Chap. 10 Regional Ecology – Major Ecosystem Types and

Biomes

鄭先祐 (Ayo)

國立台南大學 環境與生態學院

2008 年 2 月至 6 月

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Regional Ecology

Marine Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems Terrestrial biomes Human-designed and managed systems

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Table 10-1.

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1 Marine Ecosystems

the major oceans (Antarctic, Arctic, Atlantic, India, and Pacific) and their connectors and extensions cover approximately 70% of the surface of Earth.

Physical factors dominate life in the ocean.Waves, tides, currents, salinity, temperature,

pressure, and light intensity.Ocean play a major role in shaping the we

ather and climate over the entire Earth.

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海洋表面與海底

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Fig. 10-2. The major upwellings (dark areas) and ocean currents driven by the winds and by Earth’s rotation.

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Upwelling regionsHigh concentration of nutrients and organismsThe immense fish (and bird) population can be

attributed not only to high productivity but also to short food chains. Some species that are carnivorous in oceanic region become herbivorous in upwelling regions.

Sediments deposited on the sea floor have high organic content.

In contrast to the richness of the sea, the adjacent land area is often a coastal desert because winds must blow from land to sea.

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Fug. 10-3. Transects of (A) a sandy beach and (B) a rocky shore, showing zones and characteristic dominant species.

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Fug. 10-3. Transects of (A) a sandy beach and (B) a rocky shore, showing zones and characteristic dominant species.

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Fig. 10-4. Map of the deep sea hydrothermal vents of the world.

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圖 2. (B) 於 1,500 公尺深的海底，熱水的噴出，水溫高達 335oC 。噴口有笠貝雨水底軟體蟲。

圖 2 (c) 火山口的另一個區域。水溫只有 15oC 。大型的多毛蟲

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Essay 海底的特殊生活方式於近 Galapagos 島嶼的深海底，沒有陽光。但有

許多生物在此地區生活。這個地區的能量是來自地熱，有機物質是源自細

菌分解 H2S ，而不是 H2O 。類似這種生活，分散在全球多處深海底。

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Essay 海底的特殊生活方式

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Marine ecosystems

Estuaries ( 河口區 )Seashores ( 海岸區 )Mangroves ( 紅樹林 )Coral reefs ( 珊瑚礁 )

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(A)A rocky shore

(B) Georgia salt marsh

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Intertidal Zonation

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Fig. 10-6. (A) Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle)

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Coral Reefs - Types

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2 Freshwater Ecosystems

lentic (standing-water) ecosystem: lakes and ponds

lotic (running-water) ecosystem: springs, streams, and rivers

wetlands: marshes and swamps

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Fig. 10-7. (B) a pond depicting the littoral zone dominated by cattails (Typha) ( 香蒲 )

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Fig. 10-7 (C) A stream ( lotic ecosystem)

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Lentic ecosystems

Littoral zone, containing rooted vegetation along the shore

Liminetic zone (open water), dominated by planktonEpilimnion, hypolimnion, thermocline

Profundal zone (deep-water), containing only heterotrophs

Benthic zone, dominated by bottom-dwelling organisms.

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Lake Structure

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Lotic ecosystems

River continuum concept, involving longitudinal changes in community metabolism, biotic diversity, and particle size from headwater to river mouth, describes how biotic communities adjust to changing conditions.A rapid zoneA pool zone

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Freshwater wetlands

A freshwater wetland is defined as any area covered by shallow freshwater for a least part of the annual cycle; accordingly, wetland soils are saturated with water continually or for part of the year.Riverine wetlandsLacustrine (lake) wetlandsPalustrine (marsh) wetlandsForested wetlands (swamp)

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Fig. 10-8. Microbial decomposition and recycling in wetland sediments. The four major anaerobic decomposers gasify—and thereby recycle into the atmosphere—carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur.

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Fig. 10-9. (A) a wetland forest (swamp)

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Fig. 10-10. (A) a northern salt marsh.

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Fig. 10-10. (B) Low tide on a tidal marsh are typical

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Fig. 10-10. (C) A freshwater tidal marsh with cypress trees bordering on the Altamaha River.

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3 Terrestrial Biomes

biomes, the level of organization between the landscape and global (ecosphere) levels of organization.

life zone concept Based on the relationship between climate and vegetat

ion.

association, a unique ecosystem type or natural unit of vegetation,

often dominated by particular species.

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3 Terrestrial Biomes

ecoregions, ecosystems based on a continuous geographi

c or landscape area across which the interactions of climate, soil, and topography are sufficiently uniform to permit the development of similar types of vegetation.

life form grass, shrub, deciduous tree, coniferous,…..

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Fig. 10-11. Whittaker’s (1975) patterns of world plant formations, based on the relationship of mean annual precipitation (cm) to mean annual temperature (oC)

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Fig. 10-13. Major biomes of the world

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Fig. 10-13 (B) Schematic map of the major biomes of North America.

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Fig. 10-14. Distribution of six major biomes in terms of mean annual temperature and mean annual rainfall.

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Tundra– Arctic and AlpinePolar and high-mountain ice capsNorthern Coniferous forest biomesTemperate deciduous forestsTemperate GrasslandsTropical Grasslands and savannasChaparral and sclerophyllous woodlandDeserts Semi-evergreen seasonal tropical forestsTropical rain forestsTropical scrub or thornwoodsMountainsCaves

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Fig. 10-15. Two views of the Tundra in July on the Coastal plain near the Arctic Research Laboratory.

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Fig. 10-16. Three kinds of coniferous forests. (A) A high-altitudes forest of Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir in Colorado.

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Fig. 10-18 (B) A spruce forest in Idaho with yellow in the fall.

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Fig. 10-18. (C) An example of a moist coniferous forest, often termed temperate rain forest.

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Fig. 10-17 (A) A virgin stand of deciduous temperate forest in Hueston Woods State Park, near Oxford, Ohio.

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Fig. 10-18. Konza Prairie, a 3487 hectare native tallgrass prairie, located n the Flint Hills region of northeastern Kansas, is dominated by perennial, warm-season grasses.

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Fig. 10-21. Migration of wild-beast (Connochaetes taurinus) across the savanna in Africa.

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Fig. 10-23. (A) a low altitude “hot” desert near South Mercury, Nevada, dominated by creosote bush.

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Fig. 10-23. (B) An Arizona desert at a somewhat higher elevation, with several kinds of cacti and a greater variety of desert shrubs and small trees.

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Fig. 10-24. View of a lowland seasonal tropical forest in Brazil.

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Fig. 10-27.

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4 Human-Designed and Managed Systems

agroecosystems, are domesticated ecosystems that are in many ways intermediate between natural ecosystems, such as grasslands and forests, and fabricated ecosystems, such as cities.

urban-industrial technoecosystems, are energetic island with large ecological footprints in the matrix of natural and agricultural landscapes.

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agroecosystems

Solar powered, but differ from natural ecosystems in several ways

1. The auxiliary energy sources that enhance productivity, but also increase pollution, are processed by fossil fuels, along with human and animal labor.

2. Diversity is greatly reduced by human management

3. Artificial selection4. Control is external and goal oriented.

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Conservation ecology

Conservation biology (ecology), provides an integrative approach and field of study, focusing on the protection and management of biodiversity based on the principles of both applied and basic ecology.

In recent decades, the social sciences, especially sociology, economics, ethics, and philosophy, have become prominent components of these protection and management processes.

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問題與討論

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