}]]ay:aysmuf}} tedpöawGayghAsm/ oHa0* ÓPfeJYywfoufvdkU udkpkd;vGif&JU "r®½Iaxmihfu cHpm;oHk;oyfyHkav;vnf; ajymjyygOD;/

pdk; / / oHa0*ÓPfuawmh vlom;wpfOD;rSm tenf;eJJUtrsm;qdkovdkjzpfwwfMuygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkU oufvwfydkif;vGeft&G,fawGrSm avmu"Hw&m;qdkwJh tqdk;taumif;awGudk txdkuftavsmufBuHKcJhMuygNyD/ tJ'DrSm jzpfwkef;cPrSmyJ oHa0*&ayr,fh NyD;vnf;oGm;a&m 'Hk&if;qdkwmvdk xl;rjcm;em; jzpfoGm;wmrsm;ygw,f/ rom

37

wpfacguf ausmif;q,facgufvdkUqdk½kd;&Sdayr,fh tokbvdkuf ydkUwkef;idka

38

Munf / / tvSLyG JwpfckrSm&cJhwJh"r®'ge vufurf;pm&Gufuav;xJu oHa0*&p&m ,lp&mav;wpfckudk 'Dae&mrSm azmfjycsifw,fAsm/ oHa0*&zkdUawmfawmf taxmuftuljyKygvdrfhr,f/ 'Dr,fAs/uRefawmfwkdU touft&G,feJUqdkifwmudkyJ zwfjyr,fAsm/

oif[m uHxl;olvm;...¿ ? uHqdk;olvm;...¿uHHxl;olrsm; - 0dyóemw&m;tm;xkwfcGihf&Muonf/uHqdk;olrsm; - 0dyóemw&m;ESifh vGJMuonf/uHtvGefqdk;olrsm; - 0dyóemw&m;udk a&SmifMuonf ...wJh/

'DawmhAsm ---oli,fcsif;awGtygt0if "r®rdwfaqGtm;vHk;]]uHxl;olrsm;}} jzpfMu&atmif 0dyóemw&m;tm;xkwfEdkifzdkU ZGwfwdkufwGef;&rSmyJAsm/ uJ ...NyD;cJhwJhvawGu tjrnf;oabmrsdK;aqG;aEG;cJhMuwJhtxJu ynwfeJY y&rwfudk tao;pdwf aqG;aEG; ay;ygOD;udkpdk;vGifa& .../

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50 18250 &uf 9125 &uf55 20075 &uf 7300 &uf60 21900 &uf 5475 &uf65 23725 &uf 3650 &uf70 255050 &uf 1825 &uf75 27375 &uf w&m;rarhygESihf/

39

pdk; / / 0dyóemw&m;tm;xkwfolwdkif; rodrjzpf odMu rJhw&m;uawmh ynwf? y&rwfygyJ/ tJ'DtaMumif;uawmh b,f awmhrSr½kd;EkdifwJh w&m;yJjzpfrSmyg/ ynwf? y&rwftaMumif;udk t&ifuvnf;a&;Mu? zwfMu? ajymMuNyD;ygNyD/ aemifvnf; a&;Mu? ar;Mu?ajymMutHk;rSmygyJ/ bmaMumif hvnf;qd kawmh vG,fra,mifeJUcufwJhobm0rdkUyg/ 0dyóemar;cGef;awGwdkif;rSm wkduf½kduf ynwf?y&rwfvdkYrygayr,fh ½Ia'gifhtrsdK;rsdK;uaeNyD; ynwftjrifeJU ar;cGef;awG ar;aewmudk trsm;tm;jzifh awGU&ygw,f/ ,cktcg 0dyóemw&m;rsm;udk us,fus,fjyefUjyefU tm;xkwfvmMuayr,fh tajccHjzpfwJhy&rwfe,fudk ra&mufEkdifbJ ynwfxJrSmyJ wpf0Jvnfvnf jzpfaewmudkawGU&ygw,f/ 'ghaMumifh ynwf? y&rwfudk ½IaxmifhwpfrsdK; uaecsOf;uyfwifjycsifygw,f/

Munf / / txnfcËmqdkwJh (Structural Body) eJY oabm cËmqdkwJh (Functional Body) taMumif;rsm;vm; udkpdk;vGif/

pkd; / / [kwfwmaygh udkMunfaZmf0if;a&? ynwf? y&rwfudktrsm;tm;jzifhawmh vG,fvG,foifMuwmygyJ? rmwmaysmhwm? yx0D?zGJUpnf;wm? ,dkpD;wm tmayg? ylwmat;wm awaZm? axmufuefvIyf&Sm;wm 0ga,mayghAsm? tJ'g½kyf y&rwf? r[mbkwfac: "gwfBuD;(4)yg;ygyJ? 'gayr,fh vufawGUvnf; tm;xkwfa&m ½kyfu acgif;? udk,f?ajc? vufqdkwJh txnfcE¨mBuD; jzpfawmhwmyJ/ Structural BodyayghAsm? tJ'gu q&m0efawGodwJh cE¨mAs/ bk&m;&Sifa[mMum;awmfrlwJhcE¨mu ½kyfemrfcE¨myg oabmcE¨m (Functional Body) vdkUvnf;qdkEdkifw,f/

Oyrm rsufpdqdkygawmhAsm? q&m0efawGodwJh rsufpdu rsufvHk;

40

(Eyeball) udkqdkvdkwm? bk&m;a[mMum;awmfrlwJhrsufpdu jrifwmeJUywfoufwJh emrf½kyfay:rS rsufpdu&Sdwm? jrifwJhemrf½kyf r&dSbl; qkd&ifrsufpdr&S dbl;? tJ'Dawmh tdyfwJ htcg rsufpdrS dwf xm;wJ htcgaowJhtcg rsufpdr&Sdbl;? tJ'goabmcE¨mqdkwJh (Functional Body)&JU obm0yJ? rsufpdu tNrJr&Sdbl;? taMumif;wdkufqkdif rS&Sdw,f?taMumif;vnf;uif;a&mr&Sdawmhbl;? tedpöt,layghAsm/ uRefawmfwdkU q&m0efawGodwJhrsufpdu tdyf&ifvnf;&S dw,f? rsufpdrS dwfxm;vnf;&Sdw,f? ao&ifvnf; &Sdaew,f? tNrJ&Sd aew,f? edpöt,ljzpfaewmaygh? tJ'g t,lrSm;ygyJ/

Munf / / [kwfw,f udkpk d;vGif&? uRefawmfvnf; w&m;tm;xkwfaeayr,fh tJ'Dvdk ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; ÓPfr&Sif; cJhbl;/ ajymawmhtedpö? udk,fvufcHxm;wmu edpöjzpfaewmaygh/ yxrqHk; udk,fhrSmt,lrSm;&Sdaewmawmif rodrjrifEkdifao;bl; jzpfaew,f/

pdk; / / yxrtqifhopömudk odjrifzdkYtwGuf 'd|deJU0dpdudpämy,f&rSmyg/ rdrdrSm'd|dqdkwJh t,lrSm;&SdaMumif;udk t&ifodatmifBudK;pm;oihfygw,f/ olrsm;ajymoHMum;eJU igqdkwm 'd|dayghvdkU vHk;csaevdkUr&ygbl;/ bk&m;&Sif&JU 0g'udku 0dbZÆ0g'yg/ cGJjcrf;pdyfjzmavhvmwmyg/ rdrdudk,fwkdif cGJjcrf;pdyfjzm (Analyse) vkyfoifhygw,f/Oyrmwpfckajymr,f a'gufwma&TxGef;vdkU oli,fcsif; emrnfudkMum;vd kufwmeJU yk*¾ d Kvf? owå0g? a,musfm;wpfa,muftjyifoli,fcsif;&JU ykHoP²mefudkyg pdwfxJrSmay:oGm;ygw,f/ tJ'DrSm ynwf?y&rwfrcGJ Edkifawmhbl;? trSefu toHu½kyfy&rwf? trnfu ynwf?'gutm½kHbufutydkif;yg? rdrd&JUem;bufrSmawmh em;tMunf½kyfudkrSDNyD;Mum;pdwf (emrf) jzpfay:ygw,f/ y&rwfoabmuawmh 'Dhxuftydk

41

bmrSr&Sdygbl;/ tJ'D ½kyfemrf[moabmcE¨m (Functional Body) ygyJ/tod&cuf ygw,f/'gayr,fh uRefawmfwkdUu Mum;vdkufwmeJU acgif;?udk,f? ajc? vufeJU yk*¾dKvf? owå0gtodcsufcsif; jzpfay:oGm;awmhw,f/tJ'g txnfcE¨myJ? ynwfoabm ouf0ifoGm;NyD; cifwm? rifwm?cspfwm? rkef;wm qufvkdufvmawmhwmygyJ/

Munf / / udkpdk;vGif ajymcsifwJh ynwf? y&rwf oabm[maeUpOfb0xJrSmyJ tNrJqifjcifEdkifw,fqdkwm uRefawmfem;vnfvmNyFD?trsm;tm;jzifh w&m;xdkifwJh? w&m;rSwfwJhtcsdefrSmom ESvHk;oGif;EdkifNyD;useftcsdefawGrSm qifjcifÓPf (owd? orÜZOf) vGwfaewmrsm;yg w,f/aemufNyD; uRefawmfwdkUvdk q&m0efawGtwGufawmh (Structural Body)eJU (Functional Body) udk ydkif;jcm;odvdkuf&awmh ynwf? y&rwftjyifedpöt,leJU tedpöt,ltay:rSmyg ÓPfxJ&Sif;&Sif; vif;vif;em;vnfoGm;w,fAsm/'gayr,fh txnfcE¨mac:wJh Structural BodyeJY ywfoufNyD; enf;enf; xyf&Sif;ay;ygtHk;vm;? tck uRefawmfwkdYodwJhrsufvHk; (Eyeball) [mvnf; ½kyfr[kwfbl;vm;?

pdk; / / [kwfygw,f? tJ'gvnf; yx0D? tmayg? awaZm?0ga,mqdkwJh "gwfBuD; (4)yg;&kyfygyJ/ 'gayrJh olu rdbESpfyg;aygif;qHkvdkU jzpfay:wJh &kyfyg/ ADZed,mr? Owked,mraMumifhjzpfwJh OwkZ½kyf?ao&ifusefcJhwJh tokbtavmif;½kyfAsm? aemuf½kyf &Sdao;w,f?tMunf½kyfvdkUac:w,f/ rsufpdrSmawmh puK©tMunf (ac:) pu©Kyom'½kyfayghAsm? tJ'guHaMumifhjzpfvdkU ur®Z&kyfvdkUac:w,f? olurdbESpfyg;aygif;vd kU jzpfwmr[kwfbl;? twdwfuHaMumih f jzpfwm?tMunf½kyfu ao&ifr&Sdawmhbl;/

Munf / / enf;enf;cufvmNyD? ydk&Sif;oGm;atmif Oyrmav;ay;OD;Asm/

42

pdk; / / OyrmtaeeJUuawmh jy'g;okwfxm;wJh MunfhrSefeJUwlw,f? MunfhrSefrSm rSefu OwkZ&kyfeJUwlw,f? jy'g;u ur®Z&kyfeJUwlw,f? rSefrSm jy'g;&SdvdkU yHk&dyfxif&ovdk rsufpdrSmvnf; ur®Z½kyfac:wJh pu©KtMunfudk trSDjyKNyD;rS yHk&dyfeJYwlwJh jrifpdwf ay:&wmyg/rSefrSmjy'g;vnf; ysufjy,foGm;a&m yHk&dyfrxifawmh ovdkyJ 'Db0uHvnf;ukefa&m ur®Z&kyfawG csKyfawmhwmyJ? jrifpdwf pwJ husefwJ hpdwfawGvnf;rjzpfawmhbl;/ tJ'gudk aow,fvdkU ajymae Muwmyg/tJ'D ur®Z&kyfudk q&m0efawGrodbl;/ ur®Z½kyfudk trSDjyKNyD; jzpfwJhjrifpdwf? emrfudkvnf; aq;ynmu oifray;bl;? bk&m;&Sif qdkvdkcsifwJhrsufpdu tJ'D emrf½kyfygAsm/

Munf / / udkpkd;vGifa&? uRefawmfvnf; tbd"r®mtajccHav;avmufawmh avhvmbl;ygw,f? pmawGU? vufawGUeJUwu,fhtoHk;csrItydkif;awGrSmawmh enf;enf;uGm[rIawG&Sdw,fvdkU xifw,f/tck q&m0efawGodwJh cE¨meJU bk&m;&SifqdkvdkcsifwJh cE¨mudk ydkNyD;ydkif;jcm;em;vnfvmNyD? q&m0efawGodwJhcE¨mu a&m*gukwmeJUqdkifw,f?bk&m;&Sifa[mwJhcE¨mu udavom? ukwmeJUqkdifw,fayghAsm/ uJ ...qufNyD;ajymygOD;/

pdk; / / aemuft,lrSm; wpfrsdK;udkvnf; ajymjyOD;r,f?twåt,leJY tewåt,lyg/ taMumif;tusdK;qdkwJh qufEG,frIoabmw&m;tay:rSm twåeJU jrifwmvm;? tewåeJU jrifwmvm;qdkwmudkcGJjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvmwmyg/ twå&JUoabmu taMumif;w&m;udkvspfvsLjyKNyD; tusdK;w&m;tay:rSm rdrdtvdk twkdif; jzpfapcsifwJhoabmyg/ tewåuawmh tudsK;w&m;rSeforQ[m taMumif;tm;avsmfpGmyJ jzpfay:cGihf&w,fvdkU odjrifvufcHwJhoabmyg/ tusdK;w&m;tay:rSm tpdk;r&Edkifygbl;? tJ'g tewå obm0yg/

43

Oyrm rsufpdeJUtqif; wdkufwmutaMumif;? jrifpdwf ay:wmutusdK;yg/ uRefawmfwkdU tqif;tm½kHawGudk jrifcGifh&jcif;[m taMumif;w&m;udkpGJrSDNyD; jzpfay:vmwJh jrifpdwf tusdK;w&m;aMumifhvdkU tewåobm0twkdif; rodMuygbl;? igjrifwm? igMunfhwm ponfjzihf tusdK;w&m;tay:rSm igudk,f? ig[m? igydkifw,fqdkwJh oabmxm; twåt,leJUom odMuwmrsm;ygw,f/ obm0 jzpfpOfrSm tewåobm0om&Sdayr,fh t,lrSm;NyD; twåoabmxm;rsm;udk vufcHodjrifaeMuw,f/

Munf / / twå? tewåudk olod? igodavmufeJU orkwde,frSm ajymaeMuayr,fh tckvdk rdrdcËmrSm cËmÓPfa&mufqdkwJh y&rwfe,ftxd (Apply) rvkyfwwfMubl;/ tJ'gvnf; y&rwfe,fa&mufrSodEkdifr,fxifw,f/ udkpdk;vGif &Sif;ay;ygOD;Asm/

pdk; / / rSefwmaygh udkMunfaZmf0if;a&? y&rwfe,f0ifzkdUuodyfawmhrvG,fbl;? trsm;tm;jzifhawmh orm"dxlaxmifMuNyD; orm"dtm;eJU ynwfudkazguf? y&rwfaumufwJhenf;udk usihfwmrsm;ygw,f/tJ'gvnf; enf;aumif;wpfckygyJ/ aemufwpfrsdK;u y&rwfobm0udkodatmifavhvmNyD; ÓPfeJU jrifatmifMunfhwmyJ/ OyrmtaeeJU a&udkcGufwpfckrSmxnfhNyD; rD;tylay;vdkufAsm? a&ylvmrSmyJ? rD;tylaMumihf a&ylvmw,fvdkU odMuwmyJAsm/ bmrSrxl;qef;bl;? 'gayr,fh y&rwftjrifeJ Y Munfhwwf&ifawmh qifjcifÓPfjzpfvmr,f/ rD;rSm&S dwJ hawaZm"gwf[m y&rwfobm0twdkif; jzpfwJhae&mrSm ysufw,f/ae&majymif;a&TUjcif;vHk;0r&Sdbl;? rD;qdkwJhtajctaeay;rI (Condition)aMumifhom rlva&rSm&SdwJh at;wJhawaZm "gwfcsKyfaysmufNyD; ylwJhawaZm"gwfrsm; olUoabmolaqmif? topftopfjzpfay:vmw,f/'gaMumifh a&yl&jcif;jzpfwmAs/ rD;tyleJU a&tyl[m wkduf½k duf

44

qufEG,frI (Direct Connection) r&Sdbl;/ rD;tyl[m tajctaeay;rI(Condition) oabmrsdK; taeeJUom taMumif;w&m;tjzpf wnf&Sdwmyg/ a&tyl[mvnf; rD;tylqdkwJh taMumif;w&m; (Condition)eJUuif;NyD; rjzpfEdkifayr,fh a&yljcif;uawmh olUoabm olaqmifNyD;ylwJhawaZm"gwfrsm; topftopfjzpfay:aejcif;om jzpfw,f/odyÜHynmu wifjyxm;ovdk tylpD;ul;jcif; (Conduction) oabmrsdK;vnf; r&Sdygbl;/

Munf/ / taMumif;tusd K;qufEG,fyH kud k orkwde,ftaeeJUvlwdkif;odygw,f? 'gayr,fh y&rwfe,f todrSmawmh eufeJvmNyDvdkU qdk&rSmyJ / orkwde,frSm taMumif;eJUtusdK;udk wdkuf&dkufqufEG,frI (Connection) oabmrsdK; odMuayr,fh wu,hf y&rwfe,frSmawmh taMumif;eJUtusdK; qufEG,fyHkrSm taMumif;[m tajctaeay;rI (Condition ) oabmtaeeJU aus;Zl;jyKwmomjzpfNyD; tusdK;w&m;[m olUoabmol aqmifNyD; topfjzpfay:vmwm ygvm;udkpdk;vGif&m awmfawmfodrfarGUNyD; tod&rvG,fbl;Asm/

pdk; / / 'gaygh udkMunfaZmf0if;&m? rsufpdeJU tqif;wkdufvdkUjrifpdwf jzpfay:w,fqdkwm tm;vHk;odMuygw,f/ tJ'gorkwde,f todyg/ y&rwfe,frSmawmh rsufpdeJUtqif; wdkufqkdifrIqdkwJh taMumif; w&m;tajctaeay;rI (Condition) aMumif h jrifpdwfqd kwJ h emrf[mtusdK;w&m;taeeJJU olUoabmolaqmifNyD; udk,feJUrqdkifwJh topftopfawGjzpfay:aewmyg/ tJ'gudk ÓPfeJUyJ azgufxGif;od&wmyg/enf;enf;awmhcufoGm;NyD/ y&rwfa&mufvdkU y&rwfawG&JU obm0udkodjrifoGm;&ifawmh tewåoabmudkvnf; ydkNyD;em;vnfvmrSmyg/tJ'DusrS twåeJU tewåudk cGJjcm;odjrifvmNyD; obm0eJU vdkufavsm

45

nDaxGusihfBuHaexkdifwwfwJh tewåtodÓPfrsm;vnf; ydkifqkdifcGihf&vmrSm jzpfygw,f/

Munf / / ynwfeJU y&rwfuawmh tawmfav;&Sif;oGm;ygNyDAsm/ orxeJU 0dyóemrwlaMumif;udkvnf; xyfNyD; tao;pdwfay;ygOD;Asm/

pdk; / / 'DvrSm tajccHtaMumif;av;awGukd t"duxm;ajymcsifygw,f/ udkMunfaZmf0if;ar;wJh orxeJY0dyóemudk cGJ J jcm;ay;zdkUqdkwmuvnf; tajccHoabmw&m;awGudk em;vnfvm&ifodyfrcufawmhygbl;/ trsm;tm;jzifh orkwde,fjzpfwJh ynwfxJrSmyJwpf0Jvnfvnfjzpfaeawmh orxyJ jzpfaeMuwm rsm;ygw,f/0dyóemqdkwmuawmh yk*¾dKvf? owå0g ynwfodjzpfwJh orkwde,fuae ½kyfemrf y&rwfe,fudk a&muf&rSmyg/ y&rwfe,fa&mufrSvnf;opöme,fu 0ifcGifhay;rSmyg/ opöme,fa&mufrSvnf; 0dyóemxdkufygw,f/ 'ghaMumifh orx[m orkwd (ynwf)e,frSmyJ&SdNyD; 0dyóemuawmh opöme,fa&mufrS jzpfwmyg/ orxeJU 0dyóemMum;rSmy&rwfe,fBuD; jcm;xm;wmawmif rjrifEkdifMubl; jzpfaeygw,f/y&rwfaysmufaevdkU orxeJU 0dyóemudk rcGJjcm;EdkifbJ a&maxG;ae&jcif;jzpfygw,f/ wpfcsdKUu 0dyóemudk orkwde,fxJrSmyJ ynwfw&m;awGeJU jzpfysufvkyf? opöm0ifaeMuvdkU orx? 0dyóemESpfck[ma&maxG;ae&wmyg/

Munf / / udkpdk;vGif 'DvrSm tajccHav;awGeJU orkwde,f?y&rwfe,f? opöme,fqdkwJh e,f(3)e,feJU cGJNyD;&Sif;ay;vkdufawmhydkNyD;em;vnfMurSmyg/ aemufNyD; r[mowdy|mef (4)rsdK;taMumif;vnf;tao;pdwfaqG;aEG;bdkYvdkao;w,faemf/ r*¾Zif;pmrsufESm tuefUtowfaMumifh rusOf;rus,fyJqdkygawmh udkpdk;vGif&m .../

46

pdk; / / owdy|mef (4)yg; taMumif;uawmh awmfawmfrsm;rsm;Mum;zl;MurSmyg/ um,mEkyóem? a0'emEkyóem? pdwåmEkyóemeJU "r®mEkyóemwkdUygyJ? twdkcsKyf taeeJU ½kyf? a0'em? pdwå?"r®wdkUudk owd? ynmeJU yGm;rsm;tm; xkwfwmyg/ ½kyf? a0'em? pdwf?qd kwJ hw&m;(3)rs d K;ud k em;vnfEd ki f Muayr,fh "r®ud kawmhodwJ hollenf;rSmyg/ "r®mEkyóemudk enf;enf;av; ajymcsifygw,f/

Munf/ / aumif;wmaygh udkpdk;vGif&m "r®m Ekyóemqdkwmtrsm;tm;jzifh odyfawmif rMum;zl;Mubl;? tck aemufydkif;usrSodvmMuwm? "r®mEkyóemqdkwm oabmw&m; awGudk &IwmyJvdkUtMurf;tm;jzifh odwmyg/ &Sif;ay;ygOD;Asm/

pdk; / / "r®mEkyóemtydkif;rSm eD0&P? cE¨m? tm,we?aAmZÑif? opömqkdNyD; tydkif; (5)ydkif; yg ygw,f/ tJ'DrSm cE¨m (5)yg;ygwmaMumifh ½kyf? a0'em? pdwfawGvnf; tusHK;0ifoGm;awmhwmygyJ/pmvdkoifwJhtcgwdkU pdwfeJUqifjcifwJh tcgwdkUrSmom cGJjcm;ae&wmyg/wu,fwrf;bm0emudk ESvHk; oGif;yGm;rsm;wJhtcgrSmawmh cGJjcm;aezdkUrvdkawmhygbl;/ ÓPfrSm xif&Sm;vmwJh y&rwfw&m;udkom &IyGm;&wmyg/ 'g[m &kyfvm;? a0'emvm;? pdwfvm;vdkU qifjcifvdkufwmeJUpdEÅmr,qdkwJh qifjcifwJh orkwde,fxJ usoGm;awmhwmyJ/ y&rwfe,frSm trnfemroP²mefawGr&Sd&ygbl;/ y&rwfe,frSm ruRrf;usifao;&if orkwde,fxJ jyefjyefuswwfwmudk owdxm;&ygr,f/y&rwfw&m;awGudk ESvHk;oGif; &if;eJU ÓPf&ihfvmwJhtcgrSm opöme,fudk 0ifoGm;awmhwmygyJ/ 0dyóemqdkwm r*¾opömeJU ork,opömudky,fr,f/ ½kyfemrfy&rwfw&m;awGudk qif;&JvkdUjrifatmif? 'ku©opömvdkU ydkif;jcm;odatmif yGm;&r,f/ aemufqHk;rSmawmh ½kyfemrf 'ku©csKyfNidrf;NyD; ork',udk tNyD;y,fEdkifwJh eda&m"opömudk qdkufatmif?

47

edAÁmefudk rsufarSmufjyK&atmif tm;xkwfwmygyJ/Munf / / udkpdk;vGif ... oBuFefa&mufwkdif; rEÅav;jyefjzpf

w,faemf? ]]2009ckESpf oMuFefwGif; "r®pum;0kdif;rS aumufEkwfcsufrsm;}}udkvnf; uRefawmfzwf&ygw,f/ "r®rdwfaqGawG pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;p&maumif;wJh taMumif;w&m;eJU tusdK;cE¨mtaMumif;udk uRefawmfawmfawmfpdwf0ifpm;w,fAsm? udkpdk;vGif jyefajymjyay;ygOD;/

pdk; / / taMumif;w&m;eJU tusdK;cE¨mqdkwm tpykdif;uajymcJhwJh txnfcE¨meJU oabmcE¨mudk tajccHNyD; y#dpöorkyÜg'fudk0dyóemtaeeJU &IyGm;jcif;jzpfygw,f/ pmy#dpöorkyÜg'fudkawmhawmfawmfrsm;rsm; odMuygw,f/ tckajymr,fh[muawmh cE¨y#dpöorkyÜg'fyg/ jrif? Mum;? eH? pm;? xdrIwdkUrSm rlvjzpfay:wJh cE¨mig;yg;[mtusdK;cE¨mjzpfygw,f/ oabmcE¨mvdkYvnf; ac:ygw,f/ twdwfb0uH&JUtusdK;w&m;jzpfvdkU 0dygufcE¨mvdkUvnf; ac:ygw,f/ tJ'DtusdK;cE¨mudk taMumif;jyKNyD; ESvHk;oGif;rSm;wmaMumihf t0dZÆm? wPSm?Oyg'gefwk d Uyg0ifwJ h taMumif;w&m; jzpfay:vmwmyg/taMumif;w&m;u aus;Zl;jyKwmaMumihfh yk*¾dKvf? owå0g? j'yf0w¬KvkdUvnf;odjrifvmygw,f/ 'ghaMumifh taMumif;w&m;udk txnfcE¨mvdkUvnf;ac:Edkifygw,f/ txnfcËmrSmyg0ifwJh Oyg'gefaMumifh ]]Oyg'geypö,mur®b0}} qdkwJhtwkdif; Oyg'gefeJU tm;xkwfvkdufwJh ukvdkvfuH?tukodkvfuHrsm;[mvnf; qufvuf jzpfay:vmw,f/ tJ'DuHrsm;[maemufb0 aemufcE¨m jzpfay:zdkU twGuf taMumif;w&m;rsm;taeeJUpdwftpOfrSm ur®owådtjzpf vdkufoGm;ygw,f/

'ghaMumifh jrifvkduf? Mum;vkdufwmeJU tusdK;cE¨m jzpfay: ygw,f/bk&m;? &[EÅm t&SifjrwfwdkUrSmvnf; tusdK;cE¨m[m jzpfay:&wmygyJ?

48

tusdK;cE¨m[m rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? udk,frSm jzpfay:ygw,f/taMumif;&m;uawmh raemrSm jzpfwmyg/ raemrSmom taMumif;xdkufwJh t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gef&Sdwm? bk&m;? &[EÅm t&SifjrwfwdkUrSmawmh t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gefwdkU r&SdwmaMumifh ur®b0rjzpfawmhygbl;? jrifum rwå? Mum;um rwåqdkwJh Mud,m oabmrQomjzpfawmhw,f/ tusdK;cE¨muae taMumif;w&m; rjzpfay:awmhbl;/em;vnfvG,fatmifajym&&if rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? udk,feJU raemudkydkif;jcm;odjrifoGm;wmygyJ? 'ghaMumifh 0dyóemqdkwm tusdK;cE¨muaetaMumif;w&m; rjzpfay:atmif taMumif;owf tvkyfjzpfygw,f/bk&m;&Sif&JU Ak'̈0g'qdkwm 'ku©jzpfapwJh taMumif;w&m;udk awGUatmif&SmNyD; aemifwpfzefrjzpfay:atmif tNyD;csKyfNidrf;atmif taMumif;w&m;udk y,fowfwmygyJ/

Munf / / aemufuRefawmf pdwf0ifpm;wm &Sdao;w,fAs/tzkH; (3)zkH;yJqdkygawmh uRefawmft&ifu rMum;zl;bl;As/ bmwJh...

1/ edAÁmefudk 'ku©opömzHk;w,f/2/ 'ku©opömudk ork',opöm zHk;w,f/3/ ork',opömudk t0dZÆmzHk;w,f ... qdkwmav/tJ'Dawmh t0dZÆmtzHk;cHxm;&wJh ork',opöme,fom;jzpfwJh

Oyg'geypö,m ur®b0taMumif; aqG;aEG;csifygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdUax&0g' Ak'¨bmomu tusdK;udk owfwmr[kwfbl;/ taMumif;udkowfwm r[kwfvm;As/ Oyg'gefqdkaomtaMumif;aMumifh ur®b0jzpfvmwmqkdawmh Oyg'gefr&dS&if ur®b0r&SdEdkifawmhbl;ayghAsm/uRefawmfwkdUvlom;awGU&JU aeUpOfb0rSm 'ku©tay;cH&qHk;[m Oyg'gefyJ xifygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh tpGJ Oyg'gef enf;atmifyg;atmif &Ienf;ajymjyay;ygOD;Asm/

49

pdk; / / ]]um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuH jyKrJhMuH Oyg'gefudkowdjyK}}vdkU yckuúLq&mawmfBuD;u a[mMum; qHk;rxm;ygw,f/ tJ'gucifAsm;ar;wmukd q&mawmfBuD;u ajzvdkufwmygyJ/ ]]Oyg'ge ypö,mur®b0}}qdkwm ypöKyÜefumvrSmawmh y#dpöorkyÜg'f tqHk; a&mufaeNyD?[d kbufrSmawmh aemufb0? aemufcE¨mqd kwJ h Zmwd? Z&m?r&PyJusefawmhw,f/ y#dpöorkyÜg'f b0pufvnfwmudk aemufqHk;ujzwfw,fvdkUvnf; ajymEdkifygw,f/ Oyg'gefudk 0dyóem&I&if ur®b0qdkwJh uHrjzpfawmhbl;/ uHr&SdrSawmh aemufcE¨mvnf; r&awmhygbl;/oHo&m &yfoGm;wmygyJ? 'gayrJh Oyg'gefudk 0dyóem&IzdkUqdk&if Oyg'geftaMumif;awmh enf;enf;odxm;oifhygw,f/

Oyg'gefqdkwm jyif;pGmpGJvrf;rIvkdU t"dyÜg,fzGihfygw,f/ Oyg'gef[mwPSmaMumifh jzpfw,f?wPSm [mvnf; t0dZÆm&SdvdkYyg/ cE¨mig;yg;vdkUrodbJ yk*¾dKvf? owå0gvdkU odwmu t0dZÆmyg? yk*¾dKvf? owå0gudkESpfoufwmu wPSm? pGJvrf;wmu Oyg'gefaygh/ aemufwpfrsdK;taeeJU Oyg'gef[mtm½kHudkwG,fuyfrI (Attachment) oabm&Sdw,f/ wPSm u tap;"gwf(Cohesive Power) &Sdw,f? tJ'Dtap;"gwfudk rajcmuf atmif t0dZÆmutzHk; (Cover) taeeJU NcH&Hxm;w,f/ tJ'DrSm t0dZÆm tzHk; (Cover) udkz,fvdkuf&if wPSmtap;ajcmufr,f? tJ'gqkd&if rwG,fuyfEdkifawmhbl;Oyg'gef (Attachment) jyKwfr,faygh/ Oyg'gef r&SdwmeJU uHvnf;csKyfawmhwmaygAsm/wPSmudk wdkuf½d kufy,fvdk Y r&bl;? tJ'gudktxl;owdjyKapcsifw,f/

Munf / / [kwfygNyD udkpdk;vGif Oyg'gefeJU ywfoufNyD; t0dZÆm?wPSmtaMumif;yg od&ygNyD? rltm;jzihfawmh t0dZÆmy,fvdkufwmeJUwPSm? Oyg'gefcsKyfygNyD? 'gayrJh trsm;uar;wwfMuwJh aemufqHk;ar;cGef;av;ajzay;ygtHk;? tvkyfoabmav;aygh q&m&,f/

50

pdk; / / "r®pum;0kdif;rSm tNrJawGU&wJh ar;cGef;yg? tm;vHk;vnf; ajymNyD;oGm;wJhtcsdefrSm ar;wJholu q&majymoGm;wmawGaumif;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh b,fvdktm;xkwf&rSmvJ tvkyfoabmav;ay;ygOD;vdkU ar;wwfMuygw,f/ uRefawmfajymcJhwmawG[m tvkyfoabmawGygyJ b,fvdk ESvHk;oGif;&r,f qdkwmawG ajymcJhwmyJ/ 'gayrJholwdkUu w&m;xkdifNyD; 0ifav? xGufav ydefw,f? azgif;w,f? vSrf;w,f?

51

xJrSm xyfrHjznhfpGufaqG;aEG;p&m usefaeao;&ifvnf; jznhfpGufay;ygOD;/

pdk; / / 'Dvawmhrsm;ukefNyDxifw,f/ wcsdKU usefwmawGvnf; aemufvawGusrS ajymMuwmayghAsm/

Munf / /aus;Zl;&Sifq&m-q&mrrsm;cifAsm; twef;oltwef;om;rsm;udk,fpm; uRefawmfwdkU ÓPfrDoavmufeJU ½kd;om;pGmBudK;pm;tm;xkwfNyD; "r®eJUaus;Zl;qyfjcif;jzpfygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkUrSm;wm cRwf,Gif;wmawGU&ifvnf; wnfhrwfqHk;ray;MuygcifAsm.../q&m-q&mrwdkUu rQa0vufqifhurf;ay;r,fh "r®tarGaumif;rsm;ukdvnf; iwfrGwfpGm arQmfvifhawmifhwaeMuygw,f/

pdwåokc um,okc ESpf jzmjynf hp H kp GmeJU q&m-q&mrrsm;oufawmf&mausmf&SnfygapaMumif; arwåmydkU qkawmif;vdkufygw,f/

( MunfaZmf0if;)

52

'kwd,ydkif; 'kwd,ydkif; 'kwd,ydkif; 'kwd,ydkif; 'kwd,ydkif;

2006 - ckESpfrSpí "rÜpum;0dkif;rsm;wGif2006 - ckESpfrSpí "rÜpum;0dkif;rsm;wGif2006 - ckESpfrSpí "rÜpum;0dkif;rsm;wGif2006 - ckESpfrSpí "rÜpum;0dkif;rsm;wGif2006 - ckESpfrSpí "rÜpum;0dkif;rsm;wGifa'gufwmpdk;vGif aqG;aEG;ajymMum;cJhaoma'gufwmpdk;vGif aqG;aEG;ajymMum;cJhaoma'gufwmpdk;vGif aqG;aEG;ajymMum;cJhaoma'gufwmpdk;vGif aqG;aEG;ajymMum;cJhaoma'gufwmpdk;vGif aqG;aEG;ajymMum;cJhaom

"r®pmpkrsm;"r®pmpkrsm;"r®pmpkrsm;"r®pmpkrsm;"r®pmpkrsm;

]] orkwd'ku© ESifh ork','ku© }}]] orkwd'ku© ESifh ork','ku© }}]] orkwd'ku© ESifh ork','ku© }}]] orkwd'ku© ESifh ork','ku© }}]] orkwd'ku© ESifh ork','ku© }}Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif odapcsifaom 'ku©ESifh ykxkZOf vlom;wdkYodaom

'ku©onf wl&JUvm;vkdY a0zefqef;ppf oifhygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifhodaom'ku©rSm orkwde,fu qif;&Jjcif; jzpfygonf/ Oyrm - wJESifhae&jcif;onf qif;&J\/ wdkufESifh ae&jcif;onf csrf;om\/4if;tqdkudk tm;vHk; vufcHMurnf xifygonf/ orkwdopömvnf;xd kufygonf/ avmutrSefw&m; jzpf\/ y,fvd k Yr&yg/ uH\tusdK;tqufrsm; jzpfMuygonf/

53

odkYaomf Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif qdkvdkaom 'ku©rSm orkwde,fu 'ku©r[kwfyg/ opömESifh,SOfNyD; odapcsifaom 'ku©jzpfonf/ OmPfESifhomod&aom opöme,fu 'ku© jzpfygonf/ Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifu 'ku©\t"dyÜg,fudk zGifhqdk&mwGif ork',&SdvQif'ku©&Sd\/ ork',r&SdvQif'ku©r&SdvdkY opömav;yg;w&m;wGif a[mMum;awmfrlcJhygonf/ xdkYaMumifhwJESifhae&aomfvnf; wJtay:rSm ork', r&SdvQif 'ku© r&Sdyg/ wdkufESifhae&aomfvnf; wdkuftay:rSm ork', &SdvQif 'ku© &Sdygonf/ bk&m;&Sifqdkvdkcsifaom csrf;om? qif;&Jonf uHtjrifudk ausmfNyD; OmPftjrifESifhodapvdkjcif; jzpfonf/ wdkufESifh ae&jcif;onf csrf;omrSefaomfvnf;udk,fydkifcsrf;om tppfr[kwfao;acs/ trSD csrf;om tqihfomjzpf\/xdk Yxuftqifhjrif haom OmPfcsrf;omudk a&mufrSom udk,fyd kifcsrf;omtppfjzpf\/ xdkcsrf;omonf wdkuf? wJponfh (Structure)udkvGefajrmufoGm;onf/ trSDuif;aom udk,fydkif csrf;omtppfjzpf\/0drkwådcsrf;om[k ac:\/

jrwfpGmbk&m;udk aeYpOf &Sdcdk; qkawmif; aeMuaomfvn;fbk&m;&Sif odapvdkaom todOmPf ynmrsm;ESifh,SOfaom csrf;omudkawmh &Sdcdk;OD;csae½kHESifh&rnf r[kwfyg/ rdrdESifh oifhavsmfaomq&maumif;udk &Smí taotcsm pepfwus avhvm usifhoHk;rSomodjrifEdkifayrnf/

54

omoem\ tajccHoabmw&m; omoem\ tajccHoabmw&m; omoem\ tajccHoabmw&m; omoem\ tajccHoabmw&m; omoem\ tajccHoabmw&m;(Basic concept of the Buddha's teachings)

&nf&G,fcsuf ( Purpose) -t&d,mopömrnfaom trSefw&m;udkodjrifem;vnf&eftwGuf Ak'̈\tqHk;trrsm;udk oif,ljcif;jzpfygonf/t&d,mopömqdkonfrSm - t&d,mwdkY omodaom opömjzpfonf/ Ak'̈\tqHk;trudk vdkufem&jcif;tusdK;aMumifh opömav;yg;udk xdk;xGif;odjrifEdkifcGifh&ayrnf/

1/ 'ku©opöm - qif;&JtrSefudk odjrifjcif;/2/ ork',opöm - qif;&JjzpfaMumif;trSefudk odjrifjcif;/3/ eda&m"opöm - qif;&JcsKyf&mtrSefudk odjrifjcif;/4/ r*¾opöm - qif;&JcsKyf&m a&mufaMumif;tusihf

trSefudk odjrifjcif;/txufygopömav;yg;udk od&eftwGuf orkwde,frS y&rwf

e,fodkU0if&rnf/ y&rwfe,fa&mufrS opöme,fodkYul;NyD; avmukwå&mopömav;yg;odkU tqihfvdkuf qdkufa&mufEdkifayrnf/

orkwde,fwGif ig? olwpfyg;? a,musfm;? rdef;r? om;? orD;?a&T? aiG ponfhwdkYonf avmuwGif ajymqdkoHk;pGJae&aom trSefw&m;jzpfonf/ rkom;rjzpfyg/ y&rwfe,fwGif a,musfm;? rdef;r? yk*¾dKvf?owå0gr&Sdyg/ ½kyf? pdwf? apwodwfom&Sd\/ yk*¾dKvf? owå0gudk ½kyfemrfESpfyg;? cE¨mig;yg;taejzifhom ,lawmhonf/ xkdYaMumifh y&rwfe,frSMunfhvQif orkwde,frS trSefw&m;onf rkom;rjzpf ½kHom rSef\/trSefw&m;tppfawmh r[kwfao;acs/ opöme,fwGif avmuDopöm ESifhavmukwå&mopöm ESpfrsK d;&S donf/ avmukwå&mopöm a&mufrSt&d,mopömudk odjrifEdkifonf/

55

Oyrmtaejzifh orkwde,fwGif tdkjcif;? emjcif;? aojcif;onfqif;&J\/ 'ku©jzpf\/ rSef\/ odkYaomf Ak'¨qdkvdkcsifaom 'ku©rSm tdk?em? aoonf 'ku©r[kwf/ obm0w&m;omjzpf\/ tdk? em? aotay:rSm ork', &SdrS'ku©jzpf\/ igtdkNyD? igemNyD? igaoawmh rSmyJqdkvQif ork',&SdNyD/ 'ku©&NyD/ 4if;tdk? em? ao tay:rSm ork',y,fEdkifvQif 'ku©csKyf\/ udk,fomemí pdwfremawmhacs/ tdk? em?aoudkawmh vGefqefvdkYr&/ obm0w&m;omjzpfavonf/

OmPftjriOmPftjriOmPftjriOmPftjriOmPftjrif (Concept) - tewå (tpdk;r&jcif;)jzpfay:vmaomw&m;wdkif;wGif taMumif;t&if;cH &Sdonf/

zefqif;&Sif r&Sd? wefcdk;&Sif r&Sd/ tvdkvdkjzpfay:jcif;r&Sd/ zefqif;&Sif?wefcdk;&Sif0g'onf twåt,ljzpfí taMumif;w&m;udk ypfy,fNyD;tusdK;w&m;tay:wGif rdrdtvdktwdkif; tpdk;&jcif;jzpfonf/ odkYaomfobm0w&m;wdkUwGif t&m&mwdkif;onf aMumif;usdK;jzpfpOfwpf&yfomjzpfí tusdK;w&m;onf taMumif;w&m;tm;avsmfpGmyif jzpfay:vm\/ tusdK;w&m;tay:wGif rdrdtvdktwdkif; tpdk;&jcif;r&Sdyg/tewåobm0omjzpf\/ Ak'¨tqHk;trwGif tajccHonf uHESifh uH\tusdK;udk ,HkMunfjcif;jzpfonf/ 4if;onfyif taMumif;eJY tusdK;jzpfpOfwpf&yfom jzpfonf/

twdwfutaMumif;aMumifh ,ckvlUb0&jcif;onf tusdK;w&m;wpfckjzpfí ,ckb0wGifjyKvkyfaom taMumif;aMumifh aemiftem*wfb0wpfckudk tusdK;taejzifh &aeOD;rnf/ ,ckvlYb0wGifvnf; touf&Sif&yfwnfaexdkifrIonf aMumif;usdK;jzpfpOfwpfckomjzpfonf/ Oyrm- rsufpd ESifh tqif;awGUqHkrI taMumif;aMumifh jrifrItusdK;jzpfvmonf/ xdkYtwl em; ESifh toHaMumifh Mum;pdwf tusdK;?ESmacgif; ESifh teHYaMumifh eHpdwf tusdK;? vQm ESifh tpmaMumifh pm;pdwf

56

tusdK;? udk,fESifh txdaMumifh xdpdwftusdK;? pdwfESifh tawG;aMumifhawG;pdwf tusdK;wdkYonf aMumif;usdK; jzpfpOfrsm;om jzpfMuonf/

xdkYtjyif twdwfujyKvkyfcJhaom aumif;rI qdk;rIrsm;onf,ckypöKyÜefwGif uHtaejzifh vdkufygae\/ Oyrm - twdwfu jyKvkyfcJhaom uHonf v,fajr ESifh wlonf/ aumif;uHonf v,fajr aumif;ESifhwlí qdk;uHonf v,fajrqdk;ESifhwl\/ ,ckypöKyÜefwGif vlwpfOD; onfqÉ? OmPf? 0D&d,jzifh taMumif;wpfckudk jyKvkyfjcif;onf pdkufysdK;jcif;ESifhwlí&½SdcJ haom tusdK;onf &dwfodrf;jcif;ESif h wl\/ taMumif;pdkufysdK;jcif;udk v,fajraumif;ay:wGif jyKvkyfvQif tusdK;&dwfodrf;jcif;aumif;ív,fajrqdk; ay:wGif jyKvkyfvQif tusdK;&dwfodrf;jcif;nHhayrnf/ ,ckypöKyÜefwGif jyKvkyfaom aumif;rI qdk;rIrsm;onfvnf;aemiftem*wf twGuf uHv,fajrrsm; jzpfvmMuayrnf/

enf;vrf; enf;vrf; enf;vrf; enf;vrf; enf;vrf; (Method) - rZdÑry#dy'gtrSefw&m;udk odjrifem;vnfEdkif&eftwGuf tpGef;ESpfzuf rS

vGwfaom tv,ftvwfvrf;pOfac: rZÑdry#dy'g enf;vrf;jzifh omvkyfaqmifEdkifayonf/trSefw&m;udk t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdk&mü t&Sdudkt&Sdtwdkif;odjrifjcif;onf trSefw&m;jzpfonf/ taumif;bufuvnf; jrifjcif;r[kwf? tqdk;bufrSvnf; jrifjcif;r[kwf? 4if;ESpfckonf tpGef;ESpfbufodkY ,dkifoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ obm0t&Sdudkt&Sdtwdkif; odjcif;onfom trSefw&m;udk odjrifjcif;jzpfonf/

jzpfay:vmaom w&m;wdkif;wGif taMumif;ESifh ruif;acs/t&Sdudk t&Sdtwdkif;odjcif;onf taMumif;aMumifhjzpfaom tusdK;udkvufcHjcif;jzpfonf/Oyrm- avmuwGif vlom;wdkUonf wpfOD;ESifh

57

wpfOD; rwlnDMuacs/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf 4if;wdkUudk jzpfapaomtaMumif;w&m;rsm; rwlMuaomaMumifhjzpfonf/

xdkYaMumifh vlwpfOD;udk oHk;oyf&mwGif taumif;bufrSvnf;jrif&efr[kwf? tqdk;bufrSvnf; Munfh&ef r[kwf? t&Sdudk t&Sdtwdkif;odjrifvufcH½kHomjzpfonf/ oltaMumif;ESif hol jzpfay:vmaomtusdK;w&m;wpfckomjzpfonf[k odjrifvmaomtcg trSeftwdkif;pwifod&Sdem;vnfvmawmhonf/ xdkvlom;tay:wGifvnf; taumif;jrif? tqdk;jrifrsm; r&dSawmhay/ taumif;jrifvQif avmbbufodkY,dkifoGm;rnf/ tqdk;jrifvQif a'gobufodkY ,dkifoGm;rnf/t&Sdudkt&Sdtwdkif; odjrifjcif;onfom tpGef;ESpfbufodkY ,dkifrIuif;aomtv,ftvwfac: rZÑdry#dy'g tjrifyifjzpfawmhonf/ txufygoabmw&m;onf orkwde,frSm em;vnfvG,faom ,xmblwusonfh tjrifwpfckom jzpfygonf/ y&rwfe,fESifh opöme,fwdkYwGifrZdÑr y#dy'gudk ydkrdkeufeJaomtjrifjzifh em;vnfcGifh&ayrnf/

]] taMumif;tusdK; ESifh e,f (3) e,f }}]] taMumif;tusdK; ESifh e,f (3) e,f }}]] taMumif;tusdK; ESifh e,f (3) e,f }}]] taMumif;tusdK; ESifh e,f (3) e,f }}]] taMumif;tusdK; ESifh e,f (3) e,f }}1/ orkwde,fwGif uHeJYuH\tusdK;udk em;vnfyHkrSm twdwf

taMumif; uHaumif;vdkU ypöKyÜeftusdK;ay; aumif;\? twdwftaMumif;uH nHhvdkU ,ck tusdK;ay;nHh\[k oabmaygufMuygonf/

2/ y&rwfe,fwGif uHonf ur®0#fjzpfí ukodkvf? tukodkvfjzpfaom ocFg& (apwem)udk aumuf,lEdkif\/ uH\tusdK;onf0dygu0#fjzpfí 0dnmPf? emrf&kyfudk aumuf,l&\/ ocFg&ypö,m0dnmPHt& ocFg& -taMumif;aMumihf 0dnmPf-tusdK; jzpfay:\/

3/ opöme,fwGif uHonf ork',opömxd kufí uH\tusdK;onf 'ku©opömxdkuf\/ ork',opöm ESifh 'ku©opömonfvnf;taMumif; tusdK;om jzpf\/

58

rQwaomb0 (odkYr[kwf) tcsdK;usaomb0rQwaomb0 (odkYr[kwf) tcsdK;usaomb0rQwaomb0 (odkYr[kwf) tcsdK;usaomb0rQwaomb0 (odkYr[kwf) tcsdK;usaomb0rQwaomb0 (odkYr[kwf) tcsdK;usaomb0(Balanced Life)

pm;0wfaea&;onf ½kyfpGrf;tm; (Material Power) jzpfí4if;twGuf MudK;yrf; tm;xkwf&rIonf pdwfpGrf;tm; (Mental Power)jzpfygonf/ ,cktcgwGif pm;0wfaea&;onf tajccHjzpfí r&Sdrjzpfjzpfaomfvnf; 4if;jynfhpHkrItwGuf tm;xkwf&mwGif rw&m;enf;rsm;toHk;jyKrI? wpfudk,faumif;qefrI ponfhrsm; wGifus,fpGm vufcHvmaomaMumifh pdwfpGrf;tm; (Mental Power)rsm; usqif;vmMuonf/

xdkYaMumifh avmuwGif pm;0wfaea&; toHk;taqmif ypönf;rsm; jzpfMuonfh ½kyfpGrf;tm;rsm; tm;aumif;vmoavmuf pdwfpGrf;tm;rsm;uawmh usqif;vmonf/ xdktcg ½kyfpGrf;tm;ESifh pdwfpGrf;tm;wdkYonf rQwrIr&SdbJ rQwwJhb0wpfck ysufpD;oGm;&awmhonf/

rQwaomb0 (Balanced Life) r&SdvQif wnfjidrf at;csrf;aom b0r&SdEdkifawmhNyD/ wu,f jzpfoifhwmu pdwfpGrf;tm;onft"du (Major Role) taetxm;rSm&SdNyD; ½kyfpGrf;tm;onf taxmuftyHhay;rI (Supportive Role) taetxm;avmufom jzpfoifhonf/

½kyfpGrf;tm; ESifh pdwfpGrf;tm;wdkYonf uRefawmfwdkY b0xJrSmomru uRefawmfwdkY\ cE¨mxJrSmyg ½kyfemr?f taMumif;tusdK;tm;jzifhjzpfay:aeMuavonf/

]] ynwf]] ynwf]] ynwf]] ynwf]] ynwf ESifh y&rwfy&rwfy&rwfy&rwfy&rwf }}ynwfonf r&Sdw&m;jzpfí y&rwfonf t&Sdw&m;jzpfonf/

ynwfudk trnf? oP²mef? j'yf? 0w¬K? yk*¾dKvf? owå0g taejzifhodMuygonf/ y&rwfudkawmh ÓPfjzifhom odEdkifavonf/ y&rwfqdkwm ÓPf\tm½kHom jzpfygonf/ rsufpdjzifhjrif? vufjzifhudkifíYodEdkifaomt&m r[kwfyg/ yk*¾dKvf? owå0g? ynwfonf orkwde,f

59

todjzpfí ½kyfemrfonf y&rwfe,ftod jzpfygonf/ a,mufsm;?rdef;ronf orkwde,fwGif wu,f&Sdygonf/ xdk YaMumifh vlom;tm;vHk; jzpfay:ae&onf/ odkYaomf y&rwfe,fwGif a,mufsm;? rdef;r&SmvdkY r&Edkifyg/ Oyrm - rsufpdrSmay:wJh emrf½kyfudk a,mufsm;vdkYvnf;ajymvdkYr&yg/ rdef;rvdkYvnf; oufao rjyEdkifyg/ 4if;emrf½kyfwGifa,musfm;? rdeff;r vHk;0 r&Sdyg/ y&rwfe,fudk ESvHk;oGif;rSom a,musfm;?rdef;rr&Sdjcif;jzpfygonf/ orkwde,frSmawmh &Sdygonf/ q&m0efawGodwJhe,frSm rdef;rawG wu,f&SdvdkY om;zGm;rD;,yfq&m0ef (OG)awG&Sdae&ygonf/

odkYaomf q&m0efodwJhe,frSmyJ a,musfm;? rdef;rtoduaetom;p (Tissue) tao;pdwfppfaq;rI (Microscopic Examination)tqifhrSmawmh a,musfm;? rdef;r r&Sdawmhygbl;/ qJvf (Cell) wpfckrSma,musfm;? rdef;r r&Sdygbl;/ tckacwf enf;ynmawG wdk;wufvmawmh½kyfqdkwm trIefqdkwJh j'yfoabm (Structure) tjrifudkvGefNyD; pGrf;tif(Energy) oabmrs d K;txd odjrifvmMuygNyD/ Ak'¨bk&m;½Sif&JU½kyfy&rwftjrifESifh eD;pyfvmygNyD/ ½kyfy&rwf[m awaZmqdkwJhtylowåd?0ga,mqdkwJh axmufuefvIyf&Sm;wJhowådyg/ bk&m;&Sif&JU y&rwftjrifawGu obm0w&m;ud k trSeftwdkif; xd k;wGif;odjrifEdkifjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;onfyif bk&m;&Sif\oAÁnKwÓPft&mjzpfonf/tckacwfrSm wGifus,fpGm toHk;jyKaewJh tao;pdwfcGJjcm; avhvmrI(Microscopic Analysing) udk Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifvufxufuyif awGY&SdcJhavonf/ yk*¾dKvf? owå0gqdkwJhj'yf? 0w¬Ktaumiftxnfynwfuaey&rwftqifha&mufatmif tao;pdwfcG J jcm;avhvmrIudk r*¾ifpGrf;tm;eJY vkyfaqmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ y&rwfe,fa&mufrS aumif;onfhapwoduf? raumif;onfh apwodufwdkYudk cGJjcm;NyD; raumif;onfhapwodufwdkYudk y,fxkwfjcif;jzpfonf/ xdktqifhonf opöme,f

60

jzpfonff/ opöme,frSm r*¾opömqdkaomaq;jzifh ork',opömjzpfaom udavom a&m*gqdk;wdkYudk y,fvdkufjcif;jzpfygonf/

opöme,fwGif ork',udk y,fNyD;aomyk*¾dKvfonf orkwde,frSmaeaomfvnf; udavoma&m*g aysmufaeygNyD/ wG,fwm wyfrufrI? pGJvrf;rIawG r&Sdawmhyg/ tm;vHk;udk ÓPfjzifh,SOfNyD; vkyfEkdifoGm;ygNyD/ avmb? a'go? arm[rS vGwfajrmufoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/

txufyg tcsuftvufwdkYudk wifjy&jcif;onf Ak'¨bk&m;&Sifu y&rwfe,fudk bmhaMumifh ta&mufac:&w,fqdkwJh taMumif;&if;udk odapvdkjcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrm - AdkufxJrSm a&m*g&SdaomvlemudkAdkufcGJpdwfjcif;onf y&rwfe,fxJ 0ifwmESifh wl\/ a&m*gudk cGJpdwffz,fxkwfvdkufjcif;onf opöme,fESifhwl\/ AdkufjyefydwfNyD; aeaumif;a&m*gaysmufoGm;jcif;onf orkwde,fudk jyefa&mufoGm;wmESifhwl\/xdkYaMumifh 0dyóemxdkufaom opöme,fa&muf&ef yxrtqifhonforkwde,fjzpfaom ynwftqif hrS y&rwftqif ha&muf&efBudK;pm;&ayrnf/ ynwfeJY y&rwfudk ydkif;jcm;od&ef y&rwfw&m;wdkYudk pwifavhvm&rnf/

y&rwfw&m;onf av;rsdK;om&Sd\/ ½kyf? pdwf? apwoduf?edAÁmefwdkU jzpfonf/ ½kyf? pdwf? apwoduf wdk Yonf tajctaeajymif;wdkif; tNrJajymif;vJaeaomaMumifh ocFww&m;rsm;[kac:\/edAÁmefudkawmh tocFww&m;[kac:\/ rajymif;rvJ olYoabmolaqmifNyD; tNrJwnf&Sdaeaomw&m; jzpfonf/

,ck w&m;tvkyfudk pwiftm;xkwfrnfholonf orkwde,fjzpfaom yk*¾dKvf? owå0g? ynwfe,frS y&rwfe,fjzpfaom ½kyf? pdwf?apwoduf[laom ocFwy&rwfodk Y t&ifa&mufatmifBudK;pm;&ayrnf/ xdkYaMumifh y&rwfw&m;wdkYudk odxm;oifhayonf/

61

&kyfy&rwf &kyfy&rwf &kyfy&rwf &kyfy&rwf &kyfy&rwfazgufjyefjcif; vu©Pm &Sdaom w&m;onf &kyfrnf\/

&kyf(28)yg;&Sd\/r[mbkwf ("mwfMuD;)av;yg;

1/ yx0D"mwf (rmap?aysmhapwwfaomowåd)2/ tmayg"mwf (zGJUpnf;?,dkpD;apwwfaomowåd)3/ awaZm"mwf (ylap?at;apwwfaom owåd)4/ 0ga,m"mwf (axmufuef? vIyf&Sm;apwwfaomowåd)

yom'&kyf = tMunf½kyf(5)yg; -1/ pu©Kyó' (rsufpdtMunf)2/ aomwyó' (em;tMunf)3/ Cmeyó' (ESmacgif;tMunf)4/ Zd0Sgyó' (vQmtMunf)5/ um,ó' (udk,ftMunf)

a*gp&½kyf = tm½kH½kyf(7)rsdK; - 1/ ½lyg½kH 2/ o'´g½kH 3/ *E¨m½kH 4/ &om&kH 5/ azg|AÁm&kH (yx0D? awaZm? 0ga,m) bm0&kyf(2)yg; - 1/ £wd¬bm0&kyf 2/ yk&dobm0&kyf [',0w¬K&kyf (1)yg;? ZD0dw&kyf (1)yg;? tm[m&&kyf(1)yg;?

txufaz:Nyyg&kyf (18) yg;onf &kyftppfrsm; jzpfMu\/atmufaz:jyyg&kyf (10) yg;onf &kyftwkrsm; jzpfMu\/

1/ um,0dnwf (udk,ftrlt&m)2/ 0pD0dnwf (EIwftrlt&m)3/ tmumo"mwf½kyf (½kyfuvmyfrsm; wpfck ESifh wpfck

ydkif;jcm;xm;aom tMum;t&yf)

62

0dum&½kyf(3)yg; (udk,ftrlt&mtxl;) 0dum&½kyf(3)yg; (udk,ftrlt&mtxl;) 0dum&½kyf(3)yg; (udk,ftrlt&mtxl;) 0dum&½kyf(3)yg; (udk,ftrlt&mtxl;) 0dum&½kyf(3)yg; (udk,ftrlt&mtxl;)

4/ v[kwm (½kyfwdkU\ayghyg;rI)5/ rk'kwm (½kyfwdkU\El;nHhrI)6/ ur®nwm (½kyfwdkU\cHhnm;rI)

vu©Pm½kyf (4)ygvu©Pm½kyf (4)ygvu©Pm½kyf (4)ygvu©Pm½kyf (4)ygvu©Pm½kyf (4)yg;7/ Oyp, (jzpfqJ)8/ oEÅwd (wnfqJ)9/ Z&wm (&ifhqJ)10/ tedpöwm (ysufqJ)

]] emrfy&rwf }}]] emrfy&rwf }}]] emrfy&rwf }}]] emrfy&rwf }}]] emrfy&rwf }} (tm&kHodkUa&S;&InGwfjcif; vu©Pm&Sd\/)

pdwf - odwwfaomoabm vu©Pm&Sdonf/ 0dnmPfvdkUvnf; ac:\/

apwoduf - pdwfudk rSDwG,f pdwfudk jc,f? rSwfzG,fapwoduf(52)rsdK;&Sd\/ a0'emapwoduf? onmapwoduf wdkUrS

63

3/ tukodkvf apwoduf(14)g;1/ avmb 4/ a'go 10/ arm[2/ 'd|d 5/ £óm 11/ 0dpddudpäm3/ rme 6/ rpä&d, 12/ O'¨pö

7/ uuúKp 13/ t[d&du8/ xde 14/ taemwåyÜ9/ rd'¨

4/ taumif;apwoduf(25)yg; (aombPapwoduf)1/ tavmb 2/ ta'go(arwåm) 3/ tarm[(ynm)4/ o'¨g 5/ owåd 6/ [d&D 7/ MowåyÜ8/ *½kPm 9/ rk'dwm 10/ Oayu©m

11/ or®m0gpm 12/ or®m ur®EÅ 13/ or®tmZD014/ um,yó'¨d 15/ pdwåyó'd̈ (Nidrf;at;rI)16/ um,v[kwm 17/ pdwåv[kwm (ayghyg;rI)18/ um,rk'kwm 19/ pdwårk'kwm (El;nHhrI)20/ um,ur®nwm 21/ pdwåur®nwm (cHhnm;rI)22/ um,yg*knwm 23/ pdwåyg*knwm (uRrf;usifrI)24/ um,kZkuwm 25/ pdwåKZkuwm (ajzmifhrwfrI)

½kyfy&rwf? emrfy&rwf ESifh taMumif;tusdK;½kyfy&rwf? emrfy&rwf ESifh taMumif;tusdK;½kyfy&rwf? emrfy&rwf ESifh taMumif;tusdK;½kyfy&rwf? emrfy&rwf ESifh taMumif;tusdK;½kyfy&rwf? emrfy&rwf ESifh taMumif;tusdK;½kyfemrfy&rwfwdkYudk txufygtwdkif; pmvdkodxm;Muaomf

vnf; oifodonf onmod? qifjcifodomjzpfaeí orkwde,frSrxGufEdkifao;acs/ y&rwftqifhwGif trnf ynwfrsm;vGef&rnf/OmPfeJYomod&aom tm½kHobm0rsm;omjzpf awmh\/ Oyrm -opfom;cH kwpfckud k prf;MunfhvQif rmrIawGU&\/ rmrIonfyx0Dr[kwfyg/ rmonfhtjcif;t&monf vu©Pmjzpfí rmwJhowåd

64

(ac:) yx0D"gwfonf t&Sdw&m;jzpf\/ yx0D"gwftm;aumif;aomaMumif hrmjcif;vu©Pmjcif; jzpfay:aejcif;jzpfonf/ rmjcif;udkvufjzifhodEdkifaomfvnf; rmjcif;udkjzpfay:apaom yx0D"mwffudkawmhÓPfjzifhomodcGifh&ayonf/ xdk YoYd k ESvHk;roGif;Edkifygu rmonfhopfom;j'yf? 0w¬Kudkom ½kyfvdkY pGJaewwfonf/ Oyrm ylonfha&aEG;rSmvnf; ylaomowåd awaZmudk ½kyfvdkY rxif? ylonfh a&aEG;udkyJ ½kyfvdkYynwftay:aomifwifawmhonf/ xdkYtwl vIyfaom 0ga,mudk½kyfvdk Yrxif? vIyfonfhvufudkyJ ½kyfvdk Yxif\/ xdk YaMumifhy&rwf[lonf ÓPfjzifhom odcGifh&aom tm½kHoabmrQom jzpfavonf/

trsm;tm;jzifh orkwde,frS y&rwfe,fodkY ul;&mwGif t"dutcuftcJrSm *kPfeJYj'yfudk rydkif;jcm;wwfjcif;aMumifhjzpf\/ Oyrm-q&m0efjyygqdkvQif vlyJjy&\/ t*FsifeD,mjyygqdkvQif vlyJjy&\/vlonf j'yfjzpfí q&m0ef? t*FsifeD,monf *kPfjzpf\/ j'yfonft&Sdw&m;y&rwf jzpfíjyEdkif\/ *kPfonfr&Sdw&m; ynwfjzpfíoyfoyfjyr&yg/ emrnfwpfckudk ac:vdkufygu toHonf t&Sdw&m;y&rwfjzpfí emrnfonf ynwfjzpfawmhonf/ odkYaomf emrnfac:vdkufygu emrnfeJY yk*¾dKvfonfom t&Sdw&m;vdkY xifwwfMuygonf/ynwfrSm y&rwf&Sdaewmudk ÓPfjzifhrjrifEdkifMujcif;jzpfonf/ y&rwfudk ynwfuG,fae\/ ynwfeJY y&rwfudk ydkif;jcm; rod/ aemufOyrmwpfckrSm &THUudk vl½kyf? EGm;½kyf? acG;½kyfvkyf\ uav;wdkUonf xdkt½kyfudkawmh vdkcsif\/ &THUudkawmh rvdkcsifyg/ trSefrSm &THUy&rwfaysmufNyD;t½kyfynwfom jrifaomaMumif h vdkcsifjcif;jzpfonf/ avmbudavomjzpf&\/ ynwfESifh y&rwfudk wGJpyffodjrifvmaomtcgynwftzkH;udk ausmfvGefNyD; y&rwfe,fodkY ÓPfoufa&mufEdkifayrnf/

65

]]y&rwfw&m;wdkU\ obm0}}]]y&rwfw&m;wdkU\ obm0}}]]y&rwfw&m;wdkU\ obm0}}]]y&rwfw&m;wdkU\ obm0}}]]y&rwfw&m;wdkU\ obm0}}

1/ taMumif;w&m;wdkU nDñGwfaomtcg y&rwfw&m;wdkYonftopfopfjzpfay:\/

2/ jzpfwJhae&mrSmyif csufcsif;csKyfaysmuf\/3/ olUoabm olaqmif\/4/ olUtaMumif;w&m;ESihf olUtusdK;w&m;rQomjzpf\/5/ ig olwpfyg;? a,musfm;? rdef;r? yk*¾dKvf owå0g r&Sd? jyKvkyfol?

cHpm;olr&Sd/½kyfw&m;? emrfw&m;wdkUonf taMumif;w&m;wdkU ESifhnDnGwf?

jynfhpHkaom tcgjzpfay:Muí jzpfwJhae&mrSmyif csufcsif; csKyfaysmuf\/ y&rwfw&m;wdkUonf rjzpfay:cifuvnf; wpfae&mwGif tqifoifhjyifqifaeNyD; taMumif;w&m;wdkU jynfhpHkaomtcgrS xGufay:vmjcif;r[kwfovdk jzpfay:NyD;aomtcgüvnf; wpfae&modkU oGm;a&mufí ykef;cdkaejcif;vnf; r&Sdyg/ taMumif;w&m;onf tusdK;w&m;udk udk,f0efaqmifxm;jcif;r&Sdovdk tusdK;w&m;onfvnf; taMumif;w&m; udk,f0efrS arG;zGm;vmjcif;r[kwfyg/ taMumif;w&m;wdkU jynfhpHkvmaomtcg y&rwfw&m;wdkUonf olUoabmolaqmifNyD; tusdK;w&m;taejzifh topfjzpfay:vm\/ xdkUtwl jzpfay:vmaom y&rwfw&m;wdkUonf jzpfwJhae&mrSmyif ae&majymif;a&GUjcif;r½SdbJ olUoabmolaqmifNyD; csufcsif;csKyfaysmufoGm; jcif;jzpf\/

Oyrm a&udkcGuf wpfckwGif xnfhí rD;tylay;onf/ xdktcga&onfylvm\/ a&bmhaMumifhyloenf;? rD;tylrSa&odk Y tylul;ajymif;oGm;onf[k ,lqwwfMuonf- trSefrSm xdkodkUr[kwfyg/

66

rD;tyljzpfaom awaZm"gwfonf rD;rSmyif csKyfaysmuf\/ ae&majymif; jcif;r&Sdyg/ odkUaomf rD;[laom tajctae (Condition) aMumifha&wGif&S daom at;aomawaZm"gwfrsm;csKyfaysmufNyD; ylaomawaZm"gwfrsm; topfjzpfay:vmaomaMumifh yljcif;jzpfonf/y&rwfw&m;wdkUonf ul;ajymif;jcif;vHk;0r&Sdyg/ taMumif;w&m;wdk YjynfhpH kvmaomtcg olUoabmolaqmifNyD; topftopfjzpfay:ajymif;vJaeaom tewåobm0omjzpfMuonf/

rD;[laom taMumif;w&m;aMumifh a&yljcif;qdkaom tusdK;w&m;jzpfay:vm\/ odkUaomf taMumif;w&m;ESih f tusdK;w&m;qufEG,f&mwGif tajctaeay;rI (Condition) oabmt&om jzpfay:\/ wpfckrSwpfckodkYul;ajymif;ouJhodkU qufEG,frI (Connection)oabmr&Sdyg/ odyÜHynmwGif tylpD;ul;jcif; (Conduction) oabmudkvufcHxm;\/

aemuf OyrmwpfckrSm avwdkufvQifopf&GufvIyf\/ avwdkufjcif;onf taMumif;? opf&GufvIyfjcif;onf tusdK;jzpf\/ avwGifygaom 0ga,m"mwfonf avrSmyifcsKyfaysmuf\/ ae&majymif;a&TUjcif;r&Sdyg/ odkYaomf avwdkufjcif;[laom tajctaeay;rI (Condi-tion) aMumifh opf&Guf&SdwnfNidrf0ga,mcsKyfaysmufNyD; vIyf&Sm;a0ga,mtopfjzpfay:vmaomaMumihf opf&GufvIyfjcif;jzpfonf/ opf&Guf&Sd0ga,m"mwfonf olYoabmolaqmifNyD; vIyfjcif;jzpfonf/ avwGif&Sdaom 0ga,m"mwfonf opf&GufvIyfjcif;ESifh wdkuf½kdufqufEG,frI(Direct Connection) oabmrsdK;r&SdbJ tajctaeay;rI (Condition)oabmrsdK;om ywfoufqufEG,frI &Sdjcif;jzpfonf/

xdkYtwl oGm;csifwJh pdwfaMumifh oGm;wJh ½kyfjzpf\/ oGm;csifaompdwfonf taMumif;jzpfí oGm;onfh½kyfonf tusdK;jzpf\/

67

oGm;csifaom pdwf\ pGrf;tm;tajctaeay;rI (Condition) aMumifhoGm;onfh½kyfrsm; topftopfjzpfay:vmjcif;omjzpfonf/ xdkodk Yy&rwfw&m;wdkY\ obm0udk rodrjrifEkdifMuaomaMumifh igoGm;w,f[laom yk*¾dKvf? owå0gtjrifrsm;jzifh trSefrjrifEk difMujcif;jzpfawmhonf/

w&m;tm;xkwfoltcsdKUwdkYwGif ½kyfESifhywfoufí trIeftrTm;awGudkawGU&? jrif&w,fvdkY ajymqdkwwfMuonf/ 4if;wdkYonf j'yf?0w¬KwdkY\ tpdwftydkif;rQomjzpf\/ y&rwf[kwfao;acs/ ynwfomjzpf\/ trIefwpfckpD\ rmonfh aysmhonfhowåd? at;onfhylonfhowådponf wdkYomy&rwfwdkY\ obm0jzpf\/ ½kyf\ oabmudkÓPfjzifhomod&jcif;jzpfonf/ avmuwGif u?Hpdwf? Owk? tm[m&wdkU\taxmuf tyHhESifh jzpfay:aeaom yx0D? tmayg? awaZm? 0ga,m[kqdktyf aom ½kyfw&m;ESifh emrfw&m;wdkUonf avmuBuD;wpfckvHk;udk jyKjyifpD&ifaeMuonf/ Ak'¨bk&m;&Sif\ ÓPfawmfonfom avmuwpfck vHk;udktqHk;wkdif ukefpifatmif xkd;xGif;odjrifoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/

odyÜHynmonf ½kyfavmuudk wdk;wufatmifaqmif&Guf Edkif\/½kyfavmu wdk;wufav? avmb? a'go? arm[ydkrsm;av jzpfMu\/Ak'¨\ owd? ynmomoemonf &kyfemrfavmuudk xdk;xGif; odjrifNyD;4if;wd k Ytay:rS ork', (avmb)udk y,fatmif aqmif&GufEdkifjcif;jzpfonf/ Ak'̈onf ½kyfavmu\ wdk;wwfrIudk [efYwm;jcif; r&Sdyg/odkYaomf ½kyfavmutay: tpGef;a&muf rSDcdktm;udk;rIudk rZÑdr y#dy'gtjrifjzif h ½IjrifNyD; trS Dcsrf;omxuf trS Duif;aom udk,fyd kifcsrf;omudkom &apvdkjcif;jzpfonf/

68

ed,mrw&m; (5) rsdK;

]]NrJaom y&rw¬ obm0udk ed,mr[kac:\}} taMumif;tusdK;qdkaom tewåobm0udk em;vnfvG,ful&ef atmufaz:jyyg ed,mroabmw&m;wdkUudk odxm;oifhonf/ obm0ed,mrw&m; (5)rsdK;&Sd\/

1/ "r®ed,mr2/ ur®ed,mr3/ pdwåed,mr4/ ADZed,mr5/ Owked,mr

"r®ed,mr(u) taMumif;jynfhpHkvQif tusdK;onf "r®ed,mrt& jzpf&pNrJ/( c ) tusdK;onfvnf; taMumif;uif;í jzpf½kd;xHk;pHr&Sd/( * ) taMumif;uif;onf ESifh tusdK;onfcsKyfpNrJ/

taMumif;tusdK; qufEG,frI ESifh ywfoufí tw¬e, (4)enf;&Sd\/

(1) {uwåenf;{uwåenf;{uwåenf;{uwåenf;{uwåenf;

{uwåenf;onf taMumif;tusdK;wdkYonf yef;oDxm;ouJhodkYwpfckwnf; wpfqufwnf; oabmrsdK;jzpfaomfvnf; taMumif;uwpfck tusdK;uwpfck[k ydkif;jcm;odjrifoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ taMumif;w&m;aMumifh tusdK;w&m; onf jzpfay:vmaomfvnf; tusdK;w&m;onf taMumif;w&m;rS wdkuf½d kufjzpfay:vmjcif;r[kw?folYoabmolaqmifNyD; topfjzpfay:vmjcif;omjzpfonf/ odkUaomftaMumif;w&m;ESifh uif;NyD;rjzpf Edkifacs/ taMumif;w&m;[laomtajctaejynf hpH kvmaomtcg tusd K;w&m;onf olUoabm

69

olaqmifNyD; topfjzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYuJhodk Y taMumif;w&m;uwpfck tusd K;w&m;uwpfckvd k Y yd ki f; jcm;rodaomtcgtaMumif;tusdK;udk wpfqufwnf; wpfckwnf; tjzpfodawmhonf/Oyrm - rsufpdESif htqif;u taMumif;? jrifpdwfu tusdK;[krod? MunfhESif h jrifjcif;ud k wpfckwnf;taejzif hod\/ xkd Ytjyif'Db0utaMumif;? aemufb0u tusdK;[krodbJ? wpfqufwnf;wpfckwnf; taejzifh 'Db0vnf; igyJ? aemufb0vnf; igyJ[k,lvdkufjcif;jzpf\/ xdkt,ludk oów'd|dt,l[kac:\/ aMumif;usdK;qufrIwGif {uwåenf;udk em;vnfaomtcg xdkt,ljyKwf\/

(2) emewåenf;emewåenf;emewåenf;emewåenf;emewåenf;

taMumif;jynhfpHkvQif tusdK;onf jzpfp