주차 Listening Skills - CUFScontents.cufs.ac.kr/contents/eng/EM0321/pdf/EM0321_unit... ·...
Transcript of 주차 Listening Skills - CUFScontents.cufs.ac.kr/contents/eng/EM0321/pdf/EM0321_unit... ·...
2 주차 Listening Skills
들어가기
학습내용
Listening Strategies
Listening Skills
Listening Process
학습목표
What is the difference between
listening skills and listening strategies?
What kinds of listening skills do second
language learners need to develop?
What are listening processes?
To answer to the following questions:
2 주차 Listening Skills
학습하기 1. Listening Process
What are
listening processes?
1. Bottom-up Vs. Top-down Processes
Bottom-up
Top-down
1. Bottom-up Vs. Top-down Processes
Focuses on individual components of oral
discourse
Bottom-up processes
Comprehension is a process of decoding
message (phonemes words phrases
clauses sentences).
1. Bottom-up Vs. Top-down Processes
Richards(1990): bottom-up processes
①Scanning: “thebookwhichIlentyou”
②Segmenting: “the book which I lent you”
(6 words)
③Using phonological cues:
“lent you” [lenʧu] ④Using grammatical cues:
[the book which I] [lent you] (X)
[the book] [which I lent you] (O)
1. Listening Processes
Useful Internet Sites for facilitating
bottom-up processes
①Listen & Write
http://www.listen-and-
write.com/audio/showt/11218
1. Listening Processes
② Lyricstraining
http://lyricstraining.com/search?
genre=soundtrack&sort=hits
1. Bottom-up Vs. Top-down Processes
Focuses on the macro-features of
discourse such as speaker‟s purpose and
the discourse topic.
Top-down processes
Comprehension is a process of activating
the listener‟s background information and
schemata for a global understanding of
the message.
1. Listening Processes
E.g.
① Understanding the kind of „candle‟
“I forgot to buy candles at the
grocery store.”
Candles
birthday candles for friend‟s
birthday
Candles for power outrage
1. Listening Processes
E.g.
② Understanding “for here to go” in a
fast food restaurant.
1. Listening Processes
Useful Internet Sites for facilitating
top-down processes
① ESL-Lab
http://www.esl-lab.com/
1. Listening Processes
Useful Internet Sites for facilitating
top-down processes
② ELLLO
http://www.elllo.org/
2. Psycholinguistic Processes & Social Features: Levelt’ model (1993)
Psycholinguistic Processes (Bottom-up)
Social Features
(Top-down)
Levelt’ Model(1993) CONCEPTUALIZER
monitoring message
generation
communicative
intention
FORMULATOR
grammatical
encoding
surface
structure
phonological
encoding
Phonetic/articulatory plan
(internal speech)
message
ARTICULATOR
overt speech
discourse
processing
inferred
intention
PARSER
grammatical
decoding
lexical –prosodic
representation
phonological
decoding &
lexical selection
phonetic
representation
Parsed speech/
derived message
ACOUSTIC –
PHONETIC
PROCESSOR
speech
LEXICON
lemmas
lexsmec
2. Psycholinguistic Processes & Social Features: Levelt’ model (1993)
Acoustic phonetic processor: analyzing
the speech signal and processing a
representation of its sound not easy
because of the speed and clarity of what
is being said, the amount of background
noise, and the speaker‟s dialect
ACOUSTIC –
PHONETIC
PROCESSOR
speech
2. Psycholinguistic Processes & Social Features: Levelt’ model (1993)
Parser: separating
the stream of speech
into separate words
by using syntactic,
phonological, and
lexical knowledge
of the language
PARSER
grammatical
decoding
lexical –prosodic
representation
phonological
decoding &
lexical selection
phonetic
representation
Parsed speech/
derived message
2. Psycholinguistic Processes & Social Features: Levelt’ model (1993)
Conceptualizer: enabling the listener to
understand the speaker‟s intended
meaning, by activating and using the
listener‟s knowledge of the situation, both
of the world and of previous experience of
discourse
CONCEPTUALIZER
monitoring message
generation
communicative
intention
message
discourse
processing
inferred
intention
Parsed speech/
derived message
Levelt’ Model(1993) CONCEPTUALIZER
monitoring message
generation
communicative
intention
FORMULATOR
grammatical
encoding
surface
structure
phonological
encoding
Phonetic/articulatory plan
(internal speech)
message
ARTICULATOR
overt speech
discourse
processing
inferred
intention
PARSER
grammatical
decoding
lexical –prosodic
representation
phonological
decoding &
lexical selection
phonetic
representation
Parsed speech/
derived message
ACOUSTIC –
PHONETIC
PROCESSOR
speech
LEXICON
lemmas
lexsmec
2. Psycholinguistic Processes & Social Features: Levelt’ model (1993)
Psycholinguistic aspects(bottom-up):
more stressed in the acoustic-phonetic
and parsing stages
Social aspects(top-down): more
prominent in the conceptualizing stage
2. Psycholinguistic Processes & Social Features: Levelt’ model (1993)
Both bottom-up and top-down processes
happen in parallel at the same time.
Psycholinguistic Processes (Bottom-up)
Social Features
(Top-down)
2 주차 Listening Skills
학습하기 2. Listening Skills
What kinds of listening
skills do L2 learners
need to develop
Listening Skills
Perception
Matching sounds to language
Interpreting meaning
using knowledge of the world
Dealing with information
Interacting with the speaker
1. Listening Skills
These skills operate in conjunction with
each other rather than separately.
1. Listening Skills
Recognizing individual sounds
Perception
1. Listening Skills
Discriminating between sounds
Identifying reduced sounds in connected
speech
Identifying stressed syllables
Identifying changes in intonation
Identifying individual word boundaries
Matching sounds to language
items in an effort to move towards
understanding meaning
1. Listening Skills
Identifying words
Activating grammatical and semantic
information about the words
Identifying „key‟ words which give an idea
about the topic(proposition) of the
message
1. Listening Skills
Identifying discourse markers
Inferring the meaning of unknown words
Using knowledge of the topic to guess
what the speaker might be saying about it
(content schemata)
Interpreting meaning using
knowledge of the world
1. Listening Skills
Connecting groups of words to non-
linguistic features in the context, such as
expressions, gestures, and objects
Using knowledge about the patterns that
particular oral interactions typically take
(formal schemata)
1. Listening Skills
Understanding the overall idea of what
you hear (gist)
Dealing with information
1. Listening Skills
Understanding the main points
Understanding details
Inferring information which is not explicitly
stated, or which the listener has missed
Coping with variations among speakers,
e.g. in speed or accent
Interacting with the speaker
1. Listening Skills
Recognizing the speaker‟s intention
Identifying the speaker‟s mood/attitude
Predicting what the speaker will say next
If the speaker expects a reply, recognizing
turn-taking signals
1. Listening Skills
Formulating a response to what the
speaker has said
2 주차 Listening Skills
학습하기 3. Listening Strategies
What is the difference
between listening skills
and listening strategies
1. Listening Strategies
Listening strategies are efforts to
overcome problems and
uncertainties in understanding a
spoken message
1. Listening Strategies
Guessing the meaning of words the
listener is uncertain about, or has missed,
from clues in the linguistic or non-
linguistic context
Inferring
Getting the speaker to repeat something
which the listener has missed
Seeking clarification
1. Listening Strategies
Rehearsing in your mind what speakers
are likely to be going to say, in order to
help you to understand better when they
actually start speaking
Predicting
1. Listening Strategies
Concentrating and persevering despite
problems with understanding
Focusing
Trying to get the main idea and not
worrying about understanding every word
2 주차 Listening Skills
정리하기
1. Listening Processes
01 Bottom-up and Top-down Processes
Bottom-up processes: focuses on
individual components of oral
discourse
Top-down processes: focuses on the
macro-features of discourse
1. Listening Processes
02 Psycholinguistic Processes &
Social Features
Psycholinguistic aspect: acoustic-
phonetic and parsing stages
Social aspect: conceptualizing stage
→ Both are processed in parallel.
2. Listening Skills
01 Perception
Recognizing and identifying sounds,
syllables and intonation
02 Matching sounds into language items
Identifying words, activating
grammatical and semantic
information, identifying key words
and discourse markers, and inferring
the meaning of unknown words
2. Listening Skills
03 Interpreting meaning using
knowledge of the world
using content schemata, and formal
schemata
04 Dealing with information
understanding the overall idea, the
main idea and details, and inferring
information
2. Listening Skills
05 Interacting with the speaker
copying with variations, identifying
the speaker‟s attitude, predicting
what will be said next, recognizing
turn-taking signals, and formulating a
response
3. Listening Strategies
01 Inferring
guessing the meaning of words
02 Seeking clarification
asking for repetition
3. Listening Strategies
03 Predicting
rehearsing in mind
04 Focusing
concentrating and persevering, and
trying to get the main idea not every
word