連結理論、實務與都市研究的都市生態學 都市生態學的進展 都市生態學大約是1920年代由社會學家 開始發展。為人類生態學(human ecology)的一
生態學 Ecology
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Transcript of 生態學 Ecology
生態學 Ecology
關永才 ( 介紹環境及個體生態 )林良恭 ( 族群生態及種間互動 4/1)孫義方 ( 群聚生態及生態系 5/13)
Chapter 1: The nature of Ecology
Overview of Ecology
• Ecology: Study of relationships between organisms and the environment.
– Simple definition does not convey the extreme breadth of this discipline.
Organisms interact with the environment in the context of the ecosystem
Biotic factors
Abiotic factors
Ecologists use scientific methods
• Ecology: Study of relationships between organisms and the environment.
– Wide variety of approaches.• Large temporal and spatial scales.
– Field– Lab– Observational – Manipulative
• 實驗性研究分兩類 :
– 相關性分析 (Correlation analysis)
– 操縱性實驗 (Manipulative experiment)
• 相關性分析 (Correlation analysis)
– 研究兩個或更多變數 (variables) 的相關性• 例 : 期中考成績和溫習功課時間的關係• 例 : 期中考成績和吃零食多寡的關係
期中考成績和溫習功課時間的關係
溫習功課時間 (小時 )
成績
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期中考成績和吃零食多寡的關係
吃零食量 (包 )
成績
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相關 不一定等於 因果 !!!!!!
相關 不一定等於 因果 !!!!!!
• 操縱性實驗 (Manipulative experiment)
– 設控制組及實驗組– 儘量維持兩組的條件相同,只留下一個可改變的條件
個案 1: Ecology of Bumblebees
Ecology of Bumblebees
• Bumblebees live in many cool regions.– Heinrich estimated energy budget of
individuals foraging on different flowers and under different temperatures.• Energy Gain / Loss
– Energy Intake - Energy Expenditure.
Ecology of Forest Birds
• MacArthur studied ecology of five species of warblers in spruce forests in N.A.– Theory predicted two species with identical
ecological requirements could not coexist indefinitely.
Warbler Feeding Zones
個案 3: Forest Nutrient Budget: A watershed ( 集水區 ) approach
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest
Forest Nutrient Budgets
• Likens and Bormann estimated 90% of nutrients in a New Hampshire forest were locked up in soil organic matter.– Approximately 9.5 % was tied up in
vegetation.– Streamflow output amounted to < 1%.
個案 4 : Vegetation Change: Pollen Records
• Many environmental changes occur over large spatial or temporal scales.
• Davis monitored plant pollen deposited in lake sediments in the Appalachian Mtns. – Documented large temporal changes to
nearby plant communities.
Vegetation History from Pollen Sediments
古海洋生態學研究:矽藻
(彰化師大 王瑋龍攝 )
(彰化師大 王瑋龍攝 )
個案五 : Landscape Ecology 地景生態學
破碎化棲地( fragmentation of habitats):八卦山台地
Review• 個案1: Ecology of Bumblebees• 個案2: Ecology of Forest Birds• 個案3: Forest Nutrient Budgets• 個案4: Vegetation Change• 個案5: Landscape Ecology
生態學萬歲 !
謝謝 !
Hypothesis testing