ˇ ˆ ˙˝˛˚ - iacld.ir · %&L67 ˘ %.K3 I J "6G& 1 %˙+ H ˙FG I"= N H %".L˙ ˜#O˙ N3 hajm M˛...

12
) ( !" # $%& &() *+,() - ." / !0 &$ -,! 12 $() -) $ 3& +4 $!5 ! ,6) 7)8% 9:!% ’1:!); &:<& := : =+ $ > ? :@A B: 186) C+D +4 E) 1!); FGH $ ’5 -G)I J -A$3 5 K L< E) M& 3& N:) : ! -,!O -P!5 9&$@5) &+,H -:) Q<& &! -)!O& -6R# ) S4 @ $: . U:<& : -V:6 -2@W:) -,@0 X+< 9&YH& $ 3& +4 $!5 ! 7)8% ’+=+) 9&$,) :#& 3& + X& Z = -,@& @! M@& 7< 3& 5 $!@ -% 7<& & & . -$:# ,:<& U:<& 9!% P,H &+,H +4 M0A ’+=+) P) -) - B [G) CI& X < + 7<& & *A 7)8% G= 3& . =+ -0D 3& CY& X+GH .D B& Z -I1\ X+GH 705!\ * < 7)8% &!5!\ -) BY ’+4 ; $,) @ K F -) +O&3 -)++ $A :@ $,] -,< &+5\ =+ &1& &+,H 3+,@ -)^<& @+5 Z -# E)&+= 3& -V6 7)8% 7,< _Q% 7(= ! X!O& ) & ’‘ B&!\ & @ -:) : @ . a:Y) : :=+ : & X8& & 7)8% - O< b 7!06) -,2) && +5 +=+) @&$<& : :8,) : $:& && +4 &$@& .GD& A$,,&$@& 3& &$6 7#+) 7!06) 5! -,; Mc 7<& 3! ’7<& $A aI 7< & -@A; 7)8% !A .D !O+) &$& 3& B! ’+4 CY& FGH :\ B! * 3& -I BO] -) - -,< @ ,; 1!& $ . : ’-)++2G0 ’M5I<+ ’-) +O&3 7)8% : / / : / / : PhD !"#$ %&& %’( )*& %+, -).)/ 01 .2*& #.3 45’’67’*’6& : 8 9:: ’6; <=0 %&& %’( )*& %+, -).)/ 01 46.3 >?@ ’A; 47 %&& %’( )*& %+, -).)/ 01 ,& * 9 8 %&& %’( )*& %+, -).)/ 01 4+,& 4&1 %&& %’( )*& %+, -).)/ 01 .BC*& %3+ +’D "=& E#=1

Transcript of ˇ ˆ ˙˝˛˚ - iacld.ir · %&L67 ˘ %.K3 I J "6G& 1 %˙+ H ˙FG I"= N H %".L˙ ˜#O˙ N3 hajm M˛...

���

��������� ��� ��� ��)�������( ����� �������

��������� � �

�� ���!"�� ��# $�%& �'�&�() *+,() �� � '-��� .��" �� � /'��!��0� &$�� �� ��-,!�� �1��2� �$() '�

����� -) �$� 3& �+4 �$!5 ���!� ��,6) �� 7)�8% 9�:!% '1:!); �&�:<& ��:���= �:� �=+� �� � $�� >?�:@�A � B:��

�186) C+D �� �+4 E��) 1!); FGH � �$�� '�5� -G)�I� J����'-A$�3 ����5� K�� L�< E��) M�& 3& N�:) �'�:�

����!� -,!O�� -P!�5� 9&$@�5) �&+,H -:) ���Q�<& �&���!� -)�!�O& �� -6R# ��)�� � S�4 ��@ $: .U�:<& �:�

-V:6� -2@W:) � -�,@�0 X+<� � 9&��Y�H& �� �$� 3& �+4 �$!5 ���!� �� 7)�8% '�+=+) 9&$,� ) :#& 3& +X&

�Z�� �����= -,���@& ��@��!� �� � M���@& 7<� 3& �5� �$!��@� �� -�% 7<& ��&� �& .-��$:# ��,:<& U�:<& ��

9�!% ��P,H �&+,H �� �+4 M�0�A '�+=+) �P) �� -��)�� -�� � B�� �[G��) C�I& �� X�� � ���<�� ���+�

7<& ��&� *�� A 7)�8% �G�= 3& .� �=+� �� -0�D 3& C�Y��& X+GH � .D B�&� �Z�� �� -I1\ X+GH 70�5!\ �

*�� ���< �� � 7)�8% ��&�!�5!\ � -��)�� BY� '�+4 ��; $,��) �@�K�� F -��)�� +O&3 � -)+�+� $���A ��'�:@

$,] -�,< ��&+�5\ �� �=+� �� '��&1�& �&+,H �� 3+,@ -)^<& ��@�+5 �Z�� �� -#� E)&+= 3& -V6� �� 7)�8%

�� 7,< _Q% 7(= ����!� X�!�O& ��)�� � �&�� '`�� B�&�!\ �&�� �@ -:) ��: �� �@ ��� .a:��Y) �� �:� �:=+� �:�

��&� X�8�& &� 7)�8% � -�� �O�< b� 7!0�6) �� -,2) �&��& �+5 �� �+=+) ��@��&$���<& �:� �:8,) �: $:�&

�&��& �� �+4 �&$@& .GD�&� ��A$,, &$@& 3& ��&$6� 7#+) 7!0�6) ��5!� -��,; M�c �� 7<& 3�!� '7<& �$���A

aI �� 7<� �� ��&� -@�A; � 7)�8% ������� � ��!A .D ��!O+�) � �&�� �$�& �3& B!� '�+4 C�Y��& FGH :\ B!

*�� 3& -I� �� BO�] -��)�� -����� � -�,< ��@ �,; 1!��&$.

������� ��:'-)+�+2G0 'M5I<+�� '-��)�� +O&37)�8%

������ ���� :��/��/������� ����:��/�/��

������ ���� �:PhD� �� !�"#$ � %&��& %'( ��) *& %��+�, -�).)/ 01�� ��.2*&� � �#.��3 45'�'�67'*'6�& :����8�9::� ����'6; <=0��%&��& %'( ��) *& %��+�, -�).)/ 01�� �4��6.3 >?@ � �'A; 4�7%&��& %'( ��) *& %��+�, -�).)/ 01�� ����� ,& � �* 98%&��& %'( ��) *& %��+�, -�).)/ 01�� � 4+�,��&� 4&� 1� �%&��& %'( ��) *& %��+�, -�).)/ 01�� � ��.BC*& %�3+ �+'�D "=�& E�#=��1 �

���FG%��+ ��H �� � 1� I�J "6G& %�.K�3%&��L67 �

���

�M� +& ���FG N6B1hajm I"= N ��H %".L� �#O� N3

�,& ��M� mihjam &��3 N�1 �*'�( !���; �.�$' 4

%'( ��� P,' �*Q <�61 N3 �.HR�� %D +& %'�( N� ��H

�� �� ��1 N3 R�'= ��� .�M� �T* +& ��,�#= ����FG I5&� R

�2�� +& %'�( %".2�1 4&�3 %&"#62*&� +& 4�&"O P,'

<61 N3 %��H Q P�,' ��3 ��F�& +& U� R%".L� R���*

�,& N �� ��1 N3)�(.I��&� �� �.X6B1 Y���O6�& ��� ����FG

!Z[& 4��6.3 %���� �� %"3 +& %'( %".21 %��.3 \6; N3

�� �'= %D �� N�1 +& 4�.C*'�( \���= ��'�6; ����FG

%���=)��'�'���D ("���� ���)Venesection ��'�'XB� R(

�� "�=�3 .�O�]'� ����FG 0�.* +& %'�( %".2�1 %���.3

^� '���&+ ���� � _'��[�� `1����3 <��61 N��3 <��a'1 4���7

���,&)�.(4�.C*'��( !����; +& )blood letting ( %���3+ ��

����FG %&'�#; �3 �3�; � �,���)hijama ( I"�= N (�#�=

�,&)�.(

%��*& 4��7�&03& R��FG �?�; ��(&�& �� �C#, '* 4�7

%&'�#; N�3 %&���6.3 N�6F6b %���1 c&�', 4&�3 &� N*02D

%�d.= %��1 �7� 4&�3 �=��R�� ��1 N3"*��3 .%D �T* +& �7

e�& fd#� g'* ��E��,& ���& �'�XJ ��'�� � hL/ ��� %��

%D -�.]�� �'�3 I�X �=& ��7 .��3 i��� j�� N�1 �'�3 e��&

N� ��H ��3 �� &� �&���& N6F6b �#6��7& ��� e��& ��3 N�1

�� "*&' �'= I".21 %��.3 .%DN�1 "�*�'3 I"�.); e�& �3 �7

I&� kBK& N�6F6b %�'�6* c&�'�, N3�2� 4�7R%�d.�= N�3

�� I+�b& "#1 �&�� �, +& "7� �'�3 e��& �3 i�� �� e�& +& R

%"�3 Nd)* �7 +& &� e6��7& j�� %"= �&+D 0.* ���FG N1

�� \.l� "#1 .`*&� 0.�D�&�,& �� (�, �� ���FG %� ,&�

�X7��� � ������b m'�,� +& � ��,& I"= e.F; �L=0�

�,& N ��H N2��)9(.

n&��)3 %��+ +& \XJ )9:��� ����Z.�� +& \�XJ (N�67 R

4��6.3 �7�oJ&� �I�'3 %'H�*'H -&�7�T�3 4��6.3 <� "*& .

�.O�]� >.@2� N�3 �F#� n&�)3 �#.��3 f.J� -&"7�2�

4��6.3 %D �?.@2 h�Z; �3 p�( ���7 "�= ��7 .e��& ��

nZ(& m'lA� N1 �'3 %��+��la ����� NO,' N*�H .���la

%"3 �,�,& o��� \��= :"�*�'3 &�'�, � h�MB3 R&�A$ R%'( .

��Z, &� �3&� g�X[& e�& \$& %+&' N3 N��"# �*&� .e��&

�� %�d.��= j�� I"��.); `7���1 N��3 ���F#� �#.����3 m'��lA�

4��6.3 "= �7 .�� �'? &� %"�3 -�.G 4��.* %'( N1 "=

�� \6G �,& j�� I�C��b � "#1 .e.#a h7 �6�b �O]

-���.G o����� e���& >��)* N��3 k��� #� &� ���*&�� %'��#b �

�� "# �*&� .%��'FC#b +& N1 �*'( I"�= N 2�1 ��,� N�3

�� R"�D %D �;�F�= � -�"�J N�1 e�& ".�& N3 ���� N�3 ��7

"= "7&'( \) #� I"*�.HR�� I".='* "=)�R9(.

4�?� P,' ���FG �&0�7 "#a R\.* ��� Y&�[& 4�7

� %��*'� N3 �#, e�& � N �� ��1 N3 q.�� �Z.� +& \XJ ��,

�'��b� %D "7���= N��1 ���,& N�� ��� �� ���H m�� +& ���L�

�6�"J e����#,& �'b'� ��� %D �� N�1 "�=�3 +& ����FG

���� ��� m�F*& N.*�")� �� Rq.�� �Z.� +& \XJ ��, I"�=

I���1 N�#(� %� �,�3 %��*'� N�3 N�.*�")� +& �7"�O3 � �,&

�,&)\L=�)(9(.

aI�:-I1\ )U�����& (���!� 7)�8% C�% ��

)��e �� ��e�^!) 3& a2# ()�(

�#.a �B3�3 � �7 �� &� hB; e�& 0.* �7 "# (�#�= .����?�

��� %�2�* h�"�J +& I"�*��+�3 I"= �1�LG %D N�1 "�7� ��7

4����6.3 +& �r��O3 %������ 4&���3 &� �����FG ����1 N��3 ���7

�� "*��3)�(.

%� ,&� e.��& ��, ��"G �� e.a +& �X[ 4�79�� \�XJ

q.�]' &� 4�.C*'�( %�"�3 ��� ��3 �*+'�, k[ R�Z.� +&

&�I�"*& �e (��, �&+D 4&��3 %+'�, +& I��A �,& �3 ���FG

�#.a -Q�)� �� s.X( j&��& %�J �� �790�.* �Z.� +& \XJ

�,& I"�D .%��1 `1��3 )Cupping(+& I��A �,& � ���FG R

��3�K ��6�= � #�, k[ +& ���L�*�, -Q�)� �� �7'�&+

�,& I"= ��&0H "#7.N �='* ��,� %�2�* �6�"�J 4��7

���7��"1�[&�t�& N��'Ingyo %�J �� ����FG e�&5 ��

���I:RI��6=�R%� �3� ��

���

�,& I��1)�(.

4�.C*'( )���''XB (+& `.3����J ��, "���� ��&�

?� uvQ�6 G&�4�7�.��& ��N3 &� 4�.C*'( N1 "*�'3 ����� e

w. ��� %�+(Scarification) I�&� m��F*& "�*& .B�X'�� ��'�

n&�)3 %��+)����Z.� +& \XJ (x�& N3�'( ,�."RI'J��a+&

NB.,� %&'#; N34���6.3 e (��, x��( 4&�3 4& ��3 �G�Y

>��(�* -�O��� "= I��A ,& ��,& I.�����,9��+& \�XJ

q.�� �Z.�R+&`1���3 ��3��1 �3 �#X� �&"# �� -����7

4��6.3 %��3 e.3 +& 4&�3 ��&� �'b� �7 .Celsus )���\�XJ

�Z.� +&(0�.* G m��F*& %&�&"���[ +& w�. ��3 ����F � ��*+

�'3 �O]'� i&��& `7�1 4&�3 %��1 `1��3)�(.

N ='* kBK& �� ���FG s/X� %��J �� E'#.���b 4�7

�� h2a N3 m�� ��'( .�l= "�' � � %�*'� e1�, E'#.��b

�'�3 N.1� %'��H�� .� k�[ h�B;&�?�� 4���"*���L�D ��

�A�D �� N1 ���7�'���ZH <=0� %&'#; N3 � �'3 N ('�D �

�� ��X* %'��H�� ��y �2H�3 N.1� %'��H�� N3 "*��1 .�&

� 45'�'���� h ���., <��� ���b %D �� � ����� m�� N��3

%�.#3 45'�'�0.� 4&��3 &� �L=0� hB; N1 ��1 4�&�H�9��

�/ "O3 ��, �&� �&�J g�O2�& .�3 E'#.��b ���la ��O.X[

��=&� "�.1z o��� �� :&�'�, � &�A�$ Rh�MB3 R%'�( .e��&

O.X[���� #1 �� "�#*�63 ����O �� �C�"�L� ��3 � ���3 �7

�'= \$�G � �Z, .��� ���O N��T* ��T* +& -��.G -��O

� ��=&"* ����A %&"#a %� ,�"#7 � e.a k[ �� &' /�

%�,D N X�& %"�3 \�1 ����O {�AG �'T#� N3 N1 �O��� e��

�'3 �=&��3 \3�JR�'3 %'( .��3 Rm�� � %��*'� %"�6 �&�+

%"6 %��J�d,� ���, N�1 "�= ��&� I"�.��* I�.�, 4��7

�� �'=)�(.

�,& I�'3 0.* _&�;& � #, k[ +& �|0b ���FG .e��&

��1 ��� m�F*& �d,� %��J �� _�; %�L=0� P,' N� ��H

������& � N�*�.����( N3 �;�, N3 U*��*� %&��� �[ ��

�,& N ��� �� �H.��'�� �� &� �'�( p�( e.*&'J _&�;&

H %'( %&0.� N =&� 4�.C*'( m�F*& %��+ � I"= N �� � "�*&

��� I��A ,& �*���� �.K �=�� %&'#; N3 ��� e�& +& � G

"*��1 3NN1 4�'[Zenobia +& �L��7 N�LB� Y���O� 4�

��,' _&���;&����& P���� ��� e�_&���;& I�=�� \�� J N��3 &�

"*�,�)�(.

F*& 0.* �.*� n�)* �C�� �� ���FG �� m���H��� NB.XJ R

Baganda�*�6,� %�.�'3 R&"*�H�& �� ����6= 4�.�&� ,& +&

�&��� I��A ,& ��� `7�1 �lb ��� e1"*��.��FijiR+&

4�7�. �� I��A ,& 4�.C*'( �lb 'X��3 "=.4��L���D ��

%'�( �� �b���( �?�#; �'b� NF. * &� �C �( R�3'#b

�� *&� �"��3 N1 "#(�'= x�� .�.*'H��� ��) *&5�D _'#b e.

�B.= �(&� %��=�'( �&���& R�C ��( E���G& }/� N3

�� ���FG 1X( j&��& � "*�� "##1 ��� �'( +& &� s. .'�&+

R�*����� `1���3 N�.X# �P��,' �7�"�#7 ��� m��F*& "��=.

%�J �[ �� ���FG I�� �H -�'$ N3 �7 ��1 N3 �.*� �� 4&

�,& N �� .~'�B� %&��� �� %� ��BC*& �� �A�&'�d�&R� 2�.3

O�'$N��7 �*��L� e.#1��, N�1 "# �=&� 4�.C*'�( 4&��3

%��+ �� NO�'$ �� ���FG ��, +& �$�( 4�7 "*"=)�(.

%�J P,&�& �� ���� �T* N3 ��� %'( e ��H N1 ",�

�� _��G N3 k %���� 4&�3 4��&"*� ,& D�I"RN1 "#a �7

k %���� 4&�3 ��� e�& . "�#*�� �*'�A; 4��7'A��� "�.|

4��3��1 E'A. =&"* �,& N)�(.<� %"=�� � 4�.C*'(

���� N���&�& e��C� �����O� uv���X��) N��1 ��������U��*�& )���

�B.� � .�(�� %&0.� e�& � �,& �� ��*&'��U�*�& )���

�B.� � .�("3�� N�&�& . 4�.C*'( e.��&�*��+ ���1 �����6.3 N

���3 ��G +&)Faint(�=&� N�&�& )\L=�()�(.

aI:��E�= f��g 3& -�� 7)�8% �� �+4 ���;

)���e����e()�e(

3%&��6.������3 N*&+�� �� <�%'�( %�.� �� +�� I�&�

��7�H � �'3 m+Q���[ �� U*�& �+�� ����9U�*�&

��90�.* � "�#7"3 %'( +�� �� G -"�� �� :R+�� ���

�� N ��H %'( U*�& "=.�'�3 h�l� I"= ��F�& ��3 0��, .

�3�^� N3 �l #� o.,� 4�7 �'L#�, s�;�3 ^�0�3 4�7

���FG%��+ ��H �� � 1� I�J "6G& %�.K�3%&��L67 �

���

%'��( o.��,� h��FG %�&� ���,� +& \��.�� N��3 E���+

�� "=)�(.

E'#.��b)�������"O3 �Z.�+& (3 �,&� 4��) ;& 0.*�N

w. �=&� %��1 `1��3 � �*+ .%&'�#; N�3 E'#.���b ��L�&

_�; N3 ��Z,& k[ +& �2@3 &"� 3& �� N�1 �'3 N ��� I&� �7

��= ��O.X[ ��'� �� 4� "��); \"?�� � N�*�H��la 4��7

(�3 %'��'����2.� � "= ��'L= 0.* %D NA�B� ���" N3

��1)�R�(.

�*'�( �� %���� ])Plethora ( ��B� uvQ��6 G& �6 ���,[��

� �;��= e.*&'�J N�;'6F� "#*�67 %� ,�3 %&��� 45'�'��

�; %���'l� �� �B3�3 )Talmud (R��6l� ��.��3 `�)* N �=&�

�,& .�'l� e.�D ��R����FG � "#62*&� %&'#; N3 %�L=0�

�� N (�#= "#��#7 %&'#; N3 %�H"##1 "*"�= .N�67 �� N� X�&

N ='* %���'l� 4�7R���.* ".�� ��'� ���FG R\�.F*& ��

0.*�,& I"= o#� uvZ��1 �,'� %"��3 )��(.

aI/:��# �4&�& '7)�8% C�% �� ��%&�= ��)�(

�*���� "?� m�F*& +& U� %'yB��* R4&��3 �2*&� &� k[

�� \ J ��*&�R�� ��& e�& %&�&0�7 &���+ "=�3 q./$ "*&'

40��*'( \.�� N3 �A* N �� e.3 +& "*& .�����,�9������ R

Innocent VIII N�3 %��*D N1 %&'b N, %'( ������ +& U�

"# �� e.3 +& 40��*'( \.��R��1 -'� 0.* �'( .m�� 0���a

)�:��8�:�� (���, �� 40�M� N L, \.�� N3 %� �BC*& ��

�:�� "= ���FG .�9"= ������ �& +& %'( U*�& ���3

"= � l3 4� hBL N1 4�'b�R� ��1 -'� ��+ ��.�3 ���

4� %�L��=0�0��.* "*"��= 4�&'�� � )\L��=�(.-�&+'���

^�03 %&".).,'�)����(\�.�� N�3 � N�.B1 ����,��* ��3 0.*

�G ~'= ���1 -'� ���FG +& U� ���+ 40��*'( +& \$ .

\.�� N3 0.* e C#=&� x�'b �6��'t.7 4�.C*'�( +& ��=�*

��:� �B.� �� � .�i�; �9-'� �;�, �'6* .x�'b ���

��, �� m��la���� %&0.� N3 4�.C*'( +& U� ���U*�&

� "*�� I"*+����1 �H"*+ "O3 ��, .%���+ �� 4�.C*'�(

N67 ��, �� ��3� 4��.H ����� ��� +& ��L� �B�$& 4��7

I&�67 %'.,&�".7� +& �=�* �.� � ^�� ���D ��� �'3 %����

��.* E� ,� �� 4�.C*'( �3)�(.� �#.2*�l= �H"*+ ��&

��, �� %';�[ � �3� NOb������ ����FG N1 "= s;�3 R

"��t* 4���)��(.

\�&�& �� ��� q.��� �Z.� +& \XJ R��'�� �� ���7��r�

hFG �&")� 4�.C*'�( �X*��b i�&'; � I"= N ��H %'(

"��= j���d� !����; � _�?��;& R%�"��*� %"����3 "��#*�� .

%��J �� N�1 "�*�'3 �*���1 e.��& %�L=0t�&�����'�� ��

%&0.� %'( hFG �&��, ����FG 4&�3 k,�#� "�*��1.��

��, \�&�&���� �� #1 N���� ���.*� ��3 <=0t�&� %'��� R

�.3 &� ���FG m�C#7 N3 %'( hFG��1 %.�� N�1 �*��1 +&

%�J����� ����6G ����FG +& ��� "�*��1 %&'�Rene

Laennec 4'�*&�� Y��O� <=0� R�'L�� ,& g� @� N1

�'3&���3 m�* .P,&�& ������ RPaerre Louise E�#�=���D

N��1 ����1 >@2��� 4�����D ���T* +& 4'���*&�� ���).)G ��

4&�3 ���FG%���� N�1 �'�3 �*��1 e.��& +& � �,& �r�

4���6.3 %����� �� ����FG m�F*& +& ���) *& ��7 �'�6* .4�

%���� ���6 N1 ��1 j�d� ��� &� ��7 ��6B; ��T* +& %&'�

��1 �3��+�& .-�).)/ N1 �&� %�2* 4� 99%&���6.3 "$��

��[ �� N�1 �*'�'#� N3 Z X�9����FG 4���6.3 ��& +��

"�*��� R"*"= .N����)� ����%4��7+�� �� N�1 �*&���6.3

4"O3 "�# �� e.�3 +& "*"= ���FG.N�1 ����H N�F. * �&

�� �r� �*'�'#� �� ���FG "=�3.���, ������ ��� ���

�� ����FG �2@3 ��& 4&�3 �Q&�, 4���D �T* +& U.|'�

4��6.3 ��1 j�d� �7)�(.

4�� &� �'��( -&"7�2��� ��&0��H U.��|�������6.3

N1 �*'�'#���%D �A* �&� N��&�& "*��� �7 .�F. * �& ����H N

��&� �'�Xl3 � 4���6.3 I��� 4�� 40.a��* ��& ���FG N1.

m��F*& e��� �&��& �� I��� N3 4��6.3 \�&�& �� ���FG �H&

�� Q�3 &� �.� � ^�� R�'= ��3 .e��& �3 I�Z; Venesection

���I:RI��6=�R%� �3� ��

���

N*�2�* � �#.���3 h��Z; ��3 40.a�* ��& ���2�.� � ��&� ��7

�6* �J' � -��&"J& e�& �3 4��6.3 �'= .�4�� 4"O3 NO��d

�� �3 ��6.3 9���1 "�.�� &� ���& e�& N 21 .e.�#�67 �& ��

4�� NO��d� ��N�1 -�'�$ c�, ��3 N3 Z X� ��6.3 ���A*

%D �7� "*�'3 I"= ���FG :"�*�'3 I��L* ���FG ��6.3 R

N1 ".,� N3�2� NF. * N3Venesection 0�.* P�&��= e��& ��

��&� ����"/�.+& ����l* ��� * Na�H ��'�6; %� �,��6.3

�'X* �OdJ �,'a�,��R4��6.3 �� ���FG m�F*& ��& 4��7

�[ �� �3�l �&��"= ���*"3 ��a� ��, )�(.

����, �� 4���7��9� ����� Rp'?��(�� -����Z (&

�'b� n�X�& e.3 m'B; 7�C2���+D �4�'y R4�7 R�L�=0�

��� � �3�F -&"7�2� ".�,� �'�( x�& N3 �*���� 4�7

b � 1� ���, �� ��#3 +'�C.7 %����� N���,� &� �'�( ��

�*'�'#� �6.�� %���� ��'� ��1 �2 #�.�&^��� %"= h1

%�'�3 �� 61 ��3 PX��� uv�6.) ��� &� �*'�'#� +& �=�* �.� �

%'( hFG I"= N ��H �� &� ��.� � ^��� ����D � ���*&�

'�( �Q" ,& 4&�3 ���� %��.3 ���1 .f�X[ ��T*�&�����

�.C*'( �3 ���FG ���+ 4R+&���'� R���FG �N�3 ��'��

�� ^�� �� N1 ���G �� R"��F*&����& P�,' N1 4��'�

�'$& �3restorative "*"�= %���� RP�)� 9"�*��� ��A* .�&

��&"�� � ��� %����1 ����[ ��'��� �� ����1 ���7 +& � 2��.3

���1 �Z ���+ 4�.C*'( �3 ���FG)�(.� �' �,�� �|'��

"*��1 �3�� uv�OdJ �1 -�3&� ��*'A; +& ��=�* _��l �& N�1

� �,& e�&�3�#3 ���FG �6* N �=&� � X�� �.�� %D �3 "*&'

"=�3)�(.%�J �� ���FG �.3'X/���".�,� �'( x�& N3

%����� 4&��3 eL.�� �'�3 �&��, ��'� %D �2@3 ��& Na�H

��, � �XBJ -ZL2������=&� o.,� ��3��1 )��(.

Valquez & N��3 N��1 �'��3 ����1 e.����& h��|Z; ���.67

�L�5'���'* ��B� �� ���1 I���=& �6 ���, .Olser ���, ��

���� i�&'; �'b� �L�5'���'* �� &� �+& ��6.3 ���'�

�B� ��1 ��&0H �6 ��, .����FG R�'�6O� ��.K ��� N�3

���&0F�& R`1&�� "#*�� ���7�'21 �� +'#7 �m��F*& %��6;

�� �'=)\L=9()�(.

NO��d� �� l� 4�� �3 N1 4& N�3 �b��l� ��X ��'.& %���'

+& ��6.* +& `.3 N1 "= I�&� %�2* R���H -�'$ \.|&�,&

�� � #�, %����� %&'�#; N�3 ����FG +& NO��d� ��'� �&��&

I��1 I��A ,& ��G � G � N =�H "*& .N�3 N�O��d� ��'� �&��&

.3 n�X�&�e��FG � #, ����3�K 4�.C*'( � �)Western

blood sampling (�1 I��=&"*�.R%�"� 4�.C*'( %�*D�T* +&

NF. * ��F�& kX, �� ���FG �3 N3�2� 4& e.�67 N3 � "=�3

��,&'(�� �'( <=0� +& ��L� �'[ N3 %&��6.3 e�& �lb

�� `���+D m�F*& "##1 .

aI�:E�= �&�� ��Y� f��g 3& � B &�) �� 7)�8% ���;

7<& �$ ���Q�<& �+4)�(.

��6.3 +& �(�3 +& %�"� 4�.C*'( ��� 4&�3 ����&0� %&

����+D m��F*& R%D %�'�3 ��6B; NB6b & m"�; � ��7 *���)

4��6.3 �*'A; � �7 "# =&� %�.3 &� �7)�9(.

���FG 4�7�&03&

Mihjamih ��,& ���FG �B$& �&03& R.c��= h�"�J ��

�� ��1 N3 �'T#� e�& N3 ��H %��F#� I+����& ���& ���� 4��7

N2.= � 40B� 4&I"�= N (��, ���1 e��& 4&��3 p'?@�

�,&)��(.

�� I���, ��*Q +& R���FG 4&�3 N �� ��1 N3 4�7�&03&

�&�( �&�H ~�#,� 4�7)NB.,� ��3 N1 4& �� 4�"O � 4�7

��� ��F�& \/� <� "�#1 (��,& ��.M � .+& ��AB @� g&'�*&

%�F#� N� �� ���1 N�3 ����FG 4&��3 0�.* ��7 N�B6b +& "�*&

%�F#� #b +& ���7 c��= R<. ,Z� RN2.= R'X��3 R<. ,Q U

� -�*&'.G...)��8�:(.

3& �7�&0���&"*� ,& 4����FG+& "*�'3 -��X; _�K ��

)\L=�(:

���*Q �)Lancet(:��3& <��� \.�� N3 `��* N1 �6�"J �&0

�,& jZ, N.X= N1 �'3 %D \L= .

����FG 4'J�a �:.,� <� �NB�OB] �N1 ��3 �lb �

���FG%��+ ��H �� � 1� I�J "6G& %�.K�3%&��L67 �

���

�=���'3 � #, .

��*Q ��� �#��4)Spring Lancet:(a�J��FG 4'���� ���

�� N3�] �,'� qd, N3 N1 �L.*�L� "*+ .

9�&�C=&�( �)Scarificator(:0�. NX� e�"#a �3 40B� \��G

w. �&�)�(.

aI�:[O& :9��&+!% L� B �� �� 7 �h $,]

i:- !G��& 7)�8% a��<� �26=)�e(

3& �&0 &NB.,� �7 \��= ���FG N.�� �#, "#*�� 0. 4��7

���� R0��. ~'��*�%&"��*� -���*&'.G 4���7�'��3 . 2��.* �

� �=)Thumb lancet ( 4&�&� N1 "= g&"3& h7�0*�� %�J ��

�. NX� 0N ,� �3 0�~Q �,'� U#b +& e� �'�3 �2�� .��

\�&�&�:�9'L��*&�� ���'RZ[ +& ���*�1 ��(��, I�)*

� P,' N1 Y��dO*& N�'� N3 \? � �Z1 ������4U#�b +&

��� ��� "��� ��&� "#A,'H I��� %&'@ �,& <�� ��3 � "�=

%�6���� NB.�,� N3 x�; +& �A.J �� <a'1 \�/� N�3 ����7

�� N �3 ��� 4�+�3 �� 4�.C*'( Y�L= "=.

aI�:[O& :��:Y� f��:g �&)�j� (�� 7:)�8% X�:8�& 7:(=

B &�))�(i:�5! ��8,0 �&+:,H �:� �$,I) �O+O �� �&mihjamih

)��.(

%�J �(&�& �� ����� ��3 &� ��&� R%�� ��' ����1 ��, R

��1 f��0 .��*�1 %D ��X*� N3 I��)* � U�� U#�b +& ����7

"*"��= N (���, .����, ������� 2��.* �0����7 U*�'���

4�#�)Spring Lancet (�(�, &� .N�3 "�= kX, NB.,� e�&

��.* %�+ � 2��.* m����C#7 ���,� ���3 ��2��� ����F�& N��3 4+�

"=�X*)\L=:)(�.(

���FG g&'*&

�� "��� +& %'( N1 �*��+ N3 m'�6; �'�[ N�3 ����FG

�� N ��H %���= ��� !Z�[& �'�= ����H .����FG �*���+

�� I".��* �O]'� � %��1 `1��3 R�7'�&+ NB.,� N3 N1 �'=

�&�( �'�= N ��H h1 �&")� �� %'( �7�&�H .N�3 ����FG

�� h.�) ��+ g&'*& �'= :

\��= ��'6; ���FG :�8Venesection �8��''���D

\����= �O��]'� �����FG :�8�&���( `1����3 ���3 4�&���H

<2( `1��3 � _'[���8'�&+ )9(

Venesection ��*Q \��= N �� ��1 N3 4�7�&03& �Fleam ��� "#�=�3 .

0. ~'* �3 <a'1 � �= ��*QRN�1 ��,& �G&�b �&03&

4&�3��''XB� ��1 N3 %��*& ����� .4Q�3 �� ��6.3 4�+�3

Na��� �&'* <� �3 �*�D �� N �3 hL/� 4& &� "���� �� "�=

"7� ��2� .`7��1 &� %����= }X* N1 hL/� �"J %D N* ��&

"��7� .�&���J N3�X��, �2��C*& � ����= e.��3 ����*Q N��M.

�� ��� ����6G ��C�� �2�C*& N, �3 �,� � ���H "�=.

��*Q Ut,�� "��� ��&� �lb <� �� +& %'�( �� "�=

"�D %��.3 Nd)* e�& .h.) �� P( <� �� ��*Q �*�J'� NX�

�� I".21 h7 &� �,'� � "= "#1 h(+ "��� 0��, .

aI�:$��� 3& ��!��+4 )�e(

��� ��2�� &� "���� N�1 ��a �,� ��= �2C*& �&�

�� N =&��3 �,�1 \�(&� N�3 %'�( N�F. * �� � "�= 4&��3 N

I+&"*& .� 4�.H���b %D %&0���� &".� %� ���1 .��� e��& ��

N�3 ����?� �'�[ N3 ��1 e�.G �� N�1 �'�3 kJ&�� � ���3

�'2* ��&� N�"$ _�?;& �� %�"*� R%���=)\L=�.(

��&_

��&

_

���I:RI��6=�R%� �3� ��

��

��''���D

'���D���'%���= � ���( uv� X�* �7"��� N1 �*��+ 4�7

%'��( ���� ^�0��3R"��*�'3���� m���F*& "��= ���3 N�����)� �� �

Venesection o��= � 61 �'3 .m�F*& \/� kBK& ��''���D

N(�= +& �L� �� �/d, �&�'t6 %���= %D 4�7�'3.�3 ^�

�� I"��3 �X�* �'[ N3 �]�; ��3 <� %'�( �� J� R"�=

�� �=&��3 ���1 "=R&"b uvZ��1 %���= "=I%D 4��l *& ��

����H ���J' � 40��*'�( � �'��= }X�)#� .<��� E���t61

�� �&�J h(+ 4�� <2( �� N �3 hL/� � ���H "=.

%��1 `1��3

�� _'[�� � <2( ��� �� \��= "=�3�

8��3 E��6 � I"�#L� %��F#� <� <61 N3 <2( `1��3

�� m�F*& �,'� "=.+& o��� � %'( N1 �'3 e�& �3 I".);

�� �,'� qd, N3 _�l �& \/� "�D.&� %�) G& ��� e�&

\/� +& ��� ��3 _�l �& ��� %"�3 +& &� o���� ���& ��=&�

�6* ��1)�(.

8��3 _'�[�� �#A�,& <� �3 �,'� 4�� _'[�� `1��3

�� I".21 m�H _D "= "�7� `�0��& &� %'�( %���b �.

��� ���1 N�3 ��,'� %��1 <2( 4&�3 N�'G <� ���� .

�&��J �3��@ *& \/� �� �,'� 4�� ���FG �&03& N*�7�

�� ���H .%"*&+'�, ��3 ^� \�(&� 4&'�7 h1&�� Ut,

h�1 ^� \�(&� �� %�� 1 N�a��� ��� �K�1 �La'1 NOdJ

�� "=.��� �,'� N3 �&03& N*�7� k.� e�& N3".X��a �

=�G ��"G �,'� N.�/��� Q�3 �#�& "�D .-��J�& �7��H

+& ��� I��A �,& Q�3 ��� 4�b N3 �7�C ,� "�=.%��F#�

��� �J��3 ��,'� 4�� N�).J� "#a 4&�3 Ut�, � "�*��

�� N =&��3 "=R�&�( NB.,� <� <61 N3 "O3 \�� �&�H

R%D N3�2�� �� ��*Q Rw.�����F�& ��,'� �� Y�L�=

�� %��.3 %D +& %'( N1 "= �� "�D .�&�J \/� ��+ %�F#�

�� �'= �� !��; +& I"�D %��.3 %'( +& � ���H.e�& ��

� m&"J&����� ��,� N�3 \/� <� +& %'( U*�& "��D.

uvQ'6O���� I��A ,& %�F#� m&"�1 ��7 �� � "=9U�*�&

%'(o6b ���2H .�� N (&"*& ��� %�F#� Ut, � "�=

�� �&�J ��3 \/� �� 40.6 Na��� �H��)�R�(.

��FG �[�� �����+ ��� N3 0.* ��H c�= <61 N3 _'

�� m�F*& "=:

�� 0.6 �,'� &" 3& �&�J `L� \/� �� ��H c�= � "=

�� ���H.�'3 %".L� \/� c�= N*�7� R"�#a 4&��3 Ut�,

�� N =&��3 c�= NT/� ���F�& \�/� �� �/d, ��3 � "=

�� "=.�� N =&�H c�= uv&�"F� � "= ��3 %D N�*�7� �6��J

�� I".L� -"= "=.�*���+ � N 2�H N =�X*& c�= �� %'(

�� N =&��3 \/� +& ��H c�= N1"=RN @� N3 %'( I�. 4�7

%&'#; "3 %'( ��� I�&� %�2* ��6.3 N3 �.�1 �"�=.Ut�,

0�.6 �7��.H ��'� N3 N 2KD � <2( Na��� <61 N3 h(+

�� "=)\L=�()��(.

aI�:-) ���Q�<& 7)�8% �&�� � 9��&+!% L� $)��(.

'�&+

%��+ +& '�&+ +& I��A ,& ���&� �.�,D �� h�"�J ��.��3 4�7

�,& I�'3.%���� e.��& %��J +& I"�= ��X� 4��7�+& \�XJ

�� �Z.� "=�3.��6= � ����& N3 �.,D +& %D +& I��A ,& Ut,

���� �� �H �L���D .%�J 4&�3 4&�3 '�&+ �7 4���6.3 4��7

�� ��1 N3 %'H�*'H ����.��"�G �� �R`.�� ���, �&0�7

���6.3 %'�( %".L� N1 "*�'3 I".); e�& �3 4�?� %�L=0�

�� R'�&+ P,' hL�= ��A* � k +& 4��6.3 g'* N67 "*&'

"2@3 �'Xl3 &� .'��&+ +& N�1 �?@= e.��& N1 I"= ��&0H

R�'6* �*���� I��A ,&Nicandros +& Colophon)BC �9�8

���(4� +& "������O3 �Thimpson +& Laodicea)BC 9�8

���(�'3 .��N).)= Y&�[& �� '�&+ %����� &� ��� ��, ��7

�� N1 ���G �� ��1���7�'�' +& 4��� �7 hL= �� �";

�� %���� &� �J�a � �'6*)��(.

���FG%��+ ��H �� � 1� I�J "6G& %�.K�3%&��L67 �

���

Blundell .*�.G 0�*&'�1 -��La'��&�1�3+ �� N���� %�

*DC'�&+ %'�1�,'B �� I".��* ��1 �.$' "*"= .+& m�* e�&

%D \6; g'* &� ���1 e��& &�a N1 e�& +& NLB3 I"2* N ��H �7

�� m�F*& �,& I"= f 2� "#7�.�#O� N3 '�&+ ��.BC*& �M�

�,& I"#7� �'Xl3.e.3 %&'.G e�& ������B.� �'�[ �� �

R��#. .1 %��7� ��3 ��l *& <�� �� �La'�1 I"#L� �3 � ��&�

�� *&' "#1 ��F�& �,'� �� ��B�� Y�L= ".�� �& ��3 "�*&'

"�#1 ��3&�3 N, &� `�'[ I"O� \(&� N3 %'( %�� ,��.��H

0.a��* ��,& eL6� '�&+ P,' I"= N ��H %'( hFG Na

�� N�1 �,& %Q'H&'1 � *D �;'* 4��G 4� !&03 ��& "=�3

�� \/� �� h(+ �'Xl3 "*�� .��,& +��.* ��'�� '�&+ e�"#a

<� %&' 3 � �&� `7�1 &� ^�03 %�) G& .��� ��7'�&+ "�#*&'

uv�X��) ���4&��3 &� %D � "#L63 %'( %�2*+� �3&�3 ����

�� "##1 I�.(� I�� .�� '�&+ �7 "*&'�����,%'�( �,

"L63 .4"#7 N AH �7 "# ��7 �6�, ��7'�&+ +& �rO3 N1 "*& .

N��, �*� � �=�� �, N1 ��'�&+ �7 �6, ��&� 0X, �� 4&

_D +& N1 &� ���7'�&+ e.#a h7 �,& ��L= I�., � \H 4�7

I"= ��3 ��1 N3 "��X* "*& .�=�� �*� 4&�&� _'Bd� 4�7'�&+

��B� N.X�= � 0X�, N�3 \��� �61 �0�.* "# ��7 0��� 4��7

k�,�# � <�a'1 ��, ��3 <����3 � �*� 4�Cb 4�7'�&+

�� ���FG "#=�3)��.(

%��J �� '�&+ +& I��A ,& N3 !�. =& ��61����& "�= ��*

N�1 �*��+ uv&�"F�Broussais �"�F� ��3���1 ���� &� '��&+

"= \O 2� ��1 N.$' %��+ <� �� U���� .4�'�y e�& �&

�� _�l �& +��3 kX, %'( %�) G& N1 &� � �'6* �2 #� �'=

���3 ���1 N3 �, � I"O� -ZL2� %���� 4&�3 &� �7'�&+ .N�3

�� �T* �.�� N1 ",�Broussais ,+& '�&+ +& I��A ,& "= kX

�%'.B.� ��, �� ���9N39�%'.B.� ��, �� ���� ",�3 .

��� o6b m�2G& � k,& 4�7�� +& uvQ'6O� �7'�&+ "*"�= .��3

�]�) `�&0�&RN��)� �7��'�&+ ����� � 4�&"lC* ��'� ��

�2�H \�"�X -���F <�� N3 '�&+ ����� � "= N ='* .

%�J �� N1 �*&��6.3 kBK&�������� %"�#� %� ,��6.3 ��

�� "*"=R�� �&�J �*���� '�&+ �/ o��, "# ��H)\L=�(.

I"�� �+'�D �&��& P,' uvQ'6O� ^�0�3 4�7��l= �� '�&+

���� I���A ,& %D � "= ���r;& m�6 4&�3 uv�X��) &� �7'�&+ �7

�� ���1 N�3 ��b���( "*��3 .%�J N6.* �� � G���7'�&+ R

I aj:+O&3 k<+� ��!��+4 )�(

N*�(��&� �� +'#7 h(+ %���� 4&�3 �L���D �6�"J 4�7 4�7

�� I"�� I��, "*"=)��R��.(

���FG m�F*& 4�7��.O�

�,'� � -�.JZ(& e.*&'J N;'6F� �� %'6.� e3 � 2�.3

���FG m�F*& 4&�3 �'( �L=0� q��?* ��R+& ����7��.O�

& I��1 %�.3 &� e, NB6b +& � 61 �&��& N1 4�'[ N3 �,�9

+& � 2.3 � ��,����1 ���FG "��X* &� ��, )�(.

�� � NB��G %�*+ �� ���FG �H";�J %&��� �� %&���6.3 R

%�[�, �3 �*�[�, �C ��L= ��3 %&���6.3 � <.� ,� � 4�7

��,& g'�#6� �*Zr�; h�,�t,& �� �*&'@ ,&.e.�#a h�7

\��/� �� �����FG !����; 4���7DVT R��h��(+ \��/� R

�'= m�F*& "��X* }X* \/� 4�� �� ����D.

P��,' N��1 ���).)/ullah �Younis -&����& ��'��� ��

R"�= m�F*& '*&+ ��� �� %��1 `1��3 �*���� +& ���+ �&���&

"*"= Y�O� ���FG :

%�1�'1 R4���6.3 �� �XBJ ��G -ZL2� +& N1 4�&��& ����7

�� �*� ��&� �'b� 40��*'( ��6 G& N1 3"*� R�&����3 %�*+ R

�*�[�, %&��6.3 �h�,�t,& ��� �*&'@ ,& �C �L= �3 �&��&

'*&+ N.G�* �� �*Zr;)�9(.�3&��#., e�� 1 �� ��%'*��J _�

4� e.#b &��+ ".*0* ^� 0H�7 &� �&���3 %+ N1 I�'6* ".1�

�� ��.� .��� &� N��3 N�1 I"�= I��=& e.#a h7 �� �� %&'�

,�?= +& "O3 � ��1 ���FG �C�� N�3 ����FG �C��, �

�,& g'#6� �B1)��R��.(��3 N�1 ��,& q.�]' N�3 m+Q

�� ����FG g��= +& �).J� N�@��� �'b'� o3�#� NO��d�

"��.* �,� N3 %&��& .

%'( ��) *&

3�b' ��3 N�b N�,& I�C���\��L �'[ �� %'( 0.�D �&�

���I:RI��6=�R%� �3� ��

���

4�'3��* � ^�� � � �7 R-�.G ���O� %'( �T* N3 R%��*&

I�'3 ��� `#.3 e.67 N1 �,& I�H"��� ��B; �C*��.3 "�*&'

%��*& +& %'�( %�&� �,� +& �3 ��L= ^�� +& e. �@* 4�7

I��A ,& R%"3 +& %'(4&�3 m��6G e ���H %���?�� P�,'

�'����ZH P�,' e.3'BM� %'( %".��=D �B; �� � %� ,�3

"=�3 %� ,�3 m�� �� m'�+'B1 %&".� �� +��.� .��3 ����[ +&

���2.� %"6 � o�&'b �7��HD � hB; NO,' � 4�23 4�7

%��*& I��� %&'#; N3 %'( R�L=0� ��& �� �7 -�.G 4& `�@3

%&'�#; N�3 ����FG � ����H �'�( ��3 4�"G&� I�C��b

I&� m�. �& �� �*���� 4��1 N$�; �3 4�� ���" N3 RmQD `@3

�=&�H �'rG)�:R9.(

61�� ��B�� P,' %'( %���b �21 +& U4���7 m�.

%�J �����Z R-��*&'.G %'�( ��) *& m�F*& �lb ���7

���H -�'$ %"#� � U���� �� .%'( ��) *& I��3 %'( �3

,'H ��N� @.�D k�[ �3 ���b � �/, Re�� N1 �*��+ �� N�

���H m�F*& "*�'3.4��6.3 4��G %'( &" 3& x��( %"3 +&

�Ut, m&�D �*&'.G %'( �3 "2�.� }�'�O .��B; �K� h

.;'#6���J 4�7��*'*�R) *& �%��*& N3 -�*&'.G +& %'( ��

�/ � I"#1&�� �'[ N3 ���b � �/, %&'#; ���"O3 ��,

���� N�&�&.

N��OJ&� R�����FG x�& %����+ P��,&�& �� N��1 �&� c� 4&

�(�, PX�� %'( ��) *& k[ �3 &� ���FG .4��#7 %��b

~'��B.�(John Henry Leacock) ����, �� ���: N����,�

%'�( ���) *& ��3 ��#X� ��X#��& I�C2*&� �� &� �'( �L=0�

+& m��C#7 N�3 � �*'( 4�7�'X61 �� %���� %&'#; N3 %��*&

���1 �2 #� %'( %�&� �,� .-��*&'.G �� &� ���.3�F �&

N1 ��'$ �� %'( ��) *& P,' %���� -�X�& �lb

aI�e:�& �� $,Q<+A �+4 C�Y��& 3& ���+P� �� )��j/()(

�&� m���F*& "�#=�3 ���H+�, I"�*�.H � I"�##1&"�7& .oJ&� ��

�� 4'/* N3 &� %'( ��) *& ���O N1 �'3 ��1 e.��& ~'1

�� %�.3 I+���& N1 �L�=0� h�B; �� �*����� %&'�#; N3 �'=

��1 %�.3)\L=��)(��.(

.6.b0�"*Z3)James Blundell(�, �� +& \XJ ���~'1

&� +& I�C2*��X#��& ���� �'3 I"= \.?/ �& ��'�( kd� ��

�'��3 40��*'��( +& ���=�* %���*+ -'��� "7���= %"��#� �� .�&

I"= j�d� ��l#2.���~'1 ���� N3 %'( ��) *& ��'� �� &�

`���+D �&�L �3 � ���D -��*&'.G 4�� ��3 ��7 +& ��,��

%�'3 �T* &"= ey6d� �.�"*Z3 Ut, e.���& %'�( ���) *&

*& N3 %��*& �&� m�F*& &� %��R�"�� &� �& "�= kX, N1 4��1

"#��#3 %'( ��) *&)\L=��(.

N ='* ���6 �� �"*Z3 �� +& �'�( 4��7 %&'#; N3 ~'1

%��*& %'( ��) *& N2�"*& e.��& N1 ��1 I���1 %��.3 &� ��7

��3 m�* �,& .�� +& I"�= �2� #� ��&0�H <�� ��l# ~'1

�,& . ='*�N*Z3 4�7�#@, � �"�*&� 7� L� 4���� �& _'

N�1 ��,�& \���,� ����?� +& ���.|0b 4��G %�*+ k[

%D ��2 *& ��&0H N�&�& kX, �7 ��) *& N#.�+ �� 4� 2.3 4�7

%�J �� %'(��"=.

%'( ��) *& ���6 N�3 I"�##1&"7& +& h.) ��� �'�[ N3 �7

�'3 ��6.3 .��#b �� �*��, ��3 %'�( ��) *& ��B(&� 4��7

P,' �L���D "= m�F*& `�& .L; e.#a h7�U7����+& �

��) *&���( ��� ,��6.3 �� %'����� %�Bellevue �� ~�'���'.* R

��,�����,& E� ,� �� )\L=��.(

I��H �J�A& �21 �3 h �.3 %�J "�#� P�,' �*'( 4�7

"= +�KD �#�� =& .N (�#�= &� %'( ��) *& N1 e�& �3 %�G&�b

3�*�'���� "��6* ��1 N3 &� %D �"# =&� I".); N1 &�a "*��3

aI��:[O& (�� �& �� �� �& �+4 C�Y��&)�(i(l&��4& �G!<�

�+4 C�Y��& 7(= C$�^� 1�!= k<+� �$)j(

_ ��&

���FG%��+ ��H �� � 1� I�J "6G& %�.K�3%&��L67 �

��

aI�:���<���!� �� �+4 C�Y��& Bellevuem�+�+!� )����()/e(

�� �,�� �T* N3 +���& N1 �=�� &���� ��,& e�L6� ",�

�� �'= .-&� .�, 4��7��)O*& "�] ��'�� �� n�. G& e.67

�� h.) ��� �.K %'( ��) *& 4&�3���� �*��lb ��#b ��

"= &�b& ��&.

4&��3 �6,Z� � "*"*�� �J�3 �B6; � ��&��b& -Z�L2�

"�= ����O� ~'�= "�"b m'lA� �� #1 .4���L67 +& \�XJ

m�� �*�lb �#b �� �L���DR��*�3 ~�'�'.* �� ��� 0���a N

f���[ +& &� �.*� ��3 4&�3 �6,Z�:�7"*��+��, %� �,��6.3

�'3 I��1 .+& "O3m&0;& c��, k.B�$ R�#b N3 %&+�3�, �9

%'.B.� ��#.� )����O�:,:��,��� �� .� (f���[ +& &� %'�(

o6b ��� 0���a ��� ��1 4��D .N3 ��) ;& \.�� N3 &" 3& ��

�'XBH R���l# N3 �6,Z� %�'3 ���1 �� 0���J 4�7 N� @�� �

�� ".�,� m��6& N3 \��1 %'( 4+��.� �3 �#b ��� "*"= .

�'��( %&����6.3 4&���3 ���#b +& �2��H+�3 +& U��� %�L�=0�

e�6F*& Rc�, k.B$ � "# =&� \��1 %'( �,&'(�� � ��7

3<*� ���&� ����T* ��.K -�'�$ N�3 �*� ,��6.3 %'( 4�7

"*"=.

%���+ +& ���0� %'( ��) *& k[ �� ���2.� N1 "#a �7

3� ��1Z� ��3 %����� ���� "�#1 ��6* 4��.� �$�( 4"#

��DN7� �� %'( 4�7 I�����:�4��7 N��.1 g&"3& +& U�

�L. ,Z�)���� (�,'.� �.OJ&� N3.��N7���\.�� N3

�.�t7 ��) *& �d(R&"�7& 4uvZ���1 �� � j��d� N�*�XB[�&�

4�7 ��,����4�7 ��� m�F*& kX, +"�& 4��6.3 �'l� R

7�C2���+D ��&"�7& 4��7 %'�( 4�C���3�K �lb �*'#1 �

"= .4��6.3 4&�3 �*���� U�+���6,Z� ��3��1 �2#� �3 ���7

N7� �� N (�#=�*��j��d� I���3�� ����FG � "= kX,

���H <. �,Z� 4�7 �G&�b �� �L61 %&'#; N3 0.* '�&+ �

"= N ��H ��1 N3.

%'�( P�,' %����(Hemotherapy) �B���L �.�, ��

'( s�.X( j&��& � %�d.= e (�, x��( "#*�� ��&"7& +& �

���7 %��*& "3 4'(� fB(�..M N3 N*�H��la nZ(& �� #1

�6B; %&'#; N3 �]�G ��G �� %D +& U� � ".,� "�"b ��

N =� �L=0� %'( ��) *& k[ m�* N3�� �#�0C���b 4&��3

N (�#�= %'�( %�&� �,� +& m�C#7 N3 � �*'( 4�7�'X61

�� �'=14� 2.3 \��L N3 +�.* N��&�)��(.

���I:RI��6=�R%� �3� ��

���

References : 1- Sadiq.What is Hijamah (cupping)? Nov 2008;

Available from: URL: http: // www. islamweb. Net / ver2 /archive/article.php?lang

2- Bloodletting. Available from: URL: http: // www. answers.com/topic/bloodletting.

3- Anwar F, Abdelaal M. From leeches to lancets: the lost donors. Transfusion 2008; 48: 2490-1.

4- Seigworth GR. Bloodletting over the centuries. N Y State J Med 1980; 80(13): 2022-8

5- Lawrence L. Blood letting: an early treatment used by barbers, surgeons. Cardiology today 2008; 11(9): 34.

6- Iatros. Commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:latros.jpg. 7- Schmidt PJ. Therapeutic bloodletting: from

bloodletting to blood transfusion (part 1). Blood Bank Transfus Med 2003; 1: 9-13.

8- Parapia LA. History of blood letting by phlebotomy. Br J Haematol 2008; 143(4): 490-5

9- Turk JL, Allen E. Bleeding and cupping. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1983; 65(2): 128-31.

10- Arbittier D. Medical Antiques. Blood letting Antiques. Available from: URL: http://www.Medical Antiques.com

11- Rosner F. Blood letting in Talmudic times. Bull N Y Acad Med 1986; 62(9): 935-46.

12- Halter Js Jr. Decline of blood letting: a study in 19th century ratiocinations. South Med J 1986; 79(4): 469-75.

13- Lawrence L. History of Medicine. Cardiology Today 2008; 11(9): 34.

14- Tandeter H, Grynbaum M, Borkan J. A Qualitative study on cultural blood letting Among Ethiopian Immigrants. Isr Med Assoc J 2001; 3(12): 937-9.

15- Albinali H. Traditional Medicine Among Guif Arabs. Heart Views 2004; 5(2): 1-11.

16- Kerridge IH, Lawe M. Blood letting: The story of a therapeutic technique. Med J Australia 1995 ; 163 (11- 12): 631-3.

17- Adams SL. The medicinal leech: historical

perspectives. Semin Thromb Hemost 1989; 15(3): 261-4.

18- Homeopathy malaysia.http://drinikomar. Tripod.com. 19- Munshi, Younis, Ara I, Rafique H, Ahmad Z. Leeching

in the History: a view. Pakistan Journal of Biological sciences 2008; 11(13): 1650-53.

20- Ebnesina. Canon. Available from: URL: http:// www.elib. hbi. ir/ persian/ traditional medicine/ canon- web/canon-01/kifa4. htm. K03.htm.

21- www. diggerhistory.info/images/asstd/leech.jpg. 22- Roger w Byard, Blood letting and leeching:

instrarnents of healing or torture? eMJA Australia 2001; 175-66.

23- Schmidt PJ.The leech from the historian. Transfusion Today Quarterley Newsletter of the International Society of Blood Transfusion 2009; 78.

24- Ullah K,Younis A, Wali M. An investigation into the effect of Cupping Therapy as a treatment for Anterior Knee Pain and its potential role in Health Promotion. The internet journal of Alternative Medicine 2007;4(1).

25- Jorjani Hakim. Zakhire Kharazmshahi. Available from:URL:http://www.elib.hbi.Ir/persian/traditional-medicine/Jorjani/zakhire-sirjani/fehr.

26- Pourfathollah AA. Transfusion medicine, past, present, future. The scientific J of Iranian blood Transfusion Organization 2006; 2(7): 287-9.

27- Schmidt PJ, Ness PM. Hemotherapy: from blood letting magic to transfuiosn medicine. Transfusion 2006; 46(2): 166-168.

28- Blundell J. Observations on Transfusion of Blood. The Lancet 1828-29;11: 321-24.

29- Blundell J. Pioneer of blood transfusion. Feb 2009; 1-3. Available from: http://www. hemonctoday. com/articl Print.

30- Schmidt PJ. The first photograph of blood transfusion. Transfusion 2001; 41(7): 968-9.

���FG%��+ ��H �� � 1� I�J "6G& %�.K�3%&��L67 �

���

Hijama through the passage of time

Gharehbaghian A.1(PhD), Mehran M.1(MD), Karimi Gh.1(MD), Vafaiyan V.1(Pharm D), Tabrizi Namini M.1(MS)

1Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization Research Center,Tehran, Iran

Abstract Blood-letting is defined to be the withdrawal of blood from a patient. Considering the mysterious, life-saving, and occassionally miraculous nature of blood during the evolving history of man, civilization, and science, this red liquid being the token of life and death throughout centuries was used as evidence for clinical diagnosis of special diseases or otherwise as definite and soothing treatment of patients. Based on the existing evidence, hijama or blood withdrawal in cultural and religious beliefs and customs of certain tribes has had even a special status in saving man from devil or evil forces. The accessible old documents show the expansion of blood drawing as a known life-saving element and treatment method in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome in different forms including hijama. However, the development of medical sciences, particularly transfusion medicine and blood transfusion sciences, the treatment and preventive role of hijama and other methods like arteriotomy and leech cupping started to get less prominence except for some eastern countries especially Islamic states where hijama is still employed to relieve soul and treat diseases as a tool of preserving traditions. In Iran, considering the available standards based on which potential blood donors with recent hijama experience are defered for one year, it is necessary to raise awareness of all those involved in the field of blood transfusion and the whole community about the history of hijama so as to see how we can better deal with this historical and traditional controversial topic.

Key words: Leeching, Venesection, phlebotomy, Blood letting SJIBTO 2009; 6(2): 147-158

Received: 14 Jan 2009 Accepted: 22 Aug 2009

Correspondence: Gharehbaghain A., PhD of Cinical Immunohematology. Associated professor of Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization-Research Center. P.O.Box: 14665-1157, Tehran, Iran. Tel: (+9821) 88601599; Fax : (+9821) 88601599 E-mail: [email protected]