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E-Government and Knowledge Management

MIS 580Noyan Ilk

Shaokun FanXiao (Erin) Yao

Agenda

References

Case Studies:- The MEDW Project- The InfoCitizen Project- KM System- ADVISE Program

Technology:- Gov 2.0- Ontologies

Overview:- E-Government- KM for E-Government- Some Issues with KM in E-Government

E-Government: An Overview

• The use of information technology to provide access to government information and delivery of public services to;

– Citizens: government-to-citizens (G2C)– Businesses: government-to-business (G2B)– Government: government-to-government (G2G)– Employees: government-to-employees (G2E)

E-Government: A Changing Service Model

Citizen Government Technology

E-Government: A Changing Service Model

Citizen Government Technology

Citizen GovernmentTechnology

Recreation One Stop

Timeline: US Government Goes Electronic [1]

1986 2002

1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

1986Brooks Act amended

reducing government costs through volume buying, including IT purchases

1996Information Technology Management Reform Act

establishing the CIO position to manage IT resources1998

WebGov Portalreplaced by FirstGov Portal

20022000

2001 2002

2000Federal Rehabilitation

Actrequiring all IT productsbe accessible to disabled 2000

FirstGov Portal

2001National Security Telecommunications and Information Systems Security Policy No. 11

NSA approval

2001HIPPA

2002E-Government Act

Funding additional e-government initiatives and creating Office of Electronic GovernmentWhite House 2.0 & E-Gov Video

Benefits of E-Government

• Improved government accountability to citizens

• Greater public access to information

• More efficient/effective government services

• More convenience of governmental services

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%

MostImportantBenefits*

Gov.Accountibility

PublicAccess

MoreEfficientGov.

Convenience

* Study by The Council for Excellence in Government, August 2000

Knowledge Management for E-Government• At the level of a government, knowledge management (KM) for

government can be defined as leveraging knowledge for improving internal processes, for formulation of sound government policies and programs and for efficient public service delivery for increased productivity [2].

• In 2002, print, film, magnetic, and optical storage media produced about 5 exabytes of new information (1 exabyte= 1018 bytes) [3].

• 92% of the new information was stored on magnetic media, mostly in hard disks. Film represents 7% of the total, paper 0.01%, and optical media 0.002%. Almost 800 MB of recorded information is produced per person each year [2].

• Governments, therefore, face information explosion and KM can help governments in coping with information explosion leading to better policy formulation, better program implementation and need-based skill formation for increased productivity.

The Need for Knowledge Integration in E-Government

Program Admin ComplianceServices to Citizens

Public Asset ManagementMarketable Asset ManagementDefense & Nat’l Security OpsDiplomacy & Foreign RelationsDisaster ManagementDomestic EconomyEducationEnergy ManagementInsurancePublic HealthRecreation & National ResourcesSocial ServicesR&D & Science

Regulated Activity ApprovalConsumer Safety

Environmental ManagementLaw Enforcement

LegalRevenue Collection

Trade (Import/Export)Transportation

Workforce Management

Support Delivery of Services

Internal Operations/Infrastructure

Legislative ManagementBusiness Management of InformationIT ManagementPlanning and Resource AllocationRegulatory Management

Controls and OversightPublic AffairsInternal Risk Management and MitigationFederal Financial Assistance

Human Resources Financial Management Admin Supply Chain Management

Human Resources Financial Management Admin Supply Chain Management

Inter-Agency Intra-Agency

Program Admin ComplianceServices to Citizens

Public Asset ManagementMarketable Asset ManagementDefense & Nat’l Security OpsDiplomacy & Foreign RelationsDisaster ManagementDomestic EconomyEducationEnergy ManagementInsurancePublic HealthRecreation & National ResourcesSocial ServicesR&D & Science

Regulated Activity ApprovalConsumer Safety

Environmental ManagementLaw Enforcement

LegalRevenue Collection

Trade (Import/Export)Transportation

Workforce Management

Support Delivery of Services

Internal Operations/InfrastructureInternal Operations/Infrastructure

Legislative ManagementBusiness Management of InformationIT ManagementPlanning and Resource AllocationRegulatory Management

Controls and OversightPublic AffairsInternal Risk Management and MitigationFederal Financial Assistance

Human Resources Financial Management Admin Supply Chain Management

Human Resources Financial Management Admin Supply Chain Management

Inter-Agency Intra-Agency

Document Library

File Shares

RecordDBs

GovernmentServices

KM for E-Government: Challenges / Controversies [1, 2]

• Disparate and out-dated information infrastructure and systems

• Lack of IT funding and personnel

• Security and privacy issues

• Organizational and cultural inertia

• Government laws and legal regulations

Technical Trends for E-Government

• Government 2.0: apply the technology of Web 2.0 to the practice of e government.

• Ontology: a formal explicit specification of a shared body of concepts

What is missing in E-Government 1.0?

The Boom of Web 2.0

Government 2.0 Technologies

• Government 2.0 [4] is to provide more effective processes for government service delivery to individuals and businesses. Integration of tools such as– wikis– government-specific social networking sites – blogs– RSS feeds – Google Maps

Advantages of Government 2.0

• Provides new drivers and incentives for change towards better e-government:– Simple and user-oriented– Interactive– Collaborative– Innovative

Technical Challenges for KM in E-Government

• Interoperability Challenge [5]– Environment is heterogeneous– Systems are widely distributed– The use of one fixed vocabulary is not possible

• Search Challenge– Resources are growing at exponential rates– Users want more than “exact keyword search”,

they are demanding both accuracy and completeness

The Ontology-based Solution

An Ontology Example

Why Build Ontologies?

• To share common understanding of information among people or software agents

• To enable reuse of domain knowledge• To analyze domain knowledge

• Some Issues / Controversies:– Who should build/maintain the ontology?

– What if ontology needs to be changed?

– Be aware of “Human Flesh Search”

Case Studies

The MEDW ProjectThe InfoCitizen Project

KM systemADVISE program

About & MotivationsMEDW [6]

Supported by the Beijing Statistics Bureau: 2006 - 2010Relating to the national and government agencies’ statistics and survey system, and other non-government investigationsProviding all kinds of information on various aspects of Beijing’s macro-economy and social development

InfoCitizen[7]

Piloted by eleven organization s within 5 different EU-countries : 2001, €3.3mPromoting pan-European interoperabilityTransparent public service provision to the European citizenReducing costs of administrative processes

KM System[8]

Designed for the Italian Department of Technology and Innovation: 2002Promoting the realization of e-government projects on a local basisHelping Local Authorities in the implementation phase and to guarantee integration between different projects carried out in different areas of the Country.

ADVISE[9, 10]

Developed by Department of Homeland Security: 2003 – 2007, $42mIdentifying actionable and credible knowledge for the prevention of, response to, and recovery from incidentsAllowing threat and vulnerability assessmentUncovering potential threats to effectively respond to an event

Approaches

MEDW Beijing, China Data Warehouse

InfoCitizen5 European countries

Distributed Knowledge Repository Infocitizen European ArchitectureInteroperable Agent

KM SystemItaly

2 Dimensions

The KM Map

ADVISEDHS, the United States

Enhanced Semantic Graph: An ontology-based semantic matching and filtering technique

Data Mining

DiscussionMEDW Beijing, China

Stress the cooperation between different departments and staff’s awareness of cooperation.Achieve standardization of service experience and chief process; Increase government office efficiency and the quality of services; support for decision making.

InfoCitizen5 European countries

No central database required: individual databases integration through interoperable agent.Help to make cross-border mobility easier; help to reduce the costs of PA processes.

KM SystemItaly

Emphasize communities and the actors: Knowledge grows with the actors’ actively participation.Maintain consistence among Local Authorities without restricting their freedom; support actors in keeping in contact, sharing resources, approaches, solutions and problems, re-using experiences and knowledge.

ADVISEDHS, the United States

The domain ontology and data mining: finding patterns and relationships within data that can possibly result in new knowledge.Mine and identify meaningful potential threats, and minimize false alerts, inferring threats coming from several independent seemingly benign activities

Trends and Controversies

• Cooperation is important: G2G – MEDW, Infocitizen, KM system – different departments, different regions, different countries

• Participation is still a challenge: G2G – Infocitizen, KM system

• Privacy is a big concern: G2C, G2G – Infocitizen, KM system, ADVISE[11]

• Centralization and Local Autonomy is also an issue: G2G – Infocitizen, KM system

References1. Chen, H., “Achieving Information Resources Empowerment: A Digital Library and

Knowledge Management Perspective”. MIS 580 AI Lab Presentation.2. Misra, D.C., 2007. “Ten guiding principles for knowledge management in e-

Government in developing countries.” In: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Knowledge Management for Productivity and Competitiveness, January 11-12, 2007.

3. SIMS (School of Information Management and System), University of California (UC), Berkeley (2003): How much information? 2003 Executive Summary, October 27.

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_2.05. Wimmer, M. A. 2006. Implementing a Knowledge Portal for e-Government

Based on Semantic Modeling: The e-Government Intelligent Portal (eip.at). In Proceedings of the 39th Annual Hawaii international Conference on System Sciences - Volume 04 (January 04 - 07, 2006). HICSS.

6. Xing, C., Yang, J., He, W., Zhang, Y., and Chen, C., “Research and Development of Key Technologies for E-government: Case Studies in China”, in: Chen, H, and et al. (ed.), Digital Government - E-Government Research, Case Studies, and Implementation, 2007, pp. 615-645.

References (Cont.)7. Adam, O., Werth, D., and Zangl, F., “Distributed Knowledge Repositories for Pan-

European Public Services”, Wimmer, M. (ed.), Knowledge Management in e-Government, 2003, pp. 1-12.

8. Morici ,R., Nunziata, E., and Sciarra, G., “A Knowledge Manage System for E-government Projects and Actors”, in: Chen, H, and et al. (ed.), Knowledge Management in Electronic Government, 2003, pp. 304-309.

9. Adam, N., Janeja, V., Paliwal, A., Atluri, V., Chun, S., Cooper, J., Paczkowski, J., Bornhovd, C., and Schaper, J., “Semantics-based threat structure mining for homeland security”, in: Chen, H, and et al. (ed.), Digital Government - E-Government Research, Case Studies, and Implementation, 2007, pp. 308-327.

10. SourceWatch entry on ADVISE: http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=ADVISE

11. DHS Privacy Office Review of the Analysis, Dissemination, Visualization, Insight and Semantic Enhancement (ADVISE) Program, Privacy Office, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2007: http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/privacy/privacy_rpt_advise.pdf

Project Consortium• Scientific Partners

Saarland University – Institute of Information Systems (IWi) GermanyUniversity of MinhoPortugalCenter for Research and Technology Hellas/ GreeceInformatics and Telematics Institute (CERTH/ITI)

• Industrial PartnersEngineering ItalyIbermaticaSpainALTE C Greece

• User PartnersMunicipality of Colleferro ItalyMunicipality of Tres CantosSpainPrefecture of Thessaloniki GreeceMunicipality of Schmelz Germany

• Dissemination PartnerUNTCGreece

Integration

Integration of geographically distributed locations

European level

National level

Regional level

Local level

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Infocitizen European Architecture

KM system – Approach

Content management issues: the creation of a knowledge map

Dimensions

Community building issues: definition of actors and their roles in the KM system

The Knowledge Map

• Codification, searching and Management of all document, resources and information about e-government

All Internet Users

Actors

Local Governments

Regional Competence Centers and Staff

• Supporting and activating communities of users involved in e-government projects.