中国地质大学 测绘工程系
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Transcript of 中国地质大学 测绘工程系
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yxAB
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1terrain surveying R=10
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3(photographic surveying)
4(engineering surveying)
5(mapping)
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terrain surveying 1 2
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1( Geoidal surface) 29% 71%
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2(ellipsoid of revolution) PP IAG-75
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1.(L,B)
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L (longitude) B (latitude)
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2
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3xy
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---1980108553432417.2m19421954
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(1) (height),HAHB(tide gauge station)(height datum)
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(2) 1) 1956195419561950~1956772.289m1956 56
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2) 1985801953~19772572.260m1985 8585560.029m20051098844.43m 8534
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R10km
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S=3.16kms:s=1:12194000S=10kms:s=1:1217700S=20kms:s=1:304400
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P=10=0.05 P=100=0.51 P=400=2.03 P=2500=12.71
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S=10kmh=7.8m S=100mh=0.78mm
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17
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GPS
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1 2 GPS 4cm/
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(GIS) , : ////; : /////, (), GIS, , , GIS,(GIS), , , , GIS, , , GIS GIS
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GIS1:1001:251:51:251:51:11:4001:1001:251:51:1
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XY1:4001:1001:251:51:1
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1:4001:1001:251:51:1 1:4001:1001:251:51:1
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DEM DEM1:1001:251:51:1
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GPS
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2.1 . . 1. , 2. 3. 4.
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. 1. 0~360 1 A 2 Am 3 = -3, = +2,=12030AAm 2. 180 3. BC = AB + 180 BC = AB+ 180.
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2.2.1
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0 ~ 360 0 ~ + 90 0 ~ 90 1. = b a 1 2 3
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2. . (1 ) hh1 VV1 2 ZZ1 HH1 3 HH1 VV1 3.
2. 1) DJ6, 2) DJ5 3) DJ2 4) DJ1 1. : 2. 1 1 P20 2-17 3.
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1. 2. 1. 0 180
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: = Lb La = Lb La = + / 2 180n 1 / n nn P232-12. P242c2c = 180
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. 90 0 = 90 L 270 = R 270 () 90 270 x,
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90 x
L =90 L x (1) 270 x R =R 270 + x (2)
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(1),(2) 90 L x R 270 + x = 0
1. (1),(2) 2. (3)LR . 10 ) 1. 2. 3. P28.
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229ON
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1:AB
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AB90C
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1Aa2Bb3Bb4Aa
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O
OA 0 00 18B 50 25 36 50 25 18A180 00 00B230 25 00 50 25 00 50 25 09A 90 00 24B140 25 36 50 25 12A270 00 18B320 25 24 50 25 06 50 25 09 50 25 09
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1Aa2BCDbc d3Aa4Aa5DCBd c b6Aa
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1cm1478mm3-3
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D=d+f+s
D=ct+Q QQ0D=ct
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1 NONMOMt=tcos S= ct= ct cos D=S cos =ct cos2
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2h+L=i+hh=h+i-L h=Dtan h= Dtan +i-LHB=HA+h=HA+ Dtan +i-L
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1 i; 2) 3D=ct cos2 h= Dtan +i-L HB=HA+h=HA+ Dtan +i-L
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=- =90- D=ct cos2 h= Dtan +i-L HB=HA+h=HA+ Dtan +i-L
Sheet1
_____ A ____ ____
____ 46.54m 1.42m ____
(m)(m)(m)
B2.0012.5021.5011.00183 1164911.298.657.74
Sheet2
Sheet3
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1 2 33m
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4-1 a-- b--HA+a=HB+bhAB= HB - HA = a-b
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4-2
hA1=a1-b1,h12=a2-b2,h2B=a3-b3hAB=hA1+h12+h2B=a- b1,2
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4-3 123
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1100m3m3mm5mm10m
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2
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3
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412=1-213=5-614=12-1315=14+159=4+K -710=3+K -811=10-916=3-417=8-711=16-17100
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1fh
20 mm)S
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2fh =h-h
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1212
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1 2 i
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3
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1systematic error 2accident error 3.gross error
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:162, Li=Ai+Bi+Ci,X=180,162 1620.2 ,, , i=X-Li (i=1,2,,n)
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1234
Sheet1
()
0.0~0.2212142
0.2~0.4191938
0.4~0.6151227
0.6~0.891120
0.8~1.09817
10.~1.25611
1.2~1.4134
1.4~1.6123
1.6000
8082162
Sheet2
Sheet3
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53 arithmetical mean L
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n Xmost probable value
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1m12
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2
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2lml/SS1=1km m1=10cm k=1/10000 S2=10kmm2= 10cm k=1/1000003 Admissible Error 3250.3 1.2.1
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55 Law of Error Propagation 56
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Li(i=1,2,,n)Pimii
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61 1ABCD
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61
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612
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10km2
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62
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123
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112345
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2110 000 101.51/3000
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368
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464
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1 2n n 2180 6lZ 62 n2180 360
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2 3 1
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41 2
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5 12312
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65
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GPS7-1 GPSGPS( 21320200km1/11h58min 4 GPS1 2 P30m) C/A300m,20 24m)
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1531CSOC26h2GPS3GPS10cm(s)
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GPS11 12GPS2GPSGPSGPSGPSTrimble Leica Ashtech Novatel Sokkia
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7-2 GPS =t.c -t-c-= ct+t-(T+t)-trop-iontrop---ion --t tropion
GPS4
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GPSL1L2 GPSL1L2 =/2=N0+Ni+i/2)10-3 123123
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7-3 GPS1234 561 27C/A1m,P0.3 8,9WGS-84
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81 dD : :
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: : : 0.1mm , 0.1mmMM
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11000
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h: (d):(i): h
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:
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1.h 2.3. 4. 5.
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1/21/4
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82 1 2 3 1 2 -- -- -- --
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8-31234DSM
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8-4 (XYH33571--- 2--- 3--- ---
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8-5 1y=f(x)y=g(x)y=f(x)y=g(x)
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2 3
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8-6 1DEM2DEM TIN3TIN
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TINTINPi,j
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TIN12
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6
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91
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91 :()
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O
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1
(2)3
X
Y
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L06n3 3m
75o
81o
87o
93o
78o
84o
3o
90o
6o
96o
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XYO X500YO
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92 50cm50cm40cm40cm40cm50cm()81363.015.0 863
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1 1:1001:100422ABV180660126022601:100
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B3031L114281:1001:100H50 1:2501:201:101:501:201:101:100
1:1003241:501:100ABCD1:50B3031L114281:50H50A
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1:100140361:20n61:1001236B3031L114281:20H50131:10030201441:101:10012144B3031L114281:20H5049
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31:51:11:51:11:101:10151041:51:10ABCDB3031L114281:5H5049B1:57.5541:2.51:51234B3031L114281:2.5H5049B41:10345230641:11:101264B3031L114281:1H504932
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41:51:11:1152.511541:51:1abcd1:5H5049(32)c
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199119911:1001:100 1:1001:50001:500000101:100
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1 1:1001:1001:1006460761276882441:100J501:100H50
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11:100
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1:5000001:50001:100891:10001:100
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1:50001:500000
LWBN1:100
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1 1:501:1002241:501:5032L1173345B3922301:50J50B001002 21:251:10044161:251:251301L1173345B3922301:20J50C00300341:101:10012121441:101:103020L1173345B3922301:10J500D008008
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51:51:10024245761:51:51510L1173345B3922301:5J50E01701661:2.51:100484823041:2.51:2.57305L1173345B3922301:2.5J50F04200271:11:100969692161:11:1345230L1173345B3922301:1J50G09300481:50001:100192192368641:50001:5000152.5115L1173345B3922301:5000J50M192192
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1p(1415,21478)2pmn3pmpn4Xp=1415+pmM Yp=21478+pnM9-3
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1kmn 2mkmn3 Hp=Hm+hmk/mn
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1AB 2
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1AB 2A 3AB1AB 2
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1 2 3 41 5
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11-1 1 GPS RTK 23()
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GPS RTK
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GPS RTK
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10-2
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10-2
1 2
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1.2.
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() 1.().: 1Aa 2b 3Bb 4B
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() A30.173mBB30.654m 1 2A
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2.
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1
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2
12
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1
4132X1=30.0Y1=20.00X2=30.0Y2=100.0X3=78.00Y3=100.0X4=78.00Y4=20.001AB 214233 1234OMNAB
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2(1) D
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(2)
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JKMNOLabcdp
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A132.436m120.372mB(120.336m106.563m)P136.447m102.954m12ABABP
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10-3 1234
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12-1 1 2 1 2 3 4
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312ab
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34
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1
N1S1N2S2
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212
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12312
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12-2 1231123212
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3(11232
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13-1 1
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2 20~50m5~20m
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13-1YZ
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YZ
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YZ