淡水养殖学(双语) Freshwater Aquaculture
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Transcript of 淡水养殖学(双语) Freshwater Aquaculture
淡水养殖学(双语) Freshwater Aquaculture
Chapter 1
The biology of main cultured fishes主要养殖鱼类生物学
Course Outline
Standard of choosing cultured fishes1
The biological characteristics of fish
The main cultured fish species in China2
3
4A brief introduction on the biology of main cultured fishes
Learning Objectives
When you have completed this chapter you should be able to know:
The biology of main freshwater cultured fish: Habitat Feeding habits Growth Reproduction
1. Market—high price ( 鳜、大菱鲆、石斑鱼 ) , high demand ( 家鱼 ) ;2. Quality—delicious meat, high nutritional value ;3. Growth—individual big, grow quickly and reach market size in a short time (鳜、罗非鱼);4. Food chain—short, high energy utilization (鲢、草鱼);5. Feeding habit—extensive, feed easier to be solved (草鱼、团头鲂、鲢、鲤、鲫);
Section 1. Standard of choosing cultured fishes
6. Fingerlings—breeding easily, artificial reproduction be solved (如家鱼;而鳗鲡至今未解决,黄鳝、石斑鱼大批量繁殖困难) 7. Habitus—good adaptability to the environment(stress tolerance, resistance todisease ) ( 家鱼;而虹鳟、鳜、牙鲆要求高) 8. Population—dense polyculture, industrial culture (如家鱼等混养,有互补作用,生态效益高) 我国被选择作为养殖鱼类已达 80 多种,但真正被广泛养殖的仅 20 多种。
Carps 鲤形目: black carp 青鱼 grass carp 草鱼 silver carp 鲢 bighead carp 鳙 common carp 鲤 crucian carp 鲫 white bream 鳊 Wuchang bream 团头鲂 bluntnose black bream
Section 2 The main cultured fish species in China
Freshwater food-fish fishes
black carp 青鱼
grass carp草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idella
Mylopharyngodon piceus
silver carp 鲢
bighead carp 鳙
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
Aristichthys nobilis
common carp 鲤
crucian carp 鲫Lamellibranchia
Caenagrion
Cyprinus carpio
Wuchang bream 团头鲂
Triangular bream 三角鲂
Catfishes 鲶形目: Southern catfish 南方大口鲶
Freshwater fishes-Continued
whitespotted freshwater catfish 胡子鲇
channel catfish 斑点叉尾鮰(沟鲶)
Yellow catfish黄颡鱼
Freshwater fishes-Continued
Perciforms 鲈形目: mandarin fish 鳜
Perch 鲈
加加加
Tilapia 罗非鱼
Freshwater fishes-Continued
Sturgeons 鲟形目: Chinese sturgeon 中华鲟
Salmoniformes 鲑形目: Rainbow trout 虹鳟
Freshwater fishes-Continued
Chinese snakehead乌鳢Other fish species
Swamp eel黄鳝
true eel鳗鲡
Section 3 The biological characteristics of fish
3.1 Physiological characteristics
The internal structure of fish
Fish is lower vertebrates
terminal mouth superior mouth hypostatic mouth 端位口 上位口 下位口
3.1.1 Physiological characteristics---Mouth 闭合后上下颌的长短,将口位分为三种类型 :
中下层 grass carp
上层silver carp
下层 common carp
鳃丝 (gill filaments) :弓形,双层红色,呼吸作用
鳃弓 (gill filaments) :白色软骨,支撑鳃的形状鳃耙 (gill rakers) :鳃片内缘的双层骨质突起,滤水
3.1.2Physiological characteristics --- Gill
鳃耙越长小食物
不耐缺氧
浮游生物
滤取食物的主要器官,阻挡食物随水流经鳃裂流出。gill rakers 鳃耙
长短疏密因鱼种和食性而异。
The difference of digestive system of a fish species depends on what it eats.
Fish that eat plants and algae have longer digestive tracts (gut or intestine) —Tilapia, grass carp
Fish that eat other fish have a short digestive tract Predatory fish have stomachs— tigerfish, mandarin
fish or catfish
3.1.3 Physiological characteristics---Digestion system and ingestion
Fish digestive system includes mouth, gill rakers, throat, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas.
Habituating nature 栖息习性Feeding habit 食性Growth 生长Reproduction 繁殖
3.2 Biology on fish
Habitat of main cultured fishes 栖息场所3.2.1 Biology--- Habituating nature
Pelagical fish ( 中上层鱼类 ) :鲢、鳙, mainly eat plankton 浮游生物
Low level fish ( 中下层鱼类 ) :草鱼、团头鲂,在水的中下层及岸边摄食水草 water plants
Bottom level fish ( 底层鱼类 ) :鲤、鲫、鲮、乌鳢、黄鳝、泥鳅等, eat benthonic organisms 底栖生物 and detritus 腐屑
The adaptability of fish to the external environment 鱼类对外界环境的适应
Tropical fish ( 加加加 ): Tilapia >30℃ Warmwater ( 加加加 ) fish: freshwater cultured fish
30℃
Coolwater ( 加加加 ) fish: perch 20℃Coldwater ( 加加加 ) fish: rainbow trout <20℃
1. Water temperature 水温 Optimum temp
Water temperature for warmwater fish Temp for live: 0.5~38℃ Optimum temp for live: 20~32℃Optimum temp for growth and ingestion: 25~32℃ Optimum temp for reproduction: 22~26℃ Water temperature for coldwater fish Temp for live: 0~25℃ Optimum temp for live: 10~16℃Optimum temp for growth and ingestion: 16~18℃
2. Dissolved oxygen 溶解氧>5 mg/L, feeding increase, grow fast
<2-3 mg/L, feeding decrease,grow slowly
<1-2 mg/L, head above water 浮头 until death.
3. Salinity 盐度
4. pH 酸碱度 主要养殖鱼类 7~9 ,最适 7.5~8.5
Freshwater fish : <0.5‰ ; brackish water fish 微咸水鱼类: 1~24.7‰ ; Marine fish : >24.7‰
The changing process of feeding habits in developmental stage of fish :larvae stage ( 鱼苗 ) similar 以轮虫为食fry stage ( 仔鱼 0.5-1.7cm) differentiatedjuvenile stage ( 稚鱼 1.7-7cm) significant differenceYoung stage ( 幼鱼 >7cm) same to adult fish
3.2.2 Biology--- Feeding habits of fish
Three Features of feeding habits:Periodicity 阶段性 内源营养
混合营养外源营养
食性 (feeding habits) 指成鱼的食物组成加
1. filter-feeding fish ( 滤食性鱼类 ) :鲢、鳙等。having abig mouth, slender and dense gill rakers Sliver carp eats phytoplankton ( 浮游植物 )Bighead carp feeds on zooplankton ( 浮游动物 )
Four basic eating groups among adult fish:
Difference 差异性
2. Herbivorous fish ( 草食性鱼类 ) :如草鱼、团头鲂、长春鳊等。 eats water vegetation
3. Omnivore fish 杂食性鱼类 ) :鲤、鲫、鲮、罗非鱼等。 feed mainly on plant material and small insects: 摄食螺蛳、河蚬、摇蚊幼虫等底栖动物和水生昆虫外,也摄食水草、丝状藻类、水蚤、腐屑等。4. Carnivores (肉食性鱼类 ) Predatory fish ( 掠食性鱼类 ) that eat other fish: 鳜、乌鳢、鳗鲡、石斑鱼等;Mild fish ( 温和性鱼类 ) that eat invertebrates and small fishes 青鱼以螺蚬类为食,黄颡鱼、鲇鱼摄食大量水生昆虫、虾类、小杂鱼和其他底栖动物。
Structure and functionAdaptation to habituating nature and environmentAdaptation to physiological property
Adaptation 适应性
3.2.3 Biology---Reproduction
The types of eggs
pelagic eggs 浮性卵 marine fishdemersal eggs 沉性卵 鲑、鳟、罗非鱼、鲀、鮰 Semi-floating eggs 半浮性卵(漂浮性卵) 四大家鱼、鲮、鳜sticky eggs 粘性卵 鲟、鲤、鲫、鳊、鲂、鲴、鳅、鲶
Fertilized eggs usually sink to the bottom or stick to plants or rocks.
demersal eggs and sticky eggs:Properties of eggs
The tilapia eggs hatch in mouth of female fish. Bitterlings ( 鰟鲏 ) eggs hatch in the gills of
freshwater mussel ( 淡水蚌 ).
Tilapia hatches the fertilized eggs in mouth.
Bitterling spawns in the mussel.
1. Age determination
宽带或夏轮 --春、夏两形成较宽的轮带。窄带或冬轮 --秋后入冬形成较窄的轮带。年轮 growth ring--当年秋冬形成的窄带和次年春夏形成的宽带之间的分界线。
scale 鳞片otolith 耳石vertebra 脊椎骨
3.2.4 Biology---Growth characteristics
2. Age
零龄鱼:当年孵出的鱼 “ 0”
一龄鱼:第二年的鱼 一冬龄鱼:一个冬天“ 1” 二夏龄鱼:两个夏天“ 1+”
加加加
3. Growth characteristic---periodic 阶段性fast→determined by environment and bait
slow→determined by species
stopped
after sexual maturity
old period
before sexual maturity
Growth characteristic---seasonal 季节性 grow faster in spring and summer than in autumn and winter.
Growth characteristic---regional 区域性 fish in south grow faster than in north, faster in big water than small water.
Growth characteristic---sex difference 性别差异 male fish are smaller than female fish.
Growth characteristic---inherited 遗传性
4. Factors affecting fish growth
specieswater environment (water temperature, nutrition, pH, dissolved oxygen ) stocking densityhuman factors
Section 4. A brief Introduction on the biology of main cultured fishes
鲢鳙草鱼青鱼鲤鲫团头鲂罗非鱼胡子鲶鳜
morphological featurehabituating naturefeeding habit growthreproduction
introduce
freshwater fish species
Biology of fish
特性
白鲢、细甲草鱼,鲢子,古籍称鱮 (xù) 。
1. 鲢( silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix )⑴特征
胸鳍末端不超过腹鳍基部腹棱从胸鳍基部到肛门鳃耙更致密,滤水速度较鳙慢
别称
性格活泼,善跳跃,可达水面 1米多高,捕捞时加盖网。
特征
⑵栖息和食性水中溶氧低于 0.79 mg/L时→死亡
上层
池养时,从鱼苗开始投喂人工饲料,可在成鱼阶段吃人工投喂的饲料。投饵
不耐缺氧
浮游生物,主要为浮游植物浮游植物个数 : 浮游动物个数 =248:1
栖息食性
⑶ 生长白鲢食物链短,生长迅速。
10.727.625.313.502.030.49体重 kg
82.772.966.758.448.229.8体长 cm654321年 龄
⑷ 繁殖习性水温: 20℃以上卵: 漂浮性时间: 4月下旬 ~7月上旬
雄鱼比雌鱼早一年雌鱼:一般 4龄,但温度升高,品种退化,可 3龄性成熟
产卵
体 重 kg4.8 6.4 7.5 10.0 11.0
卵巢重 0.25 0.74 0.71 2.13 2.13怀卵量 万粒 20.7 60.4 71.5 169.5 195.5
特性
花鲢、大头鱼、胖头鱼
2. 鳙( bighead carp, Aristichthys nobilis ) ⑴特征
胸鳍末端超过腹鳍基部腹棱从腹鳍基部到肛门
别称
性情温和,行动迟缓,容易捕捞。
特征
⑵栖息和食性中上层
池养时,从鱼苗开始投喂人工饲料,可在成鱼阶段吃人工投喂的饲料。投饵
浮游生物,主要浮游动物浮游植物个数 : 浮游动物个数为 4.5 : 1 ,但体积之比是浮游动物大。
栖息食性
⑶生长4龄后雌鱼生长速度加快!
年龄 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
体长cm 23.0 53.4 75.5 84.0 92.0 97.1 100.4 102.8
体重 kg 0.27 2.6 7.4 10.1 13.5 16.6 20.0 21.5
⑷繁殖习性 习性同鲢鱼,性成熟晚一年,生产上比白鲢、草鱼稍晚体 重
kg14.2 14.8 19.3 21.0 31.2
卵巢重 1.15 2.30 2.30 2.50 5.30怀卵量 万粒 98.3 116.8 175.4 225.6 346.5
鲩 (huàn), 白鲩 ( 两广 ), 草棒。
3. 草鱼( grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus ) ⑴特征
体色青黄,腹部灰白色 别称
特征
⑵栖息和食性中下层
为体长的 2.3~3.3倍肠长
食水生植物,日食量一般为体重的 40% ,最大日食量可达体重的 60~70% 。人工养殖时,摄食豆饼、糠饼、麦麸等。摄食器官:咽喉齿。
栖息食性
⑶ 生长体长: 1~2龄增长最快体重: 2~3龄增加最快
年 龄 1 2 3 4 5
体长 cm 34.5 60.0 68.8 75.7 79.8
体重 kg 0.78 3.60 5.40 7.00 8.10
⑷繁殖习性雌鱼 4~5龄性成熟,繁殖习性同鲢鳙鱼!
体 重 kg13.3 18.8 22.5 26.3 34.0
卵巢重 1.32 1.65 2.35 2.40 4.90
怀卵量 万粒 100.3 157.5 216.4 254.4 336.7
黑鲩,青鲩,乌鲩
4. 青鱼( black carp, Mylopharyngodon piceus ) ⑴特征
外形似草鱼,但各鳍均灰黑色,背部及体侧上半部青黑色。
别称特征
⑵栖息和食性
中下层
幼鱼:浮游动物水生昆虫幼体稍后:小型贝类成鱼:贝类,蚬、螺蛳、蚌等可吃人工投喂的各种饵料
栖息
食性
⑶生长当年底: 可达 0.5kg ;第二年底: 2.5kg ;第三年底: 7.5kg ;⑷繁殖习性
同鲢、鳙、草鱼,时间比鲢、鳙、草鱼稍晚。
生长迅速
5. 鲤( Cyprinus carpio L. )
背、臀鳍的硬棘后缘呈锯齿状。口须两对,端位口。 特征
下层水,适应各种水体特喜小草丛生的浅水处 栖息杂食性:偏动物挖掘底泥,觅取食物 食性
体长( cm ) 34~40 37~42 50~55 50~72
怀卵量(万粒)黑龙江流域 4.31 34.8
大伙房水库 3.5 36.7
粘性卵,分批产出从 3月或 4月份开始,持续 2个月产卵时最低水温 14~18℃,最适温度18~22 ℃
繁殖习性
锦鲤 koi
杂交鲤
6. 鲫( Carassius auratus L. )背、臀鳍的硬棘后缘呈锯齿状。无口须特征
下层水,适应各种水体栖息
杂食性;偏植物食性
粘性卵,习性同鲤鱼1龄(当年)性成熟体长(厘米) 18~20 20~26 26~30
体重(斤) 0.4~0.6 0.6~1.3 1.3~1.6
怀卵量(万粒) 1.8~2.7 3.5~6.4 7.4~13.3
相对怀卵量(粒 / 克体重) 54~106 97~122 96~167
银鲫Carassius auratus gibelio
野鲫Carassius auratus L.
白鲫C. carassius cuvieri T. et S.
7. 武昌鱼( Megalbrama amblyocephala )
背鳍硬棘短腹棱从腹鳍基部到肛门胸鳍短,不到或仅到腹鳍基部鳔中室大于前室
特征
中下水层底质淤泥有植物的敞水区。 栖息草食性食性
区别三角鲂
年 龄 1 2 3 4 5
体长( cm) 16.4 30.7 38.8 41.9 44.3
体重(斤) 0.4 1.2 2.4 3.2 3.6
生长较快,湖北梁子湖资料
年龄 2 3 4
体重(斤) 1.4 2.8 3.4
怀卵量(万粒) 6.4 24.3 36.4
粘性卵,但粘性不及鲤鲫鱼,易脱落时间:产卵期比鲤稍迟,比家鱼稍早长江流域: 4月中旬 ~6月中旬,水温 28℃夜间产卵,多在浅水多水草处
8. 罗非鱼( Tilapia ) 背鳍:硬棘占一半以上尾鳍:圆形或平截
特征
耐高温:生存水温 16~45℃
栖息
杂食性:偏植物食性全雄罗非鱼
多次产卵: 25~30天可产卵一次产卵数量:最初数使粒,以后达 2000粒孵化:亲鱼口腔内孵化 幼鱼可在亲鱼口腔中生活孵出后 3~4个月即可产卵。
繁殖习性
9. 胡子鲶( Clarias fuscus ) 无鳞片,口须 8根吻有角质齿特征底栖栖息皮肤、褶鳃有呼吸作用不耐低温,水温: 6.5℃时死亡 12℃时越冬 最适生长: 25~30℃ 可生存: 38℃ 死亡: 超过 41℃
习性
蟾胡子鲶
南方大口鲶
革胡子鲶
10. 翘嘴鳜( mandarin fish, Siniperca chuasti ) 特征
栖息
食性 活鱼,从鱼苗到开口到成鱼,非活鱼不吃
底层
肉质细嫩,味道鲜美,无肌间刺,被称为“淡水石斑鱼”
思考题1.名词解释:滤食性鱼类、杂食性鱼类、沉性 卵、漂浮性卵(半浮性卵)、粘性卵2.优良养殖鱼类应具备的条件。3.主要养殖鱼类摄食方式有哪几种,各有何特 点?举例说明。了解主要养殖鱼类食性的意 义。