מרכז ידע להיערכות לשינויי אקלים בישראל ICCIC- Israel Climate Change...
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Transcript of מרכז ידע להיערכות לשינויי אקלים בישראל ICCIC- Israel Climate Change...
Adaptation to Climate Change in the Water Resource Sector in a Semi-Arid Region
Prof. Emer. Mordechai Shechter
Dean, School of Sustainability, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) HerzliyaSenior Research Fellow, NRERC, University of HAIFA
Head, The Israeli Climate Change Information Center (ICCIC)
Sustainability Summit WorkshopMarch 2013
מרכז ידע להיערכות לשינויי אקלים בישראלICCIC- Israel Climate Change Information Center
Background ICCIC Climate Change in Israel Water Resources Economics Aspects The impact of climate change on vegetative
agriculture in Israel – VALUE Model
Agenda
Water is an economic
good
4
Delinking Scarcity
(Climate, Aridity) from Supply
National Overview 1996 - Israel is a party to the UNFCCC.
2004 - Israel is a party to the Kyoto Protocol. Israel is committed to contribute to the global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat harmful impacts of climate change. However, Israel was not included in the list of the obligated countries.
2009 – U.N. Climate Change Conference (COP15) in Copenhagen. Mr. Peres, Israel's President, declared Israel Setting a target for 20% reduction in GHG emissions by 2020 compared to a business as usual scenario. Israel's government decided to prepare a climate change plan for
Israel and establish a Ministerial Committee on Environmental Protection and Climate Change. The Israel Ministry of Environmental Protection is in charge of coordinating these activities and fulfilling Israel's commitments in the fields of mitigation and adaptation.
Israel’s Environmental Policy
Five main landmarks in Israel's environmental policy during the past decade: Setting a target for assimilation of renewable
energy in Israel. Paving the path towards sustainable development
policy. Setting responsibilities and obligations for reduction
of air pollution. Preparing a climate change plan for Israel. Setting a target for 20% reduction in GHG
emissions by 2020 compared to a business as usual scenario.
Israeli Climate Change Information Center (ICCIC)
A consortium funded by Israel’s Ministry of Environmental Protection in March 2011, based at University of Haifa, in conjunction with scientists from Tel Aviv University, Technion (IIT), and Neaman Institute for Advanced Policy Research.
Serve as the Focal Point for all of the Country's state-of-the-art Knowhow in CC potential impacts and adaptation capacity.
Investigate the potential for exporting experience and knowhow to the developing world.
ICCIC focused on the following sectors and cross-cutting issues: Regional and local climate scenarios Water resources Public health Biodiversity Urban planning and “green” buildings Geo-strategic aspects Economics
The 7 teams of scientists were accompanied by steering committees composed of experts from the academia, government ministries, industry and NGOs.
The 7 teams acted as a multi-disciplinary think tank.
Israeli Climate Change Information Center (ICCIC)
ICCIC report
Reflects the existing knowledge regarding the implications of climate change on Israel.
Based on global and local scientific research and professional publications.
Includes the identification of the existing research gaps and provides detailed recommendations about prioritized research requirements (short-term and long-term).
Prepared by professional experts who each had a special steering committee. The committees included experts from the academia, government ministries
and industry. The goal of these steering committees was to act as “sectoral” think tanks.
ICCIC Final Report
Focuses on two main issues: The proposed national adaptation policy in the relevant areas Detailed international marketing of the ICCIC activities.
Work Process Definition of various measures to cope with climate change Determine of the economic resources that should be invested Definition of "No Regret“ Policies - even if the effects of climate
change turn out to be less severe.
Climate Change in Israel
Israel Climate characteristics: The northern part : Mediterranean climate. The southern part: an arid climate. In between: a narrow belt having a semi-arid climate.
Climate change in Israel: An average warming of 0.4 to 0.8 degrees Celsius per decade for the
coming century, varying according to the area and the season. Rainfall total is expected to decrease in most areas, but the trend is not
statistically significant. The frequency of extreme weather events, drought years, floods and heat
waves are expected to increase. The main effect of the anticipated changes is the increased uncertainty
and diversion from 'business as usual' (BAU) weather.
18002000
3400
3000
2600
2200
1600
18001600
20002200
340030002600
1600
1800Annual Average
Potential Evaporation, mm
Annual AveragePotential
Evaporation, mm
+800
700
50
100
200
400300
500
600
1800
Ecosystem HydrologyEcosystem Hydrology
12
Source G. Schiller
Average Annual Rainfall (mm)
Average Annual Rainfall (mm)
Precipitation/Potential EvaporationP/PET ranges from 0.5 to 0.015
Rainfall Change Predictions: A1B scenario (IPCC)*
Gol
an H
eigh
ts
Hul
a B
asin
Gal
ilee
Hei
ghts
Maa
le G
alile
e
Wes
tern
Gal
ilee
Kin
nero
t Val
ley
Bet
She
'an
Bas
in
Gilb
oa a
nd H
arod
Val
ley
Jord
an v
alle
y
Low
er G
alile
e
Yiz
re'e
l Bas
in
Naz
aret
h M
ount
ains
Had
era
Raa
nana
Reh
ovot
Jeru
sale
m M
ount
ains
Jude
a an
d S
amar
ia
Lakh
ish
Bes
or
Neg
ev
Ara
va
Ave
rage
-25.00%
-20.00%
-15.00%
-10.00%
-5.00%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00% 2001-2020 in relation to 1981-20002021-2040 in relation to 1981-20002041-2060 in relation to 1981-2000
*Krichak, S.O., Alpert, P. and Kunin, P. Numerical simulation of seasonal distribution of precipitation over the eastern Mediterranean with a RCM, Clim. Dyn. (2010) 34:47–59.
VALUE Study Results
2001-2020 2021-2040 2041-2060-20%
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
5% Land
Rain changes only
Water limitations
Higher freshwater price
Period
% c
hang
e
2001-2020 2021-2040 2041-2060-25%
-20%
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
5% Total Water
Period
% c
hang
e
2001-2020 2021-2040 2041-2060-16%-14%-12%-10%
-8%-6%-4%-2%0%2%4% Yield Value
Period
% c
hang
e
2001-2020 2021-2040 2041-2060-20%
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10% Profits
Period
% c
hang
e
Implications of Climate Change on the Water Sector
A significant reduction of water in Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee).
The reduction in rainfall in the basin shows a wide variation (Ranging from 300% in the semi arid areas of the basin to 50% in the wetter areas).
In the last few decades, a reduction in rainfall has been documented / measured in the areas that feed the Jordan River,
A significant reduction in precipitation was also found in the southern region of Israel.
Changes in the nature of rainfall and the growth of extreme weather events, is likely to increase flooding and surface run-off, and also reduce the replenishment of water storage.
Israel’s national water carrier:
Completed in 1964, it conveys up to ~350 Mm3
water per year from the Kinneret (Sea of Galilee).
At first 80% for agriculture and 20% for drinking; Currently 80% for drinking and 20% for Agriculture
Led to land use changes, since much land in the center and south became irrigated.
Documented decreases in surface albedo for extensive areas in the center and south may have contributed to surface warming.
The water carrier became the backbone of the national water supply system
Israel has overcome aridity in Agric. by developing water resources
Sea Water Desalination
Source: Tenne 2011
Water Resources - ICCIC’s Policy recommendations
Define strategies, measures and methods which are ranked from the most desirable ("No Regret") to the least desirable ("High Regret").
For each strategy the discussion is based on 3 sources: Research and policy documents from Israel and the World. Adaptation policies (15 adaptation plans are discussed in detail). Experts and stakeholders views (steering committees discussions, symposia,
stakeholders’ survey).
31 main strategies of coping with the climate changes effect on the water sector of Israel
mostly "no regret" strategies and few are "low regret" strategies. The most widely used strategy in Israel’s desalination is classified as a "high
regret" strategy. It is recommended that after 2013, when 600 million cubic meters of desalination-
water will be available for the use of the domestic sector, further desalination must be carefully examined and compared to other strategies that produce cheaper water resources with less environmental impacts.
Research, information collection, education, interpretation, and raising awareness of the public; Precipitation variance issues (spread, quantity and extreme
events) and their effect on recharge Effects of rising temperature on evaporation and on the quality
of water, frequency and duration of draughts, runoff monitoring, water and food safety and in the urban array savings and depreciation
Extensive use of water saving devices, the management of water losses from the piping systems and the reduction of water waste
Wastewater treatment Prevention of water pollution, the repair of contaminated
wells and the preservation of the quality of water-resources
Water friendly planning and the protection of infrastructures
Coping with Climate Change – "No Regret" recommendations
Prioritized Recommendation
Investment in water infrastructure: prevention of leakage, encouraging saving, water-sensitive planning.
Reference Water sector Working group"No Regret" Explanation
Implementation is required in any case - to save water
Benefits Water resources saving
Policy • Allocation of the budget necessary to prevent leakage (Alternatively, perform using billing water corporations)
• Education and advocacy to save• Appropriate Planning
Restrictions • Budget• Awareness• Multiple design and performance factors
Government Offices • Energy and Water• Interior• Construction and Housing• Environmental Protection
Thank you