ANTHONYGIDDENS

,

Digitizedby10uk1s

AnthonyGiddensKingsCollege Cambridge.. SOCIOLOGY,ABRIEFBUTCRITICALINTRODUCTION ANTHONYGIDDENS1982,1986 1989 1993 . 80 , . .

Digitizedby10uk1s

.......................................................................................................................................4 .Giddens ...............................................................................................................11 . ...........................................................................................................................12 .....................................................................................................................................13 .............................................................................................................................13 1:...............................................................................15 ...............................................................................................16 :.....................................18 :........................................................21 2:;.....................................27 ...................................................................................28 Marx:....................................................................................32 3.......................................................................38 :.....................................38 .....................................................................................41 ,.................................................................................................44 . ; ................................................................................................47 4.................................................................................................................53 :........................................................................54 .....................................................................................................57 .........................................................................................................................59 ,,...........................................................................61 5:....................................................................64 .............................................................................64 ...................................................................................65 ....................................................................................................68 ................................................................................................74 6.........................................................................................................76 .........................................................................................76 ,.....................................................................79 ,,.....................................................................81 .......................................................................85 7...................................................................................87 ...................................................................87 ..........................................................................................92 ,,......................................................................96 :....................................................................98

Digitizedby10uk1s

ANTHONYGIDDENS , . : 1) , 2) Anthony Giddens, 3) . 1. (1982,'1987) . '80 . . .Giddens,,.. ' . . , . . , Giddens, . ' . , . . 2. ) '50 , '60 , . '70 '50. . , , . '80 , . , ' . Digitizedby10uk1s

. , Marx Weber1 2 3, . . Giddens, (Theory of Structuration) (Double Hermeneutics).. ) Anthony Giddens, ( 1938) Cambridge, ' , , , .Parsons. , . .4 Giddens . '80. : ) ,'60,) (Marx, Weber, Durkheim) ) , '60., , , ,.. ,() . ) '70, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory (1971), Emile Durkheim (1972), The Class Structure of the Advance Societies (1973), Giddens : Marx, Weber Durkheim. Giddens ,.' Parsons 18901920 Weber Durkheim, o Giddens Marx. ParsonsTheStructureofSocialAction(1936).(Giddens.,1973:16). ,

Digitizedby10uk1s

,(Giddens.,1971:XVI), . Weber . , , ,' 20 (Giddens ., Mullan b: 1978:90). ,,PoliticsandSociologyin the Thought of Max Weber (1972), ' Weber, , (Giddens.(1972)1978:2). .Giddens The Class Structure (1979) , MarxWeber, Marx Weber, Weber Marx (Giddens.,1986:297). , Giddens 20 . ) Giddens . Positivism and Sociology(1974),NewRulesofSociologicalMethod(1976), . , .(Weber,Alfred Schutz, Harold Gagfinkel, Alain Touraine, JeanDaniel Reynaud Pierre Bourdieu, Gelliner Ernest,HansAlbert,JurgenHabermasHerbertMarcuse) 20, . Giddens , . . . , /. New Rules of Sociological Method Giddens Digitizedby10uk1s

( Apel, H.G. Gadamer,P.Ricoeur) 1974. , Giddens . , (Popper, Kuhn, Lakatos), (Gane M., 1983). (Giddens ., 1976: 159162). Giddens , . (Gane M., 1983). ., . 1984GiddensMarx 18.:, , , , , Giddens (Giddens ., (1984),1986:XXI,Marx,.,1971:15). , , . : , , ' Giddens . . : , . , , . ,Giddens ( ) , . , , . . , Giddens, : .

Digitizedby10uk1s

,Giddens1976 .Giddens , . ) 1976, . . . , , Foucault , . 1977StudiesinSocialandPoliticalTheory . 78 . CentralProblemsinSocialTheory(1979),AContemporary Critic of Historical Materialism (1981), 1985 The NationState and Violence .5 Profiles and Critiques in Social Theory (1982) 5. Sociology. A Brief But Critical Introduction, 1984 The Constitution of Society. , '. (D.Held)Class,Powerand Conflict(1982)(Marx,Weber, Lenin), , Bendix R.LipsetS. (Class, Status and Power (1967), ( 1953) (Therborn G., 1986: 100101, ). , 1976 , 1977 . 1979,1982 1984 Giddens.Urry(UrryJ.,1986) ,,,.. 3.) (Braithwaite, R. Carnap, C. Hempel, Nagel, ..), . Giddens

Digitizedby10uk1s

, , , (Coniavitis T., Metodologisk Pluralism, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppsala, 1984, .1, Giddens ., 1982W 127, ). Giddens . ' .Giddens/ / . :..P.Winch, Wittgenstein , . Giddens ., , , ' . ,, (Giddens.,(1984),1986:). Winch , ,,, . ,. ,' Giddens . . , , , .Giddens. . , . ,Marx.H (Giddens.,1982:15). Giddens . ( Dilthey),(Gadamer,Apel,..) Wittgenstein .

Digitizedby10uk1s

,, (Forms of Life) , , . ', (Giddens ., 1976: 1718). Wittgenstein . Giddens, MarxWittgenstein (Giddens.,1983:4).Giddens , , ,,,.. (Giddens.,1982:1). )' (Schumpeter J., History of Economic Analysis, Allen and Unwin, London 1955: 85 ..) : Giddens ,() (, , .) , , . , (Hechter . 1987). (Gane M., 1983). (Popper, Kuhn, Toulmin, Hesse, Feuerabend) , , (Giddens.,1982:12). (Verstehen) (Erklren) (Wright G. H., Explanation and understanding, Routledge and Kegam Paul,London,1971..Giddens , . , Max Weber ', , . Apel (Apel ., Communication and the Foundations of the Humanities, Acta Sociologica vol.15, no 1, 1972). To ' (Coniavitis T., IrrationalitetRationalitet, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, UPPSALA 1977:96 100). ( ). , Giddens . , Digitizedby10uk1s

, , ..(ConiavitisT.,1977:96 100, Darllmyr ., 1982: 2223 Giddens ., 1982 .1, Callinicos 1985). ., . , , , , , . .. . Giddens. ( Popper, Kuhn, Feuerabend, Lakatos, ..), R. Harre, R. Bhaskar, M. Hesse R.Keat,J.Urry,.Benton,W.Outhwaite,.Jessop,D.Sayer.., .,Giddens , , , , ' Bhaskar (Transformational Model) (Bhaskar R, Scientific realismandhumanemancipationVEPSONCBLondon1986,.2,Giddens.,1982;14 1987: 110 Mullan b. 1987). , Giddens . AnthonyGiddens.

.GiddensCapitalismandmodernsocialtheory.AnanalysisofthewritingsofMarx,DurkheimandMax Weber,CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge1971. PoliticsandsociologyinthethoughtofMaxWeber,Allen&Unwin,London1972. Theclassstructureoftheadvancedsocieties,Hutchinson,London1973. Newrulesofsociologicalmethod,BasicBooks,NewYork1976. EmileDurkheim,CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge1972. Studiesinsocialandpoliticaltheory,Hutchinson,London1977. Centralproblemsinsocialtheory,Macmillan,London1979.

Digitizedby10uk1s

A contemporary critique of historical materialism, Vol. 1, Power, property and the state, Macmillan,London1981. Profilesandcritiquesinsocialtheory,Macmillan,London1982. Sociology.Abriefbutcriticalintroduction,Macmillan,London1982. Theconstitutionofsociety.PolityPress,Cambridge1984. The nationstate and violence. Volume two of A contemporary critique of historical materialism,PolityPress,Cambridge1985. SocialtheoryandModernSociology,PolityPress,London1987. GiddensA.(ed.)PositivismandSociology,Heinemann,London1974. GiddensA.andHeldD.(ed.).Class,powerandconflict,Macmillan,London1982. GiddensA.andMackenziG.(ed.),Socialclassanddivisionoflabour,Camridge,Un.Pr.1982. GiddensA.andTurnerJ.(ed.),Socialtheorytoday,StanfordUn.Pr.1987.

Digitizedby10uk1s

.,, . , . ., . , , , . , ' , . . . '. , . , . . , . , , . , . . . . AnthonyGiddens

, :

Digitizedby10uk1s

SocialTrends UnitedNationsStatisticalYearbook(1981)1983. , , , , .

Digitizedby10uk1s

1 :

. , . ,, . , . , .,', , ,. , . , . , , . , , . ' , . ' . , ,, , . , , () . , ( ), .,, ,, , . , , , , .,, ,. , , . , . ,,

Digitizedby10uk1s

, . , , . , , , . , . , . ', , . . , , . , , , ,.

. . , . , , . , . ' 1819. 1789, . 1789. ,,, , . ( , , 1776) . ,, . .. , . , , Digitizedby10uk1s

, , . , 18 , 19 ' . : . , , . , , , . , . , 10% ., , , ,. ,,30.000, , 90.000. , , 900.000 . 1800, , ' . , 40% 100.00060%,, 20.000. 1.1. 1800 1850 1900 1950 1970 1982 20.000. 2,4 4,3 9,2 20,9 31,2 34,6 100.000. 1,7 2,3 5,5 13,1 16,7 18,1

:KingsleyDavis,Theoriginandgrowthofurbanisationintheworld, AmericanjournalofSociology,.61,1955().

1.1. .

Digitizedby10uk1s

. . . , . , . 300 . , . , , .4.800 , . , . .' , , . , . : , , . , , .

: , , . , . . , , . ;. . . (, ) ,

Digitizedby10uk1s

. , . , . , . , , , ' . , , : , , ,, .,, . , , , , . , , , . . .' , ' . ., . . , , . . . . , , , . , , : , . , , '', . ,, . , ,', . , ' .

Digitizedby10uk1s

,, . , , . .AugusteComte,17981857 ,. , , , , . , Comte, .Prvoir pour pouvoir ( ), . Comte , , ,. Emile Durkheim (18581917), , Comte.H,,, , .,,TheRulesof SociologicalMethod(1895),Durkheim :.' . , ,. , , ., . (1) , . , . : . . . , . , Durkheim ,. .Digitizedby10uk1s

., : , . , , . (2) , , . ',, . . , . , . . ' ComtePrvoirpourpouvoir. .,,, , , . , . ,. .

:,', C. Wright Mills (The Sociological Imagination,Penguin,1970...,,1974)., , Mills . , . , , . , . 100.000.' , , 8.000 . , .

Digitizedby10uk1s

. , ,' . , ', ' . . , , . , , ' , . , , . , , , , , . , . ,,.' . , , ,. , ,. ,: ,,, . , , , .: , . , ,. , :,,, , , , ad infinitum... To , ,: 1750,

Digitizedby10uk1s

.(DavidS.Landes,TheUnboundPrometheus,Cambridge, CambridgeUniversityPress,1969,.5). . ' , , . . , . , . , , . , ( ) . , , . , , . , . ' . . ,', ., ., ,. , . . , , . ,,, , , . , , , . ,, . . ( . 7). , , , ,Digitizedby10uk1s

.'. . , ,', . , , , , , . ,,. , ,. , . ,,, , , ., . , , , . , ' . ,, , . , ' , ,. , . . . , , . , .,' , , . , , . , , . . .,,

Digitizedby10uk1s

., , ., , , . , , , . H , ' . . , , ,. Discourse on the Origin and Foundation of Inequality (1755) JeanJacques Rousseau , ,. , Rousseau, , , ! , , , , , . ,,,, , , ,. 150 Discourse Rousseau , , , , . , , Rousseau. . , , . , , . . , , . , ,, , . Claude LviStrauss, , , ,

Digitizedby10uk1s

. , ,. ,, , . , , . , . . , . .,, . . . , . , , , . ' , .

Digitizedby10uk1s

2 :;

; , '' . . , , . ,, , . , , .ComteHenrideSaint Simon, , . ' Durkheim, , , . , Durkheim , . '50 '60, .,. KarlMarx,' Marx , . Marx 18401870. (18181883) ' .,,, , Marx .Marx , , , .',,partipris. Marx . , , Marx, .

Digitizedby10uk1s

Marx . , . , . ,. , , , . Marx,, . Marx . . , . , . . , , Saint Simon.,SaintSimon . , , , . . , . ( Krishan Kumar, Prophecy and Progress, London, Allen Lane, 1978). , , ,,. (1) , , , , , , , . ' . , , . (2) . , , . , , , , . ,

Digitizedby10uk1s

., . (3) , , .', ,,. . , , .(, , Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man,NewYork,Doubleday,1960). (4), . , , . , , . , , , (ReinhardBendix,NationBuildingandCitizenship,NewYork,Wiley,1964). (5) , , , , . ', Kerr (Clark Kerr et al., Industrialism and Industrial Man, Harmondsworth,Penguin,1973).Kerr, , , . , , . Kerr , , , . . , , , , ,Bendix,, . ' , , , ,, ., , . , Kerr . , Max Weber (18641920), . , Digitizedby10uk1s

MaxWeber,,, . , .(.84.). (6),, , . , ,. , . . , , ' ., , ,, . , , . 7 . . , , , ,.,' Ralf Dahrendorf, Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1959 [ 1957]). ' , , . , Marx . Dahrendorf .Marx, Dahrendorf . , Dahrendorf, , (Dahrendorf, . 40). , , , . Dahrendorf .,, , ,. , , ,,:, ,, .,Digitizedby10uk1s

. Marx, , , .(A.A. Berle G.C. Means, The Modern Corporation and Private Property, New York, Collier Macmillan, 1968 [ 1932]). , , , . Marx ( ' ) . , Dahrendorf . , , , , . , . DahrendorfMarx' , .,,.Dahrendorf, ,, , , . , , , . , Marx : . Marx ' . , Dahrendorf, , . , , .,Marx, DahrendorfMarx '. , , . Dahrendorf (3)(4): , , . , . . Dahrendorf, : '. . .

Digitizedby10uk1s

,. Dahrendorf, , , . , . ' .Dahrendorf, ' . , . Dahrendorf "" , (Dahrendorf,.57). Dahrendorf ' Durkheim, .Durkheim . . , , ., . , . , .

Marx:,Marx , . , , Dahrendorf. , , ' ,, : Ralph Miliband, The State in Capitalist Society(London,Weidenfeld&Nicolson,1969).Miliband Dahrendorf Marx .Dahrendorf Marx , Miliband , , . ,Miliband,Marx, , . , Marx,'. Miliband . Marx.

Digitizedby10uk1s

. Marx ' . Marx ,, . Marx, .,,., ,' , : , . . Marx , . ,,Marx, . , ., . .,Marx, ,. . , Marx . , . ,, ,. Marx . , , ,. .Marx ,. Marx, . , . , Marx , . Marx 1789 . ,

Digitizedby10uk1s

, , Marx, , . , . , ' , ,,. ,Marx, ,., , . , , . , . . , , . , , . ,:. , . , . , .Marx, . Miliband, Dahrendorf. Miliband, , . Miliband: [ ] : . , , , ' , , , , , . , (Miliband,.9).

Digitizedby10uk1s

, , ,,, .Miliband Dahrendorf. , ,. , ' . , , ' , Dahrendorf, . , Miliband, .,, , ' . , Dahrendorf , . Dahrendorf, Miliband, . , : "" , , ., .(Miliband,.41). , Miliband , Dahrendorf. , , .Miliband . .,,;Miliband Dahrendorf ' , ' .MilibandMarx, . , , , Marx. , , , , . ,Miliband , . Marx . Miliband , , , Digitizedby10uk1s

,. ,, . . , , ,. ,Miliband, . Marx, , , . .; . , ., . , . , , . ,Miliband, , ipso facto . Marx . , . , Miliband Marx. .Marx , . Miliband , status quo. , , . Dahrendorf , , Miliband , . , . , Marx, . ' . ,

Digitizedby10uk1s

. ,, .,, ,. Marx, , . . ',' . , , , .

Digitizedby10uk1s

3

,,' , , '.,, . . Marx.,,, , ; ' . . , , . , Marx, Miliband, :,(,,), , . . , , . . . , , , ; ' , . . , ; ',.

: Dahrendorf Miliband , ,. , Marx, , . Dahrendorf . , . Dahrendorf , Marx. Miliband: . ,,, . ,Digitizedby10uk1s

, , . , , , .,' . : , , . . , , . , 0,5%. 3/5 . , , 50%. (Michael Useem, The Inner Circle, New York,OxfordUniversity,Press,1984,2). ,,. , , . , . , , , . . ; Dahrendorf . ,. , . , , . ' , . ' . , , ,' .,,, ,., IBM . . ,',, ',. , , . . , , ' ,, .

Digitizedby10uk1s

'., ,, . ,Berle, , , . .Dahrendorf . , . , . ,. ', ,. , . , . , , .' , , . , , . ' , ., :,,' . , . , ,,,. '50'60, . , , ' . , ' . . ,,, .

Digitizedby10uk1s

, . , , ' . , , . , , ,. ,, , , , (. Edward S. Herman, Corporate Control,CorporatePower,Cambridge,CambridgeUniversity,Press,1981). , . , . , . , . , , . . , . ,. , .Miliband' ' , Dahrendorf. , , ' ,.

, , , Marx ; , , , . , , , Marx ; ' . ,'., , , ' , . .

Digitizedby10uk1s

,, . , . , . . , , , .', . (SPD) . , , . , . , , , , . , , , . , , , , , . ' . , ( ), ,,. , , . ' . . , . Dahrendorf,., Dahrendorf,, ,..Marshall,,(.. Marshall, Citizenship and social class Class, Citizenship and Social Development Westport, Greenwood, 1973, [ 1950]). Marshall , , , . , ,

Digitizedby10uk1s

. ,, . , . Marshall . ,,,. ( ) . , , , . , , .,Marshall, . ,, . , Marshall, (Marshall, . 84). , , , , . Marshall , , ..Marshall .Marx, . , , . Marx . , ,. , , . . , ,, . Marx, , . ,,, . ., Marshall, , ( Miliband) .

Digitizedby10uk1s

. , . Marx . , , .,, , . Marshall . , . , . , Miliband, , . . , . Marshall ( ), Dahrendorf .., Marx,, . :(1), , (2) , , (3) . . Marx .,, Marx, . . ,,,, .

, , ,

Digitizedby10uk1s

., . ,,, . Marx.Marx,, , , . , , Marx. ,Marx ,,, , (Karl Marx, Theories of Surplus Value, London, Lawrence & Wishart, 1969, , . 573). , . , Marx. , , , ', . , . Marx .' , ,,. ' . . . . ' , , ' . , . , , . , . ( , , , ). . , . , .(AnthonyGiddens,TheClassStructure of the Advanced Societies, London, Hutchinson, 1979, . 288). (,6):

Digitizedby10uk1s

,, . Marx . , , .,' , , . . Marx , , , , .,, , , Marx. , . Marx ' (,...Wright,Class,CrisisandtheState,London,New LeftBooks,1978,.3). , . , , , , ., ,, ., .(.Daniel Bell,TheComingofPostIndustrialSociety,NewYork,BasicBooks,1973AlainTouraine,The PostIndustrial Society, New York, Random House, 1971). , , , . , ., ., , . : (1) , . . ,,. ' . (2) , ., ,

Digitizedby10uk1s

. , SaintSimon . , .(3) . , . , ,, ... ( ). ' , . , . , . , 6. ,,. (. 46) . , , ' . , ().

; , . , , , ., . '60. 3.1. .

Digitizedby10uk1s

3.1. ,197383()

:SocialTrends,London,HMSO,1985.

. Gorz (Andr Gorz, Farewell to the Working Class, London, Pluto,1982).', Gorz , Marx,. , .Gorz . , , ' , . , Gorz Dahrendorf.Marx, Gorz, ,, ., ,', . . , Gorz, .,Digitizedby10uk1s

, . , , (. . 172175) . , , , . ,Gorz,, , . , , , , , (Gorz, . 67). , Marx, , . , , Gorz ., , , , . , . , . ,Gorz,. , Marx. ,, . .Gorz . . , , . , Gorz, , . . , . ,. : , , , ,

Digitizedby10uk1s

. Gorz , Himmelstrand (Ulf Himmelstrand .., Beyond Welfare Capitalism, London, Heinemann, 1981). Himmelstrand . Himmelstrand Gorz . Himmelstrand , ,,. , . , , , , , . Himmelstrand ., Himmelstrand, , . ., Gorz , . , Himmelstrand, , . . Himmelstrand . ' ' , . , , . , ,,,. , , . , Himmelstrand , . ' , . . , . ,

Digitizedby10uk1s

; , Himmelstrand ,'' ,Gorz. ,,, . , ( Gorz) ( Himmelstrand) . (. 82) . . , , ' , , , , . , . , , , , . ' , , . , , Himmelstrand . , ,. Gorz, , ., . , , ,. , .,Gorz, . , , , , . , , ,, . . , ' , . 197374 . , . , , , . Digitizedby10uk1s

'60,, , . ,,,,, . , Gorz Himmelstrand . Marx, . ,,', '.

Digitizedby10uk1s

4

, , : . ., . 40% , , . , , , ,. , : , , , , . ,,, . . , : , , . , ,. , , ,. . ., . , . .,' Durkheim , ' , . , . , , , . , Marx . , ., .

Digitizedby10uk1s

. Marx, :.

: , , , . Marx . , Miliband .'Offe. (.NicosPoulantzas,PoliticalPowerandSocialClasses,London,NewLeftBooks,1973 [1968]..,1975ClausOffe,DisorganisedCapitalism, Cambridge,PolityPress,1985).Miliband . Marx . Marx , . , ,Marx .,,,Marx . , . ., . , Dahrendorf ,. , , . , Marx, , , . , , . Marx, , ., , . . , . ,

Digitizedby10uk1s

, '. ,, ,Marx., Miliband ' . Miliband, , , , , . Miliband ,, ',,, . , , . . . Miliband ' . , , ,., LouisAlthusser, ., .: ., , Miliband ' (Ralph Miliband, The capitalist state: a reply to Nicos Poulantzas, New Left Review . 59, 1970). ' , . , ; ; ' . ,. , . . . . , . ,. , , Karl Kautsky, . Marx , , , .

Digitizedby10uk1s

, , , , , . , , . ., , , . . , . . ,, . , ,. . ,: . , , . , . , , , , Marx. ' , Offe . Offe, Marx , . , . ., , :,, ., . , , . (..) , (.. ). ,Offe, . ,

Digitizedby10uk1s

, , , . , . . . , , , , . , , . Offe , . , , ,. ,Marx., , , . , ', .

, , , . . , , ,. , , : MaxWeber.Weber , . Weber ,,, , . Weber, .'Weber . Weber, : , .

Digitizedby10uk1s

, . Weber . Weber , . , . . Weber, Economy and Society,,' . , . , Weber , , , , , . (. Max Weber, Economy andSociety,Berkeley,UniversityofCaliforniaPress,19782,.95694[ 1922]). , , , . Weber , ..Weber ',Marx . ,, . Weber,' , , ,.' Weber . Weber . :' .Marx . . . Weber. ,,.Weber ,

Digitizedby10uk1s

. .: ' , ' . , Weber, , , . ,, . . ,, , . , ,, . , . Weber , , . ,, , , , (. David Beetham,MaxWeberandtheTheoryofModernPolitics,Cambridge,PolityPress,1985). Weber. : , ' . Weber .,,, . , ., ' , ,, .

Weber . , , , . , , Weber, .Weber Robert Michels (Robert Michels, Political Parties, London, Collier

Digitizedby10uk1s

Macmillan, 1968 [ 1911]), . Michels, : , . , , , . ( Michels), ( Weber) . , ., . ', , , . ' , , ' . ,, . , . , (. Harry Braveman, Labor and Monopoly Capital, New York, Monthly Review Press, 1974) , , Weber Michels. , , , , ' , . , , . , , . , , , , , , . , , , , . Weber Michels , . , . Weber, Marx . , , . '. , , : ,( ,).

Digitizedby10uk1s

. ,, , . , , Weber, . Marx, . , , Marx , .( , ) .

,, , , . , . , Max Weber. O Weber , , . , . .,Cohn (NormanCohn,ThePursuitoftheMillenium,London,MercuryBooks,1962). , . . , , . , . , , . , ' ,, . . ,

Digitizedby10uk1s

, , . . . ,. , , . , . , , . , ' . , , . :, . , . Tilly Skocpol (Charles Tilly,FromMobilizationtoRevolution,Reading,Mass.,AddisonWesley,1978.ThedaSkopcol, StatesandSocialRevolutions,Cambridge,CambridgeUniversityPress,1979):Tilly . , , . . Tilly ,, , . , . , 1917 . , . , , , , , . , , .

Digitizedby10uk1s

Skocpol . Tilly , . Skocpol . Skocpol , ., ,. , , , . , , ., , .Skocpol,. , , . , , , , , (Skocpol,.285). Skocpol . , , , . Tilly ' , . , , , . ' , .

Digitizedby10uk1s

5 :

. ' . 1780 . , , , . . , , ,.' ' ' . , . . ( , . Gideon Sjoberg, The Preindustrial City, Glencoe, The Free Press, 1960. ). . , , . , , , ,. , . , , . , , . . , , . (..32).,,. 1.700',100.000. 250 , ,,,500.000. 14 .

Digitizedby10uk1s

. , . , , . ' . , , 450.40 700 . . ,' ., , . , , . , , .

, . . . ' , , ' . R. . Park ,.,,, , , , (Robert.Park,HumanCommunities,Glencoe,TheFreePress,1952.79). , . . ,. , , . ,. , . , , , , , Louis

Digitizedby10uk1s

Wirth .Wirth ' .' ,1938(LouisWirth,Urbanismasawayoflife, AmericanJournalofSociology,44,1938..A.J.Reiss,LouisWirthonCitiesand SocialLife,Chicago,UniversityofChicagoPress,1964).Wirth :,. , . . ' , . , . ,Wirth,, , (Wirth, . 13). , Wirth , , . , ' Weber. Wirth . ' , ' . , .. .,Wirth , , , minimum.,', , . Wirth, . ,,, , . ,,Wirth. , Wirth . ,19201930, , . , , , . ' . , Sjoberg, , :

Digitizedby10uk1s

, ,,, (Sjoberg.5). , . , , , , . ,,Wirth, . , . . , , . , , Wirth. , , ' , ,, . , . , . : : , , , . . , ,., ' . ,, ' ,, . , Wirth . , , , , . , ,. Ferdinand Tnnies. Gemeinschaft()Gesellschaft().Gemeinschaft Wirth, .Gesellcshaft,, , , Gemeinschaft. Wirth, , Tnnies, Georg Simmel. , .,. : Gesellschaft ,

Digitizedby10uk1s

.,, Wirth, . , ,, . , Wirth,. , Wirth, ,. , Park,, . ' , . ,.

;' , , , , . . . , . , , . . 1717 10.0001851, ,300.000. 2.400.000 . , . ,,. , , Marx .,,', Offe.Marx, :, , ' . ,

Digitizedby10uk1s

. , ., , . ( , , ). , ,. .. (1), . .,, . , , . , . . ( DavidHarvey,SocialJusticeandtheCity,London,Arnold,1973). (2) , , . , . , , , . , ' . , , . (3) , ' . , , , , , . , . , ., , . , ,, . Digitizedby10uk1s

Rex (. John Rex Robert Moore, Race, Community and Conflict, Oxford,OxfordUniversityPress,1967Rex).Rex . , Rex, , . , , . , , , . ' . . ,,, .( ) . ' , , . , . . . , ., . , ., . , ,. , , , , . , . Rex, , . . , , , ,

Digitizedby10uk1s

,,, . , , . , , , . , , . ,. ,,, . ,Rex, . . , , . , . , , , , . , . , , , , . : , , , . ,, ., ' , . ' , , , . (. . Meier . . Rudwick, From Plantation to Ghetto, New York,Hill&Wang,1966). ,., : ,. .

Digitizedby10uk1s

19501960, . , , (. Gerald Suttles, The Social Order of the Slum, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1968). , ' .,,, , , . Rex . , .,,,. ,Rex,. , , ., , ., , ., , . ,,, ,. Rex,, , , . , . , , . , . Offe . , . ' , , ,. , ,

Digitizedby10uk1s

, . , , : . , , , . Rex, . , ' , . , , . ,,.Szelinyi , Szelinyi. Szelinyi , : , ,; , , ; (Ivan Szelinyi, Urban Inequalities Under State Socialism, NewYork,OxfordUniversityPress,1983,.14). , . ,,. . , , . Szelinyi . ,, .,, () . ' , . ( ) . , .. , , ' . , , , . Digitizedby10uk1s

, ,. . . Rex , , . , , . . , ,. : , . , , . ., .

Wirth , ., , . , : , . , , '. , , . , , , , .' Lefebvre ,, . . , , , , . , Lefebvre: , ,(,,,

Digitizedby10uk1s

, ...) ... . , , (Henri Lefebvre, Everyday Life in the ModernWorld,London,AllenLane,1971,.29,..,,1970). Lefebvre , . , , . . : . , . , , .,,, , , . , ,(MichaelIgnatieff,AJustMeasureofPain,London, Macmillan, 1978). , . : , , . . , , , ,. , . . , , . .

Digitizedby10uk1s

6

'50 '60, , . : ' ( ) . , , , . , :. ',, ' , , , .(TalcottParsons,TheAmericanfamily,.ParsonsR.F.Bales, Family, Socialization and Interaction Process, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1956, . 10). ' , , Parsons, ( ) . , , . ' : , , . . ,. , , . , , , .

.,, , , . , , ' . . , ,

Digitizedby10uk1s

. , ,, ' ., . ' . , ,,, . , , . , ,. , , , . ,, , ,. ' , Stone (Lawrence Stone,The Family,SexandMarriageinEngland15001800,London,Weidenfeld& Nicolson, 1977). . ,Stone . ' . , , . . Stone: ' , . , ' , , , . . .(Stone.5). ' , , , . , ,

Digitizedby10uk1s

. ,, . ( Centuries of Childhood Philippe Aris, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1973). . . , , , . . , , . ,. , , . Aris, ,(Aris, . 386). , . ,Stone, ,. . . , . , . , , , . Stone . , . . ., , .

Digitizedby10uk1s

.

, . . , , , ' .,' .( Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1978 , , BarbaraRogers,TheDomesticationofWomen,London,KoganPage,1980). , , . , , .,,, . . ,. , ,., ,, . ' (. Luise . Tilly Joan W. Scott, Women, Work and Family, New York, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1978). TillyScott , . 1911 . 33%, , 16% , 20%. . , ., ', . , . 1911 70%

Digitizedby10uk1s

, 10% . . : . .,, . ' , . (..97.). 1%.,, , . , , .,, ,. ,. . , . . 6.1 19611982.6.1.

1961 1965 1969 1972 1982

$3.351 3.823 4.977 5.903 12.001 $5.644 6.375 8.227 10.202 20.260

% 59,4 60,0 60,5 57,9 59,2

:BarbaraM.Wertheimer,Searchforapartnershiprole,inJaneRoberts Chapman(ed.),EconomicIndependenceofWomen,London,Sage,1976,.188 StatisticalAbstractoftheUnitedStates,1984.

, , . . , ,

Digitizedby10uk1s

, . , . ,., , . , .: .,, ,, , .,, . , , . , , , . ' . , , . , ,.

,, , , . ', , , . , . . , . : , , .

Digitizedby10uk1s

, , .',, . , , . , . , . . , ' , . ,. . , ,, . , , . . , , ., , , . , , , . , . , , .,, ,, . , , . . ,, . ' , .,, '

Digitizedby10uk1s

,. , 6.2 .19501975 ,, 40%, , , 400%. ., , ., . , . , , . ,. 6.2. ,()100 ,195080 100 100 100 1950 1960 1970 1975 1980

331 35 11

320 30 9

394 40 10

387 67 17

334 91 27

408 30 7

394 23 6

471 62 13

429 129 30

418 160 38

1.675 387 23

1.523 393 26

2.159 708 33

2.127 1.026 48

2.390 1.189 50

:MichaelAnderson,Quantitativeindicatorsoffamilychangein Anderson,SociologyoftheFamily,Harmondsworth,Penguin,1980United

Digitizedby10uk1s

NationsStatisticalYearbook,1984.

, . , , . , . , . , . , , , . , . , . , . , , ,.,, , ,. ,. . , , ., ' '60, . ' . . ,Foucault(MichelFoucault, The History of Sexuality, 1, London, Allen Lane, 1978). , , , . .Digitizedby10uk1s

, , ' . . , ,.' . , ',, . 6.3. . , , ' , . 1960 , . 2444. 6.3. () 1960 1424 2544 4564 65 1424 2564 4564 65 1424 2544 4564 65 7.064 234 1.212 2.720 2.898 2.628 124 686 965 853 4.436 110 526 1.755 2.045 1975 1982 1960 100 3,3 17,2 38,5 41,0 37,2 1,8 9,7 13,7 12,1 62,8 1,6 7,4 24,8 28,9

1975 100 8,0 19,7 29,2 43,1 35,3 4,4 12,1 9,5 9,3 64,7 3,6 7,6 19,7 33,8 1982 100 7,8 28,7 23,8 39,6 38,7 4,3 17,4 9,2 7,7 61,3 3,5 11,3 14,6 31,9

13.939 19.354 1.111 2.744 4.076 6.008 4.918 610 1.689 1.329 1.290 1.511 5.560 4.611 7.673 7.482 841 3.365 1.784 1.492

9.021 11.872 501 1.055 2.757 4.718 670 2.196 2.826 6.180

Digitizedby10uk1s

:StatisticalAbstractoftheUnitedStates,1984. , . . , . , , . , . , , , ,. , , . . , . , () . . , .,,, , . ' , '. . , . , , . . .

Digitizedby10uk1s

7

, . . , , , , , ,, . , ' ,. , . . Morse 1844. Morse ;. ,. John F. Kennedy . , George Washington , (.AllanR.Pred,Urban GrowthandtheCirculationofInformation,Cambridge,Mass.,HarvardUniversityPress,1973). , . . , , 1780 1980.2.000%. ,, . : , , . ,'.

2 ()

Digitizedby10uk1s

. . ,,Dahrendorf , . , , .. , :., , , . , , ' . , '60 . , ,, , . (.Brandt:Willy Brandt .., NorthSouth: a Programme for Survival, London, Pan Books, 1980). , , , , . . , ,., ' . . , ,. Marx. (Marx) , . Wallerstein ( ) . ,, ( , , , ). , , , '. , , .,

Digitizedby10uk1s

,. , , , . Wallerstein, (Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System, New York, Academic Press, 1974,.348). ' , , . .,Frank(..167), , . , , . . , , . , . , , , , .,1241, . , gdai . . 1683 . , , , , , . . , ,. , . EastIndiaCompany. : . .

Digitizedby10uk1s

, . . , , . , . , , , . , , , :, , . . , , , , . . , . 15 , ' , . ,, . 40%. . . , . Frank (Andr Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America, Harmondsworth, Penguin,1971)', Frank. Frank ' . , ' , . , . ,

Digitizedby10uk1s

: .,,, ., , : ,,. . , . ,,. . , ,, . , , , . , , , , , , . , , . , , , . , , . ' . , , , , ., , . ,,,, , . , . ,. , , , . .

Digitizedby10uk1s

, . , (.PeterWorsley,The ThreeWorlds.CultureandWorldDevelopment,London,Weidenfeld,1984). ., , . . , . , . ,,, , . , .,, . () , . , ., , , . , .

, , ,. . , ,. , , ., ,,

Digitizedby10uk1s

. . . 1/4 , 1/5 3/5 . . , (. Ranjit Sau,UnequalExchange,ImperialismandUnderdevelopment,Calcutta,OxfordUniversityPress, 1978). 7.1.. . 7.1. ,1975( ) , 81,5 51,2 81,0 84,3

18,5

48,8

19,0

15,7

3,0

10,7 15,9

2,5 30,6

2,5 34,6

33,9

:UnitedNationsStatisticalYearbook,1981.

( ) ,, . , . , 81,5%, 18,5%. , , 3% . , 1/3

Digitizedby10uk1s

. . ,1/2 80% , . : . , . . , , . , : . , , . ' . . Exxon. , . . , (. Robert Gilpin, U.S. Power and the MultinationalCorporation,LondonMacmillan,1976)., , . , , .FordEscort, , , . ' , ,' , . , . . ,. . , ,

Digitizedby10uk1s

, . ,, . . , ' . , . . Amin, , , , , , , .(S.Amin,AccumulationonaWorldScale,NewYork,MonthlyReview Press1971,.289). 45% . , . , , . : . : . (), . , , . ,. , ., , , , , . ,. , ,.

Digitizedby10uk1s

,,, , . ' . , ., , . . , , . , . , . ;, , 4, .,,' , , . ,', . , , . , . . ' . . , , , .,Marx, ' ,. , . , , . , , ,

Digitizedby10uk1s

.. , () . . , . ' ,, , . , ., , . , . . 500 (.CharlesTilly,TheFormationofNationalStatesinEurope,Princeton,Princeton UniversityPress,1975). . , . . , , . , , . ., , , , . ,.Wallerstein , . . Amin , .

Digitizedby10uk1s

:

' , ' . , ,. , , . , ' . . , . ,. , . , , . , : ; ' ,, . , . , . ,' . : . Marx , . . , Marx.H' . .Marx [ ]

Digitizedby10uk1s

, , , ... , , . , Marx, : ,,(KarlMarxFriendrich Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party, in Selected Works in One Volume, London, Laurence&Wishart,1968,.3839..,). Marx, . , . , , . , . . , ' , , , . , , , . , , . , , .,, Marx. , , , ' Marx. Marx .,, ,Marx'. ' , Marx, (' ). .,, . Marx , . ,,

Digitizedby10uk1s

Marx.Marx , . , , . , , ., . (, ) , . , , ' , . . T.S.Eliot BurntNorton, , , .7 , ; , , . , , . . , , , . , , , , . . . , Marx, , . . . '50 '60. , , . Digitizedby10uk1s

. ,. , . ' , . , . , . ,(.RobertBlauner, RacialOppressioninAmerica,NewYork,Harper&Row,1972). , , ' . ., , . , . , ,, . . . . .,,'. , . ' . , . Marx ' . , Friedrich Engels The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (1884, . ., , ,1975).Marx Engels, Engels. , Engels . , . .

Digitizedby10uk1s

( , , Engels ). , Engels, . , Engels, . Engels . . 6, , , ' . , , . . . . , , , . , . , . , , . , . Marx ,, , ' , . ,' , : ., ' . . , . Marx . . . , ,. , , ' :. , , .Digitizedby10uk1s

, ,,, , .., . , , , , . ,, ., , ,. , , , , , . , ' Marx . Marx , ' . . , , ., ... '19791980 Makler ., Sales A., Smelser ., Recent trends in theory and methodologyinthestudyofeconomyandsocietyBottomoreT.,NowakS.,SokolowskaM., SociologytheStaleofArt,ISA,SageLondon1982,147171,16768.2 3 1

Elster,Roemer,Przeworski

KnorrCetina.,CicourelA.(ed),AdvancesinSocialTheoryandMethodology.Towardanintegrationof microandmacrosociologies,RoutledgeandKegamPaul,Boston1981.

Giddens: Bernstein,R.J,Structurationascriticaltheory,Praxis,Vol.6,No2,1986. Callinicos,.,AnthonyGiddens.Acontemporarycritique,Theoryandsociety,Vol.14,No2,1985. Gane,M.,AnthonyGiddensandthecrisisofsocialtheory,Economyandsociety,Vol.12,No3,1983. Hall, J.., A contemporary critique of historical materialism, Vol. 2. The Nationstateandviolence.TheSociologicalreview,Vol.35,No2,1987. Hechter, .. contemporary critique of historical materialism, Vol. 2, The Nationstateandviolence,AmericanJournalofsociology,Vol.93,No2,1987. Hirst,P.O.,RecenttendenciesinsociologicantheoryReviewarticle,Economyandsociety,Vol.1,No2,1972. Jessop,.,TheNationstateandviolence,Capitalandclass,No29,1986. Joas,H.,Giddenstheoryofstructuration,Internationalsociology,Vol.2,No1,1987. Parkin,F.,ReplytoGiddens,TheoryandSociety,Vol.9No6,1980. Skocpol,T.,TheNationstateandviolence,Vol.2ofacontemporarycritiqueof historicalmaterialism,Socialforces,Vol.66,No1,1987. Therborn, G., Class analysis: history and defence from Himmelstrand, U (ed). The sociology of structure and action,London1986.Digitizedby10uk1s

4

Urry,J.,Theconstitutionofsociety,Thesociologicalreview,Vol.34.No2,1986. Walton, P.,Theclassstructureoftheadvancedsocieties,Theoryand society,Vol.2,No1, 1975. Wright,E.O.,GiddenscritiqueofMarxism,NewLeftReview138,1983. , , /. . Giddens .10.10 , Giddens , ' . , ,, .Marx , . . , , . . Giddens ' . Giddens . , .6 5

Ezra.Vogal,JapanasNumberOne:LessonsforAmerica,Cambridge,Mass.,HarvardUniversityPress, 1979 ,..,,'.1988,.41.

7

Digitizedby10uk1s