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. . Cogito 1968. . .

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(Cogito)( 5). . . .

. . . " " . . . . . . . " ". : " " : " '' . . . . . . 42 . . 54 . . : . . (Cogito 2) Cogito. "" . . "" . [1] MarxismToday( ) ! . :... . (Cogito 3) ... . . . " " . . : . . (Cogito 2). . " " "" : " " . " " . . " " . "" "" . "" "" "" "" " " . . . . "" . : . . ( ) " " " " " " . :" " " [] ..." " ..."" ..." " ..." " ..." " [ ] ..." " ..." . " " . ." " ... . (Cogito 2). "" "" " ". . " " " " "" . . . : ... "" . . . . . . ... ! "" "" " ". " " . ! . . "" . . . : . . "" . " " . .. .:[1] "" . .

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( 1917-1923 ). (Cogito 4) . . ( 1925) . . . 1903 1917 ( ... ) (" ...") . 1903 1912. : . 1903 . 1912 " " : 1904 [] 1917 . (Cogito 5) " " 1904 1912 . . ... ... . ... . 1903 " " . . "" . "" " " . : [ ""] . ![2] : ... - - ... ( 7 34 [ ]) "" . : [] - . . ( 115) . ( 116) : . "" ! . ( ) . [*] . . 474 ( 7) : ... [: ] " ". . . . 1903 "" . 1912. " " 1912 . . . " " . . " . ". "" . . 1903. "" . : "" . 1903 . . . . . ! . 1903 " ". : RevolutionarySilhouettes:... . () "" . ... - ( 36) . . ! ... 1903 1904 " ". 1904 1917 " " " " 1912 1904! . . . 1903. 1903 . . 1904 (). - - 1904. 1918. 1904. . .:[2]Vtoroy S'yezd RSDRP Protokoly,page275[*] .

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1905 " ". 1903 1910-1912. ! . 1905 ( ...) " ". 1905 1905 : 1905-1906. . . . [ ]. . (RevolutionarySilhouettes,page61) " ". . . " " . . . "". 1904. . 1905 "" . . "" " " . "" : . . . : " ". . . . "" () . 1906 "" . " " : " ". . :(1) (2) (3) (4) "... (restoration)". : . ( ) 1907. . . . . . " " : : . . ( ) . ( 10 280 [ *] ) . : : . . . . . ( ) . "" . " " . " " . ! . "" . " " 1906. "" "" 1968. . "" : . ( 289 ) : : : . ( 281) . . "" . . ! " " 1910 1916. " " - . 1907 . " ". . . . 1907 . : : . " " . ( 12 470 ) . . . . : ""[3]. ( 479) . : . . 1905 . . "" . : . . 1917 " " " " . "" ( ) . "" "" - : "" (otzovists). "" . . " " . . . . "" " " - . "" . 1909 " ". 1917 " ". . - . 1907 1914 [] ... . 1917. ( 176) . " " 1917 . 1917 " " ! . " " . . - . . : "" . . . 1910 "" : [] "" "" [""] - - . ( 61) . 1911 : . ( ) . " " - . . " " . 1910-1914 "" . " " " " . " " : " " : - - - . . : / ! . " " ! " " " " 1912 : . " ". ( 35 33) "" . 1912 - . "" . "" "". . "" : " " . 1912 "" : "" [ ]... " " [ ] ... ... . ( 36 196) 1912 "" ( ):... "" . "" . . ( 198) "" . 1912 (the worker's curiae). : [ ]. ... " " "" - ""- "" "". "". . : [ ""]. . ... ... . ( ) :... "" . . ... . ! " ". ." " 1917 - " " - . . . 1917 . " " - "" 1917 . " " . : 1903 . "" "" ! "" . : (Cogito 11) 1917 "" : : . . " " " "! "" : " " . [!] [!] ... . " " " ". " " " " " " . " " . " " "" . " " . . . 06 : . ( ) 17 : . . " ". 1917 : . : ... ... . . . . . ... "" . ... [ ] ... [ ] . . ( 36 434- 438) " " "" " " : . ! . . ( 439) " " " " "" " " 1917! . . : . . : 110 ( 443) : " " " " "" " " " ". " " ! . " " " " . 1917 ( ) . " " . . 1917. **: 1917. . " " . . : " " . . 1917 " " . "" : 1917 [] [] [] . (Cogito 07) " " " " . : ... : " " " " (" ") . " !" " " "". " " . 1917 . 1917 " " . . " " " " " " "" (1923) . " " 1917 . . " " . " " . " " " " . " " ... . . ... . 1917 . : [] . . (Proletarskaya Revolutsia1923 71) : . . . . ( 150) ( ) ( ) 4000 . : . ( 14 448) : " " . ( 1 89) "" : [ ] " " . . ( ) 1917. 23 1917: : 16-17 [4] . :1- "" .2- 16-17 .) : [ ] 16 . . [ [ .) : " " .) 16-17 17 . .) 17 .3- "" .4- " " " " . [5]. . .(: 98- 99 ) . " " . . . : " " ("de-bolshevised") . (Cogito 14) " " "" " " " " : . . [] . 43 : . : " ." " " . 1917 " ." 1918. . . . " " ( ) (131 134). - 1917 ( ) " ". (Cogito :8) " " . "" " ". 14 1917 . 14 ( ) (ultimatum) " ". " " " "!. . . : " ! ". : . . . : . "" "" ( ). : . . . : 1934 " " : . . : 1953 157 ( )" " . . . 1924 : . (: 1953) " " . " " 1918! " " . . : . : " " . . . : "" . . "" "" . . . 1905 . . 1917 . " " . 1917 (restoration) . : 1917 " " . 1917. 21 - - . . . 1917. 1917. 1917 . 1917. 1921 . ! : [ ] " " : " ". (Cogito 7 ) - - . "" (1913) . " " . : " ". "": 1912. . . . . . "" . . . " ". ! . . . " " . . ( ) . : - . . . . . ( 141) . (" " " ") . ( ) . "" : [!] ! " " . . . "": . 1913 "- ". . . . . . " " . ! 1924 . . : . . . . . . ("" 515- 516) . . . . . "". . "" . " " "" 1924-1929. 1917 1918. " " . 1924: . : .:[1] 1959 : " " (Pyatji S'yezdRSDRP Protokoly 812)[2] " 16-17 ": . . .[3] *: --**: 1917 1918 - -

: ( ) "" " ". 1904- 1905 1905. 1914. . " " . . " " . . . . . . . "". 1848 " " . " ". " " " " . 1905: "" ( !) ( 9 98) "" . . . ( ) : . . ( 198) : . . . ( 193) ( ) . . " " " " . 1905 . ( ) . : "" "" : . . . 1905 " " . (: 4 392) " " 1905. ( ) ! . "" ( 2 256) . . . . 1905 "" : " " " " [!] " ". [] [] [!].(Cogito 13) ! "" "" " " . "" " " ... "" 1905 ! . ( ) 1905 " " "" ! " ": . ( ) . ... . ( 9 57) : . : . " " . : . " " . ( 112) . "" . " " " ". : : " " . . . : . . . ( 57) . . . " "! . . " " . . " " : [ ] ... ( 82 ) : ( ) . . . . " ! !" . . : [ " "] . . . . . " " ( 10 92) ... . ( 10 276 ) 1905 " " ( ) . : . " ". . . . . " " - . : " " . ( 9 86) . . . . . . . 1905! " "... 1917: ! 1905 . : 1905 : ... ... ... . ( 195) : [ ] . "" . : : ( 199- 200 ) " " "" 1905 : . . . . . . . . " . . : 1917 . . 1905 . : " " : " ". . 1917 . . . " " " " 1917 . " " " " . : : " " " " " " 1909 : " " " " . : ( 1905 285) . 1909 1917 " " " ". : "" . "" " " . : . : " " ! 1917 1906: ! "" " " 1917 . "" "" . . " " 1917 " " . : ( ) : ... " " . ( 11 6 33) " " 1917. - - ! . : " " . ( . ) " " . " " " " " " . . . " " . " " . 1905. ! . 1917 . " " ( ) ( " ") . . . . ( ): 1917 . . () [!] ( ) [!] Cogito) 11) ! "" . : "" " " . " " " " " " " ". : . . . : . . ( 36 437 ) - - 1917 . . . . 1917. " " . - - : " " . "" ( " "). (: 6 34) : . " "... ( 6 35): " " . . . . ( 40) . " " 1917. "" "" . 1917 " " "... ..." (2) 1917 . ( ) " " . : 1905 1905 . . " " 1917. 14-15 "" : 1917 ( 23 55 ) "" " " . . 1927 15 1926: " ". " " : " 1917". " " ' ' - 1909 : " ... ".(Cogito 14-15) 1917 . . . 1917 . "" . 1917 ( ) . "" ( !) . "" - . "" . 1924 "" . "" . "" . -- . "" . "" " " . - . -- - . . . " ". . . " ". ( "" ) . 1923 . " " . . " ". 1917. 1917 - " ". "" : "" 1968 ! "" " ": 1905 : " " . . . . . 1917 . . . (The Essential Trotsky 122) 1917 . . . . ( !) 1905 " " 1917! : : (" ") : (Cogito 12) ! . . "" . " " . . ! : "" . "" "" : ! . ( !). . " ": ( ) " " . . "" . ( 33 52-53) 1917 "" " " ! "" ( ) " ". - 1917 . "" . "" " " . . " " . . ! " " ( ) . 1848 . 1789. " " . . : . . : . . . ( 1 32) "" . " " ( ) " " "" . : "" . . "" "" "" . 1918 1920 "" " " " " (!) ! " " 1920 : . " " . "" 1968 1920 " " . . " " "" 1968 1918- 1920. . . "" "". . 1925-1927. " " " " ! "" . "" " " "" . " " . "" "" . " " " ". . . . . . .

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1917 1918 . (Cogito 17) " " 1917. . "" " " " " . " ". "" . : ( ) ( " "). : . [] . 1915 (Sotsial-Democrat)" " " ": : . . ( ) - - . ( 21 403) . . 1917 . " " . 1917: . . ( 26 63) . : ... . . . : . . . . . - 1920. . "" "" . . . . . . 1924 " " . . 21 1918 . . . . 1924 "" . . . 200 ( - ) : - . 24 1918 . " ". [1]. . . [] Cogito) 17( " " . "" . : .[!] [!] . (Cogito 17) . "" "" . " " . "" . . " ". "" . ... . : ... : . 1924 . 14 : . 1918 . . " " . "" . . " " ( ) . .( ). . . : "" ( ) . . . 21 . . . . "" . " " ! " " . " " 21 1918 . . . :
. ( 27 19 ) : "". 99 . 21 . . . . . " " :
. . . ( 3 54 ) " " ( "" ) ! "" "" . "" . . "" . : . . . . . . 1920 " " "" "" . . . " ". " " : . : . ( 28 / 1918) . . . "" . .:1: . ( 27 113)

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" " . " " ! ( ) ( ) . : () : " ". (Cogito 17) "" : . . . . . 1924. . 1930. "" . : . . [] " " " ". (Cogito 19) "" ! . . . " ". . " ". . 1920 1,6 2,4 1913. 41 1913. 17. 1920 12,9 1913. (1917-1919) 16 : 26 32 40. . . 1919 76 1917 66 63. 1920 1917 1.240.000 - . . . 1919 : . . " ". 1918 " ". : . "" " " . 1905 . . . . . : 100.000 ( ) : " ". . . . 1920 . ( ) " ". 1920 . 1920 " " . . " " " " . " " . "". . . . . "" . . " " . " " . " " "" ! . . 15 1920 " ". " ". . . " " . 12 1920 . " ". : . ! . . . . . "" . 1920 [] . . . (Cogito 19) "" . . 70.000 [1] 15.000 . 60 . 1920 . . . . . : "" . . " " " " . 1920. . . . . "" . . " " " " . ( ). " " . . "" " ". - - . "" . . "". 1917-1921 . " " " " . . . . . . . "" . " ". . "" . . : . . : ( ) . ( 32 45) . "" "" . . "" : [] [] []. : " ".Cogito) 20) . "" . . " " " " . "" . . . : " ". " " " ". (Cogito 21) . . . . . . . " " " " . " " " ". "!" "" . "" " " : [!] . [] [] 1956 . (Cogito 19) " !" "" 1956 ( "" "" 1956!). . . : 1956 1920 . . . "" " " ( ) ! . 1956 - - . . . : . : ( ). : . .[2] . : "" . . . ! " " " " . "" . - " " "" . . ( ""!) . . . . . . . " " - - - . . . " " . . . 1921 . : " ". " " . . . . . . . . . "" "" . . : ! . . . . ( 32 179) . . "" . : : . : . ! ( 32 212) " " : " " " " . "" . : [] ... 1921 . (Cogito 20) ! " " . "" ( ). . . " " . : . . ( 32 245) " " "" : : " ". : " ". . . ( 32 204):[1] 1.066 [2] :Bureaucratism or Workers' Power( ) .

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. (Cogito 22) "" . " " "" "" " " . . . -" "- : ( 33 487) . . . . . "" "" . . "" . ( ). . 1922 (2 ) . 1921 : . ( 33 174) 1922 : . . . . ( 33 299) . . . . . . " " . . . 1917 23.000 . 200.000. . : . . . - . . ( 33 23) "" 1921 . 1922 200.000 ( ). . 1922: . ( ) . . ( 36 567) "" " " ! 12 1922 : ( ) ( 36 579) : 4700 : . ( 33 288 ) (-RABKRIN) . . : . . 1920 . . . . . . . . . 1922 " ". . " " "" . . . . "" . " " . . ( 36 605. ) 1922 . . . ( ) . . . . 1956 ( ) . - " ". "" () . : . . " . . .". " " ( ). . ( ). : " " ( ) " " " " " " . . . : . : . ( 33 490) "" . . " " . "" ( ) . . . . " " : . "" " " "" ( 33 39) . . " ". . . . " " " " " " " " . (Cogito 29) " ". ! . " " " " ( ) ( ). . " " ( ). : ( ) ( ). ( 33 475). : ... . . ( 474) " " : . 1904- 1905 1924. . : . . . ( ) . ( 33 206 ) "" "" . . : "" " " . " " . 1917-1920 . - . : . . . . ( 33 179 ) . (Ustryalov) (Smena vekha)[1] . "". "" ." " - . : . . ( 33 287) "" . . . . . . . . " " " ". : . ( 33 257) ("") . : . . . . . . . 54 ( ) . 1928 " ". . " ". "" . 1923 [] . . . - 5 1923 - (Cogito : 22) . . " ". . "" " " . . " " . - - . "" . . . . ( "") " " . "" . . "". "" . " " : ... " "... ... (Cogito : 22). "" . - " " . " " . "" "". "" " ". . . "" "" "". / . . . . . - . " " " " . . " " 21 " " " " . . " ". " " . " " "" . : . . ( : 41.) " " "" . ( ). 1914 . ( ) : " ". . . 1921 " " "". 1905 . "". - " " " " . . . . . - . 1927. . 1925-1927 - [2]. . - -. : "" . " " 724.000 4000 " "." " ( ) ( ). . ContreleCourant" " " " : . . . . ( 14 ) "" 1927 . 1921 . "". "" . - 1940- . "" : "": . 20 [!] [!]. (Cogito : 94) "" ! . . : ! "" . . " " "" "" . . "" . "". " ". .

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[1] Smena vekha( ) .[2] : . 15 1912. . --

- : " " . : . 1924 . . (Cogito 74) " ". ( "" !). : . ( ) : . ( ) " " 1924 " " : . . . . . . 1924 " ". 1905. . 1924 . 1926 : . " " " " "" " ". "": " " [!]. . (Cogito 26) 1906 . ... . 1905: . ... ... ( ) . . . . . " ". " " . . 1905 : . . ! : . . 1905 . . "" "" " "! ( 1924) . . . . " " . . . . . . " " . : "" " " " . . . " " 1929 "". . . "" . . " " "". "" . . . ( ) : . . . () . . . 1918 : . " " "" . "" : " . . ". "" . . : " " : 1918-1923 "": . . . . 1918-1920 . 1914 " ". : "". 1918 " " . . "" . ( ) . "" . . . " " . . . : . . . . . . " " "" " " . . . 1923 1926 1927 - " " . 1927 . "" ( ) . "" . "" (1923-1927) . (1927) " " . [ ] . . : 1928 [] . : " 1928- 1929 ". 1929-1930 [!] [!] ( ) 1929 [!] (Cogito 25 - ) " ". " " . 1928-1929 . - ("Nepmen") . . " " ! "" - - . 1923-1927 . : . " 1929-1930 ". " " 1930 835 . 200 . . 109 48 .[*] . . . 34,9 1929 15,6 1934 55. 30,7 19,5 40. 55 66. . . "" . " " ! . " " . " " "" 1923-1929. :: : 1922 1929 . 1925 . (super-industrialiser). : " .: : : : : . 1922 1925 . 1923 .: " ": .: .: 1927 (Dnieprostroy) : " . ( 245) " " 1927! "" " "! " " 1925-1927 - . 1926 "" ! " " " " ( ). . 18-20. ! . " " - . " " . . (ukaze) [] 30 35! "" " " " " . :: : . . . . .: : . . - .: : (socialisation) . ( 249) "" " ": . 1928 . ( ) : "!" . : " " (Cogito 267) . " " ( ) 12 1922 . . 13 1922 : . ( 54 324) " " 1917 . " " . . . . . 1905. . . : . . : " ". . . . : . . 50 . 50-60 . 65 . . 4,3 1928 107 1968 18 ( 24 ). . . " " . ( ) " " . "" . : . ( ) . . : . () . . "" 5000 ! "Partmaximum" . . " " . 1931 ." " 32 33 : . [] " ! " " " " " ". (Cogito) "". 251-252 : . . . . . ( ) " " . . (" ") "" . : : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( . : 252- 254 -) "". ( !) "" . " ". "". . ( ) . . " " : . . . "" . ( ) . . . . ( 249- ) . . "". ! (Cogito 33) 227 : ! . . ( ) : . . . . . . "" "" . . . ( 231-232) 1945 . 120 25 . - . . - . . 1945 . "" . . . . . ( ) "" . . " ". " " . . " " "" ! . . . "" ! . . . . . "" . . " " . . . . . " ". . . "" "" " ". . . . . . "" . . . "" [] ... . [] ( "" ) [] [] . (Cogito 30) "" "" . . . . . . . "" . . ( ) . - - . "" . . "" . " " 1936 ( ) . (Cogito 32) . "" " " "" . " " . : : ." " ! 22 . (Cogito 33) 22 . (Gettys). . . . . ( ) . . . " " . . "" . . . . . 1956 (" " ) . - "" . . 1956 . (AVO) . " " . . . . : . : (Cogito 28) . . . ""- ! . . 1927-1931. : "" . " " . " " " " " " "" ! "" . " " . . 30 : . ( ) . " " . " ". " " - . Morning Star . " " . 500 "". "" " " ! 1935 . ! "" "" "" : "" "" ! " " ! 30 : [!] . . " " . ! " " "" . : . . . " " . " " ! : ( " ") . " " . . "" . : " ! ! 1956 ! !" "" "" "" . . . . "" . : .

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"" "" : . "". . (1870-1872) . . "". . . "" . " " " ". " " . . . 1919 ( ) . . 1931 . 80 90 ( 25 40 ). 5000 ( 1250 2000 ) "" . . "". "" : . . . 100 150 200 . . . . . . "" . 1956 " " "" . "" . . - -. ( ) . . (Cogito 33) "" "" . "" . . ! " ". " " . ! "" 1928 "" " " : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 71-72 ) "" . 1943 " " . . . . "" . . ( ) " " 200000 " " " " ! . 1949 1917. . . "" . . . . "" . "" . " " . "" "" "" . . " " . . . " ". . : . . 16 570 400 . "" . "" " ". . . . . "" . ""! . . "" . 300000 400000 "" . "" 45 50 . ( 20 1968). . " " . 1949 "" " " . "" "" . ! ! " " " " "" 700 ! "" . " ". ( "") . . "" " ". . . : . . . . "" . ! " " . . " " ! . "" " " . . "" . " " "" " " 1941. "" . : . . "" : 1956 . "" "" " " . . " " " " "" "" . . "" 1956 . . " " ( " " !) . . . " " ! "" . " " "" . " " . . " " " " "" . ! ""...! "" CGT [1968 --].:[1] SPARK 1968-1969. : () (1968) . ( )[*] 16.38 . --

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. . . . . : 33: ... ! " ... !" " " ! "" . "" " " ! . : ! . "" . "" . ! . . "" "" "" . . 1956. . . . . . . . . : . . . "" . . . . . . . / 1969 :Lenin and Trotsky - what they really stood for: Chapter Nine - Conclusion