19581980190319111956197219541962

1833 1859 1895 25 19141894 19041906 1911 1921

1913 20 Ne22Ne191919221916 ICP1922 192519591931 19381940 194219481941 19441952

1943 19691946 19691946 19521950 19711954 1965 197519911991

()()

Quantitative analysis Qualilative analysis

100

analyte, target species

1663

1824 ()

-(Lambert-Beer law) 18251854 NaHCaNi CsRbTlInGa

1909()19171923

1922F.W. 1923F. 1925R.A. 1926T. 1943G. 1948A. W. K. 1952A.J.P. R.L.M. 1959J. 1960W.F.

1969O. K.H.R. 1970 L.F. 1971G. 1982A. 1985J. H.A. X1991R.R.

1960 :

NeNeH2 202220.18

20Ne22Ne

Ne 53287212H 489264225

1919501922192119451925,1/10000(1922)(1942)1922F.W. Francis William Aston18771945

Agilent7500ICP-MS

6 X

10-12

100Tswett () 204050paper chromatography,PC(thin-layer chromatography,TLC)

1952JamesMartingas chromatography,GC)

2060High performance liquid chromatograghy,HPLC

1931NOBEL Kuhn)VaVb2193819481948 19501952

19251930193519404: 19481948A.W.K. Tiselius 19021971

1952AJP Martin 1910 RLM19521953AT

.19521952(Synge, Millington,1914)

MartinSynge19521941MartinSynge19442218194824Ri195229Ri

HPLC n=104/LC80%

H

1)2)Ce(III)Ce(IV)3)4) Ca2+K+5)

1925- 192619351941

19381950195260107109 2 4-5

(18451923) 1895X1901X20

(18791960) 1912XX1914

XX X

1913X191525 L.(18901971) H.(18621942)

X

1953X DNA) 1962

XX( )XX( )XX( )X X( )X( .)

1X X234 5.X6

1969(Hassell,Odd,1897-1981) X61969

1969,D.H.R. Derek Harold Richard Barton 1918401945194960,1969

80

1985H.A. Herbert Aaron Hauptman1917 X50 J.195019555670,1985

1985 Karle,Jerome,1918- XX1985

1927 X103106 104105mm X(H)

K0.3MoO3

g-Fe

a-Fe

Principle of STM

The Positioning of Atoms or Molecules on Surfaces

Molecules Manipulation

Atomic Manipulation

Applications of AFMDrug-induced bending of DNA

Applications of AFMDNA molecules being degraded by the enzyme Dnase I

()

-UV-VisIRMFSMPS AESAASAFSXXFS

19711971Herzberg,Gerhard,1904

1 NMR 2 EPR 3 ESCA 4 XXNMR|EPR|ESCA

(real time)(in situ)(in vivo)

1. 2. 3. 4. 2000A45. 59