ندوة الدعم المؤسسي والمعلوماتي لعمل المراكز...

ندوة والمعلوماتي المؤسسي الدعم

الحكومة في اإلستراتيجية المراكز لعمل 2005فبراير 6-10

إعداد مازن/ المجيد عبد شريف دكتور

نظم وتطوير الدراسات مركز مدير نائبالمعلومات

والمعلومات الحاسبات كليةالقاهرة جامعة

عامة مقدمة

Foundationsof Information Systems

in Business

Foundation Concepts

Fundamental behavioral, technical,

business, and managerial concepts about the

components and roles of information

systems.

Example: Basic information systems

concepts derived from general systems

theory

Business Applications

The major uses of information systems for the

operations, management, and competitive

advantage of the E-Business enterprise.

Includes electronic business, commerce,

collaboration, and decision making using the

Internet, intranets, and extranets.

Development Processes

How business professionals and

information specialists plan, develop, and

implement information systems to meet E-

Business opportunities using several

strategic planning and application

development approaches

Management Challenges

The challenges of effectively and ethically

managing E-business technologies,

strategies, and security at the end user,

enterprise, and global levels of a business

We will not be looking at this in-depth in

this course

Information Technologies

Major concepts, developments, and

management issues in information

technology

Hardware, software, networks, data

resource management, and Internet based

technologies

What is an Information System?

Simple Definition

It can be any organized combination of people,

hardware, software, communications networks

and data resources that collects, transforms, and

communicates information in an organization.

Diagram of a System

ManufacturingProcess

Input ofRaw Materials

Output ofFinished Products

Environment

Other Systems

Control byManagement

ControlSignals

ControlSignals

FeedbackSignals

FeedbackSignals

System Boundary

Components of an IS

Four major concepts– People, hardware, software, data and networks

are the five basic resources of information systems

– People resources include end users, IS specialists, hardware resources consist of machines and media, software resources include both programs and procedures, data resources can include data and knowledge bases, and networks include communications media and networks

Components of an IS

Four major concepts continued…

– Data resources are transformed by information

processing activities into a variety of

information products for end users

– Information processing consists of input,

processing, output, storage, and control

activities

Information System Resources


People Resources

– End Users – the people who use an information system

or the information it produces. Ex: Accountants,

salespeople, customers

– IS Specialists – the people who develop and operate

information systems based on the requirements of end

users. Ex: programmers, analysts, system operators


Hardware Resources

– Machines, such as computers and other

devices, and media, such as paper, disks

– Computer Systems such as the personal

computer (desktop), mainframe, or laptop

– Computer peripherals such as keyboard,

mouse, monitor, scanner, printer, disks


Software Resources

– Programs – sets of operating instructions that

direct and control computer hardware

– Procedures – sets of information processing

instructions that people need


Software Resources continued– System Software – such as operating system

that supports the operations of a computer system. Ex. Windows 98

– Application Software – programs that direct processing for a particular use of computers by end users. Ex. Excel

– Procedures – operating instructions for people who will use an IS. Ex. Instructions for filling out a form.


Data Resources– Types of data

• Text data

• Image data

• Audio data

– Data Storage• Databases – hold processed and organized data

• Knowledge bases – hold knowledge in a variety of forms such as facts, rules, and case examples of successful business practices


Data Resources continued…

– Data Vs. Information

• Data – raw facts or observations, objective

measurements of the characteristics of entities such

as people, places, things and events

• Information – data that has been converted to a

meaningful and useful context for specific end users.



– Data is subjected to a value-added process

1. Its form is aggregated, manipulated and organized

2. Its content is analyzed and evaluated

3. It is placed in a proper context for a human user

– Called data processing or information processing



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WestCharles Mann

79154 TM Shoes

Monthly Sales Report for West Region

Sales Rep: Charles MannEmp No. 79154Item Qty Sold PriceTM Shoes 1200 $100


Network Resources

– Communication media – Twisted pair wire,

coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable and microwave,

cellular, and satellite technologies

– Network support – people and all of the

hardware, software, and data technologies that

directly support the operation and use of a

communication network.

Information System Activities

Input of Data Resources

– Data about business transactions and other

events must be captured and prepared for

processing

– Input typically takes the form of data entry

activities such as recording and editing

– End users typically enter data directly into a

computer system or record it on some physical

media such as a paper form


Processing of Data into Information

– Data is subjected to processing activities such

as calculating, comparing, sorting, classifying

and summarizing

– This organizes, analyzes, and manipulated data,

turning it into information

– The quality of data stored in an information

system must be maintained by a continual

process of correcting and updating activities


Output of Information Products

– The goal of information systems is the

production of appropriate information products

for end users

– Examples are messages, reports, forms and

graphic images which may be provided by

video displays, audio responses, paper

products, and multimedia


Information Quality– Information that is outdated, inaccurate, or hard

to understand is not meaningful, useful, or valuable to end users

– Information products should have characteristics, attributes, and qualities that make the information more valuable to the end users

– Information has three dimensions of time, form, and content


Information Quality continued..

Storage of Data Resources– Data and information

are retained in an organized manner for later use

– Stored data is commonly organized into fields, records, files, and databases


NameFieldNameField

PayrollRecordPayrollRecord

PayrollFile

PayrollFile

PersonnelDatabase


Control of System Performance

– An IS should produce feedback about its input,

processing, output, and usage activities

– This feedback must be monitored and evaluated to

determine if the system is meeting performance

standards

– Activities must be adjusted so that proper information

products are produced for end users

Roles of IS in Business

Support of Strategic

Advantage

Support of Business

Decision Making

Support of Business Processes and Operations

History of Information Systems

Data Processing

ManagementReporting

DecisionSupport

Strategic &End User

Electronic Commerce

1950-1960 1960-1970 1970-1980 1980-1990 1990-2000

ElectronicData Processing- TPS

ManagementInformationSystems

DecisionSupportSystems- Ad hoc Reports

End UserComputingExec Info SysExpert SystemsSIS

ElectronicBusiness & Commerce-InternetworkedE-Business &Commerce

The E-Business Enterprise

E-Business

– The use of Internet technologies to inter-

network and empower business processes,

electronic commerce, and enterprise

communication and collaboration within a

company and with its customers, suppliers, and

other business stakeholders.


E-Business enterprises rely on information

technologies such as the Internet to:

– Reengineer and revitalize internal business

processes

– Implement electronic commerce systems

among businesses and their customers and

suppliers

– Promote enterprise collaboration among

business teams and workgroup


Enterprise collaboration systems

– Involve the use of groupware tools to support

communication, coordination, and collaboration

among members of networked teams and

workgroups

Electronic Commerce

– The buying and selling, marketing and

servicing of products, services and information

over a variety of computer networks


Types of networks

– The Internet

– Intranets – the network existing inside an

enterprise

– Extranets – networks existing between

enterprises

The Inter-networked Business

Manufacturingand

Production

Engineering &Research

Accounting,Finance, andManagement

Suppliers and Other Business Partners

Procurement, Distribution, and Logistics

Advertising Sales Customer Service

Consumer and Business Customers

Company

Boundary

Intranets

The Internet

Extranets

Ext

ran

ets

Types of Information Systems

Transaction

Processing

Systems

Process

Control

Systems

Enterprise

Collaboration

Systems

Operations

Support

Systems

Management

Information

Systems

Decision

Support

Systems

Executive

Information

Systems

Management

Support

Systems

Information Systems

Operations Support Systems

Role is to efficiently process business transactions, control industrial processes, support enterprise communications and collaboration, and update corporate databases

Examples– Transaction Processing Systems – record and

process data from business transactions in one of two ways – batch process and real-time process

– Process Control Systems – monitor and control physical processes such petroleum refining

– Enterprise Collaboration Systems – enhance team and workgroup communications and productivity

Management Support Systems Focus on providing information and support for

effective decision making by management Examples

– Management Information Systems – provide information in forms of reports and displays to managers and other professionals

– Decision Support Systems – giver direct computer support during the decision making process

– Executive Information Systems – provide critical information from a wide variety of internal and external sources in an easy to use displays

Other Classifications Expert Systems – provide export advice for

operational chores like equipment diagnostics Knowledge Management Systems – support the

creation, organization, and distribution of business knowledge to employees and managers

Functional Information Systems – focus on operational and managerial applications in support of basic business functions such as accounting

Strategic Information Systems – apply information technology to a firm’s products, services, or business practices to gain a competitive advantage

Developing Information Systems

Development Cycle

Managerial Challenges of IT

Information systems and their technologies must

be managed to support the business strategies,

business processes, and organizational structures

and culture of an enterprise to increase its

customer and business value.

Managerial Challenges of IT

•Business Strategies•Business Processes•Business Needs

•Customer Relationships•Business Partners•Suppliers•Business Customers

Ethical ConsiderationsPotential Risks?Potential Laws? Possible Responses?

•IS Human Resources•IS Development

•IT Infrastructure•IS Performance

•Organization Structure•and Culture•User Acceptance

Ethics and IT

Ethical Responsibilities

– What use of IT may be considered improper,

irresponsible, or harmful to other individuals or

society?

– How to protect yourself from computer crime?

– Use of Internet in the business environment?

The IS Function

A major functional area of business that is as

important to business success as the functions of

accounting, finance, operations management,

marketing, and human resource management

An important contributor to operational efficiency,

employee productivity and morale, and customer

service and satisfaction

A major source of information and support needed

to promote effective decision making by managers

and business professionals

The IS Function

A vital ingredient in developing competitive products and services that give an organization a strategic advantage in the global marketplace

A dynamic, rewarding, and challenging career opportunity for millions of men and women

A key component of the resources, infrastructure, and capabilities of today’s e-business enterprises

القرارات أنواع Unstructured Decisions

– Non-routine decisions; there is no agreed-upon procedure for making these decisions.

Structured Decisions– Decisions that are routine, repetitive, and have a

definite procedure for handling them.

Semi-Structured Decisions– Decisions where only part of the problem has a

clear-cut answer provided by an accepted procedure.

المعلومات نظم أنواع Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

العمليات تشغيل معلومات نظم Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)

المعرفة نظم Office Automation Systems (OAS)

المكتب ميكنة نظم Management Information Systems (MIS)

اإلدارية المعلومات نظم Decision Support Systems (DSS)

القرار اتخاذ دعم نظم Executive Support Systems (ESS)

التنفيذي المستوى دعم نظم Expert Systems (ES)

– Replicates decision making process الخبيرة النظم

Types of Information Systems

القرار اتخاذ عملية مستويات Strategic Decision Making

– Determines the long-term objectives, resources, and policies of an organization.

Decision Making for Management Control– Concerned with how efficiently or effectively resources

are utilized and how well operational units are performing.

Knowledge-Level Decision Making– Evaluates new ideas for products, services, ways to

communicate new knowledge, and ways to distribute information throughout the organization.

Decision Making for Operational Control– Decides how to carry out the specific tasks set forth by

strategic and middle management and establishes criteria for completion and resource allocation.

Operational level

Inputs: Transactions, Events

Processing: Updating

Outputs: Detailed reports

Users: Operations personnel

Example: Accounts payable, Payroll

العمليات تشغيل معلومات نظمTransaction Processing Systems

Knowledge level Inputs: Design specs Processing: Modeling Outputs: Designs, Graphics Users: Technical staff (knowledge

workers) Example: Engineering workstation

المعرفة نظمKnowledge Systems

Toward a “paperless” office

Redesign of work flow

Integrated software

Ergonomic design

Bright, cheerful work space

Users: data (clerical) workers

Example: document imaging system

المكتب ميكنة نظمOffice Automation Systems

Management level Supports structured & semi-structured

decisions. Inputs: high volume data (e.g. from TPS) Processing: simple models Outputs: summary reports Users: middle managers Example: annual budgeting

اإلدارية المعلومات نظمManagement Information Systems

Management level Supports semi-structured, unique, rapidly

changing, not easily specified decisions. Inputs: Data from various sources (e.g., MIS,

TPS, KWS) Processing: Interactive Outputs: Decision analysis Users: Professionals, staff Example: Contract Cost Analysis

القرار اتخاذ دعم نظمDecision Support Systems

Strategic level Supports unstructured decisions. Inputs: Aggregate data (external, MIS, DSS) Processing: Interactive Outputs: Projections Users: Senior managers Example:

5 Year operating plan

التنفيذي المستوى دعم نظمExecutive Support Systems

المعلومات نظم بين العالقةالمختلفة

ESS

MIS DSS

TPSKWS/OAS

TPS is a major producer of information for other systems

تشغيل نظم من كل بين التكاملالعمليات

دعم ونظم اإلدارية المعلومات ونظمالقرار اتخاذ

In many organizations they are integrated

through a common database

Separation of DSS transactions in the

database from TPS and MIS transactions

may be important for performance reasons

القرار اتخاذ عملية مراحل

Intelligence– Collects information to identify problems occurring in

the organization. Design

– Designs possible alternative solutions to a problem. Choice

– Selects among the various solution alternatives Implementation

– Puts the decision into effect and reports on the progress of the solution.

The Decision Making Process

Information Requirement and IS

Stage of Decision Making Information Requirement Example IS

Intelligence Exception reporting MIS

Design Simulation prototype DSS, KWS

Choice “What-if” simulation DSS;large models

Implementation Graphics, charts PC andmainframedecision aids

القرار اتخاذ دعم نظم مهام

Assist management decision making by combining data, sophisticated analytical tools and user friendly S/W into a single powerful system.

Focus on a specific decision or classes of decisions (e.g. evaluating, predicting), whereas MIS focus on routine, general control of the organization.

القرار اتخاذ دعم نظم أنواع Model-Driven DSS (early DSS, 70s, 80s~)

– Stand-alone system based on a strong theory/model to perform “what-if” and other kinds of analysis.

Data-Driven DSS– Allow users to extract and analyze useful info

buried in large databases.– Data mining: Technology for finding hidden

patterns and relationships in large databases and inferring rules from them to predict future behavior; it provides insights into corporate data.

اتخاذ دعم لنظم األمثلة بعضالقرار

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

– A special DSS with S/W that can analyze and display data

for planning and decision making using digitized maps.

– Assemble, store and display geographically referenced info,

tying data to points, lines, and areas on a map.

– Can be used to calculate emergency response times to

natural disasters; help banks identify the best locations for

installing ATM terminals.

القرار اتخاذ دعم لنظم األمثلة بعض)2(

Customer Decision Support System (CDSS)– Recently being developed based on the Web.

– System to support the decision-making process of an existing or potential customers.

– Developed to attract customers by providing information and tools to assist their decision making as they select products and services.

القرار اتخاذ دعم نظم قدرات Supports

– Problem solving phases– Different decision frequencies

Frequencylow high

Merge withanother

company?

How many widgets

should I order?

القرار اتخاذ دعم نظم قدرات)2(

Highly structured problems

– Straightforward problems, requiring known

facts and relationships.

Semi-structured or unstructured problems

– Complex problems wherein relationships

among data are not always clear, the data may

be in a variety of formats, and are often

difficult to manipulate or obtain.

القرار اتخاذ دعم نظم خصائص Handles large amounts of data from different

sources

Provides report and presentation flexibility

Offers both textual and graphical orientation

Supports drill down analysis

Performs complex, sophisticated analysis and

comparisons using advanced software packages

Supports optimization, satisfying, and heuristic

approaches

القرار اتخاذ دعم نظم خصائص)2(

Performs different types of analysis– “What-if” analysis

• Makes hypothetical changes to problem and observes impact on the results

– Simulation• Duplicates features of a real system

– Goal-seeking analysis• Determines problem data required for a given result

Solution Types

Optimization model

– Finding the best solution.

Satisfying model

– Finding a good - but not necessarily the best -

solution to a problem.

Heuristics

– Commonly accepted guidelines or procedures

that usually find a good solution.

Problem Solving Factors Multiple decision objectives Increased alternatives Increased competition The need for creativity Social and political actions International aspects Technology Time compression

Goal Seeking Example

You know the desired result

You want to know the required input(s)

Example:

– Microsoft Excel’s “Goal Seek” and “Solver”

functions

Exceldemo

على القرار اتخاذ دعم نظماإلنترنت

Web-based decision support systems

– DSS SW provides business intelligence through

web browser clients that access databases either

through the Internet or a corporate intranet.

القرار اتخاذ دعم نظم مكونات

Model Management Software (MMS)

– Coordinates the use of models in the DSS.

Model Base

– Provides decision makers with access to a variety of

models.

Dialogue Manager

– Allows decision makers to easily access and

manipulate the DSS.

Database Model Base

External DatabaseAccess

Access to theInternet, Networks,and other Computer

Systems

Dialogue Manager

DBMS MMS

ExternalDatabases

Model Base

Model Base– Provides decision makers with access to a

variety of models and assists them in decision making.

Models– Financial models

– Statistical Analysis models

– Graphical models

– Project Management models

Advantages and Disadvantagesof Modeling

– Advantages• Less expensive than custom approaches or real

systems.• Faster to construct than real systems.• Less risky than real systems.• Provides learning experience (trial and error).• Future projections are possible.• Can test assumptions.

– Disadvantages• Assumptions about reality may be incorrect.• Accuracy of predications often unreliable.• Requires abstract thinking.

Group Decision Support System

Group Decision Support System (GDSS)

– Contains most of the elements of DSS plus

software to provide effective support in group

decision-making settings.

Databases

Model base GDSS processor GDSS software

Dialoguemanager

External databaseaccess

Users

Access to the internetand corporate intranet,

networks, and othercomputer system

Externaldatabases

Executive Support System (ESS)

Characteristics

– A specialized DSS that

includes all the hardware,

software, data, procedures,

and people used to assist

senior-level executives within

the organization.

Board of directors

President

Function areavice presidents

Function areamanagers

Characteristics of ESSs Tailored to individual executives

Easy to use

Drill down capabilities

Support the need for external data

Help with situations with high degree of

uncertainty

Futures orientation (predictions, forecasting)

Linked with value-added business processes

Capabilities of an ESS

Support for :-

– Defining overall vision

– Strategic planning

– Strategic organizing and staffing

– Strategic control

– Crisis management

Constructing, Implementing,and Evaluating

a Decision Support System

DSS Development

DSS Implementation

DSS Evaluation

Planning for DSS

– BSP approaches

– CSF approaches

Developing a specific DSS

Step 1. Decide on development methodology

Step 2. Requirements analysis

Step 3. Logical design

Step 4. Construction

Step 5. Implementation

Make versus Buy

Alternatives

– Buy shrink-wrapped

– Customize a shrink-wrapped

– Build from specialized tools / generators

– Build “from scratch”

Step 1. DSS Development Approaches

SDLC

Evolutionary prototyping

Throwaway prototyping

End user development

Strengths and weaknesses

The System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Approach & DSS

Inappropriate for most DSS.

Users and Managers may not understand

their information and modeling needs.

Use in conjunction with Throwaway

prototyping.

Prototyping

Process of building a "quick and dirty"

version of an Information System

– Evolutionary Prototyping

Evolutionary Steps

1.Identify user's information and operating

requirements in a "quick and dirty" manner.

2.Develop a working prototype that performs

only the most important function

3.Test and evaluate (By User and Builder).

4.Redefine information needs and improve

the system.

The Primary Features of Prototyping

1.Learning is explicitly integrated into the design process

2.Short intervals between iterations

3.User involvement is very important (Joint Application Development (JAD) method)

4.Initial prototype must be low cost

5.Prototyping essentially bypasses the life-cycle stage of information requirements definition

Advantages of Prototyping

Short development time Short user reaction time (feedback from

user) Improved users' understanding of the

system, its information needs, and its capabilities.

Low cost

Disadvantages and Limitations– Gains might be lost through cycles

User-Developed DSS advantages

End-user development means the developmentand use of computer-based informationsystems by people outside the formal IS areas.

1. Short delivery time

2. Eliminate extensive and formal user

requirements specifications

3. Reduce some DSS implementation

problems

4. Low cost

User-Developed DSS Risks

1. Poor Quality

2. Quality Risks

– Substandard or inappropriate tools and facilities

– Development process risks

– Data management risks

3. Increased Security Risks

4. Problems from Lack of Documentation

5. Problems from Maintenance Procedures

Issues in reducingEnd-User Computing Risks

Error detection

Use of auditing techniques

Training and Support

Determine the proper amount of controls

Investigate the reasons for the errors

Solutions

Step 2. Requirements Analysis

Goal: To understand how DM conceptualizes, analyses, and communicates problems.

Direct methods– Interviews, group meetings, JAD

Indirect methods– Observation, temporary job assignments,

questionnaires, document review, software review Addressing compiled knowledge

– Protocol analysis– Card sorting, multidimensional scaling

Categorization of DSS Software

Specific DSS

• The application doing the decision support.

DSS generator

• “Package” that provides capabilities to build Specific

DSS

– special purpose languages, such as IFPS

DSS tools

• tools that facilitate development of a specific DSS or

DSS generator

• 3 GLs – 4GLs

Now all with Web Hooks and easy GUI interfaces

Selection of DSS Development Tools

Determine & contact key participants

Elicit requirements / functionality

Compose requirements into a RFP

Distribute RFPs to potential vendors

Collect and summarize RFP data

Select RFP short list

Set short list interviews and demos; references

Select Vendor

Negotiate contract

Complexityof the Software Selection Process

1.DSS information requirement and outputs

are not completely known

2.Hundreds of software packages

3.Software packages evolve very rapidly

4.Frequent price changes

5.Several people involved

6.One language for several DSS? Tool

requirements may change

7.Dozens of criteria, some intangible, some

conflict

8.Technical, functional, end-user, and

managerial issues

9.Published evaluations are subjective and

superficial

10.Trade off between open and closed

environments

Step 5. Implementation as Change From development to production

– technology acquisition– port to production platform– database conversion– system conversion strategy– user access, training, & ongoing support– documentation & maintenance

From implementation to institutionalization– existence does not guarantee use– use does not guarantee success

Implementation CSFs

User involvement

Management commitment

Design quality

Performance level

Project management

System institutionalization

Evaluating DSS Success

• Technical quality – Response time

– Throughput

– Reliability

– Data integrity

• Requirements coverage– Does what it’s

supposed to do

• Use & usability– Number of users

– Frequency of use

– User-friendliness

– Accessibility

• Economic benefits– Cost of decision

– Benefits of improved decision-making

• the problems of measurement and quantification

Benefits of DSS Usage

• More effective decision making– faster assimilation of information and/or

identification of problems– exploration of more alternatives– visual comparison of alternative

consequences/outcomes– environment of collaboration

• More efficient decision making– reduce the length of the decision cycle– reduce the cost of the decision

Benefits of DSS Usage (2)

Better communication & collaboration among decision makers– shared information and shared model– implicit assumptions made explicit

Improved learning process for users– offset cognitive limitations of decision makers;

focus on higher-level thinking– provide environment for utilizing knowledge– provide environment for acquiring experience

Drawbacks to DSS Usage

overemphasize on (rational) decision

making

– versus social, intuitive, and personalized

approaches to reaching resolution

assumption of relevance

– DSS must address most relevant aspects of

decision-making

Drawbacks to DSS Usage

Unintended transfer of power

– from decision-maker to DSS

– between decision makers

Obscuring responsibility

– DSS as independent entity that must be “right”

– tendency to trust DSS and its designers

E-Business Decision Support

Decisions in the E-Business

StrategicManagement

TacticalManagement

OperationalManagement

Dec

isio

ns

Information

Decision Characteristics

Unstructured

Semi-structured

Structured

MIS Reports

Periodic ScheduledReports

Periodic ScheduledReports

Exception ReportsException Reports

Demand Reportsand Responses

Demand Reportsand Responses

Push ReportsPush Reports

MajorManagementInformation Systems Reports

Online Analytical Processing

OLAPServerOLAPServer

Multi-dimensional

database

CorporateDatabases

Client PC

Web-enabled OLAPSoftware

Data is retrieved from corporate databasesand staged in an OLAP multi-dimensional database

•Operational DB•Data Marts•Data Warehouse

Decision Support Systems

What If-AnalysisWhat If-Analysis

Sensitivity AnalysisSensitivity Analysis

Goal-Seeking AnalysisGoal-Seeking Analysis

Optimization AnalysisOptimization Analysis

ImportantDecision SupportSystemsAnalytical Models

ImportantDecision SupportSystemsAnalytical Models

Enterprise Information Portals & DSS

Enterprise Information Portal GatewayEnterprise Information Portal User Interface

SearchAgents

SearchAgents OLAPOLAP Data

Mining

Data Mining

KnowledgeManagement

KnowledgeManagement

Database Management Functions

DataMart

OtherBusiness

Applications

OperationalDatabase

AnalyticalDatabase

KnowledgeBase

DSS

What-If ModelsSensitivity ModelsGoal-Seeking ModelsOptimization Models

Internet Intranet Extranet

Artificial Intelligence Applications

CognitiveScience

Applications

CognitiveScience

Applications

ArtificialIntelligenceArtificial

Intelligence

RoboticsApplications

RoboticsApplications

NaturalInterface

Applications

NaturalInterface

Applications

•Expert Systems•Fuzzy Logic•Genetic Algorithms•Neural Networks

•Visual Perceptions•Locomotion•Navigation•Tactility

•Natural Language•Speech Recognition•Multisensory Interface•Virtual Reality

AI Application Areas in Business

Neural NetworksNeural Networks

Fuzzy Logic SystemsFuzzy Logic Systems

Virtual RealityVirtual Reality

Expert SystemsExpert Systems

AI ApplicationAreas inBusiness

AI ApplicationAreas inBusiness

Intelligent AgentsIntelligent Agents

Genetic AlgorithmsGenetic Algorithms

Components of Expert Systems

The Expert SystemThe Expert System

KnowledgeBase

User Workstation

ExpertAdvice User

InterfacePrograms

UserInterfacePrograms

InferenceEngine

Program

InferenceEngine

Program

Expert System DevelopmentExpert System Development

Workstation

KnowledgeEngineering

KnowledgeAcquisition

Program

KnowledgeAcquisition

Program

Expert and/orKnowledge Engineer

Expert System Applications

Decision ManagementDecision Management

Diagnostic/TroubleshootingDiagnostic/Troubleshooting

Maintenance/SchedulingMaintenance/Scheduling

Design/ConfigurationDesign/Configuration

Selection/ClassificationSelection/Classification

Major ApplicationCategoriesof Expert Systems

Process Monitoring/ControlProcess Monitoring/Control

Summary

DSS in business are changing. The growth of corporate intranets, extranets, and other web technologies have increased the demand for a variety of personalized, proactive, web-enabled analytical techniques to support DSS.

Information systems must support a variety of management decision-making levels and decisions. These include the three levels of management activity: strategic, tactical, and operational.

Summary (cont)

Online analytical processing is used to analyze complex relationships among large amounts of data stored in multidimensional databases. Data mining analyzes large stores of historical data contained in data warehouses.

Decision support systems are interactive computer-based information systems that use DSS software and a model base to provide information to support semi-structured and unstructured decision making.

Summary (cont) The major application domains in artificial

intelligence include a variety of applications in cognitive sciences, robotics, and natural interfaces.

Major AI application areas include:– Neural Networks– Fuzzy Logic– Genetic Algorithms– Virtual Reality– Intelligent Agents

References

Efraim Turban & Jay E. Aronson

“ Decision Support Systems and Intelligent

Systems “

Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ (1998)

ندوة الدعم المؤسسي والمعلوماتي لعمل المراكز...

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Transcript of ندوة الدعم المؤسسي والمعلوماتي لعمل المراكز...