τόμος Α-Βασικές αρχές κυτταρικής βιολογίας
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Transcript of τόμος Α-Βασικές αρχές κυτταρικής βιολογίας
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alberts bray hopkin johnson lewis raff roberts walter
n.x.
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't v Asp D GAC GAU u Glu GAA GAG Arg R AGA AGG CGA CGC CGG CGU Lys AAG
rn His CAC CAU vn Asn AAC AAU vn Gln Q CAA CAG
n Ser s AGC AGU UCA cc UCG c vn Thr ACA ACC ACG ACU n Tyr UAC UAU
n Ala GCA GCC GCG GCU n Gly G GGA GGC GGG GGU
ofvn VaJ v GUA GUC GUG GUU n Leu UUA UUG CUA cc CUG c
n lle AUA AUC AUU n Pro CCA ccc CCG ccu Phe F c u fvn Met AUG n Trp w UGG
urin Cys c UGC UGU
v UAA UAG UGA n : v, nrr : ,
: Jv, :
1 km () = 103 m 1m ()
-2 m 1 cm (r) 1 mm (r) = -3m 1 mm () = 1o-6 m 1 nm (v) = 1o-9 m 1 (Agstrm) = 1-10 m
M(iz 1 kg () 13 g 1 g ()
10"' g 1 mg (iry) = 1 mg () = 1o-6g 1 ng (y} = 10-9 g
j.v 1 (} 1 ml (r ) = 10"'1 1 ml (i\} = 10-61 1 nl (v) -9
v~ 1 (molar) 1 mM (millimolar) 1 mM (micromolar) 1 nM (nanomolar}
1 mole/1 = 6.02 23 /! "' -6 -9 ,
1 mole 6.02 23 1 c ()
' n ! g l C
1 kcal () 11 1 d (dalton}
1 kd (kilodalton) z n
103 c = 4.18 kJ () 1 kg (r 4C} , z (1.7 -24 g}
3 d 24 kg . = 0.5- 5 106 zn vf
= ( } 3 109 zun (}
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1: PGCP enterprises Ltd
ISBN-set: 960-399388-3
111 1111111 93889
ISBN: 960-399-389-1
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Copyright 2006 .. ... 14, 115 27, . : 010.7789.125-010.7793.012, 010.7483.148, 010.7489.411, FAX: 010.7759.421
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iv
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essential cell biology second edition
Bruce Alberts Dennis Bray
Karen Hopkin Alexander Johnson
Julian Lewis Martin Raff
Keith Roberts Peter Walter
f'O Garland Science '-.:.:> Taylor & Francis Group
-
Garlad Sciece Vice President: Denise Schanck Managing Production Editor: Emma Hun Proofreader and Layout: Emma Hunt Senior Editorial Assistants: Kirsten Jenner, Frances Morgan Editorial Assistant: Lilith Wood Text Editors: Elizabeth Zayatz, Eleanor Lawrence Copy Editors: Richard Mickey, Christine Gregory Book and Cover Des.igo: Blink Studio, London Hlustrator: Nigel Orme Cover IUustration: Jose Ortega lndex.er: MerraH-Ross lntemational Ltd. Manufacturing: Nigel Eyre aod Marion Morrow
Bruce Albe rts received hs Ph.D. from Harvard University and is President of the Natiooal Academy of Sciences and Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the University of Califomia, San Francisco. Dennis Bray received his Ph.D. from Massach1ses lnstitute ofTechnology and is curren tly a Medical Research Council Fellow in the Department ofZoology, University of
Cambdge. Karen Hopkin received her \1.0. in biochemistry from the Albert Einstein College o.f Medicine in the Bronx. and is a science writer in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Alexander Johnson received hs Ph.D. from Harvard University and is a Professor of Microbiology and lmmuology and Co-Director of the
Biochenistry and Molecular Biology Program at the Universi.ty of California, San Francsco. JuUan Lewis received his D.Pbil. from the University of Ox.ford and is a Pncipal Scientist at the London Research lnstitute of Cancer Research . Marln Raff received his M.D. from McGil1 University and is at the Medical Research Council Laboratory for Moleculik q;e Biology and Cell Biology Unit and in the Biology Departh'e1t at University College London. Keih Roberts received bis h.. from tbe University of Cambridge and is Associate Research Director at the John lnnes Centre, Norwich. Peter Walter receved his Ph.D. from The Rockefeller University e\ York and i.s Professor and Charman of the Department of Biochemisy and Biophysics a the Universiry of California, San Francisco, and a Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical lnstitue.
by Bruce Alberts, Dennis Bray, Karen Hop.ki1, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, and Peter Walter.
AII righrs reserved. part of his book covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used n any format any form or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanica1, including photocopying, recording, aping, or inforn1ation storage and retrieval systems-withou permission of the publisher.
Published by Garland Science, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, 29 West 35th Street, Ne\York, 10001-2299, USA and 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, 0Xl4 4RN, UK.
Pnted in Spain.
15 14 13 12 11 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Essential Cel/ Biology 2 lteracive Artistic and Scientific Direction: PeerWaler Narrated by: )ulie Theriot Production Design and Development: Michael Morales
Llbrary of Congress Cata.loglng-in-PubUcation Data Essential cell biology I Bruce AJbers ... ( e a\.1. 2nd ed.
p.cm. ISBN 0-8153-3480X.-ISBN 0-8153-3481 -8 (pbk.) I . Cyology. 2. Molelar biology. 3. Biocl1emistry. I. AJbens. Bruce. QH581.2.E78 2003
571 .6-dc2 2003011505
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n n .......................... 145 vz .f z ...................................... 150
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.............................................. 148 zv .. 153
XXVi
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XXVii
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z an ............................................ 246 \ vu
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DNA ............................................ 255 DNA
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n ............................ ............. 264
7 DNA v: zv v . . .. .. 275
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ru ......................... .......... ......................... 359 01
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y ...... ..... . 362 ru
DNA ...................... ...... .. .... 364
ru .................... ..... 365
.. ... ......... ...... .... .......... 366
.... ... .. ....... ... .......... ...... .............. 367 ru
......................... 368 z .. ... 369 z ................................ 371
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ru ............... ............. .... .. ................ 377 ....... .. .... .. ... .... 379
........ .... .. ... .................................... ........ 380
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..................... .. 397 DNA. ........................................ 404
... ............. ... .... ............... ....... ............. 398 zn .. . 408 ...... ..... .. .. .. 398 ................................ 411
l DNA rnz .... .................. ....... ... 400 ..................... ..412 DNA ..... .. .. ....... ..... ................. 400 DNA
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DNA ................ .... ............. .. .......... .417 DNA DNA
DNA ..... ....... ......... ...... ............ ..417 n DNA
............ ........... ...... .. .... ....... ...... 419
DNA ........... ... .................. 419
DNA .............. ..... ........ ................ 421 cDNA n
mRNA ................... ................ ...... ..... .. .. 424 n n
DNA ............. ......... .... .. ... 426
n ... ............... .............. ............. ......... 431 z DNA ........ .. 431
f DNA ..... .. ...... 431 '
................. ... ... ........... .. ............... ........ .. 433
' ....... ... ... ...... .... ......... ......... ...... ........ .......... 435 z ................................... .... 436 f
.......... ......... .. ..... ...... . 440
11 . . .. . ... . ... ... .. ......... .. . .. . . , , .. , . , , , , .. 449
....... ... ..... ... .......................... 451 nz - .............................. ....... 462
......... ... ...... ........................ 451 v m '
............. ... .......... ... ...... ............................ ..... 455 ................... ... 464 m
........ ............... .. ........ . 456 ....... .. ............. ....... 464 n ........... ... .... 458 ............................. ........ ... .... .. .. ... 467
.... ..... ............................... .. 459 m v ................................. ............ 460 .. ................................. ....... ......... ...... 469
iz ..... 461 ......... .... .. .............. .. .... 471
12 . . . . ....... .. . .... . .. . .. .. ... . ... .. .. .. . . .. . 479
............................ 480
................................... 480 ru
.. ....... ... ... ... .. .... ........ . 481
: .. .... .. .482
n n ............................ ...... 483 - ............... 484
.............. ................................... .. .... ........ 485
n ... 487
XXXi
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z ' Na + .. .. .. 488 Na +-+ f
...................... 490 z
Na + . ..490 f Na +-+
z .......... 494 Ca2+ -
Ca2+ ................. ............ . 495 ,
+ .. ......... ....... ................ ... ... ..... ... .... ........... 496 .. .. .... .497
..... ............ .......... .......... ...... ............ ... ....... 498 ....... ... ....... 500
zv a ................. 503 f
........... .. 504 z
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............ ............................... ....... .... ............. 508 z
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.... ............................................... 514 -
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5 6 7 8 9
c F 11 12 14 16 19
11 12 14 15 16 11
Si s Cl 28 31 32 35
Na Mg 23 24
19 20 34
Ca Se 39 40 19
53 I
127
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pH. pH < 7, pH > 7.
rv pv
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m2-5 . pH (
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nm
m ( 2-22). z -
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DNA RNA
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z (ucleotide). z z z, .
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